Ralston v. Astrue

Filing 22

MEMORANDUM. Signed by Judge Gregory M. Sleet on 3/27/2015. (mdb)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE
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JAMES A. RALSTON,
Plaintiff,

v.
MICHAEL J. ASTRUE.
Commissioner of Social Security,
Defendant.

Civil Action No. 10-548-GMS

MEMORANDUM
I.

INTRODUCTION
The plaintiff James Ralston ("Ralston") filed for disability insurance benefits ("DIB") on

October 8, 2007, pursuant to Title II of the Social Security Act. (D.1. 13 at 159-64.) This action
against defendant Michael J. Astrue-former commissioner of the Social Security Administration
("SSA") 1-arises from the denial of Ralston's application. (Id. at 101-11.) The SSA denied
Ralston's claim initially and on reconsideration.

(Id.)

Ralston thereafter requested an

administrative law judge ("ALJ'') rehearing. (Id. at 112-13.) The hearing took place on October
22, 2008, and June 24, 2009. (Id. at 63-95.)
The ALJ, Edward J. Banas, issued a written opinion on July 27, 2009, denying Ralston's
DIB claim. (Id. at 14-31.) The Appeals Council denied review of the ALJ's decision on May 8,
2010. (Id. at 7-13.) Ralston filed a timely appeal with the court on June 22, 2010. (D.1. 2.)
Presently before the court are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment. (D.1. 16, 18.) For

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Carolyn W. Colvin replaced Michael J. Astrue on February 13, 2013, after Sherlock initiated this action.
Although, pursuant Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25, Carolyn W. Colvin should be substituted for Michael J. Astrue,
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), no further action is necessary to continue this action.

the reasons that follow, the court will: ( 1) deny the Commissioner's motion for summary judgment;
and (2) grant in part Ralston's motion for summary judgment. The court remands this matter for
further administrative proceedings.

II.

BACKGROUND
Ralston was born on October 4, 1959. (D.I. 13 at 159.) He has a seventh-grade education.

(Id. at 218.) As of February 2, 2011, Ralston represented that he is homeless and has been
homeless most his life. (Id. at 58-61.) At the time of his application for DIB, Ralston was fortyeight years old.

A.

Medical & Employment History

Ralston has primarily worked as an unskilled laborer. (Id. at 165-68.) As noted below in
greater detail, Ralston has an extensive psychiatric history. (Id. at 334-35.) The documentation
in support of this history is not in the record. (Id. at 334.) Nevertheless, this history appears to
include: (1) being hospitalized for psychosis at age thirteen; (2) spending a month in a state hospital
for aggression at age seventeen; (3) attempting to commit suicide while incarceratecl at age twentyone; and (4) being hospitalized for and diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and
substance abuse, following a second suicide attempt because he had no place to live or work. (Id.
at 334-35.)
In March 2003, Ralston was diagnosed with colon cancer and underwent bowel resection
surgery. (Id. at 247-302.) After surgery, Ralston reported that his bowel function had improved
and that he was tolerating a regular diet. (Id. at 248.) Although, Ralston was scheduled to continue
with post-surgical chemotherapy, he never completed his regimen because of a fear of needles.

(Id. at 77.) In addition to his colon cancer, Ralston was diagnosed with Hepatitis C, anemia,

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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sinus tachycardia, tobacco use, and a history of intravenous
drug abuse. (Id. at 247.)
After his surgery, Ralston began to work at a car wash. (Id. at 77-78.) Soon thereafter,
however, Ralston suffered an injury at work, requiring the traumatic amputation of the tip of his
left third finger. (Id. at 306-11.) Subsequently, beginning around March 2004, Ralston ceased his
employment at the car wash and began living in a tent in the woods. (Id. at 59-60, 85.) It was
during this time that Ralston began to survive on fish and road-kill deer. (Id.)

B.

Expert Opinions
1.

Physical Opinions
a.

Dr. Lifrak

Dr. Lifrak, a state agency physician, performed a physical examination of Ralston on July

27, 2005. (D.I. 13 at 330-33.) Ralston's chief complaints were: (1) pain extending from his midto lower-back, with accompanying pain and numbness in the left lower extremity; (2) episodes of
abdominal discomfort; and (3) Hepatitis. (Id. at 330.)· Dr. Lifrak found Ralston to exhibit a "mild
degree of limp favoring the left lower extremity." ·(Id. at 332.) Overall, he found very few
limitations. Dr. Lifrak noted that Ralston was unable to walk on either his heels or toes, but
nonetheless did not require an assistive device to walk. (Id.) He noted that Ralston was adequately
developed and nourished, that he was able to perform maneuvers requiring hand dexterity, and that
his grip strength and muscle tone were not limited. (Id.)
As for Ralston's range of motion, Dr. Lifrak found reduced motion in the area of the lumbar
spine without evidence of muscle spasm. (Id. at 333.) Based on the examination and historical
information provided, Dr. Lifrak concluded that Ralston-in a typical eight-hour day-would be
able to: (1) perform such activities which may require him to walk either outdoors or indoors; (2)

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climb stairs; (3) sit for a total period of six hours and stand for a period of five to six hours, while
talcing usual and customary breaks; and (4) lift weight up to ten pounds with either hand on a
regular basis. (Id.)
b.

