Cruz v. Kijakazi

Filing 17

ORDER: For the reasons set forth in the attached, the plaintiff's motion 13 is granted, the defendant's motion 16 is denied, and the case is remanded for further proceedings. Signed by Judge Michael P. Shea on 9/16/22. (Constantine, A.)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT
MIRNA C.,1
Plaintiff
v.

No. 3:21cv1296 (MPS)

KILOLO KIJAKAZI, ACTING COMMISSIONER
OF SOCIAL SECURITY,
Defendant.

RULING ON THE PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO REVERSE AND THE DEFENDANT'S
MOTION TO AFFIRM THE DECISION OF THE COMMISSIONER
Plaintiff Mirna C. brings this administrative appeal against the Commissioner of Social
Security under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) challenging the Commissioner's denial of her application for
supplemental security income. On appeal, the Plaintiff argues that (1) the Administrative Law
Judge (“ALJ”) failed to develop the administrative record; (2) the ALJ did not properly evaluate
the Plaintiff's pain; and (3) substantial evidence does not support the ALJ's step 5 findings. ECF
No. 13. The defendant Commissioner has filed a motion to affirm the ALJ's decision on the
grounds that the ALJ did not err and the decision is supported by substantial evidence. ECF No.
16. For the reasons that follow, I find that the ALJ failed to develop the record as to the Plaintiff's
physical impairments and therefore grant the Plaintiff's motion to remand the case to the
Commissioner for further proceedings.
I assume familiarity with the Plaintiff's medical history, as summarized in the Plaintiff's
statement of facts, ECF No. 13-1, which the Commissioner incorporates and supplements, ECF
No. 16-2, and which I adopt and incorporate by reference. I also assume familiarity with the five

1

As set forth in Chief Judge Underhill's January 8, 2021 Standing Order, the Plaintiff is identified by her first name
and last initial. See Standing Order Re: Social Security Cases, No. CTAO-21-01 (D. Conn. Jan. 8, 2021).

sequential steps used in the analysis of disability claims, the ALJ's opinion, and the record.2 I cite
only those portions of the record and the legal standards necessary to explain this ruling.
I.

Standard of Review
In reviewing a final decision of the Commissioner, this Court “perform[s] an appellate

function.” Zambrana v. Califano, 651 F.2d 842, 844 (2d Cir. 1981). The Court “may vacate the
agency's disability determination only if it is based on legal error or unsupported by ‘substantial
evidence’ - that is, if no reasonable factfinder could have reached the same conclusion as the ALJ.”
Schillo v. Kijakazi, 31 F.4th 64, 69 (2d Cir. 2022). “The Court does not reach the second stage of
review -- evaluating whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ's conclusion -- if the Court
determines that the ALJ failed to apply the law correctly.” John C. W. v. Kijakazi, No.
3:21CV1081(SALM), 2022 WL 3025718, at *2 (D. Conn. Aug. 1, 2022).
Where there is a reasonable basis for doubt whether the ALJ applied correct legal
principles, application of the substantial evidence standard to uphold a finding of
no disability creates an unacceptable risk that a claimant will be deprived of the
right to have her disability determination made according to the correct legal
principles.
Johnson v. Bowen, 817 F.2d 983, 986 (2d Cir. 1987).
II.

ALJ's Decision
The ALJ found that the Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since July

23, 2018, her application date. R. 18. He next found that the Plaintiff, who was 52 years old,
suffered from severe physical and mental impairments of radiculopathy, hypertension, obesity,
depressive disorder, and anxiety disorder. R. 18, 25. Her impairments, the ALJ concluded, did
not, singly or in combination, meet or medically equal the severity of any of the listed impairments

