In Re Wilmington Trust Securities Litigation

Filing 184

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson on 3/20/2014. (nmfn)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE

IN RE WILMINGTON TRUST
SECURITIES LITIGATION

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Master Civ. No. 10-990-SLR
(Consolidated Securities Class Action)

Pamela S. Tikellis, Esquire and A. Zachary Naylor, Esquire of Chimicles & Tikellis LLP,
Wilmington, Delaware. Liaison Counsel for the Class. Counsel for Lead Plaintiffs and
Co-Lead Counsel for the Class: Blair Nicholas, Esquire, Steven B. Singer, Esquire,
Hannah Ross, Esquire, John Rizio-Hamilton, Esquire, Lauren McMillen Ormsbee,
Esquire, Stefanie J. Sundel, Esquire, Adam Hollander, Esquire of Bernstein Litowitz
Berger & Grossmann LLP and Maya S. Saxena, Esquire, Joseph E. White Ill, Esquire,
Lester Hooker, Esquire, and Brandon Grzandziel, Esquire of Saxena White P.A.
Virginia A. Gibson, Esquire of Hogan Lovells US LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Counsel for Defendant KMPG LLP. Of Counsel: George A. Salter, Esquire of Hogan
Lovell US LLP.
Laura Davis Jones, Esquire and James O'Neill, Esquire of Pachulski Stang Ziehl &
Jones LLP of Wilmington Delaware. Counsel for Defendant Thomas duPont. Of
Counsel: J. Douglass Baldridge, Esquire and George Kostolampros, Esquire of
Venable LLP.
Stephen C. Norman, Esquire and Matthew D. Stachel, Esquire of Potter Anderson &
Corroon LLP, Wilmington, Delaware. Counsel for Defendants J.P. Morgan Securities
LLC and Keefe Bruyette & Woods, Inc. Of Counsel: Thomas C. Rice, Esquire,
Alexandra C. Pitney, Esquire and Erin E. Rota, Esquire of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett
LLP.
Thomas J. Allingham II, Esquire, RobertS. Saunders, Esquire, Stephen D. Dargitz,
Esquire and Daniel R. Ciarrocki, Esquire of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom
LLP, Wilmington, Delaware. Counsel for Defendants Wilmington Trust Corporation,
Ted Cecala, Donald Foley, David Gibson, Robert Harra, Jr., Kevyn Rakowski, Carolyn
Burger, R. Keith Elliott, Gailen Krug, Stacey Mobley, Michelle Rollins, David Roselle,
Oliver Sockwell, Robert Tunnell, Jr., Susan Whiting, Rex Mears and Louis Freeh.
David E. Wilks, Esquire, AndreaS. Brooks, Esquire and Douglas J. Cummings, Jr.,

Esquire of Wilks, Lukoff & Bracegridle, LLC of Wilmington, Delaware. Counsel for
Defendant William North.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Dated: MarchJ-0, 2014
Wilmington, Delaware

I. INTRODUCTION
By an order dated March 7, 2011, the court consolidated a series of securities
fraud class action lawsuits filed against the Wilmington Trust Corporation ("WTC") and
related defendants. (D. I. 26) A consolidated class action complaint was filed on May
16, 2011. 1 (D. I. 39) On March 29, 2012, the court granted defendants' motions to
dismiss without prejudice. (D. I. 85, D.l. 86) Plaintiffs filed a second amended
complaint on May 10, 2012. (D.I. 88) Before briefing was completed on defendants'
motions to dismiss, by stipulation and order, plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint
adding information into their pleading obtained from unsealed FBI affidavits in
connection with a criminal investigation into Michael Zimmerman ("Zimmerman"), a
prominent Delaware real estate developer. (D.I. 115; D.l. 116; D.l. 120) Again before
briefing was completed on defendants' motions to dismiss the third amended complaint,
by stipulation and order, plaintiffs supplemented their pleading and filed the fourth
amended complaint ("FAC"), incorporating information obtained from an unsealed
Criminal Information ("C. I.") and Plea against Joseph Terranova ("Terranova"), a former
Vice President/Division Manager of the Delaware Commercial Real Estate Division and
a senior Relationship Manager at the WTC. (D. I. 143; D. I. 144; D. I. 149) The FAC
contains seven counts, four under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §
1

Defendants are KMPG LLP ("KPMG"), J.P. Morgan Securities LLC ("JP
Morgan), Keefe Bruyette & Woods, Inc. ("KBW"), Thomas duPont ("duPont"), Ted
Cecala ("Cecala"), Donald Foley ("Foley"), David Gibson ("Gibson"), Robert Harra, Jr.
("Harra"), Kevyn Rakowski ("Rakowski"), Carolyn Burger ("Burger"), R. Keith Elliott
("Elliott"), Gailen Krug ("Krug"), Stacey Mobley ("Mobley"), Michelle Rollins ("Rollins"),
David Roselle ("Roselle"), Oliver Sockwell ("Sockwell"), Robert Tunnell, Jr. ("Tunnell"),
Susan Whiting ("Whiting"), Rex Mears ("Mears"), Louis Freeh ("Freeh"), and William
North ("North").

78a ("the Exchange Act"), and three under the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. § 77a
("the Securities Act"). (D. I. 149) Presently before the court are defendants' motions to
dismiss the FAC. (D. I. 158; D. I. 160; 0.1. 162; D. I. 164; 0.1. 166) The court has
jurisdiction pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §§ 77v and 78aa and 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1337.

II. BACKGROUND
A. The Parties
Lead plaintiffs in this suit are institutional investors ("plaintiffs") that purchased
WTC common stock between January 18, 2008 and November 1, 2010 ("the class
period"). (0.1. 149 at 1J1f 25-30) Plaintiffs brought Exchange Act claims against WTC, a
bank headquartered in Wilmington, Delaware during the class period 2 (id. at 1J1f 31-34),
and defendant KPMG, WTC's outside auditor since 2003 (id. at 1{51 ). Plaintiffs also
brought suit against the "officer defendants" who signed WTC's registration statement
and documents incorporated into the offering documents, 3 as well as the "audit
committee defendants" who signed WTC's registration statement and documents
incorporated into the offering documents.
Plaintiffs brought Securities Act claims against WTC, KPMG, certain officer
defendants (Cecala, Foley, Harra, and Gibson) and the audit committee defendants.

(/d. at 1J1l 392-402) Also named as defendants were non-audit committee board
members. Rakowski served as senior vice president and the controller of WTC from
2006 through the class period. (/d. at 1f 395) Rakowski signed the WTC's registration

2

WTC became a part of M& T Bank Corporation ("M&T") in 2011 and is no
longer doing business as "Wilmington Trust Company," as discussed infra.
3

The registration statement and offering documents are defined below.

