West v. Pierce et al

Filing 106

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Maryellen Noreika on 3/21/2022. (dlw)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE
CHRISTOPHER H. WEST,
Petitioner,
v.
ROBERT MAY, Warden, and ATTORNEY
GENERAL OF THE STATE OF
DELAWARE,
Respondents.

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) C.A. No. 14-1513 (MN)
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
Stephen A. Hampton, GRADY & HAMPTON, LLC, Dover, DE; Joseph A. Ratasiewicz, Nicholas
Casamento, CASAMENTO & RATASIEWICZ, P.C., Media, PA – Attorneys for Petitioner.
Sean P. Lugg, Deputy Attorney General, DELAWARE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Wilmington, DE
– Attorney for Respondents.

March 21, 2022
Wilmington, Delaware

NOREIKA, U.S. DISTRICT JUDGE:
Petitioner Christopher H. West (“Petitioner”) filed a Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (“Petition”). (D.I. 3; D.I. 16). The Honorable Gregory M. Sleet
dismissed the Petition as time-barred on October 24, 2017. (D.I. 68). Petitioner filed a Rule 60(b)
motion for reconsideration, which this Court denied. (D.I. 78). Petitioner appealed and the Third
Circuit reversed and remanded the case for an additional determination on equitable tolling.
(D.I. 84). On remand, the State waived the statute of limitations defense and the Court granted
Petitioner’s Rule 60(b) motion and re-opened Petitioner’s habeas proceeding. (D.I. 88). Petitioner
filed a Motion for Discovery and Reassertion of Petitioner’s Pro Se Motions, with several of
Petitioner’s earlier pro se submissions attached. (D.I. 89). The Court issued an Order directing
Petitioner to file a clarifying Memorandum in Support indicating which grounds Petitioner wished
to pursue. (D.I. 90). Petitioner filed two Memoranda in Support. (D.I. 91; D.I. 97). The State
filed an Answer in opposition, to which Petitioner filed several Replies. (D.I. 98; D.I. 102;
D.I. 103; D.I. 104).
I.

BACKGROUND
The charges at issue stem from three separate bank robberies and
one bank robbery attempt, all of which were committed within the
span of less than a week. Based on video surveillance and the
description of the suspect from the witnesses to the bank robberies,
a photo array was generated. Delaware State Police showed the
array to three people, all of whom identified [Petitioner] as the
perpetrator of the robbery.
There was a witness from the Citizens Bank robbery who observed
the suspect using a dark colored Jeep Wrangler that identified
[Petitioner] as the suspect. In addition to being identified by the
witness as the bank robber, the vehicle identified as being driven by
the bank robber, a dark colored Jeep Wrangler, matched the
description of the vehicle [Petitioner] drove. In fact, [Petitioner]
admitted to having committed the Citizen’s Bank robbery and
having driven a Jeep Wrangler to Citizen’s Bank when he
committed the bank robbery.
1

[Petitioner] was also identified as the bank robber by the assistant
manager at the Citizens Bank who was working at the time of the
robbery. The teller from the PNC bank robbery also identified
[Petitioner] as the person who committed the PNC robbery.
[Petitioner’s] uncle also confirmed that the photo released from the
Citizen’s Bank robbery depicting the suspect was his nephew,
[Petitioner].
[Petitioner], when interviewed by the police, confessed to
committing the three bank robberies and the attempted bank
robbery.
State v. West, 2013 WL 6606833, at *1–2 (Del. Super. Ct. Dec. 12, 2013).
In August 2011, a New Castle County grand jury indicted Petitioner on two counts of first
degree robbery, second degree robbery, and attempted first degree robbery. (D.I. 99-1 at 1, Entry
No. 2; D.I. 98 at 3). On October 21, 2011, the Superior Court granted Petitioner’s motion for a
psychiatric evaluation. (D.I. 19-1 at 2, Entry Nos. 9, 10). The psychiatric report concluding that
Petitioner was competent to enter a plea was provided to the Superior Court on December 1, 2011.
(D.I. 19-1 at 2, Entry No. 11). On January 9, 2012, Petitioner pled guilty to one count each of first
and second degree robbery. See West v. State, 100 A.3d 1022 (Table), 2014 WL 4264922, at *1
(Del. Aug. 28, 2014). On March 30, 2012, the Superior Court sentenced Petitioner as a habitual
offender to a total of twenty-eight years at Level V incarceration, to be suspended after serving
twenty-five years in prison for decreasing levels of supervision. Petitioner did not file a direct
appeal. Id.
On February 27, 2013, Petitioner filed a pro se motion for post-conviction relief pursuant
to Delaware Superior Court Criminal Rule 61 (“Rule 61 motion). (D.I. 19-1 at 4, Entry No. 39).
The Superior Court appointed counsel to represent Petitioner. See West, 2013 WL 6606833, at *2.
In November 2013, after determining that there were no meritorious issues to pursue, postconviction counsel filed a motion to withdraw along with a memorandum of law in support thereof.