Dr. Borek

Dr. Borek, a non-examining state agency physician, completed a physical Residual
Functional Capacity ("RFC") assessment of Ralston in April 2008. (Id. at 353-60.) Dr. Borek
concluded that Ralston could: (1) occasionally lift and/or carry twenty pounds; (2) frequently lift
and/or carry ten pounds; (3) stand and/or walk for about six hours in an eight-hour workday; (4)
sit for a total of six hours in an eight-hour workday; and (5) perform unlimited pushing and/or
pulling. (Id. at 354.) Ultimately, Dr. Borek opined that Ralston's medical files did not contain
sufficient information to establish a disability prior to March 31, 2006. (Id. at 358.)

2.

Psychiatric Opinions
a.

Dr. Chester

Dr. Chester, a state agency consultative psychologist, examined Ralston on August 16,
2005. (D.I. 13 at 334-37:) Upon arrival, Dr. Chester noted that Ralston looked disheveled and
poorly groomed, and that he sat with a slumped posture and walked with a limp. (Id. at 336.)
Ralston stated, "I have the blues." (Id.) Dr. Chester reported that Ralston had no delusion and no
disorder of formal thought. (Id.)
In her report, Dr. Chester noted that much of the history contained within her report was
"gathered from paperwork" sent from the state agency physicians. (Id. at 334.) In light of the
parties' arguments, the court excerpts a portion of Dr. Chester's summary below:
The claimant is a 45-year-old single white male. He reports that he
has a psychiatric history notable for substance abuse and notable for
substance dependence and antisocial personality which dates back
to the age of 13 or earlier. At the age of 13 he was admitted to
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Friends Hospital in Philadelphia and was misdiagnosed with
schizophrenia when he presented in a psychotic state. It was later
determined that psychosis was secondary to hallucinogens. He was
hospitalized at the Delaware State Hospital at the age of 17 and spent
one month there. His discharge diagnosis reflected his tendency to
be aggressive, a diagnosis that is no longer in use. At the age of 32
he was readmitted to Delaware State Hospital for 24 hours and
discharged with diagnosis of substance abuse and antisocial
personality disorder. He was admitted because he had had a fight
with his employer who was also his landlord. He was accused of
sleeping on the job. He left the job precipitously and got intoxicated.
He was then left with no place to live or work. In response to that
he took an overdose of pills.
The discharge
summaries ... note ... an extensive history of alcohol and substance
abuse dating back to the age of 15. His drug of choice was
apparently barbiturates and he also used cocaine, marijuana, other
hallucinogens, amphetamines, and intravenous heroin. During the
interview the claimant only reports use of alcohol and PCP. He
reports that he stopped drinking some time in his 30s which is
consistent with the paperwork that was sent for review. He denied
ever having been treated in a rehabilitation facility or in a
detoxification facility. Paperwork sent for review shows that at the
age of 29 he was treated as an outpatient in a community mental
health center and prescribed amitriptyline. He did not recall this
during the interview.

There is no history of mania. There is a history of psychosis as
previously noted (secondary to substance abuse).
(Id. at 334-35.)

Dr. Chester defined Ralston's mood as "euthymic," and that he was alert and oriented. (Id.
at 336.) Dr. Chester assessed Raison with a GAF score of 55, 2 indicating moderate limitations and
symptoms. (Id. at 337.)

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GAF stands for "Global Assessment of Functioning"; it is a statistical tool used by healthcare providers to
measure a person's ability to function. The scale ranges from 1 to 100, in increasing ability to function. A score of
55 indicates: "Moderate symptoms (e.g., flat affect and circumstantial speech, occasional panic attacks) OR moderate
difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning (e.g., few friends, conflicts with peers or co-workers)." See
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ofMental Disorders 34 (4th ed., text rev. 2000).

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b.

Dr. Fugate

On January 2, 2008, Dr. Fugate, a non-examining state consultant, reviewed Ralston's
health records and completed a psychiatric review technique form and a mental RFC assessment
form. (Id. at 338--48, 349-51) In his Psychiatric Review Technique Form, Dr. Fugate concluded
that Ralston had experienced one or two episodes of decompensation and possessed moderate
limitations for: (1) activities of daily living; (2) social functioning; and (3) concentration,
persistence, or pace. (Id. at 346.) In his mental RFC assessment form, Dr. Fugate concluded
Ralston was markedly limited in his ability to interact with others and that Ralston was unable to
meet the basic mental demands of simple work. (Id. at 351.) Dr. Fugate reported Ralston was
moderately or markedly limited in his ability to sustain concentration, interact socially, and adapt.
(Id. at 349-51.)

c.

Dr. King

Dr. King, the state agency's second non-examining psychologist, submitted a Mental RFC
Assessment regarding Ralston's alleged disability. 3 (Id. at 361-63.) On September 14, 2008, Dr.
King opined that Ralston retained the mental RFC for simple, routine work. (Id. at 363.) In
particular, Dr. King found that Ralston was moderately limited in his ability to sustain
concentration and socially interact. (Id. at 361-62.)
d.

Dr. Raclaw

The ALJ elicited medical expert testimony from non-examining psychologist Dr. Raclaw
at the June 24, 2009, hearing. (Id. at 36-57.) Dr. Raclaw determined Ralston was not disabled
and would be able to return to work. (Id. at 38.) The ALJ accepted Dr. Raclaw's testimony over

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Dr. King also filed a case analysis report on March 29, 2008, affirming Dr. Fugate's January 2, 2008,
determination that there was insufficient evidence to determine the severity of any residual limitations as of March
31, 2006-Ralston's last insured date. (Id. at 352.)