Citations to the administrative record, ECF No. 9, appear as “R” followed by the page number appearing on the
bottom right hand corner of the record.
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in 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1. R. 29. Id. The ALJ determined that the Plaintiff retained
the residual functional capacity (“RFC”)3 to perform light4 work except that she is limited to
standing and/or walking for four hours; sitting for six hours; requires a sit/stand
option, wherein she is able to sit for thirty minutes, alternate to a standing position
for five minutes, then resume sitting; never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds;
occasionally climb stairs and ramps, balance, stoop, and crouch; never kneel or
crawl; frequently handle and finger; no work in exposure to cold; and requires use
of a cane for ambulation. The claimant is able to perform simple, routine, and
repetitive tasks, sustain concentration, persistence, or pace for two-hour segments,
and have occasional, non-collaborative, interaction with coworkers, and brief and
superficial (no more than 10% of the workday) interaction with the public. She
requires work with little to no changes in duties and/or routines, and no work
requiring independent judgment (i.e., no setting duties or schedules for others and
no responsibility for the safety of others).
R. 20. Finally, after considering the Plaintiff's age, education, work experience, RFC, and the
testimony of a vocational expert, the ALJ determined that there were jobs that the Plaintiff could
perform, and therefore concluded that she was not disabled at any time between July 23, 2018, and
February 12, 2021, the date of the decision. R. 25-26.
III.

Discussion
The Plaintiff first argues that the ALJ failed to adequately develop the record as to her

physical impairments because the record does not contain a medical source statement as to her
ability to perform the physical demands of work activities and does not otherwise contain sufficient
evidence from which the ALJ could assess her residual functional capacity. I agree.
“The ALJ has an affirmative obligation to develop a complete and accurate medical
record.” Mahmud v. Saul, No. 3:19CV1666(TOF), 2020 WL 6866674, at *10 (D. Conn. Nov. 23,

The RFC is “the most [a claimant] can still do despite [her] limitations.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a)(1). The ALJ is
required to formulate the RFC “based on all of the relevant medical and other evidence.” Id.
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“Light work involves lifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing
up to 10 pounds. Even though the weight lifted may be very little, a job is in this category when it requires a good deal
of walking or standing, or when it involves sitting most of the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg
controls.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.967(b).
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2020). See also Perez v. Chater, 77 F.3d 41, 47 (2d Cir. 1996) (noting that a “hearing on disability
benefits is a non-adversarial proceeding,” and as such, “the ALJ generally has an affirmative
obligation to develop the administrative record”). This duty exists even when, as in this case, the
claimant was represented by counsel. Id. "The ALJ's duty to develop the record is not, however,
unlimited. The record is only incomplete when it has obvious gaps or inconsistencies." Martinez
v. Saul, No. 3:19CV1017(TOF), 2020 WL 6440950, at *4 (D. Conn. Nov. 3, 2020). “[W]here
there are no obvious gaps in the administrative record, and where the ALJ already possesses a
‘complete medical history,’ the ALJ is under no obligation to seek additional information in
advance of rejecting a benefits claim.” Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d 72, 79 n.5 (2d Cir. 1999).
"Failure to develop the record is reversible legal error." Diana P. v. Kijakazi, No.
3:20CV837(TOF), 2021 WL 4305005, at *7 (D. Conn. Sept. 22, 2021).
“[A] medical source statement is not necessarily required to fully develop the record where
‘the record contains sufficient evidence from which an ALJ can assess the [claimant's RFC].’”
Crespo v. Commissioner of Social Security, No. 3:18CV435(JAM), 2019 WL 4686763, at *3 (D.
Conn. Sept. 25, 2019) (quoting Tankisi v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 521 F. App'x. 29, 34 (2d Cir.
2013)). "According to the Tankisi court, the 'sufficient evidence' standard was at least met when
the medical records were 'extensive,' 'voluminous,' and included 'an assessment of [the claimant's]
limitations from a treating physician.'" Luz S. v. Kijakazi, No. 3:20CV1573(JCH), 2022 WL
875690, at *3 (D. Conn. Mar. 24, 2022) (quoting Tankisi, 521 F. App'x at 34.); see also Guillen v.
Berryhill, 697 F. App'x 107, 108-09 (2d Cir. 2017) (remand for failure to develop the record
warranted where “[u]nlike Tankisi, the medical records obtained by the ALJ do not shed any light
on [the claimant's] residual functional capacity.... The medical records discuss [the claimant's]
illnesses and suggest treatment for them but offer no insight into how her impairments affect or do

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not affect her ability to work....”); Delgado v. Berryhill, No. 3:17CV54(JCH), 2018 WL 1316198,
at *9 (D. Conn. Mar. 14, 2018) (remanding where “the absence of a complete and reliable
functional assessment of [the plaintiff's] physical limitations is an obvious gap”).