2

Id. The memorandum included the two arguments Petitioner still wished to pursue. Id. at *2-3.
On December 12, 2013, a Superior Court Commissioner issued a Report and Recommendation
concluding that the Rule 61 motion should be denied and post-conviction counsel’s motion to
withdraw should be granted. See id. at *7. On January 7, 2014, the Superior Court adopted the
Report and Recommendation, denied the Rule 61 motion, and granted post-conviction counsel’s
motion to withdraw. See West v. State, 147 A.3d 234 (Table), 2016 WL 4547912, at *1 (Del. Aug.
31, 2016). The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed that decision on August 28, 2014. See West v.
State, 100 A.3d 1022 (Table), 2014 WL 4264922 (Del. Aug. 28, 2014).
On February 24, 2015, Petitioner filed in the Delaware Superior Court a second Rule 61
motion and a motion to withdraw his guilty plea. See State v. West, 2015 WL 3429919, at *1-2
(Del. Super. Ct. May 21, 2015). The Superior Court denied both motions on May 21, 2015. Id.
Petitioner did not appeal that decision.
Petitioner filed a third Rule 61 motion on March 21, 2016. See West, 2016 WL 4547912,
at *1. On May 16, 2016, the Superior Court summarily dismissed Petitioner’s third Rule 61 motion
as procedurally barred under Rule 61(d)(2). See id. The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed that
decision on August 31 2016. See id. at *2.
In April and May of 2016, Petitioner filed a Rule 35(a) motion and an amended Rule 35(a)
motion for correction of sentence. See West v. State, 148 A.3d 687 (Table), 2016 WL 5349354, at
*1 (Del. Sept. 23, 2015). The Superior Court denied the motions and the Delaware Supreme Court
affirmed that decision on September 23, 2016. See id. at *2.
In the meantime, in December 2014, Petitioner filed in this Court a pro se federal habeas
petition, followed by an amended petition and memorandum of points (hereinafter collectively
referred to as “Petition I”), asserting the following five grounds for relief: (1) his habitual offender
sentence is illegal because one of the predicate convictions is illegal; (2) his guilty plea was
3

unknowing and involuntary; (3) defense counsel provided ineffective assistance; (4) his confession
was coerced; (5) the conditions of his confinement constituted cruel and unusual punishment; and
(6) he was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. (D.I. 3; D.I. 9). The State filed an
answer asserting that Petition I should be denied as time-barred or, alternatively, because the
claims lacked merit. (D.I. 21). The Honorable Gregory M. Sleet denied Petition I as time-barred
in October 2017.

(D.I. 67; D.I. 68).

In September 2018, Petitioner filed a motion for

reconsideration. (D.I. 69). The case was re-assigned to this Court, and the Court ordered the State
to respond. (D.I. 73). The Court denied the motion for reconsideration. (D.I. 78). Petitioner
appealed and the Third Circuit vacated the dismissal of the reconsideration motion and remanded
the case for this Court to “determine whether [Petitioner] attempted to filed a (timely) habeas
petition in June 2014 such that equitable tolling might be appropriate.” (D.I. 84). In February
2021, the State informed the Court that they could neither prove nor disprove whether Petitioner
attempted to file a timely habeas petition and waived their statute of limitations defense. (D.I. 86).
In March 2021, the Court vacated the dismissal of Petitioner’s habeas Petition and ordered the case
reopened. (D.I. 88). Upon Petitioner’s counsel’s request (D.I. 87), the Court issued an Order
providing Petitioner’s counsel with an opportunity to “assess whether to re-assert and/or refile”
Petitioner’s previous pro se motions and/or filings (D.I. 88).
Petitioner’s counsel filed a Motion for Discovery and Re-Assertion of Petitioner’s Pro Se
Motions. (D.I. 89). The filing by Petitioner’s counsel consisted of four pro se submissions by
Petitioner. 1 Unclear as to Petitioner’s intent in attaching the previously denied filings without any
1

Three of the submissions were motions (D.I. 89-2; D.I. 89-3; D.I. 89-4) that had been
previously denied by Judge Sleet. The other re-submitted filing was a document titled
“Amended Petition.” (D.I. 89-1). As that “Amended Petition” was filed after the State had
already filed its Answer to the original petition (see D.I. 33), Judge Sleet ruled that the
Court would not consider any new claims contained in the “Amended Petition” that did not
“relate back” to the claims in the petition(s) filed prior to the State’s Answer. (D.I. 50).
4

briefing, 2 the Court issued an Order: (1) rejecting Petitioner’s Motion to the extent he was
attempting to have the previously rejected submissions/claims included in the proceeding;
(2) granting Petitioner’s request to supplement and clarify claims that he had asserted prior to the
State’s filing of its answer to his original petition; and (3) directing Petitioner’s counsel to file a
Memorandum clarifying the grounds for relief still being pursued.

(D.I. 90).

Thereafter,

Petitioner’s counsel filed a Memorandum essentially stating that Petitioner was raising the same
“several distinct grounds for relief” that had been presented in his original “pro se habeas filing.”
(D.I. 91 at 2). Petitioner filed a pro se Supplement. (D.I. 97). The State filed an Answer. (D.I. 98).
Petitioner’s counsel filed a Reply (D.I. 102), another Reply with Petitioner’s additions (D.I. 103),
and then another amendment to the Reply on Petitioner’s behalf (D.I. 104). From this point
forward, the Court considers Petition I (D.I. 3; D.I. 16), Petitioner’s Memorandum (D.I. 91),
Petitioner’s Supplement (D.I. 97), and Petitioner’s first Reply (D.I. 102) as collectively comprising
his request for habeas relief, and will refer to his request as “Petition.”
II.

GOVERNING LEGAL PRINCIPLES
A.

The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

Congress enacted the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”)
“to reduce delays in the execution of state and federal criminal sentences . . . and to further the
principles of comity, finality, and federalism.” Woodford v. Garceau, 538 U.S. 202, 206 (2003).
Pursuant to AEDPA, a federal court may consider a habeas petition filed by a state prisoner only
“on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United
2

The Court’s Order dated March 9, 2021 provided Petitioner’s counsel permission “to
assess whether to re-assert and /or refile the pro se motions that were denied” when the
original petition was denied in October 2017. (D.I. 88) (emphasis added). In granting such
permission, the Court contemplated that Petitioner’s counsel would parse through those
motions and determine which, if any, could be re-asserted, and also provide an explanation
for that determination.
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States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). AEDPA imposes procedural requirements and standards for
analyzing the merits of a habeas petition in order to “prevent federal habeas ‘retrials’ and to ensure
that state-court convictions are given effect to the extent possible under law.” Bell v. Cone, 535
U.S. 685, 693 (2002).
B.