2

statement, as well as the 2007, 2008, and 2009 10-Ks, which were then incorporated
into the offering documents. (!d.) Mears served as a director of WTC since 1992 and
was a member of the board at the time of the filing of the offering documents. (ld.

at~

397) Mears also signed the WTC's registration statement and its two amendments, as
well as the 2007, 2008, and 2009 10-Ks, which were then incorporated into the offering
documents. (/d.) DuPont served as a director from 2006 through October 2009 and
signed WTC's registration statement4 and 2007 and 2008 10-Ks, which were
incorporated into the offering documents. (/d.

at~

398) Freeh served as a director

beginning in 2009 and signed the 2009 10-K which was incorporated into the offering
documents. (/d.

at~

399) J.P. Morgan Securities LLC ("JP Morgan") and Keefe

Bruyette & Woods, Inc. ("KBW"), joint underwriters for the offering, were also named as
defendants. (/d.

at~~

401-402)

1. Officer defendants
The officer defendants include Cecala, Foley, Gibson, Harra, and North. (/d. at
~~

35-40) Cecala served as WTC's chief executive officer ("CEO") from July 1996 until

June 3, 201 0; he was also the chairman of the board from 1996 until July 19, 2010. (/d.
at ,-r 35) Foley replaced Cecala as CEO and chairman of the board. (/d. at ,-r 36)
Gibson served as WTC's chief financial officer from 1997 until November of 2010. (/d.
at ~ 37) Harra served as the executive vice president of WTC from 1992 until 1996 and
as president from 1996 through the class period; he also served as the chief operating
officer from 1996 until 2010. (/d.

4

at~

38) North served as the chief credit officer at

As discussed below, duPont disputes that he signed the registration statement.

3

WTC from 2004 until July 2010. (/d. at 1139)
2. Audit committee defendants

The audit committee defendants include Burger, Elliott, Krug, Mobley, Rollins,
Roselle, Sockwell, Tunnell, and Whiting. (/d. at 111141-50) Burger served as a director
on WTC's board from 1991 through the class period. (/d. at 1142) Burger served on the
audit committee from 2001 to 2004 and 2008 through the class period (chair from 2001
to 2004 and 2010). (/d.) Elliott was a director from 1997 until2010 and he served on
the audit committee during 2007 and 2008 (2007 chair). (/d. at 11 43) Krug was a
director from 2004 through the class period and served on the audit committee from
2007 until 2010. (/d. at 1144) Mobley served as a director from 1991 until 2010 and
was on the audit committee in 2009. (/d. at 1145) Rollins served as a director from
2007 until May of 201 0; she was a member of the audit committee from 2007 to 2009.
(/d. at 11 46) Roselle was a director from 1991 until 2009 and worked on the audit

committee from 2007-2009. (/d. at 1147) Sockwell was a director from 2007 to 2010
and served on the audit committee from 2008-2010. (/d. at 1148) Tunnell was a
director from 1992 through the class period and was a member of the audit committee
from 2007 until 2008 and in 2010. (/d. at 1149) Whiting was a director from 2005
through the class period and a member of the audit committee in 2010. (/d. at 11 50)
3. WTC background

WTC had four primary business segments: regional banking; corporate client
services; wealth advisory services; and affiliate money managers. (/d. at 11 32) WTC's
regional banking segment, whose predominant business was the origination of

4

commercial loans, is the focus of plaintiffs' complaint. (/d.) WTC's commercial loans
fell into three categories: commercial real estate construction; commercial, financial
and agricultural loans; and commercial mortgages. (/d.) As of December 31, 2008, the
commercial loan balance was 70% of WTC's total loan portfolio and as of December
31, 2009, it was 74%. (/d.)
According to plaintiffs' complaint, "since its founding in 1903," WTC distinguished
itself from other financial institutions as a "conservative" regional lender. (/d. at ,-r 52)
With the emergence of the financial crisis in 2008, WTC continued to highlight its
conservatism, claiming in its 2008 annual report that "it had 'succeeded across
105 years of economic cycles' because it 'manage[d) risk conservatively."' (/d.) WTC
did this by using "rigorous" and "consistent" underwriting procedures and asset review,
leading investors to describe it as risk adverse. (/d. at ,-r,-r 52, 57) While this may have
been the public persona WTC created and attempted to maintain, plaintiffs claim that
WTC's lending practices were actually part of a "massive criminal conspiracy that
'fraudulently conceal[ed] the Bank's true financial condition' and 'deceive[d] regulators
and the public."' (/d. at ,-r 1)
On November, 1, 2010, WTC announced that it was being acquired by M&T for
approximately $3.84 per share, only half its trading price of the previous day, $7.11 per
share. WTC released its third quarter 2010 results, reporting a quarterly net loss of
$365.3 million (more than a 200% increase from the loss reported in the second quarter
of 201 0). (/d. at ,-r,-r 34, 198-200) The market reaction was swift, with WTC stock prices
dropping to $4.21 on November 1, 2010, causing losses to investors. (/d. at ,-r,-r 205-

5

209)
B. The Claims
As to the Exchange Act, plaintiffs allege violations of Section 10(b) against WTC,
Cecala, Foley, Gibson, Harra, and North; violations of Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5
against KPMG; violations of Section 20(a) against Cecala, Foley, Gibson, Harra, and
North; and violations of Section 20(a) against the audit committee defendants. (/d. at
1111 341-86) As to the Securities Act, plaintiffs allege violations of Section 11 against
WTC, Cecala, Foley, Gibson, Harra, Rakowski, Burger, Elliott, Krug, Mobley, Rollins,
Sockwell, Tunnell, Whiting, Mears, duPont, Roselle, Freeh, KPMG, J.P. Morgan and
KBW; violations of Section 12(a)(2) against WTC, J.P. Morgan and KBW; and violations
of Section 15 against Foley, Cecala, Gibson, Harra, Rakowski, Burger, duPont, Elliott,
Freeh, Krug, Mears, Mobley, Rollins, Roselle, Sockwell, Tunnell, and Whiting. (/d. at 1111
387-477)
C. Factual Background
Plaintiffs allege that the Cl evidences that WTC's most senior officers engaged in
an "overarching bank fraud conspiracy" that was designed to "fraudulently conceal the
[WTC]'s true financial condition in many ways," including by "causing [WTC] to
misrepresent its reporting of past due and nonperforming loans." (/d. at 1154) WTC
misstated its past due and nonperforming loans by $105 million, or 35% of its total past
due and nonperforming loans as of December 31, 2008. 5 (/d. at 111170-72, 220-27)
WTC "waived" matured, past due loans by falsely claiming that it was "in the process of'
5

The FAC sets out a specific breakdown of the fraudulently misstated past due
loans. (/d. at 11 72)

6

extending the loans. However, WTC did not obtain updated appraisals for the loans, as
required by federallaw6 and its own policies. (ld. at

,.m 61, 64-66)

WTC knew that it

could not extend the loans without these updated appraisals, which its officers knew
would have "catastrophic consequences" for WTC. (/d. at

,.m 74-75)

WTC thus

reported low amounts of past due loans in its quarterly and annual SEC filings, a key
credit metric that indicated to inventors that the credit quality of the portfolio was strong.