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the objections of Ralston's counsel. (Id. at 35-36.) Dr. Raclaw's testimony was primarily based
on Ralston's behavior and demeanor during his consultative examinations with Drs. Lifrak and
Chester. (Id. at 55-56.)
Prior to testifying, Dr. Raclaw was able to examine all of Ralston's records in the
administrative record, except for: (1) Ralston's psychiatric history records; (2) Dr. Borek's
Physical RFC Assessment; and (3) Dr. King's Mental RFC Assessment. (Id. at 35-36.) Dr.
Raclaw stated that these records would "add nothing new to the existing data." (Id.) First, Dr.
Raclaw noted that Ralston suffered from three severe mental impairments applicable at Step Two
of the sequential evaluation process: (1) mood disorder (Listing 12.04); (2) antisocial personality
disorder (Listing 12.08); and, (3) polysubstance dependence in remission (Listing 12.09). (Id. at
37.) Dr. Raclaw determined, however, that at Step Three of the evaluation, Ralston did not meet
any of the criteria to be found disabled under the Listing criteria. (Id. at 37-38.) Moreover, Dr.
Raclaw testified, "[i]t is my considered opinion, based on the evidence I have reviewed, that
[Ralston] is capable of making an adjustment to [substantially gainful activity, and that] he's
capable of making an adjustment to occupational activity." (Id. at 38.)
In coming to his conclusion, Dr. Raclaw assigned little weight to Ralston's own statements

about his inability to interact socially. (Id. at 45--48.) Rather, Dr. Raclaw primarily relied on
Ralston's reported behavior and demeanor during his examinations with Drs. Lifrak and Chester.
(Id. at 43--45.) Dr. Raclaw admitted that the medical evidence pertaining to the relevant period

was sparse but nevertheless attempted to extrapolate the available evidence. (Id. at 55.)

First,

although Ralston lives in the woods and forages for food, Dr. Raclaw determined that Ralston's
ability to cook for himself and survive on his own indicates that he is functional. (Id. at 42.)
Second, Dr. Raclaw heavily weighed Dr. Chester's report that Ralston's mood was cooperative,

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euthymic, and polite, and that he possessed good rapport. (Id. at 43.) When prompted by Ralston's
attorney if cooperation in a clinical setting was transferrable to cooperation in a work situation,
Dr. Raclaw responded: "Having little medical evidence to contradict that, I accept that, yes .... [I]f
you had a hospitalization record that says he was agitated, could not relate to any other human
beings, was suspicious of all those around him, I would say, we have to take this comment by Dr.
Chester and weigh it against other evidence." (Id. at 44.)

C.

The ALJ's Findings

On July 27, 2009, the ALJ found Ralston was not disabled. (Id. at 31.) At Step One of the
sequential evaluation process, Ralston was found to have engaged in substantial gainful activity
from November 2, 2002-the alleged onset date-through February 28, 2004. (Id. at 19-20.) The
ALJ found, however, that Ralston had not engaged in substantial activity during the period from
March 1, 2004, through his last insured date of March 31, 2006. (Id.)

At Step Two, the ALJ

determined Ralston was subject to the following severe impairments: depression, substance abuse
disorder, mood disorder, traumatic amputation of the left middle finger, Hepatitis C, degenerative
joint disease, and status post right hemicolectomy secondary to a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of
the colon. (Id. at 20.) Ralston's alleged antisocial personality disorder was found to be non-severe.

(Id.) At Step Three, the ALJ determined Ralston was not subject to an impairment listed in 20
CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. (Id. at 22.) Moreover, despite Ralston's alleged physical
and psychiatric disabilities, the ALJ found he had the residual functional capacity to perform
simple, routine light work, as defined in section 404.1567(b) of the regulations, with limited public
contact. (Id. at 23.) At Steps Four and Five, the ALJ found that Ralston was unable to perform
any past relevant work; nonetheless, there were still a significant number of jobs in the national
economy that Ralston could perform. (Id. at 30.) Ultimately, the ALJ determined that Ralston

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was not under a disability as defined in the Social Security Act, at any time from November 2,
2002, through March 31, 2006, the last insured date. (Id. at 31.)
In reaching his conclusion, the ALJ assigned varying weight to the expert opinions. With
regards to Ralston's alleged physical disabilities, the ALJ assigned Dr. Borek "great weight,"
finding that it was consistent with the medical record as a whole and Dr. Lifrak's opinion. (Id. at
29.) Conversely, the ALJ assigned varying degrees of weight to Dr. Lifrak's opinions but
disregarded Dr. Lifrak's diagnosis of degenerative joint disease and possible disc damage because:
(1) no imaging studies were available to Dr. Lifrak when making these determinations; and (2)
given the mild to moderate findings on examination, Dr. Lifrak must have relied heavily on
Ralston's subjective reports about his ability to lift. (Id. at 29-30.)
With regards to Ralston's alleged psychiatric disability, the ALJ mainly relied on Dr.
Raclaw's testimony.