"The

determination of whether an administrative record is incomplete without a medical source
statement is made on a case-by-case basis, depending on the circumstances of the particular case,
the comprehensiveness of the administrative record, and whether the record is sufficiently
comprehensive to permit an informed finding by the ALJ.” Faussett v. Saul, No. 3:18CV738
(MPS), 2020 WL 57537, at *3 (D. Conn. Jan. 6, 2020) (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted).
Medical Records as to Physical Impairments
Unlike in Tankisi, the medical evidence regarding the Plaintiff's physical impairments is
not "extensive" or "voluminous." Tankisi, 521 F. App'x at 34. The record here is sparse, consisting
of a handful of treatment records. The few records from her treating physicians Dr. Pastrano and
Dr. Rosario-Tejeda document the Plaintiff's physical impairments of obesity and chronic back
pain. See R. 400 (8/15/17 note that she was seen for chronic low back pain and leg pain); R. 470
(3/11/19 note referring Plaintiff to orthopedist for chronic back pain); R. 512-13 (8/17/19 note that
Plaintiff was seen for "hypertension, chronic back pain, [and] obesity" and observing that Plaintiff
ambulated with a cane.). X-rays of the Plaintiff's lumbar spine showed "[n]o acute osseous
abnormality. Mild convex to the left thoracolumbar scoliosis." R. 526.
The record also contains notes from Dr. Carolan, an orthopedist, who saw the Plaintiff for
her complaints of chronic back pain. R. 412. The Plaintiff reported that the "pain is persistent and
limits her mobility and ability to do many of the activities of daily living." Id. On examination,
Dr. Carolan observed that the Plaintiff

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moves around the office slowly secondary to obvious discomfort. [H]er range of
motion is limited as she has difficulty reaching her patellas with forward flexion.
Extension of her back was to 0 and her right and lateral bending was limited to
about 10°. In both the sitting and recumbent position [] the straight leg raising was
positive at about 60° bilaterally.5 There is a good range of motion in both hips[,]
knees and ankles. I was not able to demonstrate any motor weakness. The patella
and ankle reflexes were present.
R. 413. He assessed her with "degeneration of lumbar intervertebral disc." Id.
These examination records, however, do not contain any assessments as to the Plaintiff's
functional capacity to do physical work-related activities and as such, do not "offer [] insight into
how [her] impairments affect or do not affect her ability to work." Guillen, 697 F. App'x at 10809. They fail to provide sufficient information from which the ALJ could reach an informed
decision as to the Plaintiff's physical exertional capacity contemplated by the RFC. See Robles v.
Saul, No. 3:19CV1329(TOF), 2020 WL 5405877, at *6 (D. Conn. Sept. 9, 2020)("where the
medical findings in the record merely diagnose the claimant's exertional impairments and do not
relate these diagnoses to specific residual functional capabilities such as those set out in 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1567(a)... the Commissioner may not make the connection himself.") (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). And although the record includes x-rays, there is no medical opinion
that interprets or discusses the x-ray results in the context of the Plaintiff’s functional capabilities
and limitations.
Opinion evidence
The record also contains two opinions from physical consultative examinations. After a
consultative examination in January 2019 at the request of SSA, Dr. Klufas assessed the Plaintiff
with "poor activity tolerance mainly due to arthralgias in [the] lower extremities." R. 429. He

