Robocast Inc. v. Apple Inc.

Filing 41

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Richard G. Andrews on 2/24/2012. (ksr, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE

ROBOCAST, INC.,
Plaintiff,
Civil Action No. 11-235-RGA

v.

APPLE, INC.,
Defendant.

ROBOCAST, INC.,
Plaintiff,
Civil Action No. 10-1 055-RGA

V.

MICROSOFT CORPORATION,
Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Thomas C. Grimm, Esq., Wilmington, Delaware; Steven J. Rizzi, Esq. (argued), New York, New
York, Attorneys for Plaintiff.
Richard L. Horwitz, Esq., Wilmington, Delaware; Harrison J. Frahn IV, Esq. (argued), Palo Alto,
California, Attorneys for Defendant Apple, Inc.
Thomas Lee Halkowski, Esq., Wilmington, Delaware; Adam J. Kessel, Esq. (argued), Boston,
Massachusetts, Attorneys for Defendant Microsoft Corporation.

2!i__,

February
2012
Wilmington, Delaware

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Before the Court are motions to transfer these two separate cases to the Northern District
of California.
On December 6, 2010, Robocast filed a Complaint against Microsoft. Microsoft duly
filed an Answer. On March 21, 2011, Robocast sued Apple. Apple responded by filing a
motion to transfer. (D.I. 16). 1 Microsoft subsequently filed a similar motion to transfer. (No.
10-1055, D.I. 17). Microsoft states forthrightly (and, in the Court's opinion, correctly) that its
transfer motion rises or falls with Apple's. (No. 10-1055, D.I. 27, pp. 1-2).
The Complaints at issue are similar. They are each based on Robocast's ownership of
U.S. patent No. 7,155,451, which concerns an "Automated Browsing System for Publishers and
Users on Networks Serving Internet and Remote Devices." It was invented by Robocast's
President, Damon Torres. Apple products such as AppleTV, Front Row, and iTunes are said to
infringe the patent. Microsoft products such as Bing and Windows Vista are also said to infringe
the patent.
The transfer motions have been fully briefed and orally argued.
The statutory authority for transferring the case is§ 1404(a) of Title 28, which provides:
"For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may
transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought."

The

burden of establishing the need for transfer is the movant's, see Jumara v. State Farm Ins. Co.,

1

Unless otherwise indicated, Docket Item ("D.I.") citations are to filings in Robocast v.
Apple, Civil Act. No. 11-235-RGA. Citations to the record in Robocast v. Microsoft include the
case number ("10-1055").

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55 F.3d 873, 879 (3d Cir. 1995), which in this case is Apple. 2 The Third Circuit has set forth the
framework for analysis:
"[I]n ruling on defendants' motion the plaintiffs choice of venue should not be
lightly disturbed."
In ruling on § 1404(a) motions, courts have not limited their consideration to the
three enumerated factors in§ 1404(a) (convenience of parties, convenience ofwitnesses,
or interests of justice), and, indeed, commentators have called on the courts to "consider
all relevant factors to determine whether on balance the litigation would more
conveniently proceed and the interests of justice be better served by transfer to a different
forum." While there is no definitive formula or list of the factors to consider, courts have
considered many variants of the private and public interests protected by the language of
§ 1404(a).
The private interests have included: (1) plaintiffs forum preference as manifested
in the original choice; (2) the defendant's preference; (3) whether the claim arose
elsewhere; (4) the convenience ofthe parties as indicated by their relative physical and
financial condition; (5) the convenience of the witnesses-but only to the extent that the
witnesses may actually be unavailable for trial in one of the fora; and ( 6) the location of
books and records (similarly limited to the extent that the files could not be produced in
the alternative forum).
The public interests have included: (7) the enforceability of the judgment; (8)
practical considerations that could make the trial easy, expeditious, or inexpensive; (9)
the relative administrative difficulty in the two fora resulting from court congestion; ( 10)
the local interest in deciding local controversies at home; (11) the public policies of the
fora; and (12) the familiarity of the trial judge with the applicable state law in diversity
cases.
!d. at 879-80 (citations omitted and numbering added).
There is no dispute that the patent infringement action against Apple could have been
brought in the Northern District of California, as it is a California corporation with its principal
place of business in the Northern District of California.
In my view, interests (1) and (4) support the plaintiffs position that the case should not

2

Given Microsoft's acknowledgement that its motion is dependent upon Apple's, the
analysis will be limited to Apple's motion.