The ALJ assigned Dr. Raclaw's opinion "full credit" because: (1) his

extrapolation of Ralston's behavior in the August 2005 examination with Dr. Chester was
supported by the record as a whole; and (2) Dr. Raclaw's conclusion that Ralston could make an
adjustment to work-related activities was supported by his testimony and evidence in the record.
(Id. at 28.) Moreover, the ALJ assigned "some weight" to Dr. King's opinion. (Id. at 29.) Here,

the ALJ only considered Dr. King's opinion that Ralston was moderately limited in his
concentration, persistence, and pace, and that Ralston retained the ability to perform simple,
routine work.

(Id.)

Conversely, the ALJ generally disregarded Dr. Fugate's Mental RFC

Assessment. (Id. at 29.) The ALJ assigned "some weight" to Dr. Fugate's opinion that Ralston
was moderately limited in his concentration, persistence, and pace. (Id.) The ALJ, however,
assigned "little weight" to the remainder of Dr. Fugate's opinion because of some internal

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inconsistencies in his identified limitations, inconsistencies with Dr. Rael aw' s findings, and the
possibility that his opinion was unduly influenced. (Id.)

III.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
A.

Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
oflaw." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); see also Boyle v. Cnty. of Allegheny Pa., 139 F.3d 386, 393 (3d
Cir. 1998). Thus, summary judgment is appropriate only if the moving party shows there are no
genuine issues of material fact that would permit a reasonable jury to find for the non-moving
party. Boyle, 139 F.3d at 393. A fact is material only if it might affect the outcome of the suit. Id.
(citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986)). An issue is genuine if a
reasonable jury could possibly find in favor of the non-moving party with regard to that issue. Id.
In deciding the motion, the court must construe all facts and inferences in the light most favorable
to the non-moving party. Id.; see also Assaf v. Fields, 178 F .3d 170, 173-74 (3d Cir. 1999).
This standard does not change merely because there are cross-motions for summary
judgment. Appelmans v. Philadelphia, 826 F.2d 214, 216 (3d Cir. 1987). Cross-motions for
summary judgment:
are no more than a claim by each side that it alone is entitled to
summary judgment, and the making of such inherently contradictory
claims does not constitute an agreement that if one is rejected the
other is necessarily justified or that the losing party waives judicial
consideration and determination whether genuine issues of material
fact exist.

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Rains v. Cascade Indus., Inc., 402 F.2d 241, 245 (3d Cir. 1968) (citation omitted). "The filing of

cross-motions for summary judgment does not require the court to grant summary judgment for
either party." Krupa v. New Castle Cnty., 732 F. Supp. 497, 505 (D. Del. 1990) (citation omitted).
B.

Reviewing the ALJ

A reviewing court will only reverse the ALJ's decision ifthe ALJ did not apply the proper
legal standards or if the decision was not supported by "substantial evidence" in the record. 42
U.S.C. § 405(g); Williams v. Sullivan, 970 F.2d 1178, 1182 (3d Cir. 1992). "Where the ALJ's
findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence," the court is "bound by those findings, even
if ... [it] would have decided the factual issue differently." Fargnoli v. Massanari, 247 F.3d 34,
38 (3d Cir. 2001). "[S]ubstantial evidence ... means more than a mere scintilla. It means such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion."
Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S.

197, 229 (1938)). Thus, substantial evidence "may be somewhat less than a preponderance of
evidence." Rutherford v. Barnhart, 399 F.3d 546, 552 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Ginsburg v.
Richardson, 436 F.2d 1146, 1148 (3d Cir. 1971)). "If there is only a slight preponderance of the

evidence on one side or the other, the [ALJ's] finding should be affirmed." Hanusiewicz v. Bowen,
678 F. Supp. 474, 476 (D.N.J. 1988).
In determining whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ's findings, the court may

not undertake a de nova review of the arguments, nor may it re-weigh the evidence of record.
Monsour Med. Ctr. v. Heckler, 806 F.2d 1185, 1190 (3d Cir. 1986). The inquiry is not whether

the reviewing court would have made the same determination, but rather whether the ALJ's
conclusion was reasonable. Richardson, 402 F.2d at 401; see Brown v. Bowen, 845 F.2d 1211,
1213 (3d Cir. 1988). ALJ decisions are therefore to be accorded a high level of deference in

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review. Even if the court would have decided the case differently, it must defer to the ALJ and
affirm the Commissioner's decision so long as that decision is supported by substantial evidence.
Monsour, 806 F.2d at 1190-91.
An agency's decision cannot be affirmed on a ground other than that actually relied upon

by the agency in making its decision. Fargnoli, 247 F.3d at 44 n.7 ("The grounds upon which an
administrative order must be judged are those upon which the record discloses that its action was
based." (citing SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 63 (1943))). "The district court's function is
to determine whether the record, as a whole, contains substantial evidence to support the
Commissioner's findings." Cefalu v. Barnhart, 387 F. Supp. 2d 486, 491 (W.D. Pa. 2005) (citing
Adorno v. Shalala, 40 F.3d 43, 46 (3d Cir. 1994)). In Social Security cases, this substantial
evidence standard applies to motions for summary judgment brought pursuant to Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 56(c). See Woody v. Sec'y oftheDep'tofHealth &Human Servs., 859 F.2d 1156,
1159 (3d Cir. 1988).
IV.

DISCUSSION
A.