(ld. at ,-r,-r 53, 59) The amount of reported past due loans directly impacted WTC's
reported reserve, i.e., the amount of money it set aside each quarter to cover probable
losses in its loan portfolio, and its income. (/d. at ,-r,-r 62-63) Therefore, as past due
loans increased, the reserve increased, and WTC's income decreased on a
dollar-for-dollar basis. (/d. at ,-r,-r 58, 62-63)
Many of the extensions occurred in the final days of 2009, so that WTC would
not have to report its true past due loan figures in its year-end financial statements. (/d.
at ,-r 82) For example, on December 30, 2009, Terranova requested that the loan
committee (which included Cecala, Harra, and North) extend multiple loans, with an
outstanding balance of $94 million, from a single borrower, until Apri12010. (/d.) Many
of these loans had been delinquent and "in the process of extension" for months. (/d.)
Cecala, Harra, and North approved the requested extension on the same day, without
requiring updated appraisals and despite the fact that the borrower had never executed
the extension documents that formed the basis of the request. (!d.) When the loans
6

SEC regulations required WTC to report its past due loans on a quarterly basis
because this financial metric was material and, for the same reason, WTC often
highlighted its low number of past due loans in its quarterly press releases and
conference calls. (/d. at ,-r,-r 58 n.3, 59)

7

were not repaid, Terranova requested on March 31, 2010 that the loan committee
"reaffirm" this extension until December 31, 2010. (/d.) Terranova offered no reason for
the "reaffirmed" extension other than to state, "[d]ue to timing issues, the extension
documents were never executed by the ... borrower." (/d.) Again, the loan committee
approved the extension, without requesting updated appraisals for these loans or any
other required information. (/d.)
In 2009, WTC "mass extended" $1,744 billion of past due and soon-to-be-past
due loans, without obtaining the necessary appraisals. This mass extension, approved
by WTC's loan committee (chaired by North), served to eliminate the loans from WTC's
financial statements. (/d.

at~~

80-83) The failure to report the past due loans rendered

WTC's publicly reported financial statements to be materially false. (/d.

at~~

162-67)

For example, WTC's "2009 Form 10-K, [filed with the SEC in February 201 0], which
was incorporated into the Proxy Statement for [WTC's] Offering did not include [WTC's]
true past due number and was therefore false .... " (/d.

at~

403) Specifically, this

false reporting led the market to believe WTC's loan portfolio was in good condition and
that WTC had adequate reserves. (/d. at ~~ 162-67)
Plaintiffs allege certain emails evidence that senior officers (including Cecala,
Harra, Gibson, and North) knew that WTC was misstating its past due loans through
the class period. (/d.

at~~

73-79) Further, officer defendants were well aware of the

underreporting, as internal delinquency reports were compiled on a monthly basis,
provided to North, and circulated to Cecala, Harra, and Gibson. Under Gibson's
direction, the "waived" loans were removed from the delinquency reports and then the

8

past due list (used for WTC's publicly reported past due loan figures) was prepared.

(/d. at 1f1l 64-67)
WTC emphasized in SEC filings its "rigorous" underwriting standards and its
"regular[] review of all past due loans" to "mitigate credit risk." (/d. at 1f1f91, 135, 161)
In the SEC filings, WTC stated:
One of our primary risks is credit risk (the risk that borrowers
will be unable to repay their loans). To mitigate this risk, we:
• Employ rigorous loan underwriting standards and apply
them consistently.
• Monitor the portfolio to identify potential problems and to
avoid disproportionately high concentrations in any single
industry sector or to any one borrower.
• Regularly review all past-due loans, loans not being repaid
according to contractual terms, and loans we doubt will be
paid on a timely basis.
(0.1. 150, ex. 1 at 44-45 (2008 10-K) (emphasis omitted); 0.1. 150, ex. 5 at 49-50 (2009
1 0-K) Contrary to this portrayal, WTC extended loans to borrowers without any
consideration of borrower's ability to repay loans. (D. I. 149 at 1f1f92-11 0) The 10%
rule, a WTC policy, allowed loan officers to extend additional credit to certain borrowers
in an amount up to 10% of their existing credit, which policy Terranova and his coconspirators fraudulently violated by "extending new credit to clients to keep existing
loan interest payments current." 7 (/d. at 1f1l 54, 92)
As of March 2010, Zimmerman, a prominent Delaware real estate developer and
one of WTC's largest and most important borrowers, had 75 loans outstanding, totaling
nearly $100 million- an amount that constituted almost 6% of the WTC's total

7

The Cl detailed 39 examples of fraudulent 10% rule extensions. (/d. at 1f1f93-

94)
9

construction loan portfolio. (/d. at 1]'111) Terranova managed Zimmerman's
relationship with WTC. (/d. at 1]' 54) Many of WTC's loans to Zimmerman were made
"on Zimmerman's informal requests" without "supporting documentation to confirm that
Zimmerman had met the terms of the loan agreement." (/d. at 1]'112) The loan
committee "approved a $10 million loan to Zimmerman to purchase and construct a
development ... [with] a term in the loan that provided for Zimmerman to receive an
equity payout of $1 million once tenants in the development began to pay their lease ..
. ." (/d. at 1]'1]'113-114) Even though this term was never met, WTC continued to

provide payouts to Zimmerman. (/d. at 1]'114) Terranova was able to change the loan
terms and approve the payouts because WTC lacked adequate underwriting controls.
(/d. at 1]'115)

The Federal Reserve issued escalating warnings to WTC during the 2007 and
2008 exams and, in September 2009, it issued a Memorandum of Understanding
("MOU") to WTC, because of "a significant volume of risk rating changes and process
weakness in general." (/d. at 1]'152) After the issuance of the MOU, WTC's senior
management ordered a comprehensive review of its banking practices, the Delaware
Status Review ("review"), which documented "serious concerns with the past
management of the Delaware Commercial Real Estate Division and with its loan
portfolio." (/d. at 1]'1]'157 -60) The review "documented the fraudulent behavior at
[WTC], citing numerous 'serious concerns' with [WTC's] lending, including: (i) the
'unethical use of loan approval authority by relationship managers;' (ii) [WTC]'s 'limited
oversight of relationship managers;' and (iii) 'a limited technical knowledge of

10

commercial real estate lending.'" (/d. at 1f 159)
On February 23, 2010, WTC conducted a public offering ("the offering") of
shares of common stock. The offering relied on a form S-3ASR registration statement
filed with the SEC on November 29, 2007 ("form registration statement"), which was
later amended by, inter alia, an amendment filed with the SEC on January 12, 2009
(collectively, the "registration statement"); a prospectus filed with the SEC on January
12, 2009; and a prospectus supplement filed with the SEC on February 23, 2010.
These documents are collectively the "offering documents." (/d. at 1{1{ 388-89) The
offering documents incorporated by reference WTC's 2007 and 2009 10-Ks, as well as
the 2008 and 2009 quarterly 10-Qs. (/d. at 1f 390) The registration statement also
represented that it incorporated by reference all documents filed pursuant to Sections
13 and 15(d) of the Exchange Act after the date of the registration statement, which
would include WTC's 10-Q and 10-K forms. (/d. at 1f 390 n. 72)
WTC began to report significant increases in its reserve in early 2010, as a result
of the changes implemented after the issuance of the MOU. (/d. at 1{1{ 152-156, 177)
To calm investors, WTC "repeatedly and emphatically denied that [WTC]'s increased
reserves had anything to do with 'mounting capital problem[s] or credit problem[s],
[i]nstead ... reassur[ing] investors that [WTC]'s reserve increases were due to market
conditions in Delaware and the fact that [WTC] was just 'being cautious."' (/d. at 1{1{
177-80) On June 3, 2010, WTC "announced that, after 31 years ... Cecala was
immediately retiring as CEO and that [b]oard member Foley, who had no prior banking
experience, would take over as CEO." (/d. at 1f 182) On a special conference call,

11

Cecala answered "[n]one whatsoever," to an analyst inquiry regarding whether WTC
"turned down an opportunity to make an acquisition, turned down the opportunity to sell,
had a mounting capital problem or credit problem that hadn't been reported or the
like." (Id.

at~

183) On November 1, 2010, WTC announced its acquisition by M&T.