Exhaustion and Procedural Default

Absent exceptional circumstances, a federal court cannot grant habeas relief unless the
petitioner has exhausted all means of available relief under state law. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b);
O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 842-44 (1999); Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 275 (1971).
AEDPA states, in pertinent part:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be
granted unless it appears that –
(A) the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts
of the State; or
(B)(i) there is an absence of available State corrective process; or
(ii) circumstances exist that render such process ineffective to
protect the rights of the applicant.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1).
The exhaustion requirement is based on principles of comity, requiring a petitioner to give
“state courts one full opportunity to resolve any constitutional issues by invoking one complete
round of the State’s established appellate review process.” O’Sullivan, 526 U.S. at 844-45; see
Werts v. Vaughn, 228 F.3d 178, 192 (3d Cir. 2000). A petitioner satisfies the exhaustion
requirement by demonstrating that the habeas claims were “fairly presented” to the state’s highest
court, either on direct appeal or in a post-conviction proceeding, in a procedural manner permitting
the court to consider the claims on their merits. See Bell v. Cone, 543 U.S. 447, 451 n.3 (2005);
Castille v. Peoples, 489 U.S. 346, 351 (1989).

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A petitioner’s failure to exhaust state remedies will be excused if state procedural rules
preclude him from seeking further relief in state courts. See Lines v. Larkins, 208 F.3d 153, 160
(3d Cir. 2000); Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 297-98 (1989). Although treated as technically
exhausted, such claims are nonetheless procedurally defaulted. See Lines, 208 F.3d at 160;
Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750-51 (1991). Similarly, if a petitioner presents a habeas
claim to the state’s highest court, but that court “clearly and expressly” refuses to review the merits
of the claim due to an independent and adequate state procedural rule, the claim is exhausted but
procedurally defaulted. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750; Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 260-64
(1989). Federal courts may not consider the merits of procedurally defaulted claims unless the
petitioner demonstrates either cause for the procedural default and actual prejudice resulting
therefrom, or that a fundamental miscarriage of justice will result if the court does not review the
claims. See McCandless v. Vaughn, 172 F.3d 255, 260 (3d Cir. 1999); Coleman, 501 U.S. at 75051.
To demonstrate cause for a procedural default, a petitioner must show that “some objective
factor external to the defense impeded counsel’s efforts to comply with the State’s procedural
rule.” Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986). To demonstrate actual prejudice, a petitioner
must show “that the errors at his trial [] worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting
his entire trial with error of constitutional dimensions.” United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 170
(1982). If a petitioner attempts to excuse his default on the basis of ineffective assistance of
counsel, he can satisfy the prejudice component of the “cause and prejudice” standard by meeting
the prejudice standard needed to establish ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland. See
Holland v. Horn, 519 F.3d 107, 120 (3d Cir. 2008).
Alternatively, a federal court may excuse a procedural default if the petitioner demonstrates
that failure to review the claim will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. See Edwards v.
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Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 451 (2000); Wenger v. Frank, 266 F.3d 218, 224 (3d Cir. 2001). A
petitioner demonstrates a miscarriage of justice by showing a “constitutional violation has
probably resulted in the conviction of one who is actually innocent.” Murray, 477 U.S. at 496.
Actual innocence means factual innocence, not legal insufficiency. See Bousley v. United States,
523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998). In order to establish actual innocence, the petitioner must present new
reliable evidence – not presented at trial – that demonstrates “it is more likely than not that no
reasonable juror would have found petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” House v. Bell,
547 U.S. 518, 537-38 (2006); see Sweger v. Chesney, 294 F.3d 506, 522-24 (3d Cir. 2002).
C.

Standard of Review

When a state’s highest court has adjudicated a federal habeas claim on the merits, 3 the
federal court must review the claim under the deferential standard contained in 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), federal habeas relief may only be granted if the state
court’s decision was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or the state court’s decision
was an unreasonable determination of the facts based on the evidence adduced in the state court
proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) & (2); see Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 (2000);
Appel v. Horn, 250 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir. 2001). The deferential standard of § 2254(d) applies
even when a state court’s order is unaccompanied by an opinion explaining the reasons relief has
been denied. See Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 98-101 (2011). As explained by the Supreme
Court, “it may be presumed that the state court adjudicated the claim on the merits in the absence
of any indication or state-law procedural principles to the contrary.” Id. at 99.
3

A claim has been “adjudicated on the merits” for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) if
the state court decision finally resolves the claim on the basis of its substance, rather than
on a procedural or some other ground. See Thomas v. Horn, 570 F.3d 105, 115 (3d Cir.
2009).
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A state court decision is “contrary to” clearly established federal law “if the state court
arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme Court] on a question of law or if
the state court decides a case differently than [the Supreme Court] has on a set of materially
indistinguishable facts.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 413. The mere failure to cite Supreme Court
precedent does not require a finding that the decision is contrary to clearly established federal law.
See Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 8 (2002). For instance, a decision may comport with clearly
established federal law even if the decision does not demonstrate an awareness of relevant Supreme
Court cases, “so long as neither the reasoning nor the result of the state-court decision contradicts
them.” Id. In turn, an “unreasonable application” of clearly established federal law occurs when
a state court “identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court’s decisions
but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of a prisoner’s case.” Williams, 529 U.S. at
413; see also White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 426 (2014).
Finally, when performing an inquiry under § 2254(d), a federal court must presume that
the state court’s determinations of factual issues are correct. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Appel,
250 F.3d at 210. This presumption of correctness applies to both explicit and implicit findings of
fact and is only rebutted by clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(e)(1); Campbell v. Vaughn, 209 F.3d 280, 286 (3d Cir. 2000); Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537
U.S. 322, 341 (2003) (stating that the clear and convincing standard in § 2254(e)(1) applies to
factual issues, whereas the unreasonable application standard of § 2254(d)(2) applies to factual
decisions).

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III.