A straight-leg raising test “is a means of diagnosing nerve root compression or impingement, which can be caused
by a herniated disc. The patient lies flat while the physician raises the extended leg. If the patient feels pain in the back
at certain angles (a ‘positive test’), the pain may indicate herniation.” Valerio v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No.
08CV4253(CPS), 2009 WL 2424211, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 2009).
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noted she "resists range of motion of the knees and has pain on extension." Id. Dr. Klufas found
that although the Plaintiff can "walk without [an] assistive device, [she] walks at a slower place
without it and she generally holds a cane with the left hand." Id.
In a subsequent consultative examination, Dr. Reiher diagnosed the Plaintiff with back and
leg pain, hypertension, asthma, and depression. R. 481. On examination, he found that "[l]umbar
spine shows flexion 40 degrees, full extension, full lateral flexion bilaterally, and full rotary
movement bilaterally. SLR [straight-leg raising] negative bilaterally." R. 480. He noted "lumbar
tenderness." Id. He stated that "[s]trength [was] 5/5 in the upper and lower extremities." Id. Dr.
Reiher observed that the Plaintiff's gait was "slow and steady with a cane. Can walk on heels and
toes without difficulty." R. 479. He noted that she "uses a cane as an assistive device for balance"
and that "in [his] opinion, it is medically necessary." Id. Dr. Reiher found that the Plaintiff needed
help getting on and off the exam table, but was able to rise from a chair without difficulty. Id. He
opined that she had mild postural limitations due to back and leg pain that would impact her ability
to climb, stoop, bend, crawl, kneel, crouch and reach. R. 481. She had no fine motor limitations.
Id.
The record also contains assessments by nonexamining state agency physicians, Drs.
Barrett and Wurzel, who opined that the Plaintiff retained the exertional ability to lift and/or carry
up to twenty pounds, stand and/or walk for six hours in an eight hour day, and sit for six hours in
an eight hour day. R. 89, 109.
Plaintiff's Testimony as to her Exertional Abilities
At the hearing, the Plaintiff testified that she uses a cane to walk and for balance, R. 39,
51, tires after walking half a block and at times, her legs "give up," id., can stand for "like 10
minutes without moving," R. 51, and can sit for about 30 minutes. Id.

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There are no assessments by an examining physician that indicate how long the Plaintiff
can sit, stand, or walk in an eight hour day. Notwithstanding this gap, the ALJ determined that the
Plaintiff could lift/carry objects weighing up to twenty pounds, stand and/or walk for four hours,
and sit for a total of six hours, with a sit/stand option. The ALJ reasoned that the medical evidence
did not "detail any significant loss of musculoskeletal strength or ROM (range of motion) such
that claimant could not lift and/or carry to the extent of the assessed RFC." R. 23. Although he
points to "notations [in the record]" showing "5/5 strength at her extremities", id., and normal gait
and station, R. 22, the ALJ does not explain how clinical findings regarding muscle strength and
gait assessed in a physical exam support his determination that the Plaintiff is able to walk and/or
stand for four hours, especially in light of the record evidence and the ALJ's own finding that the
Plaintiff required the use of a cane. R. 24. The ALJ also stated that recommendations by Plaintiff's
physician that the Plaintiff increase her exercise "reflect the medical judgment that the claimant
could safely increase her activity level." R. 23. But such recommendations do not shed enough
light on the extent of the Plaintiff's exertional ability to inform an RFC determination. As to the
opinion evidence, the ALJ found Dr. Klufas's opinion that the Plaintiff had poor activity tolerance
due to lower extremity arthralgias and that she walked at a slow pace when she walked without an
assistive device was not persuasive because it was "not supported by or consistent with the clinical
examination of 5/5 extremity strength or recommendations for exercise." R. 24. Notably, the ALJ
also discounted Dr. Klufas's opinion because it "did not provide any specific functional
limitations." Id. As for Dr. Reiher's opinion, the ALJ discounted his finding that the Plaintiff
required a cane for balance, stating that it was not supported by his examination findings or the
Plaintiff's medical records. Id. The ALJ found the opinion "partially persuasive," and "accept[ed]
that the claimant has some postural and no fine motor limitations." Id. Like Dr. Klufas's opinion,