(ld. at~~ 198-209)

A criminal investigation was launched in October 2012 and remains ongoing.
(ld.

at~~

21, 215-16) The joint federal investigation conducted by the FBI, the IRS

Criminal Investigation Division, the Office of the Inspector General, the Federal
Reserve, and the Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program
resulted in Terranova's criminal conviction for conspiring to commit bank fraud along
with other high-level WTC executives. (ld.

at~~

21, 214)

Ill. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A motion filed under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the
sufficiency of a complaint's factual allegations. Bell At/. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544, 555; Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 183 (3d Cir. 1993). A complaint must
contain "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
relief, in order to give the defendant fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds
upon which it rests." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545 (internal quotation marks omitted)
(interpreting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)). Consistent with the Supreme Court's rulings in
Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), the Third Circuit requires a two-

part analysis when reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Edwards v. A.H. Cornell & Son,
Inc., 610 F.3d 217,219 (3d Cir. 2010); Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203,210

12

(3d Cir. 2009). First, a court should separate the factual and legal elements of a claim,
accepting the facts and disregarding the legal conclusions. Fowler, 578 F.3d. at 21011. Second, a court should determine whether the remaining well-pled facts sufficiently
show that the plaintiff "has a 'plausible claim for relief."' /d. at 211 (quoting Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 679). As part of the analysis, a court must accept all well-pleaded factual
allegations in the complaint as true, and view them in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); Christopher v. Harbury, 536
U.S. 403, 406 (2002); Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 231 (3d Cir. 2008).
In this regard, a court may consider the pleadings, public record, orders, exhibits
attached to the complaint, and documents incorporated into the complaint by reference.
Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007); Oshiver v. Levin,
Fishbein, Sedran & Berman, 38 F.3d 1380, 1384-85 n.2 (3d Cir. 1994).

The court's determination is not whether the non-moving party "will ultimately
prevail" but whether that party is "entitled to offer evidence to support the claims."
United States ex ref. Wilkins v. United Health Grp., Inc., 659 F.3d 295, 302 (3d Cir.

2011 ). This "does not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage," but
instead "simply calls for enough facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery
will reveal evidence of [the necessary element]." Phillips, 515 F.3d at 234 (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The court's analysis is a context-specific task requiring the

court "to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 66364.

IV. DISCUSSION

13

A. Exchange Act Claims
1. Section 1O(b) and Rule 1Ob-5

According to Section 1O(b) of the Exchange Act, it is unlawful:
To use or employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of
any security registered on a national securities exchange or
any security not so registered, or any securities-based swap
agreement (as defined in section 2068 of the
Gramm-Leach-Biiley Act), any manipulative or deceptive
device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and
regulations as the Commission may prescribe as necessary
or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of
investors.
15 U.S.C.A. § 78j(b). Rule 10b-5, promulgated by the Securities and Exchange
Commission to implement Section 1O(b ), makes it unlawful:
(a) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud,
(b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to
omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the
statements made, in the light of the circumstances under
which they were made, not misleading, or
(c) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business
which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon
any person, in connection with the purchase or sale of any
security.
17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5.
In order to state a claim for securities fraud under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5,
a plaintiff must allege: "(1) a material misrepresentation or omission by the defendant
[i.e., falsity]; (2) scienter; (3) a connection between the misrepresentation or omission
and the purchase or sale of a security; (4) reliance upon the misrepresentation or
omission; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss causation." In re DVI, Inc. Sec. Litig., 639

14

F.3d 623, 630-31 (3d. Cir. 2011). A statement or omission is material if there is "a
substantial likelihood that a reasonable shareholder would consider it important in
deciding how to [act]." In re Aetna, Inc. Sec. Litig., 617 F.3d 272, 283 (3d. Cir 201 0)
(citing TSC Indus., Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 449 (1976)). "A material
misrepresentation or omission is actionable if it significantly altered the total mix of
information made available." /d. (citations and quotations omitted). Material
misstatements are contrasted with subjective analyses and general or vague
statements of intention or optimism which constitute no more than mere corporate
puffery. /d.; City of Roseville Employees' Ret. Sys. v. Horizon Lines, Inc., 713 F. Supp.
2d 378, 390 (D. Del. 201 0). "Scienter is a mental state embracing intent to deceive,
manipulate, or defraud, and requires a knowing or reckless state of mind." lnst.
Investors Group v. Avaya, Inc., 564 F.3d 242, 252 (3d Cir. 2009) (citations and
quotations omitted).

2. Heightened pleading standard
Shareholders filing a securities fraud lawsuit under the Exchange Act are subject
to the significantly heightened pleading standard codified by the Private Securities
Litigation Reform Act ("PSLRA"). Avaya, Inc., 564 F.3d at 253; Horizon Lines, 686 F.
Supp. 2d 404, 414 (D. Del 2009) ("The PSLRA imposes a dramatically higher standard
on a plaintiff drafting a complaint than that of traditional notice pleading."); Brashears v.
1717 Capital Mgmt., Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 2004 WL 1196896, at *4 (D. Del. 2004)
("[B]y enacting the current version of the [PSLRA], Congress expressly intended to

15

substantially heighten the existing pleading requirements.") 8 (internal quotations
omitted). "The PSLRA provides two distinct pleading requirements, both of which must
be met in order for a complaint to survive a motion to dismiss." Avaya, Inc., 564 F.3d at
252. First, the complaint must "specify each allegedly misleading statement, the reason
or reasons why the statement is misleading, and, if an allegation is made on information
and belief, all facts supporting that belief with particularity." /d. at 259 (citing 15 U.S.C.
§ 78u-4(b)(1)). This is the falsity requirement. Second, "with respect to each act or
omission alleged to violate[§ 1O(b)]," a plaintiff is required to "state with particularity
facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of
mind." /d. (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2)). This is the scienter requirement.
Both of these provisions require that facts be pled "with particularity." With
respect to the falsity requirement,
the particularity standard echoes Rule 9(b) of the Federal
Rule[s] of Civil Procedure, which is comparable to and
effectively subsumed by the requirements of ... the PSLRA.
Like Rule 9(b ), the PSLRA requires plaintiffs to plead the
who, what, when, where and how: the first paragraph of any
newspaper story. Additionally, if an allegation regarding [a]
statement or omission is made on information and belief, a
plaintiff must state with particularity all facts on which that
belief is formed.
Horizon Lines, 686 F. Supp. 2d at 414 (citing Avaya, Inc., 564 F.3d at 253) (internal

8

"The PSLRA's heightened pleading requirements were constructed in order to
restrict abuses in securities class-action litigation, including: (1) the practice of filing
lawsuits against issuers of securities in response to any significant change in stock
price, regardless of defendants' culpability; (2) the targeting of 'deep pocket'
defendants; (3) the abuse of the discovery process to coerce settlement; and (4)
manipulation of clients by class action attorneys." Horizon Lines, 686 F. Supp. 2d at
414.
16

quotations and citations omitted). The scienter requirement, on the other hand, "marks
a sharp break from Rule 9(b)." Avaya, 564 F.3d at 253. "Unlike Rule 9(b), under which
a defendant could plead scienter generally, § 78u-4(b)(2) requires any private
securities complaint alleging that the defendant made a false or misleading statement
... [to] state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant
acted with the required state of mind." Horizon Lines, 686 F. Supp. 2d at 414 (citations
and quotations omitted).
Aside from these two requirements, the PSLRA imposes additional burdens with
respect to allegations involving forward-looking statements. The PSLRA's Safe Harbor
provision, 15 U.S.C. § 78u-5(c), "immunizes from liability any forward-looking
statement, provided that: the statement is identified as such and accompanied by
meaningful cautionary language; or is immaterial; or the plaintiff fails to show the
statement was made with actual knowledge of its falsehood." Avaya, 564 F.3d at 254.
3. Analysis
a. Material misrepresentation or omission

