Gaul v. Morgan et al
Filing
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MEMORANDUM. Signed by Judge Gregory M. Sleet on 09/22/2014. (mas)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE
CHRISTOPHER GAUL,
Plaintiff,
)
)
)
)
) Civ. Action No. 14-288-GMS
v.
PHIL MORGAN, et al.,
Defendants.
)
)
)
)
MEMORANDUM
The plaintiff, Christopher Gaul ("Gaul"), an inmate at the Howard R. Young Correctional
Institution ("HRYCI"), Wilmington, Delaware, filed this lawsuit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 1
(D.I. 2.) He appears prose and was granted permission to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1915. (D.I. 3, 6.) The court proceeds to review and screen the complaint.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 10, 2012, Gaul received an updated status sheet with his new sentence which
indicated that he had a no-contact order with Christopher Akers ("Akers"), his co-defendant.
(D.I. 3, exs. C, D.) Akers was placed on Gaul's pod on August 17, 2012. (!d. at ex. C.) Gaul
informed C/0 Bowerly ("Bowerly") 2 and nothing was done, so he informed the 8-12 shift and,
the next day, the 8-4 and 4-12 shifts. Nothing was done. On August 19,2012, Gaul and Akers
had an argument and Bowerly locked everyone down. Bowerly called the defendants Lt. Garland
Williams ("Williams") and Sgt. Radcliff Charles ("Charles") and they spoke to Akers and placed
1
When bringing a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff must allege that some person has deprived him
of a federal right, and that the person who caused the deprivation acted under color of state law.
West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988).
2
Bowerly is not a defendant.
Akers on the movement sheet. Gaul was the head tier man, and that afternoon he was let out of
his cell during the 4-12 shift so that he could serve chow. After serving chow, Akers attacked
him. The defendant C/0 Zella Jones ("Jones") saw the inmates arguing and, before she could
reach them, Akers punched Gaul in the face. (!d. at ex. B.) Gaul defended himself. Jones
ordered both inmates to stop fighting; they did not and she sprayed Vexor (a brand name for
pepper spray) towards the inmates. Akers was bleeding from the nose and escorted to the
infirmary. Gaul was moved to disciplinary housing.
Gaul received a disciplinary report for fighting, was found guilty, and received nine
points. (!d. at exs. B, C.) Gaul submitted a grievance and was told by the defendant Michael
Deloy ("Deloy") that his issues with classification and discipline were non-grievable because
they have their own appeal process. (!d. at ex. D.) In addition, DeLoy advised Gaul that there
was no information on his commitment paperwork to indicate there was a no-contact order and
that the no-contact order was not received by the Delaware Department of Correction ("DOC")
and entered into the system until August 20, 2012, the day after the incident. (/d.) Gaul appealed
the change in his classification to the defendant former HRYCI Warden Phil Morgan
("Morgan"), 3 received a copy from the defendant Ann Downing ("Downing"), the warden's
secretary, who then forwarded the appeal to the defendant Jenifer Barnes ("Barnes"), a
classification counselor. Nothing was done. In addition, Gaul wrote to the defendant Deputy
Warden Mark Emig ("Emig") who told Gaul there was nothing that he could do. Finally, Gaul
wrote to the defendant DOC Commissioner Robert Coupe ("Coupe") complaining of falsified
state records.
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Morgan retired in June 2014. The current warden at the HYRCI is Steven Wesley.
2
Gaul seeks compensatory damages, injunctive relief, and requests counsel.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
This court must dismiss, at the earliest practicable time, certain in forma pauperis and
prisoner actions that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim, or seek monetary relief from a
defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) (in forma pauperis
actions); 28 U.S.C. § 1915A (actions in which prisoner seeks redress from a governmental
defendant); 42 U.S.C. § 1997e (prisoner actions brought with respect to prison conditions). The
court must accept all factual allegations in a complaint as true and take them in the light most
favorable to a pro se plaintiff. Phillips v. County ofAllegheny, 515 F .3d 224, 229 (3d Cir. 2008);
Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007). Because Gaul proceeds prose, his pleading is
liberally construed and his complaint, "however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less stringent
standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers." Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. at 94
(citations omitted).
An action is frivolous if it "lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact." Neitzke v.