DISCUSSION
Petitioner asserts the following five grounds for relief: 4 (1) his habitual offender sentence

is illegal because one of the predicate convictions was invalid; (2) his guilty plea was not knowing,
voluntary, and intelligent; (3) defense counsel provided ineffective assistance; (4) his confession
was coerced; and (5) he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
A.

Claim One: Illegal Habitual Offender Status

In Claim One, Petitioner contends that his habitual offender sentence is illegal because one
of the predicate convictions used for habitual offender status – his 2009 forgery conviction from
Pennsylvania – is illegal. (D.I. 3 at 5); see also West, 2013 WL 6606833, at *7. According to
Petitioner, his 2009 Pennsylvania conviction is illegal because the Pennsylvania court deprived
him of his constitutional right to confront witnesses. 5 (D.I. 3 at 5). Petition I explains that he is
“in [the] process of appealing PA conviction.” (Id.).
4

Petition I also includes a claim alleging that Petitioner was subjected to cruel and unusual
punishment because he had to sleep on the floor without a mattress during pre-trial
confinement. (D.I. 3 at 10). To the extent this claim challenges prison conditions as an
independent claim, it does not assert an issue properly raised on federal habeas review.
The Court notes that Petitioner presented the same conditions/cruel and unusual
punishment argument in a separate action filed under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 seeking nine million
dollars in damages. (See D.I. 1 at 10 in West v. Burley, Civ. A. No. 14-1486-GMS). On
July 19, 2018, Judge Sleet dismissed that case with prejudice pursuant to a joint stipulation
by the parties. (See D.I. 87 and 88 in West, Civ. A. No. 14-1486). In this proceeding, to
the extent Petitioner’s allegations concerning lack of sleep and a lack of mattress provide
additional background information for his involuntary plea argument, the Court will
consider it as part of the overall argument presented in Claim Two.

5

In his Reply, Petitioner asserts that his real contention in Claim One “regarding the
applicability of the ‘habitual offender’ statute to [his] sentencing is based on his claim that
his plea was not knowing and voluntary as he was denied adequate representation.”
(D.I. 102 at 1). Petitioner does not clarify if the alleged inadequate representation about
which he complains in Claim One occurred during the guilty plea process with respect to
his 2009 Pennsylvania conviction or during the guilty plea process with respect to the 2012
Delaware conviction at issue in this proceeding. To the extent the inadequate
representation relates to the 2009 Pennsylvania conviction, the Court addresses it in its
analysis of Claim One. To the extent the inadequate representation relates to his 2012
10

Claim One is not a cognizable habeas claim. First, to the extent Petitioner argues that the
Superior Court misapplied Delaware’s habitual offender statute to the facts of his case, the
argument is a state law claim that does not provide a proper basis for federal habeas relief. See
Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991) (opining that claims based on errors of state law are
not cognizable on habeas review.).
Second, to the extent Petitioner is indirectly challenging the legality of his 2009
Pennsylvania conviction for forgery, the argument is foreclosed by well-settled Supreme Court
precedent. In Lacakawana Cnty. Dist. Att’y v. Coss, 532 U.S. 394 (2001), the Supreme Court held
that,
[o]nce a state conviction is no longer open to direct or collateral
attack in its own right because the defendant failed to pursue those
remedies while they were available (or because the defendant did so
unsuccessfully), the conviction may be regarded as conclusively
valid. If that conviction is later used to enhance a criminal sentence,
the defendant generally may not challenge the enhanced sentence
through a petition under § 2254 on the ground that the prior
conviction was unconstitutionally obtained.
Id. at 403-04. The only exception to this rule expressly recognized by the Supreme Court is if the
prior enhancement conviction was obtained without the defendant having counsel, in violation of
the Sixth Amendment as set forth in Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963). See Coss, 532
U.S. at 404.
Here, Petitioner’s 2009 Pennsylvania conviction is no longer open to direct or collateral
attack because the 11.5 month – 25 month sentence that was imposed for that conviction expired

Delaware conviction, the Court construes Petitioner’s explanation to be asserting an
argument that his 2012 plea was not knowing and voluntary because he was not advised
that he would be subject to sentencing as a habitual offender due to his 2009 Pennsylvania
conviction. (See D.I. 99-11 at 4-5; D.I. 102 at 7; D.I. 102-1 at 5-9). The Court views this
argument as part of Petitioner’s challenge to the voluntariness of Petitioner’s guilty plea in
Claim Two.

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more than two years before Petitioner filed the original habeas Petition in this case. 6 To the extent
Petitioner may be contending that he was provided inadequate representation during his 2009
Pennsylvania case, only a complete denial of counsel with respect to Petitioner’s 2009
Pennsylvania case would fall within the exception to the presumption of validity recognized in
Coss. Given these circumstances, the Court regards Petitioner’s 2009 Pennsylvania conviction as
“conclusively valid,” meaning that the 2009 conviction cannot provide a basis for challenging his
habitual offender sentence. Accordingly, the Court will deny Claim One for failing to assert an
issue cognizable on federal habeas relief.
B.

Claim Two: Involuntary, Unknowing, and Unintelligent Guilty Plea

Petitioner contends that his guilty plea was not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent because
he was under the influence of psychotropic medication and incompetent at the time he entered the
plea. Petitioner asserts that the following “warning flags” should have caused the Superior Court
to conduct an independent inquiry into his competency: (1) he had been in the psych ward section
of the Howard R. Young facility on suicide watch; (2) at the time of his plea he was taking several
prescribed medications: Wellbutrin (anti-depressant), Lithium (to treat Bipolar Disorder), and
Risperdal (anti-psychotic); and (3) he was in a straight-jacket, restraint mittens, and a spit mask
during the entire plea colloquy. 7 (D.I. 102 at 1-3). Petitioner also contends that his guilty plea
was involuntary because: (1) he was not appropriately informed that his 2009 Pennsylvania
conviction could cause him to be sentenced as an habitual offender (D.I. 102 at 1); and (2) he was

6

(See D.I. 99-2 at 29-47).

