Berryman v. Avantus, LLC

Filing 75

ORDER granting 69 Motion for Attorney Fees; granting 73 Motion for Settlement. For the reasons described in the attached Ruling and Order, the Court finds that the Settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate, and GRANTS the motion for final approval of the class action settlement, and GRANTS the motion for attorneys' fees and named plaintiff award. Signed by Judge Victor A. Bolden on 5/10/2024. (Rafla-Yuan, D)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT

LONNIE R. BERRYMAN, JR.,
individually and as a representative of the
Class,
Plaintiff,
v.
AVANTUS, LLC,
Defendant.

No. 3:21-cv-1651-VAB

RULING AND ORDER ON MOTION FOR FINAL APPROVAL OF CLASS ACTION
SETTLEMENT AND ON MOTION FOR ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND NAMED PLAINTIFF
AWARD
Lonnie R. Berryman, Jr. (“Class Representative” or “Plaintiff”), on behalf of himself and all
others similarly situated, has moved for Final Approval of the Settlement Agreement (“Final
Approval Motion”) with Xactus, LLC, as successor in interest to certain assets of Avantus, LLC,
and Avantus, LLC. See Mot. for Final Approval of Class Action Settlement, ECF No. 73. Plaintiff
has also moved for attorneys’ fees and a named plaintiff service award. See Mot. for Attorneys’
Fees and Named Pl. Service Award, ECF No. 69.
For all of the reasons discussed below, the Court finds that the Settlement is fair, reasonable,
and adequate, GRANTS the motion for final approval of the class action settlement, and GRANTS
the motion for attorneys’ fees and named plaintiff award.
I.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On December 13, 2021, Plaintiff filed his class action Complaint against Defendant
Avantus, LLC (“Defendant”), alleging that Defendant had violated the Fair Credit Reporting Act
(“FCRA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1681e(b), by failing to maintain reasonable procedures to assure maximum
possible accuracy in the consumer reports it furnished. Compl., ECF No. 1. Specifically, Plaintiff

alleged that Defendant had furnished consumer reports to third parties that included deceased
notations on the subjects of the reports, who were in fact alive. Id. Plaintiff alleged that Defendant
engaged in this reporting despite receiving information from at least one other consumer reporting
agency indicating that class members were in fact alive. Id.
On March 21, 2022, Defendant answered the Complaint. Answer, ECF No. 16. The parties
then began the discovery process: the parties exchanged written requests and responses and
produced and reviewed documents and data; Plaintiff took two depositions of Defendant’s
employees; Defendant deposed both Plaintiff and his wife; and both sides pursued third-party
discovery, including from both Defendant’s data vendor and from the third-party lender that had
ordered Plaintiff’s report. Hashmall Decl. ¶ 4, ECF No. 65-2. The parties also engaged in expert
discovery, with both sides producing an expert report. Id.
On January 25, 2023, Plaintiff filed his Motion for Class Certification, Mot. to Certify
Class, ECF No. 38, which was fully briefed, and on May 5, 2023, he filed a Motion to Strike
Defendant’s Declaration, Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 56, which was also fully briefed.
On September 26, 2023, the parties attended a mediation with Hon. Barry R. Poretz (Ret.).
Although a settlement was not reached at the mediation, the parties continued their arms-length
discussions through counsel and steadily made progress towards a resolution. Mem. in Supp. of
Pl.’s Mot. for Preliminary Settlement Approval at 3, ECF No. 65-1; Hashmall Decl. ¶ 5, ECF No.
65-2. The parties were able to ultimately reach a settlement in principle, see Joint Status Report,
ECF No. 64, and eventually a final Settlement Agreement, which this Court preliminarily approved.
See Mot. for Settlement Approval, Preliminary, ECF No. 65; Order Granting Mot. for Preliminary
Approval, ECF No. 67.
The parties’ proposed settlement resolves, on a class-wide basis, Plaintiff’s claim that
Defendant failed to maintain reasonable procedures to ensure maximum possible accuracy related
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to its reporting that consumers were deceased, when they were alive.
The Settlement Class, which this Court has preliminarily certified for settlement purposes,
is defined as:
All persons residing in the United States of America (including its
territories and Puerto Rico) who: (1) were the subject of a bi-merge or
tri-merge report using the legacy Avantus system and branding from
December 13, 2019 through November 3, 2023; (2) that included at least
one notation related to a deceased status in the score section of the
report; and (3) where at least one of the underlying consumer reporting
agencies returned a credit score.
Settlement Agreement (“SA”) ¶ 2.17; Order Granting Mot. for Preliminary Approval ¶ 2, ECF No.
67.
The Class has 1,377 members. Declaration of Settlement Administrator ¶ 3, ECF No. 70
(“Admin. Decl.”). Of these, 719 Class Members met the criteria for being eligible to receive
settlement payments automatically (“Automatic Payment Category”) and 658 Class Members were
categorized as falling in the “Claim Filing Category.” Id. Should this Court grant final approval,
Defendant will pay $450,758 into a non-reversionary settlement fund. SA ¶ 2.21. Under the
proposed settlement, every participating Class Member will receive an equal payment from the
fund.
On January 17, 2024, the Court issued its order granting preliminary approval of the
Settlement Agreement, Order Preliminarily Approving Class Action Settlement, ECF No. 67,
addressing the threshold issue of jurisdiction, as well as matters related to the class. Under Fed. R.
Civ. P. 23(b)(3), the Court preliminarily certified the case, for settlement purposes only, as a class
action on behalf of the following Settlement Class:
All persons residing in the United States of America (including its
territories and Puerto Rico) who: (1) were the subject of a bi-merge or
tri-merge report using the legacy Avantus system and branding from
December 13, 2019 through November 3, 2023; (2) that included at least
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one notation related to a deceased status in the score section of the
report; and (3) where at least one of the underlying consumer reporting
agencies returned a credit score
The Court also preliminarily found that the Action and the Settlement Class satisfied the
applicable prerequisites for class action treatment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23. More specifically, the
Court preliminarily found numerosity, commonality, typicality, and that the Plaintiff and Class
Counsel could fairly and adequately represent the interests of the Settlement Class Members. The
Court further preliminarily found that, as to this Settlement Class, class treatment of these claims
will be efficient and manageable, thereby achieving an appreciable measure of judicial economy,
and a class action is superior to other available methods for a fair and efficient adjudication of this
controversy.
The Court also scheduled the Final Fairness Hearing for May 8, 2024, ECF No. 68, and
stated that, at the hearing, the Court would determine whether the applicable prerequisites for class
action treatment for settlement purposes under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 had been satisfied; whether the
proposed settlement is fair, reasonable, adequate, and in the best interest of the Settlement Class
Members and should be finally approved by the Court; whether the Final Approval Order, as
provided under the Settlement Agreement, should be entered, dismissing the Action with prejudice,
terminating the above-captioned proceedings, and releasing the Released Claims against the
Released Parties; and any other issues deemed approved. Order Preliminarily Approving Class
Action Settlement at 8, ECF No. 67
Consistent with the Court’s Preliminary Approval Order, on February 7, 2024, Continental
DataLogix, the Settlement Administrator, mailed and sent by e-mail Notice to the Settlement Class
Members. Admin. Decl. ¶¶ 6, 7. Before distribution, the Administrator had reviewed the Class List
from Defendant and updated mailing addresses and email address information through use of