Applicable Statute and Law

The Act defines "disability" as the inability "to engage in any substantial gainful activity
by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to
result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less
than 12 months." 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A). The Commissioner has promulgated regulations
for determining disability by application of a five-step sequential analysis. See 20 C.F.R. §
404.1520. The ALJ, the reviewing Appeals Council, and the Commissioner evaluate each case
according to this five-step process until a finding of"disabled" or "not disabled" is obtained. See
§ 404.1520(a). The process is summarized as follows:

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1. If the claimant currently is engaged in substantial gainful employment, she
will be found "not disabled."
2. If the claimant does not suffer from a "severe impairment," she will be
found "not disabled."
3. If the severe impairment meets or equals a listed impairment in 20 C.F.R.
Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 and has lasted or is expected to last for a
continuous period of at least twelve months, the claimant will be found
"disabled." Otherwise, she will be found "not disabled."
4. If the claimant can still perform work she has done in the past ("past relevant
work") despite the severe impairment, she will be found "not disabled."
5. Finally, the Commissioner will consider the claimant's ability to perform
work ("residual functional capacity"), age, education, and past work
experience to determine whether or not she is capable of performing other
work in the national economy. If she is incapable, a finding of disability will
be entered. Conversely, if the claimant can perform other work, she will be
found "not disabled."
See Cunningham v. Apfel, No. 00-693-GMS, 2001 WL 1568708, at *4 (D. Del. Dec. 7, 2001)
(paraphrasing the five-step process for determining disability).
The disability determination analysis involves a shifting burden of proof. See Wallace v.
Sec '.Y ofHealth & Human Servs., 722 F.2d 1150, 1153 (3d Cir. 1983). In the first four steps of the
analysis, the burden is on the claimant to prove every element of his or her claim by a
preponderance of the evidence. At step five, however, the burden shifts to the Commissioner to
prove that there is some other kind of substantial gainful employment the claimant is able to
perform. Sykes v. Apfel, 228 F.3d 259, 263 (3d Cir. 2000); see also Kangas v. Bowen, 823 F.2d
775, 777 (3d Cir. 1987); Olsen v. Schweiker, 703 F.2d 751, 753 (3d Cir. 1983). Substantial gainful
employment is defined as "work that-(a) involves doing significant and productive physical or
mental duties; and (b) is done (or intended) for pay or profit." 20 C.F.R. § 404.1510. When
determining whether substantial gainful employment is available, the ALJ is not limited to
consideration of the claimant's prior work, but may also consider any other substantial gainful
activity which exists in the national economy. See 42 U.S.C. § 423 (d)(l)(A), (2)(A); Heckler v.
Campbell, 461 U.S. 458, 460 (1983).
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B.

Analysis

Ralston asserts the ALJ's decision is flawed on five fronts. (D.I. 17 at 7-20.) First, Ralston
avers the administrative record is incomplete and therefore inadequate for judicial review. (Id. at
7-9.) Second, Ralston asserts the ALJ improperly relied on the mental health assessment of Dr.
Raclaw, the non-examining medical advisor. (Id. at 9-13.) Third, Ralston asserts the ALJ did not
make a finding as to his date of disability onset. (Id. at 13-15.) Fourth, Ralston claims the ALJ's
severity finding was legally deficient. (Id. at 15-16.) Fifth, and finally, Ralston argues the ALJ's
assessment of his physical impairments was legally deficient. (Id. at 16-20.)
1.

Was the ALJ's Record Complete?

Ralston argues the administrative record is incomplete for three, independent reasons: (1)
the record fails to include the mental health evidence the SSA provided to Dr. Chester when it
referred Ralston for a disability psychiatric evaluation in August 2005; (2) the record does not
include a range of motion chart completed by Dr. Lifrak during the 2005 disability physical
examination; and (3) the record fails to include a statement of Dr. Raclaw's professional
qualification as required by the SSA;s Hearing and Appeals Litigation Manual ("HALLEX").
(D.I. 17 at 7-9; D.I. 21 at 1-3.)
In order for a district court to perform adequate judicial review, the ALJ must sufficiently
establish the record to allow the court to properly review his findings. Pringle v. Astrue, C.A. No.
08-503-GMS, 2014 WL 2452570, at *14 (D. Del. May 16, 2014). As such, the "ALJ's decision
should be 'accompanied by a clear and satisfactory explication of the basis on which it rests."' Id.
(quoting Cotterv. Harris, 642 F.2d 700, 704 (3d Cir. 1981)); Smith v. Astrue, 961 F. Supp. 2d 620,
645 (D. Del. 2013). An incomplete administrative transcript does not, however, warrant automatic
reversal: "The test is not whether the Commissioner has provided counsel with everything counsel

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might desire, but whether the transcript that remains before the court permits meaningful or
informed review." Pokluda v. Colvin, No. 1:13-cv-335 (GLS/ESH), 2014 WL 1679801, at *5
(N.D. N.Y. Apr. 28, 2014); see also Harrison v. PPG Indus., Inc., 446 U.S. 578, 594 (1980); Brady
v. Apfel, 41 F. Supp. 2d 659, 668 (E.D. Tex. 1999) ("The touchstone is whether the administrative

record that does exist permits meaningful judicial review."). Section 405(g) plainly states that,
"[a]s part of the Commissioner's answer the Commissioner of Social Security shall file a certified
copy of the transcript of the record including the evidence upon which the findings and decision
complained of are based." 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
a.