7

Petition I also includes a separate claim alleging that he suffered “cruel and unusual” prison
conditions, including being made to sleep on the floor without a mat. (D.I. 3 at 10). As
previously explained, the Court views this contention as providing additional support for
Petitioner’s argument in Claim Two that he was not in the right state of mind to enter a
guilty plea rather than as asserting an independent ground for relief. See supra Section
III.FN4.
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coerced into pleading guilty because “Deputy Warden Mark Emig [] told him to plead guilty or
spend all 25 years to life butt naked in the hole” (D.I. 3 at 12).
Petitioner presented Claim Two to the Superior Court in his Rule 61 motion and then to
the Delaware Supreme Court on post-conviction appeal. The Superior Court denied Claim Two
as meritless, and the Delaware Supreme Court affirmed that ruling “on the basis of, and for the
reasons provided in, the [Superior Court] Commissioner’s thorough and well-reasoned report and
recommendation that was adopted by the Superior Court.” West, 2014 WL 4264922, at *2. Given
these circumstances, Petitioner will only be entitled to relief if the Superior Court’s decision 8 was
either contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law.
The conviction of an accused while he is legally incompetent violates due process. See
Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 378 (1966); ); Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 172 (1975). A
defendant is deemed competent to plead guilty if he has sufficient present ability to consult with
his attorney with a reasonable degree of rational and factual understanding about the proceedings
against him or if he assists in his defense. See Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 396, 398-99 (1993)
(holding that the standard governing competency to plead guilty is the same as that governing
competency to stand trial); Dusky v. U.S., 362 U.S. 402 (1960) (setting forth the standard governing
competency to stand trial). The Supreme Court has identified several factors to be considered
when assessing a defendant’s competency to stand trial/enter a guilty plea, including attorney
representations, prior medical opinions regarding the defendant’s mental competence to stand trial,
evidence of the defendant’s prior irrational behavior, and the defendant’s demeanor at trial or plea

8

See Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1193-94 (2018) (reiterating that when a higher court
affirms a lower court’s judgment without an opinion or other explanation, federal habeas
law employs a “look through” presumption and assumes that the later unexplained order
upholding a lower court’s reasoned judgment rests upon the same grounds as the lower
court judgment).
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colloquy. See Drope, 420 U.S. at 177 n.13, 180. Nevertheless, “[e]ven when a defendant is
competent at the commencement of his trial, a trial court must always be alert to circumstances
suggesting a change” in his competency. Id. at 181. Consequently, in order to satisfy the
requirements of due process, a trial court must sua sponte conduct a competency hearing when
there is a reason to doubt the defendant’s competency and the evidence is sufficient to put the trial
court on notice of a potential competency problem. See Pate, 383 U.S. at 385.
It is well settled that “competency is a state court factual finding that, if supported by the
record, is presumed correct.” See Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 111 (1995); Demosthenes
v. Baal, 495 U.S. 731, 735 (1990). Implicit factual findings are presumed correct under
§ 2254(e)(1) to the same extent as express factual findings. See Campbell v. Vaughn, 209 F.3d
280 285–86 (3rd Cir. 2000). Consequently, a court’s implicit and explicit factual findings that a
petitioner was competent are presumed correct, unless the petitioner can rebut the presumption of
correctness by clear and convincing evidence. See Taylor v. Horn, 504 F.3d 416, 433 (3d Cir.
2007).
The record in this case demonstrates that the Superior Court reasonably determined the
facts when implicitly finding that Petitioner was mentally competent to enter a guilty plea. Prior
to Petitioner’s plea, defense counsel filed a motion to have Petitioner undergo a psychiatric
evaluation. The Superior Court granted the motion and Petitioner was referred to the Delaware
Psychiatric Center for an evaluation to “determin[e] competency and to obtain treatment for his
own well-being.” (D.I. 99-6 at 142). In a Forensic Mental Health Examination Report (“Report”)
dated November 8, 2011, the psychologist who evaluated Petitioner explained that Petitioner was
taking Lithium, Wellbutrin, and Risperdal at the time of his psychiatric evaluation – the same
medications Petitioner stated he was taking at the time of his plea colloquy. (D.I. 99-6 at 16, 144).
The Report also detailed Petitioner’s polysubstance dependence and his diagnoses of major
14

depressive disorder and personality disorder with antisocial and borderline traits, finding that those
factors did not “appear at present to impede [Petitioner’s] capacities to understand his legal case,
or to work with his attorney.” (D.I. 99-6 at 154). The Report then concluded that Petitioner
“possesses adequate factual and ration understanding of this pending legal case, as well as adequate
capacity to assist in his own defense, and is therefore competent to stand trial.” (D.I. 99-6 at 154)
(emphasis in original).
The Report was provided to the Superior Court on December 1, 2011 and Petitioner’s plea
colloquy occurred on January 9, 2012. At the opening of the plea colloquy, defense counsel briefly
mentioned Petitioner’s mental health evaluation, the fact that he was taking prescription
medication, and the fact that he had been determined to be competent. Defense counsel stated that
he had met with Petitioner on several occasions and that Petitioner was able to understand and
comprehend everything they had discussed. Defense counsel also informed the Superior Court
that he believed Petitioner was entering the plea knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.
Thereafter, the Superior Court asked Petitioner: (1) if he was currently taking medication; (2) to
identify the medication; (3) if he was feeling well enough to enter a plea; and (4) if he understood
everything defense counsel had represented to the court regarding the charges against Petitioner,
the potential sentences, and Petitioner’s competency evaluation. (D.I. 99-6 at 15-16). Petitioner
was articulate and lucid in his affirmative responses to the Superior Court’s questions. Petitioner
indicated that he had discussed his guilty plea with defense counsel, understood the plea and rights
he was waiving, and understood the nature and consequences of the proceeding. Petitioner was
aware enough to indicate that, although he and defense counsel had reviewed the plea agreement
and Truth-in-Sentencing guilty plea form, they had not reviewed the indictment. The Superior
Court provided defense counsel an opportunity to review the indictment with Petitioner. After
confirming that Petitioner understood the charges in the indictment, the representations on the
15

Truth-in-Sentencing form, and that Petitioner was entering a guilty plea because he committed the
crimes, the Superior Court concluded that Petitioner’s plea was “knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily given.” (D.I. 99-6 at 17).
Petitioner contends that his appearance in court wearing a straight-jacket, restraint mittens,
and a spit mask coupled with his medication regimen triggered the Superior Court’s duty to
conduct an independent inquiry into his competency. The Court disagrees. Petitioner himself
acknowledges that the straight-jacket and “restraints were needed due to [his] propensity to harm
himself and being under suicide watch.”