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be transferred. Interests (2), (5), (6), and (8) support the defendant's request to transfer the case.
Interests (3), (7), (10), (11) and (12) do not add much to the balancing, as they are either
inapplicable or marginally applicable to this case. Interest (9) is applicable but does not favor
one side or the other.
Plaintiff has chosen Delaware as a forum. That choice weighs strongly in the plaintiffs
favor, although not as strongly as it would if the plaintiff had its principal place of business (or,
indeed, any place of business) in Delaware. See Shutte v. Armco Steel Corp., 431 F.2d 22, 25
(3d Cir. 1970) ("plaintiffs choice of a proper forum is a paramount consideration in any
determination of a transfer request"); Pennwalt Corp. v. Purex Industries, Inc., 659 F.Supp. 287,
289 (D.Del. 1986) (plaintiffs choice offorum not as compelling if it is not plaintiffs '"home
turf"). 3 Robocast's principal place ofbusiness is in the State ofNew York. It is a Delaware
corporation, and, while I think that gives Robocast a legitimate reason to sue in Delaware,4 I
think that is also a reason that adds to the weight given its choice to sue in Delaware.
Defendant's preference is the Northern District of California, where it has its principal
place of business. Clearly, Defendant's decision to seek to litigate in the Northern District of
California is rational and legitimate also. 5

3

I assume, without deciding, that Delaware is not Robocast's "home turf." Cf
Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Altera Corp., 2012 WL 297720, *6-7 (D.Del. Jan. 24, 2012)
(holding state of incorporation is "home turf' but also analyzing in the alternative).
4

At oral argument, Robocast also offered as a legitimate reason for suing in Delaware the
expertise that it would expect to encounter from a Court that has a heavy patent caseload.
5

At oral argument, I stated that I did not view Apple's decisions to sue in Delaware in
other cases, or not to seek transfer from Delaware in other cases in which it was named as a
defendant, as having any relevance to the instant decision. (D.I. 40, pp. 7-8). If there were a
question about Apple's capability oflitigating a case in Delaware, such information might be
-4-

Although the defendant has argued in its briefing that the claim did not arise in Delaware
(D.I. 17, p.9), and that the Apple products that are alleged to infringe were designed, developed
and marketed in the Northern District of California, I think the claim that is relevant here is the
plaintiffs claim that Apple's products, which are sold and offered for sale all over the United
States, including Delaware (D.I. 18, ~ 3), infringed its patent. Thus, I think the claims arise in
every judicial district. See In re Acer America Corp., 626 F.3d 1252, 1256 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
Consequently, this factor has no weight in the balancing. 6
Apple is omnipresent in everyday life. It is a large and powerful corporation. Robocast
consists of its President and two employees. (D.I. 24,

~

10). Its founder was at the oral

argument on the present motion. Its financial condition pales in comparison to that of Apple.
Ten years ago, it had twenty-two employees. (D.I. 24,

~

5). While Robocast's primary enterprise

today may be litigation, there is little reason to believe that its pockets are deep. (D.I. 24,

~~

10). "We could not even afford to file this lawsuit, except on a contingency basis." (D.I. 24,

8,
~

13 ). There is no reason to doubt that if this litigation turns into a war of attrition, Apple will
have the upper hand. I think this factor significantly disfavors transfer.
At this juncture, it is hard to tell who the witnesses might be. It seems likely that a
significant number of the non-expert witnesses will be employees of Apple. See In re

Genentech, 566 F.3d 1338, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2009) ("In patent infringement cases, the bulk of the
relevant evidence usually comes from the accused infringer."). Two current Apple employees

relevant, but capability is not at issue.
6

Of course, the fact that Apple's engineers and marketers for these products are in
Northern California is not irrelevant. It merely is analyzed as part of a different factor.
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(who live in California) with personal knowledge of relevant events are identified from the
Complaint. (D.I. 1, ,-r,-r 18-19; D.I. 19, ,-r 12). Apple has submitted the last known locations for
75 people involved in the prior art references cited during the prosecution of the '451 patent.
(D.I. 19, ,-r 7). Of those people, 25 are in California and subject to the Northern District of
California's subpoena power; 4 are or might be7 subject to this Court's subpoena power, and 46
are subject to neither Court's subpoena power. 8 (D.I. 19-1, pp. 14-17).