Ralston 's Psychiatric History Records

Ralston argues the court cannot provide adequate judicial review because his psychiatric
history records-referenced in Dr. Chester's August 2005 consultative examination report-are
not in the administrative record. (D.I. 17 at 7.) As recreated above, Dr. Chester indicates that the
medical history section was "gathered from paperwork sent prior to [Ralston's] interview." (D.I.
13 at 334.-) The report summarizes a long list of events in Ralston's life related to his alleged
mental disability. (Id.)
During the hearing on June 24, 2009, Ralston's counsel objected to Dr. Raclaw's testimony
because Ralston's psychiatric history records had not been uploaded on the electronic filing
system, and therefore it was unlikely that Dr. Raclaw had seen Ralston's medical history. 4 (D.I.

4

Stated in full, Ralston's counsel argued to the ALJ:
Number one, I have no idea what Dr. Raclaw has seen or not seen. Number two,
he's had no opportunity to either evaluate [Ralston] during a hearing. I'm further
concerned ... that there appears to be a number of documents which are still not
in the file which are psychiatric records from some of Mr. Ralston's earlier
psychiatric hospitalizations. As I noted in the letter to you, I saw them in the paper
file. And I would note also that they are referred to extensively in Dr. Chester's
report where she talks about reviewing discharge summaries and other documents
that were, mental health documents that were sent to her for use in her evaluation.
Those are not in the record and I'm sure, or reasonably sure, that Dr. Raclaw has

15

13 at 35-36.) Nevertheless, the ALJ accepted Dr. Raclaw's testimony and dismissed Ralston's
concerns regarding the completeness of the records, noting:
[Ralston] objected because all of the documentation in the previous
file ... relating to the claimant's previous Title II and Title XVI
claim filed on May 11, 2005, was not included in the exhibits
entered for the instant case. The undersigned overrules this
objection. The undersigned reviewed the exhibits ... and concludes
that they involved a period that is not relevant to the period under
review, November 2, 2002 to March 31, 2006, or they are
cumulative and do not provide a basis for finding a more favorable
outcome in this matter.
(D.I. 13 at 24 n.2.)
In defense of the ALJ's refusal to supplement the record with Ralston's psychiatric history

records, the Commissioner argues: ( 1) "it is not the Commissioner's duty to submit Plaintiffs prior
disability files; only the file for his current disability claim"; (2) Ralston already received a final
judgment on his previous disability claim, and therefore, those files are closed; (3) the documents
supporting Dr. Chester's 2005 psychiatric report do not pertain to the relevant period under review
for Ralston's current disability claims, November 2, 2002, through March 31, 2006; and (4) even
if the records were relevant to the period under review, "because the ALJ specifically considered
the report of Dr. Chester, who considered and summarized the evidence from the prior files, the
ALJ's consideration of Dr. Chester's report constitutes implicit consideration of the files and
provides more than a sufficient basis for the Court to affirm the ALJ's decision." (D.I. 19 at 16.)
Based on the facts of this case, the court rejects all four of the Commissioner's arguments.
First, as Ralston correctly points out, the Commissioner's posture appears adversarial.
(D.I. 21 at 2.) The regulations advise that adversarial postures should be avoided. 20 C.F.R.

not seem them. So there's a number of reasons that I believe that he would not
have the background or the knowledge to make an opinion in this case.
(D.1. 13 at 35-36.)

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§ 404.900(b) ("In making a determination or decision in [a claimant's] case, we conduct the
administrative review process in an informal, nonadversary manner.")

The court finds the

Commissioner's refusal to include Ralston's psychiatric history records in the administrative
record-even though such records are in the Commissioner's possession-to be adversarial in
nature and therefore rejects the first argument.
The Commissioner's second argument essentially asks the court to rule that, when a
claimant has received a final judgment in a prior disability claim, the medical evidence used in
furtherance of that claim has no value in any future claims. The court rejects this argument. The
documents in question pertain to Ralston's psychiatric history. Logic dictates that the facts
contained within these records might well provide the evidentiary foundation for Ralston's claim
for mental health disability benefits.
The Commissioner's third argument misses the point of Ralston's objection. The omission
of the psychiatric records is important because the ALJ clearly indicated that he used information
within the documents when determining if Ralston had a "severe" impairment at Step Three of the
sequential determination process.

(D.I. 13 at 21.)

Moreover, the ALJ clearly made two

conclusions with regard to Ralston's psychiatric history: (1) the documents did not involve a period
that is relevant to the period under review; and (2) the documents are cumulative and do not
provide a basis for finding a more favorable outcome in Ralston's DIB claim. (D.I. 13 at 24 n.2.)
Perhaps this is true, but without access to the documents, the court cannot adequately review the
ALJ's determination.
Finally, the Commissioner incorrectly relies on the Third Circuit's decision in Rutherford
v. Barnhart, 399 F.3d 546 (3d Cir. 2005). The Commissioner argues that an ALJ's consideration

of a medical examination report from someone else "who considered and summarized the evidence

17

from prior files," constitutes implicit consideration of all the files and "provides more than a
sufficient basis for the Court to affirm the ALJ's decision." (D.I. 19 at 16.) But the case at hand
is different from Rutherford. Unlike Rutherford, where the Third Circuit addressed whether an
ALJ need explicitly mention an impairment that was implicitly evident in the complete
administrative record, this case deals with the development of an administrative record and the
court's ability to adequately review the ALJ's findings and conclusions. There is no doubt that
the ALJ explicitly mentions Ralston's psychiatric history. (D.I. 13 at 21.) The issue is that the
records themselves are not available for the court to review.
Ultimately, the court is persuaded that adequate review of the ALJ's finding-that Ralston
did not suffer from a psychiatric disability-is not possible given the current state of the record.
As such, the court will remand the matter for inclusion of Ralston's psychiatric history recordsthe "paperwork" referenced in Dr. Chester's August 2005 opinion in the administrative record.
b.