(D.I. 102 at 5).

And, although the improper

administration of psychiatric medicine can render an individual temporarily incompetent, 9 the fact
that a defendant is taking medication for mental health issues does not per se render a defendant
incompetent to stand trial or automatically trigger a court’s duty to conduct an independent
competency determination. See, e.g., Layne v. Moore, 90 F. App’x 418, 423 (3d Cir. 2004) (the
fact that petitioner was taking medications “in itself does not show that he was mentally
incompetent.”); Sheley v. Singletary, 955 F.2d 1434, 1439 (11th Cir. 1992) (when determining the
adequacy of a court’s inquiry into a defendant’s competency, the “focus [. . .] is what the trial court
did in light of what it knew.”); Chichakly v. United States, 926 F.2d 624, 631-32 (7th Cir. 1991)
(even if a defendant alleges that he was incompetent due to psychiatric medications, “[t]here is
certainly no need to conduct a competency hearing when there is no evidence before the Court of
incompetency and when the defense attorney failed to request one and neither the prosecuting
attorney nor the judge saw a need for one.”). Rather, when presented with “significant evidence”
that the defendant “has recently taken drugs, the court has the obligation to inquire further before

9

See Riggins v. Nevada, 504 U.S. 127, 137 (1992).
16

determining that a competency hearing is necessary.” United States v. Cole, 813 F.2d 43, 47 (3d
Cir. 1987) (emphasis added).
The record in this case shows that the Superior Court satisfied its obligation to make a
threshold inquiry into whether a more thorough and independent inquiry into Petitioner’s
competency was necessary. Defense counsel informed the Superior Court that he had several
meetings with Petitioner and believed Petitioner understood the proceeding and could make a
reasoned decision to plead guilty. Petitioner told the Superior Court that he was on medication
and was able to identify the medication. The Superior Court asked Petitioner if he understood
what was going on during the colloquy, and Petitioner answered affirmatively. Significantly, the
Superior Court was able to assess Petitioner’s demeanor when answering its questions, and also
knew that Petitioner had been declared competent to enter a plea. Nothing in this record of the
plea colloquy indicates that Petitioner did not understand the nature of the proceedings against him
or that he could not consult with defense counsel to assist in his case. See Indiana v. Edwards,
554 U.S. 164, 170 (2008); United States v. Lessner, 498 F.3d 185, 96 (3d Cir. 2007). Thus, given
Petitioner’s failure to provide clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, the Court accepts the
Superior Court’s implicit factual determination that Petitioner was competent to enter a guilty
plea. 10

10

To the extent Petitioner argues that a psychiatric evaluation ordered by the Delaware
Superior Court in February 2015 is relevant to the Court’s instant analysis, the argument is
unavailing. As a factual matter, the Superior Court did not order a new competency
evaluation, but rather, ordered a psychiatric evaluation to “[d]etermine psychiatric or
psychological treatment.” (D.I. 21-1 at 1). Additionally, an evaluation of Petitioner’s
competency performed years after he entered his guilty plea has no bearing on the
determination of his competency at the time of his guilty plea. For these reasons, the Court
also rejects Petitioner’s contention that the transcript of the clarification of his sentence
that occurred in May and June 2016 demonstrates “his lack of mental ability to know what
occurred in January 2012.” (D.I. 102 at 7).
17

Having found that the Superior Court reasonably determined the facts when implicitly
concluding that Petitioner was legally competent to enter a guilty plea, the Court must next
determine if the Superior Court’s conclusion that Petitioner’s guilty plea was voluntary, knowing,
and intelligent was contrary to, or based upon an unreasonable application of, clearly established
federal law. In cases where the petitioner’s conviction rests on a guilty plea, the “focus of federal
habeas inquiry is the nature of [defense counsel’s] advice and the voluntariness of the plea, not the
existence as such of an antecedent constitutional infirmity.” Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258,
266 (1973). The voluntariness of a plea “can be determined only by considering all of the relevant
circumstances surrounding it.” Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 749 (1970). When assessing
the voluntary nature of a plea, the representations made by a defendant under oath during a guilty
plea colloquy “constitute a formidable barrier in any subsequent collateral proceedings” and “carry
a strong presumption of verity.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977). As explained by
the Third Circuit, “[t]he ritual of the [plea] colloquy is but a means toward determining whether
the plea was voluntary and knowing. A transcript showing full compliance with the customary
inquiries and admonitions furnishes strong, although not necessarily conclusive, evidence that the
accused entered his plea without coercion and with an appreciation of its consequences.” United
States v. Stewart, 977 F.2d 81, 84 (3d Cir. 1992).
Here, although that the Superior Court did not reference federal law when denying
Petitioner’s arguments that his guilty plea was involuntary because he was not properly informed
about the effect of his 2009 Pennsylvania conviction and because his confession was coerced, the
Superior Court’s decision was not contrary to clearly established federal law because it cited
Delaware cases which articulate the standard in Blackledge. 11 The Court also concludes that the
11