Williams, 490 U.S. 319,325 (1989). Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) and§ 1915A(b)(1), a
court may dismiss a complaint as frivolous if it is "based on an indisputably meritless legal
theory" or a "clearly baseless" or "fantastic or delusional" factual scenario. Neitzke, 490 at 32728; Wilson v. Rackmill, 878 F.2d 772, 774 (3d Cir. 1989); see, e.g., Deutsch v. United States, 67
F.3d 1080, 1091-92 (3d Cir. 1995) (holding frivolous a suit alleging that prison officials took an
inmate's pen and refused to give it back).
The legal standard for dismissing a complaint for failure to state a claim pursuant to
§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and § 1915A(b)(1) is identical to the legal standard used when ruling on
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12(b)(6) motions. Tourscher v. McCullough, 184 F.3d 236,240 (3d Cir. 1999) (applying Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(b)(6) standard to dismissal for failure to state a claim under§ 1915(e)(2)(B)).
However, before dismissing a complaint or claims for failure to state a claim upon which relief
may be granted pursuant to the screening provisions of28 U.S.C. §§ 1915 and 1915A, the court
must grant Gaul leave to amend his complaint unless amendment would be inequitable or futile.
See Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293 F.3d 103, 114 (3d Cir. 2002).
A well-pleaded complaint must contain more than mere labels and conclusions. See
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009); Bell At!. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007). The
assumption of truth is inapplicable to legal conclusions or to "[t]hreadbare recitals of the
elements of a cause of action supported by mere conclusory statements." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
When determining whether dismissal is appropriate, the court must take three steps:
"(1) identify[] the elements of the claim, (2) review[] the complaint to strike conclusory
allegations, and then (3) look[] at the well-pleaded components ofthe complaint and evaluat[e]
whether all of the elements identified in part one of the inquiry are sufficiently alleged." Malleus
v. George, 641 F.3d 560, 563 (3d Cir. 2011). Elements are sufficiently alleged when the facts in
the complaint "show" that the plaintiff is entitled to relief. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (quoting Fed.
R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)). Deciding whether a claim is plausible will be a "context-specific task that
requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." !d.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Failure to Protect
Gaul alleges that he told Bowerly that there was a no-contact order with Akers. Bowerly
relayed the information to Williams and Charles following an argument between Gaul and Akers.
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In addition, Williams and Charles spoke to Akers following the argument, but Akers remained
housed on the pod and was placed on the movement sheet. That afternoon, Akers attacked Gaul
and the attack was witnessed by Jones.
To prevail on an Eighth Amendment failure to protect claim, a plaintiff is required to
show that ( 1) he is incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm (the
objective element); and (2) prison officials acted with deliberate indifference, i.e., that prison
officials knew of and disregarded an excessive risk to inmate health or safety (the subjective
element). See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833-34 (1994); see also Griffin v. DeRosa, 153
F. App'x. 851(3d Cir. 2005) (unpublished). Liberally construing the complaint, as the court
must, Gaul has adequately alleged failure to protect claims against Williams and Charles. With
regard to Jones, there are no allegations that she was aware of the no-contact order or that Gaul
and Akers had argued prior to the August 19, 2012 attack.
Accordingly, Gaul will be allowed to proceed with failure to protect claims against
Williams and Charles. The court will dismiss the claims against Jones as frivolous pursuant to
28 U.S.C. §1915(e)(2)(B)(i) and§ 1915A(b)(1).
B. Classification
The complaint contains numerous allegations directed towards Morgan, Emig, Downing,
Barnes, and Coupe with regard to the disciplinary report and Gaul's change in classification
following the incident with Akers. It is well established that an inmate does not possess a liberty
interest arising from the Due Process Clause in assignment to a particular custody level or
security classification or a place of confinement. See Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 221-22
(2005) (Constitution does not give rise to liberty interest in avoiding transfer to more adverse
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conditions of confinement); Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 245 (1983); Meachum v. Fano,
427 U.S. 215,224-25 (1976). The custody placement or classification of state prisoners within
the State prison system is among the "wide spectrum of discretionary actions that traditionally
have been the business of prison administrators rather than of the federal courts." Meachum, 427
U.S. at 225. "'As long as the conditions or degree of confinement to which [a] prisoner is
subjected is within the sentence imposed upon him and is not otherwise violative of the
Constitution, the Due Process Clause does not in itself subject an inmate's treatment by prison
authorities to judicial oversight."' Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460,468 (1983) (quoting Montanye
v. Haymes, 427 U.S. 236,242 (1976)). See also Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472,480 (1995).