Range ofMotion Chart

Second, Ralston argues the record is incomplete because it does not include a range of
motion chart completed by Dr. Lifrak during Ralston's 2005 examination. (D.I. 17 at 7.) In
response, the Commissioner argues: (1) there is no evidence Dr. Lifrak ever submitted a range of
motion chart with his ultimate report; and (2) even if a range of motion chart had been completed,
its inclusion would be cumulative and unnecessary. (D.I. 19 at 17.)
Dr. Lifrak's statement-"For details of musculoskeletal examination please see a current
range of motion chart"-indicates such a chart existed at some point.

(D.I. 13 at 333.)

Nevertheless, the court agrees with the Commissioner that, even if a range of motion chart was
completed, its inclusion in the administrative record would be cumulative because the results of
the range of motion examination are clearly captured in Dr. Lifrak's report. The report states

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Ralston's "range of motion was reduced in the area of the lumbar spine but there was no evidence
of muscle spasm being present." (D.I. 13 at 333.) As such, the administrative record is sufficient
regarding Dr. Lifrak's range of motion chart.

c.

HALLEX

Finally, Ralston argues that the administrative record is incomplete because it fails to
include a statement of Dr. Raclaw's professional qualifications, thereby violating sections 1-2-538 and 1-2-5-39 of HALLEX. (D.I. 17 at 7.) In response, the Commissioner argues that Ralston
was notified that Dr. Raclaw would testify and therefore had an opportunity to question Dr. Raclaw
and verify his qualifications during the hearing. (D.I. 19 at 17-18.)
"HALLEX does not carry the force of law. Nor does HALLEX create any judiciallyenforceable rights." Nash v. Astrue, No. 09.-342-RGA-MPT, 2012 WL 3238226, at *15 (D. Del.
Aug. 7, 2012) (internal quotation marks, alteration, and footnote omitted) (quoting Bordes v.
Comm 'r of Soc. Sec., 235 F. App'x 853, 859 (3d Cir. 2007)); see also Moore v. Apfel, 216 F.3d

864, 868-69 (9th Cir. 2000) (characterizing ·HALLEX manual as strictly an internal document);
Billings v. Colvin, No. 13-2446-EFM, 2014 WL 5528683, at *3 (D. Kan. Nov. 3, 2014) (discussing

non-binding nature of HALLEX provisions).

In any event, any prejudice from a perceived

HALLEX violation was cured when Ralston was afforded the opportunity to question Dr. Raclaw
at the hearing and did so. (D.I. 13 at 39--40.)
2.

Did the ALJ Improperly Rely on the Testimony of Non-Examining
Medical Expert Dr. Raclaw?

Ralston next argues the ALJ improperly assigned Dr. Raclaw "full credit" because he did
not see, hear, or consider all of the evidence. 5 (D.I. 17 at 11; D.I. 21 3-5.) In particular, Ralston

5 The parties' briefing engages in a back-and-forth of semantics regarding the meaning of"full credit" versus
"controlling weight." (D.I. 17 at 11; D.I. 19 at 21-22.) The court declines to wade into these etymological waters.

19

avers Dr. Raclaw did not take into account the paperwork underlying Ralston's psychiatric history
as summarized in Dr. Chester's report. (D.I. 17 at 10.)
As already stated, Ralston's psychiatric records should have been part of the record. As
such, the court finds that the ALJ erred in relying upon Dr. Raclaw's testimony before he had a
chance to review Ralston's mental heal history records. The court remands because Dr. Raclaw's
testimony was not based on substantial evidence.
3.

Did the ALJ Err in Determining Onset Disability Date?

Ralston argues that the ALJ breached a duty to determine the onset date of his disability.
(D.I. 17 at 13-14.) Because he determined that Ralston was not disabled, the ALJ did not assign
an onset date. At its core, Ralston's argument is predicated on the idea that because the SSA
granted his application for Supplemental Security Insurance ("SSI") prior to the ALJ's DIB
decision, the primary duty of the ALJ, in this case, was only to determine when Ralston had become
disabled. In light of the court's decision to remand, the court makes no ruling on whether Ralston's
argument is correct. On remand, the SSA should examine whether the evidence supporting
Ralston's SSI claim also suffices to establish a DIB claim.
4.

Did the ALJ Err in Bis Severity Finding When Be Did Not Address
Ralston's Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Ralston's fourth argument asserts the ALJ erred at Step Two of the sequential evaluation
process by not addressing his antisocial personality disorder. (D.I. 17 at 15-16; D.I. 21 at 6-7.)
The Commissioner responds that Ralston did not meet his burden to prove that his antisocial
personality disorder is a medically severe impairment. (D.I. 19 at 9-12.)

The pertinent issue to be decided is not whether Dr. Raclaw was assigned too much weight but, rather, whether Dr.
Raclaw's testimony should have been relied on at all given his failure to consider all the records.