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standard databases and also de-duplicated the List. Id. ¶¶ 3, 5. Also on February 7, the Settlement
Website became operational, and posted the Long Form Notice, important dates, Frequently Asked
Questions, links to the Complaint, Settlement Agreement, Motion for Preliminary Approval,
Preliminary Approval Order; and, within twenty-four hours of its filing, the Motion for Attorneys’
Fees and Named Plaintiff Service Award. Id. ¶ 13. The Administrator also maintained a toll-free
telephone line where callers could speak with a live agent and obtain information about the
settlement. Id. ¶ 14.
For thirty days following the initial distribution of the Notice, if Notices were returned
undeliverable through the mail, the Administrator researched new addresses and sent new mailings
to any new addresses discovered. By April 11, 2024, the Administrator had sent new mailings to all
but 65 of the returned mail Notices, a mail Notice delivery rate of 95.3%. Id. ¶¶ 11–12.
On April 8, 2024, the deadline for Claim Filing Category Class Members to return a claim
form passed. By that date, 53 valid Claim Forms had been received, a claims rate of 8% for the
Claim Filing Category. Id. ¶ 15.
On April 8, 2024, the deadline for opt-outs and objections also passed, and no opt-outs or
objections had been received. Id. ¶¶ 17, 18.
Plaintiff has also filed for attorneys’ fees in the amount of $267,242 to be paid to Class
Counsel separate from the Settlement Fund, and he has requested a Named Plaintiff Service Award
of $7,500 to be paid from the Settlement Fund. Mot. for Attorneys’ Fees and Named Pl. Service
Award, ECF No. 69. Defendant does not oppose this relief sought. Id.
Of the Class more broadly, 56% will receive compensation. Should this Court grant the
requested service award for the Class Representative, and after payment of the Settlement
Administrator’s expenses, Class Counsel estimates that per Class Member net payments will be
approximately $523 – slightly higher than the amount estimated at preliminary approval.
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If any settlement payments remain uncashed by the negotiation deadline, the balance of the
Settlement Fund will be donated to in equal amounts to the parties’ agreed-upon cy pres recipients:
Public Justice (“PJ”) and Community Action Agency of Delaware County, Inc. (“CAADC”), two
non-profits dedicated to advancing consumers’ rights through various assistance and education
programs.
In exchange for this monetary relief, Class Members are releasing all claims related to any
notations or indicators that the consumer is deceased in reports prepared by Defendant. SA ¶ 4.4.1.
On May 8, 2024, consistent with the Court’s Preliminary Approval Order, the Court held a
Final Fairness Hearing. Min. Entry, ECF No. 74.
At that hearing, the parties confirmed that Class Notice had been sent out, in accordance
with the Court’s Preliminary Approval Order. The parties also confirmed that the parties had
received no objections to the Settlement Agreement. As of May 8, 2024, the Court also received no
objections to the Settlement Agreement, and no objectors appeared at the Final Fairness Hearing.
II.

DISCUSSION
A.

Class Certification

Courts may certify a class solely for settlement purposes. See Weinberger v. Kendrick, 698
F.2d 61, 73 (2d Cir. 1982) (permitting class action settlements “reached by means of settlement
classes certified after the settlement, with notice simultaneous with that of the settlement”); re
Global Crossing Securities and ERISA Litig., 225 F.R.D. 436, 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (“The Second
Circuit has acknowledged the propriety of certifying a class solely for settlement purposes.”); see
also Amchem Prod., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 619-22 (1997). Regardless of whether a class
is certified for settlement or litigation purposes, the class must “meet each of the four
requirements in Rule 23(a) and at least one of the requirements in Rule 23(b).” Global Crossing,
225 F.R.D. at 451. One difference between certifying a litigation class versus a settlement class,
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however, is that when a court is faced “with a request for settlement-only class certification, [it]
need not inquire whether the case, if tried, would present intractable management problems,”
though a court must otherwise scrutinize the requirements of Rule 23. Amchem Prod., 521 U.S. at
620.
For the reasons that follow, the Court finds that it is appropriate to certify the class for
settlement because the class meets the requirements of Rule 23.
1.

Rule 23(a)

Rule 23(a) requires that, for a class to be certified: “(1) the class is so numerous that
joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the
class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses
of the class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the
class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a).
a.

Numerosity

Rule 23(a)(1) requires that the class be “so numerous” that joinder is impractical. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 23(a)(1). The Second Circuit has held that “numerosity is presumed at a level of 40 members.”
Consol. Rail Corp. v. Town of Hyde Park, 47 F.3d 473, 483 (2d Cir. 1995). The class in this case has
1,377 members. Admin. Decl. ¶ 3.
Accordingly, the Court finds that the numerosity requirement is met.
b.

Commonality

Rule 23(a)(2) requires that a class action involve “questions of law or fact common to the
class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2). “The commonality requirement is met if plaintiffs’ grievances share
a common question of law or of fact.” Marisol A. v. Giuliani, 126 F.3d 372, 376 (2d Cir. 1997).
Commonality does not require that all claims or facts among class members be completely
identical, just that the claims “arise from a common nucleus of operative facts.” In re Marsh ERISA
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Litig., 265 F.R.D. 128, 142 (S.D.N.Y. 2010); Global Crossing, 225 F.R.D. at 451 (explaining that
commonality “does not require an identity of claims or facts among class members” but is satisfied
“if the named plaintiffs share at least one question of fact or law with the grievances of the
prospective class”).
Here, Plaintiff argues that “Defendant’s failure to investigate inconsistencies in its reports is
common to all class members, who were all reported as both dead and alive by Defendant. This
common practice leads to common legal questions, including (1) did Defendant have reasonable
procedures to ensure maximum possible accuracy of its reports, as required by 15 U.S.C. §81e(b);
(2) was Defendant’s violation willful as required to recover statutory damages, pursuant to 15
U.S.C. § 1681n(a), and (3) what is the proper measure of statutory and punitive damages.” Mem. in
Supp. of Mot. for Class Cert. at 2, ECF No. 40 (“Class Cert. Mem.”).
Accordingly, the Court finds that these issues present common questions of law.
c.