"Neither Delaware law nor the Delaware Department of Corrections regulations create a
liberty interest in a prisoner's classification within an institution." Riley v. Carroll, 200 F. App'x
157, 158 (3d Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (citing Carrigan v. State of Delaware, 957 F. Supp. 1376,
1385 (D. Del. 1997) ("[T]he State of Delaware has created no constitutionally protected interest
in a prisoner's classification."). Prison officials may reclassify or transfer a prisoner from the
general population for any reason or no reason at all. See Blizzard v. Watson, 892 F. Supp. 587,
597 (D. Del. 1995).
Gaul cannot state a claim a claim for violation of a liberty interest created by the Due
Process Clause or State law with respect to his custody level classification. The claim has no
arguable basis in law or in fact and, therefore, will be dismissed as frivolous pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) and§ 1915A(b)(l).
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C. Grievance
Gaul complains that he submitted a grievance and was told by DeLoy that the issues he
raised were non-grievable. The filing of prison grievances is a constitutionally protected activity.
Robinson v. Taylor, 204 F. App'x 155, 157 (3d Cir. 2006) (unpublished). To the extent that Gaul
bases his claims upon his dissatisfaction with the grievance procedure or denial of his grievances,
the claims fail because an inmate does not have a free-standing constitutionally protected right to
an effective grievance process. See Woods v. First Carr. Med, Inc., 446 F. App'x 400, 403 (3d
Cir. 2011 (unpublished) (citing Flickv. Alba, 932 F.2d 728,729 (8th Cir. 1991)). Finally, the
denial of a grievance appeal does not in itself give rise to a constitutional claim as Gaul is free to
bring a civil rights claim in District Court. See Winn v. Department OfCorr., 340 F. App'x 757,
759 (3d Cir. 2009) (unpublished) (citing Flick v. Alba, 932 F.2d at 729).
Gaul cannot maintain a constitutional claim based upon his perception that his grievance
was not properly processed, that it was denied, or that the grievance process is inadequate.
Therefore, the court will dismiss the claims against DeLoy as frivolous pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) and§ 1915A(b)(1).
D. Request for Counsel
Gaul seek counsel to further assist him with this case. A pro se litigant proceeding in
forma pauperis has no constitutional or statutory right to representation by counsel. 1 See
Brightwell v. Lehman, 637 F.3d 187, 192 (3d Cir. 2011); Tabron v. Grace, 6 F.3d 147, 153 (3d
1
See Mallard v. United States Dist. Court for the S. Dist. ofIowa, 490 U.S. 296 (1989)
(§ 1915(d) (now§ 1915(e)(l)) does not authorize a federal court to require an unwilling attorney
to represent an indigent civil litigant, the operative word in the statute being "request.").
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Cir. 1993). However, representation by counsel may be appropriate under certain circumstances,
after a finding that a plaintiffs claim has arguable merit in fact and law. Tabron, 6 F.3d at 155.
After passing this threshold inquiry, the court should consider a number of factors when
assessing a request for counsel. Factors to be considered by a court in deciding whether to
request a lawyer to represent an indigent plaintiff include: (1) the merits of the plaintiffs claim;
(2) the plaintiffs ability to present his or her case considering his or her education, literacy,
experience, and the restraints placed upon him or her by incarceration; (3) the complexity of the
legal issues; (4) the degree to which factual investigation is required and the plaintiffs ability to
pursue such investigation; (5) the plaintiffs capacity to retain counsel on his or her own behalf;
and (6) the degree to which the case turns on credibility determinations or expert testimony. See
Montgomery v. Pinchak, 294 F.3d 492, 498-99 (3d Cir. 2002); Tabron, 6 F.3d at 155-56. The list
is not exhaustive, nor is any one factor determinative. Tabron, 6 F.3d at 157.
After reviewing the plaintiffs requests, the court concludes that the case is not so
factually or legally complex that requesting an attorney is warranted. To date, the filings in this
case demonstrate Gaul's ability to articulate his claims and represent himself. Thus, in these
circumstances, the court will deny without prejudice to renew the request for counsel. Should the
need for counsel arise later, one can be appointed at that time.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, Gaul may proceed on the failure to protect claims raised against
Garland Williams and Radcliff Charles. The court will dismiss the remaining claims and
defendants pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1915(e)(2)(B)(i) and§ 1915A(b)(1) as frivolous. The court
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will deny without prejudice to renew Gaul's request for counsel.
An appropriate order will be entered.
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