Plaintiffs allege the following material misstatements or omissions. WTC
fraudulently understated the true amount of its past due loans in its SEC filings, which
emphasized that "one of [WTC]'s primary risks is credit risk (the risk that borrowers will
be unable to repay their loans)." (See, e.g., D. I. 150, ex. 1 at 44 (2008 10-K); ex. 5 at
50 (2009 10-K)) The amount of past due loans is a key financial metric, reflecting
whether loans are being repaid and impacting the credit quality of WTC's loan portfolio
and its financial condition. Further, the reported amount of past due loans directly

17

impacted WTC's reported reserve, i.e., if past due loans increased, the reserve
increased, and WTC's income decreased on a dollar-for-dollar basis. WTC also
improperly "waived" a substantial amount of past due loans by falsely claiming that the
loans were being extended, without obtaining updated loan appraisals. These
misstatements are material. See e.g., Shapiro v. UJB Fin. Corp., 964 F.2d 272, 281
(3d Cir. 1992) (stating that "[i]n our view a reasonable investor would be influenced
significantly by knowledge that a bank has knowingly or recklessly hidden its true
financial status by deliberately misstating its level of non-performing loans, failing to
provide adequate reserves, and indulging its problem loan customers"); Lewis v. Straka,
535 F. Supp. 2d 926, 930 (E. D. Wis. 2008) (citing material facts including misstating
"the volume of nonperforming loans, the inadequacy of loan loss reserves, the
inefficiency of internal lending controls and safeguards, [and] that [the bank] often
extended rather than wrote off large nonperforming loans").
WTC misrepresented in its financial statements that its reserve was set in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). (D .I. 149 at ~ 164)
The FAG identifies the Financial Accounting Standards No. 5, "Accounting for
Contingencies" ("FAS 5") and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 102, "Selected Loan
Loss Allowance Methodology and Documentation Issues" ("SAB 102"), explaining how
defendants violated these by, for example, not taking "into account 'all known relevant
internal and external factors that may affect loan collectability,' including trends in loan
losses, economic conditions, and [WTC]'s underwriting standards." (/d.

at~~

163-72)

Defendants' argument that they complied with GAAP because WTC used a different
loan classification system to set the reserve than the one used to report WTC's past
18

due loans does not pass muster, when the Cl evidences that WTC concealed the past
due loans to avoid a negative impact on the reserve. Further, "after performing
extensive due diligence and analysis of [WTC]'s loan portfolio as of January 2008, M& T
determined that [WTC] had understated its Loan Loss Reserve by nearly $800 million."
(/d.

at~~

162, 164, 166, 232-33, 413)

Defendants argue that WTC adequately disclosed credit quality throughout the
class period and "no reasonable investor would have relied on loan classifications in
this context." However, the examples of these disclosures provided by plaintiffs are
immediately followed by reassurances.
Due to the economic environment, nonOaccruing loans,
past-due loans, ... increased significantly from their 2007
levels. . . . The 2007 levels were moderately higher than the
2006 levels, as the regional economy began to soften.
On a percentage basis, the composition of the loan portfolio
remained well diversified and relatively unchanged. There
are discussions of our commercial real estate ... elsewhere
in this section.
We maintain an internal risk rating system that classifies all
loans ...
We apply these classifications consistently and we analyze
migrations within the classifications quarterly.
This system has helped us develop adequate reserves for
loan losses for many years.
(D.I. 168, ex. 2 at 45 (2008 Annual Report)) Reading the statements in context as
defendants suggest does not lead to a conclusion of adequate disclosures. As
discussed above, WTC made clear to investors that it mitigated credit ristk. Moreover,
investors were not receiving all of the available information as WTC was concealing its
true financial position. Cf. In reAm. Bus. Fin. Servs., Inc. Sec. Litig., 413 F. Supp. 2d
378, 401 (E. D. Pa. 2005) (finding that defendant's optimistic statements are typical of

19

puffery and "[r]ead in context with all of the information available to investors,
defendants' alleged misleading statements are immaterial, .... [as] the company's
publications also alerted investors to the fact that the company faced challenges in
maintaining its low delinquency rates due to changes in economic conditions");
Grossman v. Novell, Inc., 120 F.3d 1112, 1121 (10th Cir. 1997) (finding that in context,
"statements [would be] considered immaterial because they are only vague statements
of corporate optimism ... [or] because other documents available to the investing
public 'bespoke caution' about the subject matter of the alleged misstatement at
issue.").
Similarly, statements by WTC regarding its "rigorous" and "consistent" credit risk
management practices are reflected not only in WTC's self-characterization, but in SEC
filings. In discussing mitigating credit risk, WTC stated that it employed and
"consistently" applied "rigorous loan underwriting standards." (0.1. 168, ex. 2 at 44
(2008 Annual Report)) These statements are not properly characterized as mere
"puffery." Instead,
where a defendant affirmatively characterizes management
practices as "adequate," "conservative," "cautious," and the
like, the subject is "in play." For example, if a defendant
represents that its lending practices are "conservative" and
that its collateralization is "adequate," the securities laws are
clearly implicated if it nevertheless intentionally or recklessly
omits certain facts contradicting these representations.
Likewise, if a defendant characterizes loan loss reserves as
"adequate" or "solid" even though it knows they are
inadequate or unstable, it exposes itself to possible liability
for securities fraud. By addressing the quality of a particular
management practice, a defendant declares the subject of
its representation to be material to the reasonable
shareholder, and thus is bound to speak truthfully.

20

Shapiro, 964 F.2d at 282.

Plaintiffs also allege other false statements, including officer defendants' use of
the 10% rule to make loans that far exceeded the 80% loan-to-value ratio generally
required by federal and WTC guidelines. (0.1. 149 at 1f1f97, 100, 246, 426) Contrary to
the SOX certifications signed by Cecala and Gibson and despite repeated warnings
from the Federal Reserve, KPMG and the Internal Audit Group, WTC's internal controls
were inadequate to prevent more than a billion dollars of fraudulently waived loans
through the conspiracy. (ld. at 1f1f144, 151, 170, 256, 258, 434) The officer
defendants misrepresented the quality of WTC's underwriting and asset review
practices and denied credit problems in the commercial loan portfolio on various
quarterly conference calls. (!d. at 1f1f180, 183-84, 192-93, 202-04, 259-77)
Contrary to North's contentions, plaintiffs' allegations concerning North include
his receipt of certain emails (id. at 1f1f73-84); his position as chair of the loan committee