Typicality

Rule 23(a)(3) requires that the representative Plaintiff’s claims or defenses “are typical of
the claims or defenses of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(3). Typicality requires that a class
representative has “the incentive to prove all the elements of the cause of action which would be
presented by the individual members of the class were they initiating individualized actions.” In re
Oxford Health Plans, Inc., 191 F.R.D. 369, 375 (S.D.N.Y. 2000). The requirement is met if the (1)
“claims of representative plaintiffs arise from same course of conduct that gives rise to claims of
the other class members,” (2) “where the claims are based on the same legal theory,” and (3)
“where the class members have allegedly been injured by the same course of conduct as that which
allegedly injured the proposed representative.” Id. (citing In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp., Inc.,
960 F.2d 285, 291 (2d Cir. 1992)).
Here, Plaintiff argues that he is a typical member of those he seeks to represent because like
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all class members, he was erroneously reported as deceased by Defendant and “[t]his fact pattern –
Defendant passing along deceased reporting, despite having contrary information in its possession,
is present for every single member of the Class.” Class Cert. Mem. at 3.
Accordingly, the Court finds that Mr. Berryman’s claims are typical of the class.
d.

Adequacy of Representation

Rule 23(a)(4) requires that “the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the
interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4). When evaluating the adequacy of representation, the
Court must consider “(i) whether the class representatives’ claims conflict with those of the class”
and “(ii) whether class counsel is qualified, experienced, and generally able to conduct the
litigation.” Global Crossing, 225 F.R.D. at 453; see also Drexel Burnham, 960 F.2d at 291 (“First,
class counsel must be ‘qualified, experienced and generally able’ to conduct the litigation. Second,
the class members must not have interests that are ‘antagonistic’ to one another.”) (citation
omitted).
As discussed above with regards to typicality under Rule 23(a), the named Plaintiff’s
“claims and interests are aligned with those of the [c]lass” because all seek to prove Defendant’s
liability “based on common facts and claims.” Marsh, 265 F.R.D. at 143. Plaintiff argues that he
has also been actively involved in the litigation and is committed to achieving the best possible
result for the Class. Class Cert. Mem. at 3. His counsel is experienced in FCRA class actions. Id.
Indeed, class counsel does have considerable experience. The three lead attorneys each have
“a wealth of experience.” Hashmall Decl. at 7. E. Michelle Drake, an executive shareholder at
Berger Montague PC in Minneapolis, Minnesota, has well over twenty years of total legal
experience, and specific experience in handling large class action settlements. Id. Joseph C.
Hashmall, senior counsel, at Berger Montague PC in Minneapolis, Minnesota, also brings
experience in class actions to the case, and Jeffrey Gentes of the Connecticut Fair Housing Center,
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brings a range of different experiences to the case, most specifically with respect to housing
matters. Id.
Accordingly, the Court finds that Mr. Berryman and his counsel adequately represent the
class.
2.

Rule 23(b)(3)

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) requires that, before certifying an opt-out class, a
court must find “that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any
questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available
methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). “This
predominance requirement ‘tests whether proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant
adjudication by representation.’” Langan v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Cos., 897 F.3d 88, 96–97
(2d Cir. 2018) (quoting Mazzei v. Money Store, 829 F.3d 260, 272 (2d Cir. 2016)). “The predominance
requirement is satisfied if ‘resolution of some of the legal or factual questions that qualify each class
member’s case as a genuine controversy can be achieved through generalized proof,’ and ‘these
particular issues are more substantial than the issues subject only to individualized proof.’” Id. at 97
(quoting Roach v. T.L. Cannon Corp., 778 F.3d 401, 405 (2d Cir. 2015)).
As to predominance, three common questions predominate here: “(1) whether Defendant’s
reporting of contradictory information about whether a consumer was alive or dead was a reasonable
procedure to assure maximum possible accuracy; (2) whether Defendant’s conduct was willful; and (3)
the proper measure of statutory and punitive damages.” Class Cert. Mem. at 23. These questions—and
the common factual issues discussed above—dominate this litigation and do not require individualized
inquiry. See In re Frontier Commc’n Corp., No. 3:17-CV-01617-VAB, 2022 WL 4080324, at *8 (D.
Conn. May 20, 2022) (finding that “common questions of law and fact predominate over any question
affecting only individual members” because “core legal and factual question—whether an untrue
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statement or omission was made and whether it was objectively material—predominates over any
other question affecting individual members”).
As to superiority, consumer fraud is one of the examples that courts give for appropriate class
treatment. See In re Mexico Money Transfer Litig., 267 F.3d 743, 747 (7th Cir. 2001) (“Many
opinions, of which Amchem 1 is one, give consumer fraud as an example of a claim for which class
treatment is appropriate.”) (internal citation omitted). As is true here, “there will rarely be extensive
damages in an FCRA action,” Yohay v. City of Alexandria Emps. Credit Union, Inc., 827 F.2d 967,
974 (4th Cir. 1987), so the incentives for individual consumers to bring a case are insufficient.
Accordingly, the Court finds that common questions predominate and that a class action is
the superior means in this case.
4.

The Adequacy of Class Notice
Rule 23(c)(2)(B) provides that “[f]or any class certified under Rule 23(b)(3) . . . the court

must direct to class members the best notice that is practicable under the circumstances, including
individual notice to all members who can be identified through reasonable effort.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
23(c)(2)(B).
In accordance with the Court’s preliminary approval order and as described above, the
parties have provided the class with ample and sufficient notice of the Settlement. Absent
Settlement Class members have been given an appropriate opportunity to voice objections. The
Court therefore finds that the notice provided to the class satisfies both due process and the
requirements of Rule 23.
Accordingly, for all of the reasons discussed above and previously decided in the Court’s

1

Amchem Prod., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 625 (1997).

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Preliminary Approval Order, this action may be maintained as a class action on behalf of the
Settlement Class for settlement purposes.
The Settlement Class shall be defined as follows:
All persons residing in the United States of America (including its
territories and Puerto Rico) who: (1) were the subject of a bi-merge or
tri-merge report using the legacy Avantus system and branding from
December 13, 2019 through November 3, 2023; (2) that included at least
one notation related to a deceased status in the score section of the
report; and (3) where at least one of the underlying consumer reporting
agencies returned a credit score.
B.