Robocast has identified

two former Robocast employees with purportedly relevant information (D.I. 24, ,-r,-r 14- 16), and
while they live near Delaware, they do not appear to be within this Court's subpoena power.
Even assuming their information is relevant, and I am not convinced of that, their existence does
not aid Robocast' s argument. Unfortunately, a patent case is not like a car accident, where the
fact witnesses - or likely trial witnesses - can be identified from day one.

All that can be

concluded about likely trial witnesses is that a year and a half to two years from now, more of
them are more likely to be in California than in Delaware or within 100 miles of Wilmington. If
there is a trial, 9 and ifthere are one or more necessary witnesses who will only testify if
subpoenaed, there is a statistically greater likelihood that such witnesses would be within the
subpoena power ofthe Northern District of California than within the subpoena power ofthe
District of Delaware. No likely witnesses who would be unavailable in one location but not the

7

Two are listed as being in Washington, D.C., and, depending upon their exact location,
might be within or without this Court's subpoena power. Two are listed as being in New Jersey
and would appear to be within this Court's subpoena power.
8

A dozen of them are listed as having last known addresses in the State of Washington,
but whether some or all of them are current or former employees of Microsoft is not described.
As noted in Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Altera Corp., 2012 WL 297720, *10-11
(D.Del. Jan. 24, 2012), a trial is an unlikely event.
9

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other have been identified. The odds, however, are that such people exist, and that they are in
California. Thus, this factor slightly favors transfer.
Similarly, it is hard to tell where most of the books and records would be (other than
Plaintiffs and Apple's). The only identified holders of records are the parties, and their records
will be able to be produced in whichever forum has the case. Robocast's President has seventy
boxes of hard copy documents and ten boxes of computer hardware material in New York City.
(D.I. 24,

~

12). The records of Apple relating to its accused products, which are most likely the

most important records for this litigation, see In re Genentech, 566 F.3d at 1345, are in the
Northern District of California (D.I. 18, ~ 2), and not in Delaware. Apple also suggests that some
of the evidence in this case is sufficiently old that there may need to be some effort to retrieve it,
and that the materials to do so might be in the Computer History Museum or other locations in
Northern California. (D.I. 29, p. 8). Such an argument is fairly speculative. In any event, there
are no records identified as only being available for trial in one of the two locations. 10 Thus, this
factor favors transfer, but is of marginal weight given that it is likely that Apple's records can be
produced at trial wherever trial is held.
Enforceability of the judgment is not an issue.
Practical considerations that could make the trial easy, expeditious, or inexpensive favor
the Northern District of California. A trial in Delaware is likely to be marginally less easy and
more expensive for Apple than a trial in the Northern District of California, because of travel

10

While there is a paragraph in In re Link_A_Media Devices Corp., 662 F.3d 1221, 1224
(Fed. Cir. 2011), about "the convenience ofthe witnesses and the location ofthe books and
records," I do not understand the Federal Circuit to have altered the Third Circuit's focus on the
issue being not so much where the witnesses and evidence are, but whether they can be produced
in court.
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considerations and expenses for witnesses. A trial in the Northern District of California is likely
to be marginally less easy and more expensive for Robocast than a trial in Delaware. On
balance, the overall cost and inconvenience of a trial in the Northern District of California is
likely to be less than it would be in Delaware, but not by a significant amount. Expedition,
however, does not seem to depend upon the location of the trial.

Thus, this factor slightly

favors transfer.
The relative administrative difficulty due to court congestion is difficult to assess.
Plaintiff and Defendant both cite statistics suggesting greater court congestion in the court in
which it does not want to try the case. I do not find any of the cited statistics to be meaningful in
predicting what would happen with this case, either in Delaware or the Northern District of
California. I would also note that, in my brief experience, "court congestion" has not caused any
delay in assigning trial dates in Delaware. I therefore believe this factor is neutral.
The "local controversy" consideration is inapplicable here. Apple is a major employer in
the Northern District of California, but I do not think that makes the claim that Apple is
infringing the patent of a Delaware company with a principal place of business in New York into
a local California controversy. Thus, I think this factor is neutral.
The public policy of Delaware encourages the use by Delaware corporations- such as
Robocast- of Delaware as a forum for the resolution of business disputes. 11 Typically, the