(id. at 1f1f81-84); approval of certain of Terranova's requested extensions (id. at 1f82);
and approval of the loan waivers set forth in the delinquency reports (id. at 1f 66). North
dissects his imprecise responses to general questions on earnings calls, seeking to limit
them to very contained matters, while at the same time arguing that his statements
were immaterial, "because they were too vague and subjective." (0.1. 177 at 1-6) For
example, when asked whether WTC was "seeing any trends ... slower payments and
stuff' on "the non-resi[dential] commercial real estate in the strip malls, the retail as well
as office," North responded that "[w]e haven't" and "that portfolio has held up well."
North explains that the question related specifically to WTC's non-residential

21

commercial portfolio, and his answer was not false as it was limited thereto. Also, North
alleges the FAC does not establish a negative trend in that particular portfolio. Plaintiffs
allege that the commercial portfolio was experiencing significant deterioration and
North's answer created the false impression that the commercial loan portfolio was
"holding up well." In the context of plaintiffs' allegations, North's statements
misrepresent the financial health of WTC, thus are material misstatements and
omissions. The court concludes that plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged that defendants
made false and misleading statements.

b. Scienter
To establish scienter, plaintiffs must "allege facts giving rise to a 'strong
inference' of 'either reckless or conscious behavior."' Avaya, 564 F.3d at 267 (citing In
re Advanta Corp. Sec. Litig., 180 F.3d 525, 534-35 (3d Cir. 1999)). Courts are obliged
to weigh the 'plausible nonculpable explanations for the
defendant's conduct' against the 'inferences favoring the
plaintiff.' A 'strong inference' of scienter is one that is
'cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing
inference of nonfraudulent intent.' The pertinent question is
'whether all of the facts alleged, taken collectively, give rise
to a strong inference of scienter, not whether any individual
allegation, scrutinized in isolation, meets that standard.'
Omissions and ambiguities 'count against inferring scienter.'
/d. at 267-68 (citing Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 2504-05,
2509-11 (2007)). Terranova pled to criminal conspiracy, indicating that he did not act
alone, but that other WTC officers knew of and participated in the fraudulent loan
activities. (0.1. 149 at 1l1l64-67, 73-79) The FAC alleges (and the Cl supports) that the
WTC's loan committee, which included Cecala, Harra, and North, approved the

22

fraudulent mass extension of hundreds of past due loans in the fourth quarter of 2009
for the purpose of erasing those loans from WTC's financial statements. (/d. at ,-r,-r
81-84) The senders and recipients of internal emails, 9 along with the contents of those,
evidence that some of the officer defendants knew of and discussed the past due loans
misrepresentation. (!d. at 1f1f73-84) The past due loans appeared on delinquency
reports for months or years. (/d. at 1f1f64-67) WTC did not update the appraisals for
the matured past due loans, as it would then have been forced to acknowledge the
deterioration of the commercial loan portfolio, which would in turn have a negative
impact on WTC's reserve. (/d. at 1f63) Following Cecala's departure, Cecala and
Foley held a conference call and Foley specifically reassured the market that WTC was
stable and there would not be a "blow up" related to credit. (/d. at 1f1f184, 275) Under
a totality of the circumstances review, the court concludes that plaintiffs have evidenced
a strong inference of scienter on the part of WTC and the officer defendants.
As to KPMG, plaintiffs must show "either [a] lack[ of] a genuine belief that its
representations were supported by adequate information or [that KPMG] engaged in
auditing practices so shoddy that they amounted at best to a 'pretended audit' ... ,
even in the face of assertions of good faith." In re Suprema Specialties, Inc. Securities
Litigation, 438 F.3d 256, 279 (3rd Cir. 2006) (citing McLean v. Alexander, 599 F.2d

1190, 1198 (3d Cir.1979)), abrogated on other grounds by Tel/abs, Inc. v. Makor Issues
& Rights, L. T.D., 551 U.S. 308, 322-23 (2007). "At the pleading stage, courts have

9

lncluding Cummings, North, Terranova, Brian Bailey (Terranova's direct
supervisor and the Bank's Delaware Market Manager, who reported to Harra), and Rich
Conway (the COO for the Mid-Atlantic Market).
23

recognized that allegations of GAAS violations, coupled with allegations that significant
'red flags' were ignored, can suffice to withstand a motion to dismiss." /d.
The FAC alleges several red flags and allegations regarding KPMG's scienter.
In connection with its 2007 and 2008 audit of WTC, KPMG issued letters to
management identifying WTC's "lack of review of its loan portfolio as a material
weakness in [WTC]'s internal controls" and criticizing WTC's "inadequate asset review."
(D. I. 149 at ,-r 143) In early 2009, KPMG sent a letter to WTC stating in part:
(T]he Corporation's Commercial Real Estate Lending Policy
does not address specific underwriting standards for the
acceptability of and limits on the use of interest reserves.
The use of interest reserves to pay interest, without robust
underwriting policies and timely, independent loan reviews,
can potentially mask the deterioration of the creditworthiness
of a borrower or the impaired viability of the underlying real
estate project.
(/d. at ,-r,-r 82-84) In September 2009, the Federal Reserve issued its MOU regarding
"extensive failings in (WTC]'s lending, risk management, and accounting functions,
including that (WTC] lacked 'a process to monitor compliance with (credit] policies and
procedures."' (/d. at ,-r,-r 12, 152) An October 29, 2009 email referred to the need to
resolve the issue of "matured loans" because these "ha(d] the attention of all the wrong
people: [Cecala, the CEO; Harra, the Bank President; Gibson, the CFO], Examiners,
Auditors." (/d. at ,-r 79) WTC extended a number of loans in the final days of 2009,
without supporting appraisals or documentation. (!d. at ,-r,-r 82-84 ).
Moreover, plaintiffs allege that KPMG was not prevented from examining any
documentation, nor is there evidence that falsified records were provided to it. KPMG
represented that WTC's financial statements conformed with GAAP, which would

24

require an auditor to evaluate the loan reserves' reasonableness and review the
process used by management to develop the reserves. However, KPMG did not
request updated appraisals or any other required documentation for the extended
loans. (/d. at 1f1l 82-84) At the pleading stage, the court must view all factual
allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs. The court concludes that the
allegations and red flags discussed above, along with the magnitude of the fraud,
creates a strong and reasonable inference of KPMG's scienter. See e.g., Suprema,
438 F.3d at 281 (finding that despite the protestations of the auditor, "[in] the face of the
numerous and not insignificant alleged accounting violations, we cannot rule out, as a
matter of law, a strong and reasonable inference of [the auditor]'s scienter."); In re Am.
Bus. Fin. Servs., Inc. Noteholders Litig., 2008 WL 3405580, at *1, *9 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 11,
2008) (holding that at the motion to dismiss stage, plaintiffs alleged scienter in view of
their "allegations of numerous, significant and specific auditing violations and repeated
decisions not to investigate multiple red flags.").

c. Loss causation
Loss causation requires plaintiffs to show that "the defendant misrepresented or
omitted the very facts that were a substantial factor in causing the plaintiff's economic
loss." McCabe v. Ernst & Young, LLP, 494 F.3d 418, 430 (3d Cir. 2007). Plaintiff may
adequately plead loss causation by alleging either a corrective disclosure of a
previously undisclosed truth that causes a decline in the stock price or the
materialization of a concealed risk that causes a stock price decline. In reAm. Intern.
Grp., Inc. 2008 Sec. Litig., 741 F. Supp. 2d 511, 533 (S.D. N.Y. 2010) (citing Leykin v.