The Review of the Settlement For Fairness, Reasonableness, and Adequacy

Having determined that this case may proceed as a class action with a specifically defined
class, the Court now turns to a review of the proposed Settlement. Rule 23(e) provides that class
actions may only be settled with the Court’s approval. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). Courts have discretion
over whether to approve the class action settlement. See Global Crossing, 225 F.R.D. at 455 (citing
In re Masters Mates & Pilots Pension Plan & IRAP Litig., 957 F.2d 1020, 1026 (2d Cir. 1992)).
Before granting approval, “the district court must determine that a class action settlement is fair,
adequate and reasonable, and not a product of collusion.” Joel A. v. Giuliani, 218 F.3d 132, 138 (2d
Cir. 2000). In exercising its discretion to determine whether a class action settlement is fair, a court
“should give proper deference to the private consensual decision of the parties” and “keep in mind
the unique ability of class and defense counsel to assess the potential risks and rewards of litigation.”
Clark v. Ecolab, Inc., No. 04-CIV-4488 (PAC), 2009 WL 6615729, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 27, 2009)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Courts should be “mindful of the strong judicial policy in favor
of settlements, particularly in the class action context” as “[t]he compromise of complex litigation is
encouraged by the courts and favored by public policy.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Visa U.S.A., Inc.,
396 F.3d 96, 116–17 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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When deciding whether a class action settlement is fair, adequate, and reasonable, a
court’s “primary concern is with the substantive terms of the settlement,” which involves a “need
to compare the terms of the compromise with the likely rewards of litigation.” Weinberger, 698
F.2d at 73-74. A court must also consider the settlement’s procedural fairness by examining “the
negotiating process by which the settlement was reached.” Id. at 74. “So long as the integrity of
the arm’s length negotiation process is preserved, however, a strong initial presumption of fairness
attaches to the proposed settlement.” In re PaineWebber Ltd. Partnerships Litig., 171 F.R.D. 104,
125 (S.D.N.Y.), aff’d, 117 F.3d 721 (2d Cir. 1997).

1.

The Substantive Fairness of the Settlement

The Second Circuit has identified nine factors, discussed in City of Detroit v. Grinnell
Corp., 495 F.2d 448 (2d Cir. 1974), that a court should consider in determining whether a class
action settlement is substantively fair:
(1) the complexity, expense and likely duration of the litigation; (2) the reaction of
the class to the settlement; (3) the stage of the proceedings and the amount of
discovery completed; (4) the risks of establishing liability; (5) the risks of
establishing damages; (6) the risks of maintaining the class action through the trial;
(7) the ability of the defendants to withstand a greater judgment; (8) the range of
reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of the best possible recovery; (9) the
range of reasonableness of the settlement fund to a possible recovery in light of all
the attendant risks of litigation[.]
City of Detroit v. Grinnell Corp., 495 F.2d 448, 463 (2d Cir. 1974). For a settlement to be
substantively fair, “not every factor must weigh in favor of settlement,” rather, “the court should
consider the totality of these factors in light of the particular circumstances.” Global Crossing,
225 F.R.D. at 456 (internal quotation marks omitted).
After analyzing the Grinnell factors, and for the reasons laid out below, the Court finds
that the proposed settlement is fair, adequate and reasonable.
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a.

Complexity, Expense, and Likely Duration of Litigation

The first Grinnell factor addresses “the complexity, expense and likely duration of the
litigation.” Grinnell, 495 F.2d at 463. “‘Most class actions are inherently complex and settlement
avoids the costs, delays and multitude of other problems associated with them’ and courts therefore
favor class action settlements.” Id. (quoting In re Holocaust Litig., 80 F. Supp. 2d 164, 174
(S.D.N.Y. 2000)). “Absent a settlement, [litigation] costs will only escalate as a result of discovery
proceedings, motion practice, trials, and likely appeals.” In re PaineWebber Ltd. P’ships Litig., 171
F.R.D. 104, 126 (S.D.N.Y.), aff’d 117 F.3d 721 (2d Cir. 1997) (per curiam).
Plaintiff argues—and Defendant does not dispute—that “[i]f the parties had not reached their
proposed settlement, this case would have proceeded through a ruling on Plaintiff’s motion for class
certification, dispositive motions, and trial. Additionally, for both the class certification ruling and
the dispositive motions, appellate practice would have been likely.” Mem. in Support of Pl.’s Mot.
for Final Settlement Approval at 6–7, ECF No. 73-1 (“Mem.”). (“an expensive trial would still need
to take place . . . . Avoidance of this unnecessary expenditure of time and resources clearly benefits
all parties and the interests of justice more broadly.”).
Accordingly, the Court finds that this factor weighs in favor of approval of the Settlement.
b.

Class Reaction to the Settlement

The second Grinnell factor analyzes “the reaction of the class to the settlement.” Grinnell,
495 F.2d at 463. A lack of objection from any class members after members received notice of the
settlement “is an extremely strong indication” that the proposed Settlement is fair. Marsh, 265
F.R.D. at 139. “If only a small number of objections are received, that fact can be viewed as
indicative of the adequacy of the settlement.” In re Synchrony Fin. Sec. Litig., No. 3:18-CV-1818VAB, 2023 WL 4992933, at *7 (D. Conn. Aug. 4, 2023) (citing Wal-Mart, 396 F.3d at 118).

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No Class Member has objected to the settlement or to any of its terms, nor have any
requested an exclusion. Mem. at 8. Plaintiff argues that for those in the Claim Filing Category,
eight percent (8%) have returned timely claim forms, which is a rate at the high end of the range
that is typical in consumer settlements. Id.
Accordingly, the Court finds that the reactions are an indication of the proposed settlement’s
fairness given that absence of objections can be evidence of its fairness. See PaineWebber, 171
F.R.D. at 126 (“the absence of objections may itself be taken as evidencing the fairness of a
settlement”) (citation omitted).
c.