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At Step Two of the sequential evaluation process, the claimant bears the burden to prove
he has a medically severe impairment. See Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 146 n. 5 (1987) ("The
claimant first must bear the burden ... at step two that he has a medically severe impairment or
combination of impairments."). The SSA confirms that impairments may be found "not severe"
only if it involves a "slight abnormality" that has "no more than a minimal effect" on the claimant's
ability to work. SSR 85-28, 1985 WL 56856, at *3 (Jan. 1, 1985); Newell v. Comm 'r ofSoc. Sec.,
347 F.3d 541, 546-57 (3d Cir. 2003). The Third Circuit applies a de minimis inquiry at Step
Two--any doubt should be resolved in favor of the claimant. McCrea v. Comm 'r ofSoc. Sec., 370
F.3d 357, 360 (3d Cir. 2004). Nevertheless, an ALJ's failure to address the severity of an alleged
impairment may be harmless, such as when the ALJ fairly takes account of the effects of the
putative impairment in the RFC analysis. See Salles v. Comm 'r of Soc. Sec., 229 F. App'x 140,
145 n.2 (3d Cir. 2007); Neffv. Astrue, 875 F. Supp. 2d 411, 424 (D. Del. 2012).
In this case, the ALJ erred by not including Ralston's alleged antisocial personality disorder

at Step Two, without further explanation. (DJ. 13 at 20--21.) During the relevant period, Ralston
testified that he had become a recluse: living in the woods and surviving on fish and road-kill deer.
(Id. at 59-60, 80.) Indeed, a central feature of Ralston's disability claim is his alleged mental

illness, manifesting as antisocial personality disorder. (DJ. 17 at 2.) Moreover, Dr. Chester's
summary of Ralston mental health history identified instances where Ralston's alleged antisocial
personality disorder appeared to prevent him from working with others. (DJ. 13 at 334-35.) But,
as noted above, a complete assessment of Ralston's antisocial personality disorder history is not
possible because the current administrative record is incomplete.
In the ALJ's RFC assessment, he found the Ralston could perform simple routine light
work with "limited public contact." (D .I. 13 at 23.) But the ALJ merely phrased the hypothetical

21

to the Vocational Expert as: "Any jobs would have to be just simple, routine in nature, and
shouldn't entail a whole bunch of public contact." (Id. at 89.) The Commissioner argues Ralston's
alleged impairment was considered by the ALJ because the opinions of Drs. Chester and Raclaw
included the effects of the alleged antisocial personality disorder. (D.I. 19 at 12.) Therefore, the
Commissioner argues, if there was a mistake, it was merely harmless error. In this case, however,
Ralston's alleged antisocial personality disorder is not an impairment that is tangentially related to
his disability claim--one that could be subsumed within the assessment of related impairments.
Rather, Ralston's antisocial personality disorder is a central feature of his DIB claim. As such, the
court is persuaded that Dr. Raclaw's and Dr. Chester's diagnoses of Ralston's allegedly severe
antisocial personality disorder impairment required further consideration by the ALJ. Therefore,
the court finds the ALJ's decision to find Ralston's diagnosed antisocial personality disorder nonsevere, was not based on substantial evidence and requires remand.

5.

Was the ALJ's Assessment of Ralston's Physical Impairments Flawed
Because More Weight Was Given to Dr. Borek (Non-Examining) Than
Dr. Lifrak (Examining)?

Ralston finally argues that the ALJ's assessment of his physical limitations was legally
deficient. (D.1. 17 at 16-20.) Ralston argues the ALJ's assignment of "great weight" to nonexamining State agency physician Dr. Borek, as compared to "some weight" and "little weight" to
examining SSA consultant Dr. Lifrak, was improper.
"In determining the proper weight to be given to a medical opinion, the ALJ is required to
weigh all the evidence and resolve any material conflicts." Fletcher v. Colvin, No. 12-920-SRF,
2015 WL 602852, at *9 (D. Del. Feb. 11, 2015) (citing Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 399
(1971)).

Section 404.1527 of the Social Security Administration's regulations outlines the

procedures for evaluating medical opinion evidence. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527; Sherlock v. Astrue,
No. CV 09-260-GMS, 2015 WL 452262, at *5 (D. Del. Jan. 30, 2015). Pursuant to the regulations,
22

all medical opinions are considered "together with the rest of the relevant evidence ... receive[ d]."
§ 404.1527(b). All medical opinions are weighed according to a number of factors, taking into
account the nature of the relationship between the examiner and the applicant.§ 404.1527(c).
The ALJ's assignment of more weight to Dr. Borek is supported by substantial evidence.
Dr. Borek's determinations are largely similar to those made by Dr. Lifrak:. Moreover, Dr. Li:frak:'s
notations all tend to support Dr. Borek's findings. (D.I. 13 at 332-33.) Consequently, the court
rejects Ralston's contention that the ALJ erred in assigning more weight to Dr. Borek than to Dr.
Lifrak:. The physical component of the ALJ' s vocational expert hypothetical was supported by
substantial evidence.

V.

CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court grants in part Ralston's motion for summary judgment

(D.I. 16) and denies the Commissioner's motion for summary judgment. (D.I. 18.) This matter is
remanded for additional administrative proceedings.

Dated: March'- 7 , 2015

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