25

AT & T Corp., 423 F. Supp. 2d 229, 240 (S.D.N.Y. 2006), affd, 216 Fed. Appx. 14 (2d

Cir. 2007)). With respect to the latter, "where some or all of the risk is concealed by the
defendant's misrepresentation or omission, courts have found loss causation
sufficiently pled." /d. (citing Nathe/ v. Siegal, 592 F. Supp. 2d 452, 467 (S.D. N.Y. 2008).
In the case at bar, plaintiffs have alleged corrective disclosures, e.g., on January
29, 2010, after issuing its 2009 earnings press release revealing a large quarterly loss,
WTC's stock price fell over 14%. Morgan Stanley issued a report that same day
stating: "[d]eteriorating credit drove a higher than expected reserve build." (D. I. 149 at ,-r
178) Similarly, the stock price fell after another "''bigger-than-expected loan loss
provision" on April 23, 2010 and after Cecala's departure on June 3, 2010 (/d. at 179183) In response to the WTC and M& T's disclosure of crippling losses, on November
1, 2010, the stock price collapsed. While defendants attribute these decreases to the
"challenging economic environment" and "broader economic decline," plaintiffs have
offered sufficient evidence to show that the misrepresentations were plausibly reasons
for the decline in value. Robbins v. Kroger Properties, Inc., 116 F.3d 1441 , 1447 n. 5
(11th Cir.1997) ("To satisfy the loss causation element, a plaintiff need not show that a
misrepresentation was the sole reason for the investment's decline in value. Ultimately,
however, a plaintiff will be allowed to recover only damages actually caused by the
misrepresentation."). Third Circuit precedent instructs that loss causation is a fact
intensive inquiry which is best resolved by the trier of fact. See EP Medsystems, Inc. v.
EchoCath, Inc., 235 F.3d 865, 884 (3rd Cir. 2000).

d. Safe harbor provision

26

North moves to dismiss plaintiffs' claims based on his statements made during
earnings calls, arguing that each of these calls began with a "forward-looking statement
disclaimer," the statements were immaterial, and North had no knowledge that the
statements were false. North does not provide the court with the text of the disclaimer.
Without more, the court declines to find that the disclaimer was a "meaningful
cautionary statementO identifying important factors that could cause actual results to
differ materially from those in the forward-looking statement." Avaya, 564 F.3d at 256.
The court concluded above that North's statements were material and made with
scienter. North's motion to dismiss is denied on this issue.
The case at bar presents numerous complex factual issues. Defendants'
arguments go to the merit and plaintiffs' claims are not appropriately dismissed at this
stage. Plaintiffs have sufficiently pled their claims with particularity. Defendants'
motions to dismiss the Exchange Act claims are denied.
B. Securities Act Claims
1. Standards
Plaintiffs allege violations of sections 11 and 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act in
connection with the offering. These claims are not subject to the heightened pleading
standards set forth in the PSLRA. In re Adams Golf, Inc. Sec. Litig., 176 F. Supp. 2d
216, 230 (D. Del. 2001). "To state a claim under section 11, plaintiffs must allege that
they purchased securities pursuant to a materially false or misleading registration
statement. 10 To state a claim under section 12(a)(2), plaintiffs must allege that they
10

Section 11 permits a purchaser to sue when "any part of the registration
statement, when such part became effective, contained an untrue statement of a
27

purchased securities pursuant to a materially false or misleading 'prospectus or oral
communication."' 11 In re Adams Golf, Inc. Sec. Litig., 381 F.3d 267, 273-74 (3d Cir.
2004) (internal citations and quotations omitted). "Fraud is not a necessary element to
establish a prima facie claim under Section 11 or Section 12(a)(2). But claims under
those provisions can be, and often are, predicated on allegations of fraud .... [If]
plaintiff grounds these Securities Act claims in allegations of fraud-and the claims thus
"sound in fraud"-the heightened pleading requirements of Rule 9(b) apply." In re

Suprema, 438 F.3d at 269 (citing Cal. Pub. Emps.' Ret. Sys. v. Chubb Corp., 394 F.3d
126, 160-63 (3d Cir. 2004) ("CALPERS")). However, if the allegations are pled
separately and plaintiffs expressly premise the Securities Act claims on negligence
rather than fraud, Rule 9(b) is held inapplicable. /d. at 272.

2. Analysis
a. Materially false or misleading allegations
The basis for the Security Act claims is that the offering documents contained
materially untrue statements and omissions set forth in WTC's 10-Ks and registration
statement, which were incorporated by reference. Plaintiffs carefully separate the

material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or
necessary to make the statements therein not misleading." 15 U.S.C. § 77k.
11

Section 12(a)(2) provides that any defendant who "offers or sells a security ...
by means of a prospectus or oral communication, which includes an untrue statement
of a material fact or omits to state a material fact necessary in order to make the
statements, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not
misleading (the purchaser not knowing of such untruth or omission), and who shall not
sustain the burden of proof that he did not know, and in the exercise of reasonable care
could not have known, of such untruth or omission, shall be liable ... to the person
purchasing such security from him." 15 U.S.C. § 771.
28

Security Act claims, specifically stating:
In this part of the Complaint, Lead Plaintiffs assert a series
of strict liability and negligence claims based on the
Securities Act on behalf of the Class (as defined in ~4 76
below, except that Lead Plaintiffs explicitly disclaim subparts
[d] and [e] of ~478 from these Securities Act allegations).
Lead Plaintiffs expressly disclaim any allegations of knowing
or reckless misconduct, and to avoid an (unfounded)
argument by Defendants that the claims below somehow
"sound in fraud," it is necessary to state or summarize facts
also stated above.

(0.1. 149

at~

387) Plaintiffs then describe the facts underlying the material

misstatements and omissions in the offering documents and registration statement (id.
at~~

403-44) and allege that these claims are based on a failure to "conduct a

reasonable investigation or possess reasonable grounds" for such statements (id.

at~

456). The Third Circuit in In re Suprema explained that although plaintiff "described its
suit as arising out of a 'massive fraud' at Suprema," plaintiff made clear that its claims
under the Securities Act were based in negligence. In re Suprema, 438 F.3d at 269.
The Court distinguished CALPERS, where the Court found that "[t]he one-sentence
disavowment of fraud contained within Plaintiffs' section 11 Count ... does not require
us to infer that the claims are strict liability or negligence claims, and in this case is
insufficient to divorce the claims from their fraudulent underpinnings." CALPERS, 394
F.3d at 160. The court concludes that the pleading at bar more closely resembles the
one set out in In re Suprema, therefore, plaintiffs' claims do not sound in fraud. As
discussed more fully above for the Exchange Act claims, the 2009 10-K filing materially
understated WTC's past due loan amounts and the reserve. WTC misrepresented its
underwriting and asset review practices. These are sufficient allegations of materially
29

false and misleading statements to survive a motion to dismiss.
b. Loan reserves

The Third Circuit has stated that "[t]here appears to be no single method of
evaluating and setting loan loss reserves," however, all methods "require quantitative
and qualitative analyses of the past and present status of loans. . . . There is nothing
unique about representations and omissions regarding loan loss reserves that removes
them from the purview of the antifraud provisions of the federal securities laws."
Shapiro, 964 F.2d at 281; Under/and v. Alter, 2012 WL 2912330, at 5 (E.D. Pa. 2012)