11

The State of Delaware Division of Corporations, on its website, prominently asks,
"Why Choose Delaware as Your Corporate Home?'' The answer follows: "More than 900,000
business entities have their legal home in Delaware including more than 50% of all U.S.
publicly-traded companies and 63% of the Fortune 500. Businesses choose Delaware because
we provide a complete package of incorporation services including modem and flexible
corporate laws, our highly-respected Court of Chancery, a business-friendly State Government,
and the customer service-oriented Staff of the Delaware Division of Corporations."
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forum is the Delaware Court of Chancery. More generally, though, Delaware wants corporations
to incorporate in Delaware, and the taxes that corporations pay are important to Delaware's
financial health. While it is not unusual that a Delaware corporation should sue another
corporation in a Delaware court, and is a factor that has some impact on the balancing, cf Micron
Technology v. Rambus, 645 F.3d 1311, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2011)("Given that both parties were
incorporated in Delaware, they had both willingly submitted to suit there, which weighs in favor
of keeping the litigation in Delaware."), this factor significantly overlaps with why Robocast
would have chosen Delaware as a venue in the first place, and is less significant than in Micron
since Apple is not a Delaware corporation. I do not attribute it independent weight as a "public
policy" factor. I believe it is taken into account in the first factor.
This is not a diversity case, and thus knowledge of state law is irrelevant here.
Apple states that Robocast's connection with Delaware is entitled to less weight because
it is a "non-practicing entit[y]." (D.I. 17, p.8). 12 Robocast was incorporated under the laws of
the State of Delaware on January 10, 1997. (D.I. 24, ~ 4). While it has no physical connection
to Delaware, its corporate citizenship is of long standing. There might be cases in which a nonpracticing entity's connections to Delaware suggest reasons to discount that connection, cf In re
Zimmer Holdings, Inc., 609 F.3d 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (according no weight to the plaintiffs
choice of venue when its "presence in [that venue] appears to be recent, ephemeral, and an
artifact of litigation."), but this is not one of them.

12

Robocast disputes whether it is a "non-practicing" entity, pointing to products it has
developed in the past. (D.I. 24, ~~5-6).
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I have considered In re Link_A_Media Devices Corp., 662 F.3d 1221 (Fed. Cir. 2011), 13
but I do not think it is particularly helpful in assessing the transfer request in this case, as its facts
were very different. I would characterize that case generally as standing for the proposition that
when the parties, all the witnesses, and all the evidence are in one distant jurisdiction, and the
only connection to Delaware is that it is the state of incorporation of the defendant, and there is
no other reason for the suit to be in Delaware, the suit must be transferred, upon timely request,
to the distant jurisdiction. In the present case there is a greater connection to Delaware, as the
plaintiff is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business close to Delaware but not
to California, and, also of considerable significance, the plaintiff would be inconvenienced by
transfer.
Under Third Circuit law, considerable deference is given to the plaintiffs' choice of
forum. I think that when the plaintiff is a three-person corporation with Delaware as its longstanding corporate home, and the defendant is Apple, see Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Altera
Corp., 2012 WL 297720, *3 (D.Del. Jan. 24, 2012) (multi-billion dollar companies doing
business on an international scale have a greater burden to meet in seeking transfer), there ought
to be a compelling reason to overcome plaintiffs choice of forum. Apple has offered valid
reasons, but I do not think Apple has shown that the balance of convenience tips strongly enough

13

The Federal Circuit's numerous transfer cases arising from the Fifth Circuit are not
controlling as the Federal Circuit interprets the law of the Circuit in which the District Court sits.
See In re Link_A_Media Devices Corp., 662 F.3d at 1223. The law ofthe two Circuits in regard
to how to conduct a transfer analysis is different in a number of regards. Of greatest relevance,
"Fifth Circuit precedent clearly forbids treating the plaintiffs choice of venue as a distinct factor
in the [transfer] analysis." In re TS Tech USA Corp., 551 F.3d 1315, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2008). As
noted earlier, the Third Circuit treats the plaintiffs choice as a factor of"paramount importance."
Additional differences are identified in Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Altera Corp., 2012 WL
297720, * 13 n.7 (D.Del. Jan. 24, 2012).
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in Apple's favor so that transfer should be ordered. I will therefore deny Apple's motion to
transfer. Consequently, I will also deny Microsoft's motion to transfer.
An appropriate order will be entered.

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