Stage of the Proceedings

The third Grinnell factor analyzes “the stage of the proceedings and the amount of
discovery completed.” Grinnell, 495 F.2d at 463. This factor explores the information that was
available to the settling parties to assess whether Class Counsel “have weighed their position
based on a full consideration of the possibilities facing them.” Global, 225 F.R.D. at 458.
“Formal discovery is not a prerequisite; the question is whether the parties had adequate
information about their claims.” Id.; see also D’Amato v. Deutsche Bank, 236 F.3d 78, 87 (2d Cir.
2001) (“Also, the district court properly recognized that, although no formal discovery had
taken place, the parties had engaged in an extensive exchange of documents and other
information. Thus, the ‘stage of proceedings’ factor also weighed in favor of settlement
approval.”). The Court finds that this factor also weighs in favor of approval.
Here, the parties did engage in extensive discovery, including substantial productions, data
analysis, depositions, and expert reports. Mem. at 8. Additionally, the parties informally
exchanged substantial information in connection with their mediation and had fully briefed class
certification. Id.
Accordingly, the Court finds that this factor weighs in favor of approval. See In re
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Synchrony Fin. Sec. Litig, 2023 WL 4992933, at *8 (“Therefore, this discovery is sufficient to
provide a clear view of the strengths and weaknesses of their cases and of the adequacy of the
settlement.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing In re Sturm, Ruger, & Co., Inc. Secs. Litig.,
No. 3:09-CV-1293 (VLB), 2012 WL 3589610, at *5 (D. Conn. Aug. 20, 2012))).
d.

Risks of Establishing Liability

The fourth Grinnell factor analyzes “the risks of establishing liability.” Grinnell, 495 F.2d
at 463. Class Counsel believed that Plaintiff would eventually prevail, but Defendant has
consistently denied that it committed any wrongful acts or violations of the law, or that is liable in
any way to Plaintiff or the Settlement Class. Mem. at 9 (“To be sure, Plaintiff was prepared to
take on the burdens of further litigation and present substantial arguments opposing Defendant’s
positions, but the risks he faced were significant.”).
Accordingly, this factor therefore weighs in favor of approving the Settlement. See also In
re Synchrony Fin. Sec. Litig., 2023 WL 4992933, at *8 (“Regardless of the merits of the case, if it
continued before this Court, ‘[l]itigation inherently involves risks.’” (citing In re PaineWebber,
171 F.R.D. at 126)).
e.

Risks of Establishing Damages

The fifth Grinnell factor analyzes “the risks of establishing damages.” Grinnell, 495 F.2d
at 463. To recover on the claim for statutory damages, Plaintiff would have to prove a willful
violation of the FCRA at trial, which is a high hurdle. See Connecticut Fair Hous. Ctr v.
CoreLogic Rental Prop. Sols., LLC, No. 3:18-CV-705-VLB, 2023 WL 4669482, at *24 (D. Conn.
July 20, 2023) (“The conduct must violate ‘an objective standard,’ meaning an action entailing ‘an
unjustifiably high risk of harm that is either known or so obvious that it should be known.’”
(internal quotation marks omitted) (citing SafeCo Ins. Co. of America v. Burr, 551 U.S. 47, 68
(2007))). Even if Plaintiff had prevailed on the issue of liability at trial, litigating the damages
16

issue would also have carried considerable risk.
Accordingly, the Court finds that this factor also weighs in favor of approving the
Settlement.
f.

Risks of Maintaining Class Action through Trial

The sixth Grinnell factor analyzes “the risks of maintaining the class action through the
trial.” Grinnell, 495 F.2d at 463. This factor concerns the risk that the Court would have denied the
named Plaintiff’s motion for class certification, “thereby limiting or even precluding any possible
recovery for the [c]lass.” Marsh, 265 F.R.D. at 140. Even if Plaintiff had obtained class
certification, the risk of decertification at a later stage would remain. See Global Crossing, 225
F.R.D. at 460.
Accordingly, this factor also weighs in favor of approving the Settlement.
g.

Defendants’ Ability to Withstand Greater Judgment

The seventh Grinnell factor analyzes “the ability of the defendants to withstand a greater
judgment.” Grinnell, 495 F.2d at 463. This factor “standing alone, does not suggest that the
settlement is unfair,” and where the “other Grinnell factors weigh heavily in favor of settlement,”
the Court may still approve of the settlement as being fair, reasonable, and adequate. D’Amato,
236 F.3d at 86. “[A] defendant is not required to empty its coffers before a settlement can be
found adequate.” Fleisher v. Phoenix Life Ins. Co., No. 11-CV-8405 (CM), 2015 WL 10847814,
at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 9, 2015) (internal citations omitted). Here, “Defendant is not a large
corporation, but is a sizeable company. There are no concerns that it can fund the settlement, nor
are there concerns that it could withstand a judgment.” Mem. at 13. Thus, even if the Defendant
here could afford to pay more than the Settlement Amount, this does not prevent the Court from
approving this Settlement as fair and reasonable.
Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of approving the Settlement.
17

h.

Reasonableness of Settlement Fund in Light of Best Possible
Recovery and Attendant Risks of Litigation

These final two Grinnell factors analyze “the range of reasonableness of the settlement
fund in light of the best possible recovery” and “the range of reasonableness of the settlement
fund to a possible recovery in light of all the attendant risks of litigation.” Grinnell, 495 F.2d at
463. Courts often combine their analysis of these factors. See Fleisher, 2015 WL 10847814, at
*10 (analyzing final two Grinnell factors together); Global Crossing, 225 F.R.D. at 460–61
(same). In analyzing these factors, a court should “consider and weigh the nature of the claim,
the possible defenses, the situation of the parties, and the exercise of business judgment in
determining whether the proposed settlement is reasonable.” Grinnell, 495 F.2d at 462.
Here, Plaintiff has recovered approximately $523 per participating Class Member;
including both participating and non-participating Class Members, the gross recovery is about
$290 per class member. Mem. at 11. The gross per person amount exceeds the amount
recovered in numerous similar FCRA settlements. Id. at 11–12 (citing Pang v. Credit Plus, No.
1:21-CV-00122, ECF No. 61 (D. Md. 2021) (recovering class members received roughly $430,
settlement was roughly $125 gross per class member); Steinberg v. CoreLogic Credco, LLC,
No. 3:22-CV-498, ECF No. 46 at 15, ECF No. 66 (S.D. Cal. 2024) (settlement was roughly
$212 gross per class member; claiming class members are expected to receive roughly $600);
McAfee v. CIC Mortgage Credit, Inc., No. 3:22-CV-772, ECF No. 40 at 3, ECF No. 54 (E.D.
Va. 2023) (where settlement was roughly $104 gross per class member; claiming class
members are expected to receive roughly $525); Roe v. IntelliCorp Records, Inc., No. 12-2288,
ECF No. 139 (N.D. Ohio June 5, 2014) (settlement of alleged inaccurate reporting, and other
FCRA claims, providing for $50-$270 net per class member); Ryals v. HireRight Sols. Inc., No.
09-625, ECF No. 127 (E.D. Va. Dec. 22, 2011) ($15-$200 gross per class member recovery);
18

Ori v. Fifth Third Bank, Fiserv, Inc., No. 08-432, ECF No. 217 (E.D. Wis. Jan. 10, 2012) (each
claimant receiving approximately $55); Speers v. Pre-Employ.com, Inc., No. 13-1849, ECF No.
83 (D. Or. Feb. 10, 2016) (approximately $153 net per class member); Villaflor v. Equifax Info.
Servc. LLC, No. 09-329, ECF No. 177 (N.D. Cal. May 3, 2011) (providing credit monitoring
for class members with a retail value of $155)). 2
Accordingly, the Court finds that the eighth and ninth Grinnell factors weigh in favor of
approval.
2.