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Dr. Reiher's report was silent as to how long the Plaintiff can sit, stand, or walk in an eight-hour
day. As such, neither opinion provided information as to the Plaintiff's physical capacity, much
less whether the Plaintiff could perform the exertional requirements of light work. Finally, the
ALJ found the opinion of the nonexamining state agency physicians persuasive insofar as they
opined that the Plaintiff was capable of the exertional limitations of light work, but not persuasive
as to the finding that Plaintiff could stand and/or walk for 6 hours because it was not consistent
with "the required use of a cane." R. 24.
The record before the ALJ was inadequate because it did not contain any evidence as to
the Plaintiff's physical limitations from which the ALJ could reasonably assess the Plaintiff's RFC.
While medical source statements are not required in all cases, see Tankisi, 521 F. App'x at 33-34,
"[t]he critical point” is that the Plaintiff's medical records must otherwise contain “the sorts of
nuanced descriptions and assessments that would permit an outside reviewer to thoughtfully
consider the extent and nature” of the Plaintiff's physical impairments and “their impact on her
RFC.” Sanchez v. Colvin, No. 13 CIV. 6303, 2015 WL 736102, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 20, 2015).
As indicated, the record here contains information about the diagnosis and treatment of the
Plaintiff's physical impairments but does not contain any information as to how those ailments
affect her ability to perform the physical demands of work. None of Plaintiff's providers or
examining consultants assessed her physical capacity to perform work-related activities, nor is
such information contained in the medical records. See Williams v. Kijakazi, No. 20-CV-8469,
2022 WL 799478, at *18 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2022) ("Without the benefit of a functional
assessment of [plaintiff's] physical impairments by a treating healthcare provider, the ALJ's RFC
determination was based largely on his own interpretation of the medical records and treatment
notes.") In short, the record does not contain sufficient evidence from which the ALJ could draw

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conclusions regarding Plaintiff's physical functioning and limitations, much less provide
meaningful support for the particular capabilities ascribed to her by the RFC. And although the
record contained functional assessments by nonexamining state agency physicians, they do not fill
the gap in the record. When, as in this case, the underlying medical evidence “'do[es] not shed any
light' on a claimant's RFC, the opinion of a non-examining state agency consultant is ordinarily
not a sufficient substitute for the opinion of the claimant's treating provider." Vecchitto v. Saul,
No. 3:19CV726(TOF), 2020 WL 4696791, at *6 (D. Conn. Aug. 13, 2020) (quoting Guillen, 697
F. App'x. at 108-09) (remand required where “the medical records obtained by the ALJ [did] not
shed any light on [the plaintiff's] residual functional capacity, and the consulting doctors did not
personally evaluate [the plaintiff]”). "Stated differently, opinions by non-examining consultants
cannot fill the gap created by the absence of treating physician opinions when the medical records
do[ ] not provide a sufficient basis to determine a claimant's RFC." Martinez, 2020 WL 6440950,
at *8 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “A medical record that lacks a treating source
opinion is considered ‘sufficient’ when its contents are comprehensive enough to facilitate an
informed assessment of the claimant's impairments and [residual functional capacity].” Id. at *7.
The medical records here do not fit that description. Because I find that the ALJ failed to
adequately develop the record as to the Plaintiff's physical limitations, remand for further
development of the evidence is warranted. In light of this finding, I need not reach the merits of
the Plaintiff's remaining arguments. See DeMico v. Berryhill, No. 3:17CV805(SALM), 2018 WL
2254544, at *10 (D. Conn. May 17, 2018). Therefore, this matter is remanded to the Commissioner
for further administrative proceedings consistent with this Ruling. On remand the Commissioner
will address the other claims of error not discussed herein.

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IV.

Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the Plaintiff's motion, ECF No. 13, is GRANTED and the

Commissioner's motion, ECF No. 16, is DENIED.

The case is REMANDED for further

development of the record. The Clerk is instructed that, if any party subsequently appeals to this
court the decision made after remand, that Social Security appeal shall be assigned to me (as the
District Judge who issued the ruling that remanded the case).
IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/
Michael P. Shea, U.S.D.J.
Dated: September 16, 2022
Hartford, Connecticut

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