The Superior Court cited State v. Harden, 1998 WL 735879, *5 (Del. Super. Ct. 1998)
and State v. Stuart, 2008 WL 4868658, *3 (Del. Super. Ct. 2008). These cases either cite
18

Superior Court did not unreasonably apply clearly established federal law when denying Claim
Two. The transcript of Petitioner’s plea colloquy demonstrates that Petitioner was informed that
he would be declared a habitual offender and that his 2009 Pennsylvania conviction would serve
as one of the three predicate convictions. (D.I. 99-6 at 15). The transcript contains his clear and
explicit statements that he had discussed his case with defense counsel and understood that, if
sentenced as a habitual offender, he faced a minimum mandatory sentence of 25 years to life for
the first-degree robbery charge. He responded affirmatively when asked if he was “freely and
voluntarily pleading guilty to these charges,” and responded negatively when asked if “anyone
threatened or forced [him] to enter in this plea.” (D.I. 99-6 at 17). In turn, the Truth-In-Sentencing
Guilty Plea Form signed by Petitioner indicates that he knowingly and voluntarily entered into his
plea agreement; he had not been promised anything not contained in the plea agreement; he was
not forced or threatened to enter the plea agreement; and he knew he faced a possible maximum
sentence of life under the criminal penalty statutes, with a minimum mandatory sentence of twentyfive years. (D.I. 99-6 at 19).
Petitioner has failed to provide compelling evidence as to why the statements he made
during the plea colloquy and on the Truth-in-Sentencing Form should not be presumptively
accepted as true. Therefore, based on the aforementioned record, the Court concludes that the
Superior Court reasonably applied Blackledge in holding that Petitioner was bound by the
representations he made during the plea colloquy and on the Truth-In-Sentencing form.
Accordingly, the Court will deny Claim Two for failing to satisfy the standard articulated in
§ 2254(d).

to Blackledge and articulate the same standard or cite to other Delaware decisions which
cite Blackledge.
19

C.

Claim Three: Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

As a general rule, ineffective assistance of counsel claims are reviewed pursuant to the
two-pronged standard established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Under the
first Strickland prong, the petitioner must demonstrate that “counsel’s representation fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness,” with reasonableness being judged under professional norms
prevailing at the time counsel rendered assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. The second
Strickland prong requires the petitioner to demonstrate “there is a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s error the result would have been different.” Id. at 687–96. A reasonable probability
is a “probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 688. In the context of
a guilty plea, a petitioner satisfies Strickland’s prejudice prong by demonstrating that, but for
counsel’s error, there is a reasonable probability that he would have insisted on proceeding to trial
instead of pleading guilty. See Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58 (1985). A petitioner must make
concrete allegations of actual prejudice and substantiate them or risk summary dismissal. See
Wells v. Petsock, 941 F.2d 253, 259-60 (3d Cir. 1991); Dooley v. Petsock, 816 F.2d 885, 891-92
(3d Cir. 1987). A court can choose to address the prejudice prong before the deficient performance
prong, and reject an ineffective assistance of counsel claim solely on the ground that the defendant
was not prejudiced. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 698. Finally, although not insurmountable, the
Strickland standard is highly demanding and leads to a “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct
falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
In United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659 n. 25 (1984), the United States Supreme
Court articulated a very limited exception to Strickland’s prejudice requirement, holding that there
are three situations in which prejudice caused by an attorney’s performance will be presumed:
where the defendant is completely denied counsel at a critical stage; where “counsel entirely fails
to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing;” or where the circumstances
20

are such that there is an extremely small likelihood that even a competent attorney could provide
effective assistance, such as when the opportunity for cross-examination has been eliminated. See
Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659 & n.25. With respect to exception two, the Cronic presumption of
prejudice only applies when counsel has completely failed to test the prosecution’s case throughout
the entire trial. See Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 697 (2002).
In Claim Three, Petitioner contends that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance
by: (1) failing file a motion to suppress based on Petitioner’s assertion that his confession was
coerced (D.I. 3 at 7); (2) failing to keep him informed of discovery (Id.); (3) not consistently
communicating with Petitioner during the time-period leading up to the guilty plea because of the
restrictions placed on Petitioner’s access to phone and mail (Id.); and (4) letting another public
defender represent him during the preliminary hearing (D.I. 16 at 1).
The record reveals that Petitioner did not present sub-argument four concerning a different
public defender representing him during his preliminary hearing to the Delaware Supreme Court
in any of his state post-conviction proceedings. Although the Court concurs with the State’s
assertion that this particular sub-argument is therefore procedurally barred from habeas review,
the Court will deny the argument as meritless. As Petitioner concedes that he was represented by
a substitute assistant public defender during his preliminary hearing, Cronic is inapplicable to
Petitioner’s instant complaint. His argument also fails to warrant relief under Strickland and Hill,
because he does not assert any specific allegations of deficient performance or prejudice with
respect to the representation provided by the substitute assistant public defender.
As for the remaining sub-arguments in Claim Three, the Delaware Supreme Court rejected
the arguments as meritless in Petitioner’s first Rule 61 appeal after reviewing them under a
standard identical to the Strickland/Hill standard. In his Reply, Petitioner asserts that the Delaware
Supreme Court erred by applying the Strickland/Hill standard to these three sub-arguments of
21