The Procedural Fairness of the Settlement

In addition to ensuring the substantive fairness of a settlement by analyzing the Grinnell
factors, the Court must also ensure that the settlement is procedurally fair and “not the product of
collusion.” Global Crossing, 225 F.R.D. at 461. “[C]ourts have demanded that the compromise
be the result of arm’s-length negotiations and that plaintiffs’ counsel have possessed the
experience and ability, and have engaged in the discovery, necessary to effective representation of
the class’s interests.” Weinberger, 698 F.2d at 73–74. When a settlement was negotiated by such
“experienced, fully-informed counsel after extensive arm’s-length negotiations,” the resulting
settlement “is entitled to an initial presumption of fairness and adequacy.” Fleisher, 2015 WL
10847814, at *5.
Accordingly, the Court finds that this Settlement is procedurally fair.
C.

The Request for Attorneys’ Fees

Plaintiff requests that the Court award Class Counsel $267,242 in attorneys’ fees and
award him a named plaintiff service award of $7,500 to be paid from the settlement fund. Mot.
for Attorneys’ Fees and Named Pl. Service Award, ECF No. 69; Mem. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for

2

Plaintiff’s memorandum appears to cite directly to the respective dockets of each of these cases. Mem. at 11–12.

19

Attorneys’ Fees and Name Pl. Service Award, ECF No. 69-1 (“Fee Mem.”).
In addition, Class Counsel has expended $14,661.36 in out-of-pocket costs that have not
been reimbursed, and for which they are not requesting reimbursements. Hashmall Dec. in Supp.
of Mot. for Attorneys’ Fees at 2, ECF No. 69-2 (“Hashmall Fees Dec.”).
The Court has discretion in determining what attorneys’ fees are reasonable in a class
action settlement. See In re Colgate-Palmolive Co. ERISA Litig., 36 F. Supp. 3d 344, 347
(S.D.N.Y. 2014) (citing Goldberger v. Integrated Res., Inc., 209 F.3d 43, 47 (2d Cir. 2000)).
When evaluating whether a proposed attorneys’ fees award in the class action settlement context is
reasonable, the Court considers the following Goldberger factors: “(1) the time and labor
expended by counsel; (2) the magnitude and complexities of the litigation; (3) the risk of the
litigation; (4) the quality of representation; (5) the requested fee in relation to the settlement; and
(6) public policy considerations.” Goldberger, 209 F.3d at 50 (internal quotation marks
omitted).
In cases such as this one, where the parties agree to a fee that is to be paid separately by
the Defendants rather than one that comes from, and therefore reduces, the Settlement Fund
available to the class, “the Court’s fiduciary role in overseeing the award is greatly reduced”
because “the danger of conflicts of interest between attorneys and class members is diminished.”
Jermyn v. Best Buy Stores, L.P., No. 08-CIV-214 CM, 2012 WL 2505644, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. June
27, 2012). The Court must, however, still “assess the reasonableness of the fee award” where the
fee does not come from the common fund, because “a defendant is interested only in disposing of
the total claim asserted against it, and not in the allocation between the class payment and the
attorneys’ fees.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The fact that the parties negotiated a fee
that would not reduce the class’s recovery only “after settlement terms had been decided,” does,
nonetheless, support a finding of the award’s reasonableness. Blessing v. Sirius XM Radio Inc.,
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507 F. App’x 1, 4 (2d Cir. 2012).
Furthermore, the decision of an appropriate fee award in this case was made by the
independent, third-party mediator, which also weighs in favor of the award’s reasonableness. See
In re Sony SXRD Rear Projection Television Class Action Litig., No. 06-CIV-5173 (RPP), 2008
WL 1956267, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. May 1, 2008) (noting that parties’ negotiation of fee award to be
paid directly by Defendants through arms-length negotiation with supervision of independent
mediator were all factors weighing in favor of approving the fee award); McBean v. City of N.Y.,
233 F.R.D. 377, 392 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (“[T]he fact that the award was the product of arm’s-length
negotiations under the supervision of Judge Katz weighs strongly in favor of approval.”).
Courts in the Second Circuit use one of two different methods to analyze attorney’s fees.
Goldberger, 209 F.3d at 50 (“In sum, we hold that both the lodestar and the percentage of the fund
methods are available to district judges in calculating attorneys’ fees in common fund cases.”); see
also McDaniel v. Cty. of Schenectady, 595 F.3d 411, 417 (2d Cir. 2010) (“[I]t remains the law in
this Circuit that courts may award attorneys’ fees in common fund cases under either the ‘lodestar’
method or the ‘percentage of the fund’ method.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). The first
method, the “lodestar method,” begins with the multiplication of “the reasonable hours billed by a
reasonable hourly rate.” Colgate-Palmolive, 36 F. Supp. 3d at 347–48. The district court may
then “adjust the multiplier based on other factors such as the risk of the litigation or the
performance of the attorneys.” Id. at 348. The second method, the “percentage of the fund”
method, sets a fee that is “a reasonable percentage of the total value of the settlement fund created
for the class.” Id.
Many courts in the Second Circuit favor the percentage of fund method for awarding
attorneys’ fees in class action settlements. See Wal-Mart, 396 F.3d at 121 (“The trend in this
Circuit is toward the percentage method.”) Courts find that, in typical class action cases, the
21

percentage method “directly aligns the interests of the class and its counsel and provides a
powerful incentive for the efficient prosecution and early resolution of litigation.” Id. This
potentially contrasts with the lodestar method, which may “create[] an unanticipated disincentive
to early settlements, tempt[] lawyers to run up their hours, and compel[] district courts to engage
in a gimlet-eyed review of line-item fee audits.” Id. The Second Circuit has also noted, however,
that both methods have advantages and disadvantages. See McDaniel, 595 F.3d at 419 (“[N]either
the lodestar nor the percentage-of-fund approach to awarding attorneys’ fees in common fund
cases is without problems.”).
The Court thus will analyze the proposed attorney’s fee award using the Goldberger
factors, and then also review the proposed fee award under the lodestar method.
1.