(citing Shapiro, 964 F .2d at 281). "[S]tatements of 'soft' information may be actionable
misrepresentations [under Section 11] [only] if the speaker does not genuinely and
reasonably believe them." In re Donald J. Trump Casino Sec. Utig., 7 F.3d 357, 368-69
(3d Cir. 1993). Defendants argue that this court should adopt the similar reasoning of
Fait v. Regions Fin. Corp., 655 F.3d 105, (2d Cir. 2011), that loan reserves are "not a

matter of objective fact. Instead, loan loss reserves reflect management's opinion or
judgment about what, if any, portion of amounts due on the loans ultimately might not
be collectible" and, therefore, require allegations that "defendant's opinions were both
false and not honestly believed when they were made." 12 /d. at 112-13.
Contrary to the plaintiff in Fait, which did not "point to an objective standard for
setting loan loss reserves," in the case at bar, WTC alleged adequate reserves,

12

This reasoning is the subject of a granted writ of certiorari. Indiana State Dist.
Council of Laborers v. Omnicare Inc., 719 F.3d 498, 503-06 (6th Cir. 2013) ("Section 11
provides for strict liability, and does not require a plaintiff to plead a defendant's state of
mind"), cert granted, Omnicare, Inc. v. Laborers Dist. Council Canst. Industry Pension
Fund, 2014 WL 801097, 82 USLW 3242 (U.S. Mar. 03, 2014).
30

calculated using an objective and consistent standard, in part based on credit risk and
loan classifications. Plaintiffs allege these "two distinct methodologies [used] to
calculate [WTC's] Loan Loss Reserve, both ... violated GAAP and understated
[WTC]'s reserves." Fait, 655 F.3d at 113; (0.1. 149 at1J165) WTC "blindly 'waived'
hundreds of millions of dollars of past due and non performing loans, and arbitrarily
assigned percentage values to risk ratings in the ... loan portfolio." (D. I. 149 at 1J165)
Plaintiffs' allegations suffice to allege that WTC was inconsistently and arbitrarily
applying the standards it claimed to use to calculate its loan reserve. Therefore,
plaintiffs have adequately pled their Securities Act claims against WTC and the
individual defendants.
Similarly, KPMG argues that the loan reserves and statements regarding the
same are actionable only if they are knowingly or recklessly false. KPMG's reliance on
Shapiro is misplaced, as the Third Circuit has made clear that plaintiffs' allegations
which were not premised on the fact that "defendants possessed or made affirmative
forecasts regarding the[] possible outcomes," were properly dismissed. Shapiro, 964
F.2d at 283. As discussed above, plaintiffs in the case at bar allege that the loan
reserves were calculated using methodologies which violated the GAAP. KPMG then
certified these statements including the loan reserves. The court concludes that
plaintiffs' allegations are sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss and permit discovery.
c. Incorporated documents

DuPont moves for dismissal of the Section 11 claims as he did not sign the
offering documents and, having resigned in October 2009, was not a director at the

31

time of the February 23, 2010 offering. For support that the offering documents are a
"new registration statement," duPont points to 17 C.F.R. § 229.512(a)(2), which states
that for purposes of liability, "each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to
be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the
offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide
offering thereof." Roselle joins this motion. DuPont and Roselle signed the form
registration statement and the 2007 and 2008 10-Ks, each of which were incorporated
by reference into the offering documents.
Plaintiffs do not dispute that duPont was not a director at the time of the offering
but, rather, base liability on the fact that the offering documents incorporate by
reference the registration statement, as well as the 2007 and 2008 10-Ks, which duPont
did sign. Plaintiffs argue that duPont is not released from liability even after his
resignation as he did not "advise the Commission and the issuer in writing that ... he
would not be responsible for such part of the registration statement." 15 U.S.C. §
77k(b)(1 )(B); In re Enron Corp. Sec., Deriv. & ERISA Litig., 258 F. Supp. 2d 576, 596,
642 (S.D. Tex. 2003) (pre-offering resignation did not sever Section 11 liability, when
director signed statements before resignation). Defendants' cases are inapposite as
they analyze situations where a director did not sign any statements. The parties have
offered no cases that involve signed registrations statements (and other SEC filings)
being incorporated into a post-resignation offering.
The court focuses its attention on whether the documents signed by duPont and
Roselle allegedly contained misstatements and whether the individuals allegedly had
knowledge thereof. Plaintiffs assert that WTC misstated its past due and
32

nonperforming loans as of December 31, 2008 (D.I. 149

at~

70) and waived past due

loans during each quarter of the class period (January 18, 2008-November 1, 201 0).
(/d.

at~

61) The Federal Reserve issued escalating warnings to WTC during 2007 and

2008. 13 These allegations of knowledge generally directed to WTC are insufficient as
asserted against duPont and Roselle, who resigned their positions as directors prior to
the offering. Moreover, the signed form registration statement was amended at least
once (on January 12, 2009), before becoming part of the offering documents. For
these reasons, the motion to dismiss is granted with prejudice as to defendants duPont
and Roselle.
C. Violations of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Section 15 of the
Securities Act
Section 20(a) imposes joint and several liability on any person who "directly or
indirectly controls any person liable" under any provision of the Exchange Act, "unless
the controlling person acted in good faith and did not directly or indirectly induce the act
or acts constituting the violation or cause of action." 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a); In re Suprema,
438 F.3d at 284 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a)). Section 15 of the Securities Act provides
for joint and several liability on the part of one who controls a violator of Section 11 or
Section 12. 15 U.S.C. § 77o; In re Suprema, 438 F.3d at 284. Plaintiffs "must prove
that one person controlled another person or entity and that the controlled person or
entity committed a primary violation of the securities laws." In re Suprema, 438 F.3d at
284 (citation omitted). Accordingly, liability under Section 20(a) and Section 15 is

13

The complaint does not elaborate on the content of the warnings.
33

derivative of an underlying violation of those sections by the controlled person.
The court has found that plaintiffs have adequately alleged primary violations of
Section 10(b) and Section 11 (excluding duPont and Roselle) by the various
defendants. As to the control element, plaintiffs allege the officer defendants had
control, as these defendants signed documents, sent emails, and/or made the allegedly
false statements. (0.1. 149 at ,-r,-r 217, 239, 349, 395, 449) The audit committee
monitored the quality and integrity of WTC's policies, financial statements and
practices, as well as its compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The audit
committee members thus controlled the content of the public statements made by
WTC. Moreover, these defendants signed WTC's 10-K forms from 2007-2009, the
offering documents, and/or the registration statement. (0.1. 149 at ,-r,-r 372-86) The
court concludes that plaintiffs have adequately pled "actual control," sufficient to comply
with the PSLRA.
As to duPont and Roselle, the court granted dismissal of the Section 11 claims,
thereby negating a derivative claim pursuant to Section 15. Plaintiffs support their
Section 20(a) claim against Roselle by virtue of his participation in the audit committee
and his signature on incorporated documents. However, as discussed above in the
analysis of the Section 11 claim, Roselle did not sign the offering documents as a
whole. Moreover, unlike the other audit committee members who were either directors
or members of the audit committee through the date of the offering, Roselle's tenure as
director and audit committee member terminated in 2009. Plaintiffs have not proffered
any specific allegations that Roselle had any "actual control" over the 1O(b) violations.
Therefore, the court grants the motion to dismiss with prejudice as to duPont and
34

Roselle.
V. CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, defendants' motions to dismiss are denied. An
appropriate order shall issue.

35