Time and Labor Expended by Counsel

The first Goldberger factor considers the “time and labor expended by counsel.”
Goldberger, 209 F.3d at 50. The Court finds that Class Counsel has expended considerable time
and effort in resolving this case in a way that is favorable to the class without the need for
extensive discovery and additional time-consuming litigation. Thus, this factor weighs in favor of
the proposed fee award.
In total, Class Counsel has expended 400.6 hours on this matter, resulting in $303,643.50
in lodestar calculated at Class Counsel’s normal hourly rates. Hashmall Fees Dec. at 2. Those
hours represent considerable effort devoted to investigating the claims at issue, drafting the
complaint, analyzing the Defendants ’motion to dismiss, reviewing relevant documents, retaining
and working with an actuarial expert to analyze liability and damages, and negotiating the
Settlement Agreement. Id. Furthermore, Class Counsel will continue to expend time and
resources overseeing the administration of the settlement even after this fee award is approved. Id.
The Court recognizes that “Class Counsel’s fee award will not only compensate them for time and
22

effort already expended, but for time that they will be required to spend administering the
settlement going forward.” deMunecas v. Bold Food, LLC, No. 09-CIV-00440 (DAB), 2010 WL
3322580, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 23, 2010).
Accordingly, in light of Class Counsel’s time and efforts, which have resulted in an
extremely efficient and favorable resolution of this case, the proposed fee award is fair and
reasonable under this Goldeberger factor.
2.

Magnitude and Complexities of the Litigation

The second Goldberger factor considers “the magnitude and complexities of the
litigation.” Goldberger, 209 F.3d at 50. As discussed above with regards to the Grinnell factors,
this case was complex and risky to litigate.
Accordingly, under this Goldberger factor, the magnitude and complexity of the litigation
show that the proposed fee award, which is less than the total fees actually incurred, is fair and
reasonable.
3.

Risk of the Litigation

The third Goldberger factor considers “the risk of the litigation.” Goldberger, 209 F.3d at
50. The Second Circuit recognizes that the risk of success is “perhaps the foremost factor” to be
considered in determining a fee award in class actions. Id. at 54. After all, “despite the most
vigorous and competent of efforts, success is never guaranteed.” Grinnell, 495 F.2d at 471. As
discussed above with regards to the Grinnell factors and the magnitude and complexities of the
litigation, the risks associated with litigating this case were particularly profound because the key
legal question in this case is one of first impression in the Second Circuit.
Accordingly, under this Goldberger factor, in light of the risks of litigation in this case, the
proposed fee award is fair and reasonable.

23

4.

Quality of Representation

The fourth Goldberger factor considers “the quality of representation” by Class Counsel.
Goldberger, 209 F.3d at 50. For the reasons discussed below, the quality of representation in
this case show that the proposed fee award is fair and reasonable.
The Second Circuit has held that “the quality of representation is best measured by
results, and that such results may be calculated by comparing the extent of possible recovery
with the amount of actual verdict or settlement.” Goldberger, 209 F.3d at 55 (internal quotation
marks omitted).
Accordingly, under this Goldberger factor, the proposed fee award is reasonable, given
the quality of representation and the discount at which they litigated.
5.

Requested Fee in Relation to Settlement

The fifth Goldberger factor considers “the requested fee in relation to the settlement.”
Goldberger, 209 F.3d at 50. The fee award in this case will be paid by Defendants, and will not
come out of the Settlement Fund, which suggests reasonableness with respect to the award.
Nevertheless, a comparison of the requested attorneys’ fee award and the Settlement Fund may still
be instructive in assessing the reasonableness of the award. See McBean, 233 F.R.D. at 392
(“[W]hile this is not a common fund case, the fact that the award here is lower than many awards
actually taken from a common fund, at the expense of absent class members, is further evidence of
its reasonableness.”). In this case, based on this record and the Court’s review of it, the requested fee
is reasonable.
Accordingly, this Goldberger factor favors finding the requested fee to be reasonable.

24

6.

Public Policy Considerations

The sixth Goldberger factor analyzes “public policy considerations.” Goldberger, 209
F.3d at 50.
Accordingly, as in Marsh, public policy considerations therefore justify the proposed fee
award, as Class Counsel “should receive a reasonable attorney’s fee for their efforts,” to ensure
that Plan participants have a remedy. Id. (“courts ‘have recognized the importance that fair and
reasonable fee awards have in encouraging private attorneys to prosecute class actions on a
contingent basis . . . on behalf of those who otherwise could not afford to prosecute’” (quoting
Maley v. Del Glob. Techs. Corp., 186 F. Supp. 2d 358, 373 (S.D.N.Y. 2002))).
7.

Lodestar Cross-Check

Courts often compare a proposed fee award in a class action to the lodestar, or a “lodestar
cross-check” as a final “sanity check to ensure that an otherwise reasonable percentage fee would
not lead to a windfall.” Colgate-Palmolive, 36 F. Supp. 3d at 353. Here, the amount requested as
attorneys’ fees is less than the fees actually incurred by Class Counsel. In all, Class Counsel
incurred, inclusive of lodestar and out-of-pocket expenses, $318,304.86 on this litigation and
settlement. The amount requested, $267,242, is thus less than the incurred amount. And this is
even before the future work of the settlement is considered, including the forthcoming preparation
for final approval briefing and hearing. More specifically, based on this record, and the Court’s
review of it, the hours expended on the case, and the requested hourly rates, are within an
acceptable range.
Accordingly, having compared the proposed attorneys’ fee award under the lodestar
method, the requested award is considered reasonable.

25

C.

The Request for an Incentive Award

Incentive awards to representative plaintiffs in class action cases “compensate the named
plaintiff for any personal risk incurred by the individual or any additional effort expended by the
individual for the benefit of the lawsuit.” Dornberger v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 203 F.R.D. 118,
124 (S.D.N.Y. 2001). Such awards are designed to reimburse representative plaintiffs, who “take
on a variety of risks and tasks when they commence representative actions, such as complying
with discovery requests and often must appear as witnesses in the action.” Marsh, 265 F.R.D. at
150.
Courts in this Circuit frequently approve incentive awards of various amounts in many
types of class actions, with determinations of whether the proposed amounts are appropriate being
based, somewhat, on assessments of the burdens a representative plaintiff took on by participating
in the case. See Fleisher, 2015 WL 10847814, at *24 (awarding, in insurance class action, an
incentive award of $25,000 to named plaintiff who spent “at least 88 hours actively fulfilling his
obligations as a Class representative” including by attending all-day deposition and also
approving $5,000 incentive awards to other named plaintiffs); Dornberger, 203 F.R.D. at 124–25
(approving, in civil RICO class action, an award of $10,000, for representative plaintiff who
provided assistance to class counsel in various ways for six years including by “traveling to New
York for her deposition at her own cost,” and awards of $1,500 each for eight subclass
representative); Roberts v. Texaco, Inc., 979 F. Supp. 185, 188 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (affirming
Special Master’s finding, in employment discrimination class action, that awards ranging from
$2,500 to $85,000 were appropriate for various representative plaintiffs depending on degree of
participation and/or post-litigation burden or risk, including risk of retaliation by employer).
Here, Plaintiff requests an incentive award of $7,500, an amount well within the range of
case contribution awards courts in this circuit have granted, and for having engaged in activities
26

consistent with the various activities of other named plaintiffs who have received incentive
awards. Compare Colgate-Palmolive, 36 F. Supp. 3d at 354 (approving incentive award of $5,000
for each of six named plaintiffs who reviewed draft pleadings and motions, searched for and
produced relevant documents, reviewed filings, and communicated regularly with class counsel);
Marsh, 265 F.R.D. at 150–51 (approving incentive award of $15,000 for each of three named
plaintiffs who initiated the action, remained in frequent contact with class counsel, responded to
document requests and interrogatories, reviewed and approved pleadings, assisted with discovery,
were involved in settlement discussions, and prepared for, traveled to, and sat for full-day
depositions); with Memo in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Attorney’s Fees and Named Plaintiff
Service Award at 4 (“Plaintiff has (1) reviewed and approved the complaint; (2) provided
documents and information, including documents containing sensitive personal identifying and
financial information. (3) prepared and appeared for his deposition, as did his wife, (4) consulted
with Counsel during settlement negotiations, and (5) reviewed and approved the Settlement
Agreement.”) (citation omitted).
Accordingly, the Court finds that this incentive award is reasonable, and should be awarded.
III.

CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court (1) GRANTS the motion for final approval of

the Settlement, (2) certifies the Class for Settlement purposes, (3) determines that the notice
provided to the class was appropriate and sufficient, (4) GRANTS the motion to award $267,242
in attorney fees to Class Counsel, (5) GRANTS the motion to award Mr. Berryman $7,500 as a
named plaintiff service award in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the Class.
The Court therefore FINDS, CONCLUDES, AND ORDERS as follows:
(1) The Settlement Agreement is fair, adequate, and reasonable;
(2) The terms of the Settlement Agreement are fair, reasonable, and adequate giving the
27

following factors, among other things:
a. All claims within the above-captioned proceeding are complex and timeconsuming, and would have continued to be so through summary judgment
and/or trial if it had not settled;
b. Class Counsel had a well-informed appreciation of the strengths and
weaknesses of the Action while negotiating the Settlement Agreement;
c. The relief provided for by the Settlement Agreement is well within the range of
reasonableness in light of the best possible recovery and the risks the parties
would have faced if the case had continued to trial;
d. The Settlement Agreement was the result of arms’ length, good faith
negotiations and exchange of information by experienced counsel; and
e. The reaction of the Settlement Class has been positive without any objections
or opt-outs;
(3) All Claims are hereby dismissed with prejudice and terminated. Except as otherwise
provided herein or in the Settlement Agreement, such dismissal and termination shall
occur without costs to Plaintiff or Defendant. Plaintiff and all Settlement Class
Members hereby fully release all Released Parties for all Released Claims, and are
hereby enjoined from instituting, maintaining, or prosecuting, either directly or
indirectly, any lawsuit or claim that asserts any Released Claims;
(4) Having reviewed the declarations, exhibits, and memoranda submitted in support of the
requests for attorneys’ fees and costs, the Court approves an award of attorneys’ fee
and costs to Class Counsel in the amount of $267,242. The Court finds this amount to
be reasonable and appropriate under all circumstances presented;
(5) The Settlement Administrator is directed to distribute the balance of the Settlement
28

Fund to participating Class Members as expressly set forth in the Settlement
Agreement. Should funds remain for cy pres distribution, the parties’ selected
organizations, Public Justice and Community Action Agency of Delaware County,
Inc., are approved to receive such residual funds.
(6) The Court expressly retains exclusive and continuing jurisdiction, without affecting the
finality of this Order, over the Settlement Agreement, including all matters relating to
the implementation and enforcement of the terms of the Settlement Agreement. It is in
the best interests of the Parties and the Settlement Class Members, and consistent with
principles of judicial economy, that any dispute between any Settlement Class Member
(including any dispute as to whether any person is a Settlement Class Member) and any
Released Party which, in any way, relates to the applicability or scope of the
Settlement Agreement or the Final Judgment and Order, should be presented
exclusively to this Court for resolution;
(7) Nothing herein, including the Court’s retention of jurisdiction over the Settlement
Agreement, shall be a basis for any party, including any class member, to assert a court
has personal jurisdiction over any other party in any matter other than a matter seeking
to enforce the terms of the Settlement Agreement;
(8) Neither this Final Judgment and Order, nor the Settlement Agreement, shall be
construed or used as an admission or concession by or against the Defendant or any of
the Released Parties of any fault, omission, liability, or wrongdoing, or the validity of
any of the Settlement Released Claims. This Final Judgment and Order is not a finding
of the validity or invalidity of any claims in this lawsuit or a determination of any
wrongdoing by Defendant or any of the Released Parties. The final approval of the
Settlement Agreement does not constitute any opinion, position, or determination of
29

this Court, one way or the other, as to the merits of the claims and defenses of the
Named Plaintiff, the Settlement Class Members, or Defendant;
(9) If the Effective Date, as defined in the Settlement Agreement does not occur for any
reason whatsoever, this Final Approval Order shall be deemed vacated and shall have
no force or effect whatsoever;
(10) The parties are hereby directed to carry out their obligations under the Settlement
Agreement; and
(11) This Final Order shall be, and hereby is, entered as a final and appealable order.
The Complaint is hereby DISMISSED with prejudice.
The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to enter judgment accordingly and close this case.
SO ORDERED at New Haven, Connecticut, this 10th day of May, 2024.

/s/ Victor A. Bolden
Victor A. Bolden
United States District Judge

30