Claim Three because it should have presumed prejudice pursuant to Chronic . (D.I. 102 at 7) He
argues that defense “counsel entirely failed to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful
adversarial testing” by “fail[ing] to provide and discuss discovery [and] review all the evidence
with [Petitioner].” (D.I. 102 at 8).
Given Petitioner’s presentation, the Court construes the remainder of Claim Three as
alleging that Petitioner’s case falls within the second exception identified in Cronic. Petitioner,
however, cannot demonstrate that he suffered the complete lack of representation required to
invoke the Cronic exception. The record reveals that defense counsel filed a motion for reduction
of bail, a motion to have Petitioner undergo a psychiatric evaluation, and negotiated a plea offer
that provided a substantial benefit to Petitioner. Accordingly, Cronic is inapplicable, and the Court
will consider Petitioner’s remaining three ineffective assistance of counsel allegations under
Strickland and Hill.
Turning to the first prong of the § 2254(d)(1) inquiry, the Court notes that the Delaware
Supreme Court did not specifically apply the Strickland/Hill standard when affirming the Superior
Court’s decision. Nevertheless, the Court concludes that the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision
was not contrary to Strickland or Hill, because the Delaware cases 12 cited by the Delaware
Supreme Court refer to the applicable precedent. See Fahy v. Horn, 516 F.3d 169, 196 (3d Cir.
2008) (Supreme Court of Pennsylvania’s decision was not “contrary to” clearly established Federal
law because appropriately relied on its own state court cases, which articulated the proper standard
derived from Supreme Court precedent); Williams, 529 U.S. at 406 (“[A] run-of-the-mill statecourt decision applying the correct legal rule from [Supreme Court] cases to the facts of a
prisoner’s case [does] not fit comfortably within § 2254(d)(1)’s ‘contrary to’ clause”).
12

The Delaware Supreme Court cited to Foote v. State, 38 A.3d 1254 (Table), 2012 WL
562791 (Del. Feb. 21, 2012), which cited to cases that relied on Strickland and Hill.
22

The Delaware Supreme Court also reasonably applied clearly established federal law when
denying the first three sub-arguments in Claim Three. Citing to Delaware precedent articulating
the same principles set forth in Blackledge, the Delaware Supreme Court determined that Petitioner
failed to satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland and Hill because the record reflected “that the
plea provided a substantial benefit to [Petitioner], and that [Petitioner] discussed the plea
extensively with his trial counsel and was satisfied with trial counsel’s representation.” West, 2014
WL 4264922, at *2. As previously discussed with respect to Claim Two, Petitioner has failed to
provide any compelling reason as to why the statements he made during the plea colloquy should
not be presumptively accepted as true. Consequently, the Court finds that the Delaware Supreme
Court reasonably applied Blackledge in holding Petitioner bound by the representations he made
during his plea colloquy.
Given this determination, the Court further concludes that the Delaware Supreme Court
reasonably applied the Strickland/Hill standard in holding that Petitioner failed to demonstrate that
he suffered actual prejudice as a result of defense counsel’s actions. Accordingly, the Court will
deny Claim Three for failing to satisfy the standard in § 2254(d).
D.

Claim Four: Coerced Confession

In Claim Four, Petitioner contends that his confession was coerced because the “arresting
officers told me they would kill me if I didn’t confess.” (D.I. 3 at 12). On post-conviction appeal,
the Delaware Supreme Court denied Claim Four as waived by Petitioner’s guilty plea. See West,
2014 WL 4264922, at *2.
As articulated by the Supreme Court in Tollett v. Henderson:
[A] guilty plea represents a break in the chain of events which has
preceded it in the criminal process. When a criminal defendant has
solemnly admitted in open court that he is in fact guilty of the
offense with which he is charged, he may not thereafter raise
independent claims relating to the deprivation of constitutional
23

rights that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea. He may
only attack the voluntary and intelligent character of the guilty plea
by showing that the advice he received from counsel was
[constitutionally ineffective].
Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267 (1973). A voluntary and knowing guilty plea bars a
defendant from raising antecedent non-jurisdictional 13 constitutional violations “not logically
inconsistent with the valid establishment of factual guilt and which do not stand in the way of
conviction if factual guilt is established.” Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 62 n. 2 (1975).
Once again, although the Delaware Supreme Court did not reference federal law when
denying Claim Four, its decision was not contrary to clearly established federal law because it
appropriately relied on Delaware case law articulating the proper federal standard. Additionally,
because Petitioner’s plea was counseled, knowing, and voluntary, the Delaware Supreme Court’s
denial of Claim Four did not involve an unreasonable application of Tollett or Menna.
Accordingly, the Court will deny Claim Four for failing to satisfy the standard in § 2254(d).
E.

Claim Five: Denial of Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel

In his final Claim, Petitioner appears to argue that he was denied his Sixth Amendment
right to counsel of choice because, due to the “severe nature of [his] confinement” (including
“deprivation of phone and mail privileges as well as visits”), he “was not aware [his] family had
offered to cover the fee for private counsel.” (D.I. 16; D.I. 99-5 at 1). He also appears to argue
that he was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right of access to counsel because the conditions of
his confinement prevented him from discussing his case privately with defense counsel. (D.I. 16;
D.I. 99-3 at 187). Based on the foregoing, the Court views Claim Six as alleging that the conditions

13

As explained by the Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, the term non-jurisdictional is
somewhat confusing; rather, “[t]he most accurate statement of the law would be . . . [that
a] guilty plea waives all defenses except those that go to the court’s subject-matter
jurisdiction and the narrow class of constitutional claims involving the right not to be haled
into court.” United States v. DeVaughn, 694 F.3d 1141, 1193 (10th Cir. 2012).
24

of Petitioner’s confinement constructively deprived him of his Sixth Amendment right of access
to counsel and his right to counsel of choice. Petitioner vaguely asserted these arguments in his
first Rule 61 proceeding, but the Delaware state courts did not address them. For the following
reasons, the Court concludes that both arguments lack merit.
1.

Right to counsel-of-choice

Although the Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant an absolute right to the
assistance of counsel, it does not guarantee a defendant an absolute right to counsel of his choice.
See Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159 (1988); United Sates v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S.
140, 151-52 (2006). “[T]he essential aim of the [Sixth] Amendment is to guarantee an effective
advocate for each criminal defendant rather than to ensure that a defendant will inexorably be
represented by the lawyer whom he prefers.” Wheat, 486 U.S. at 159. A defendant has “the right
to be represented by an otherwise qualified attorney whom that defendant can afford to hire, or
who is willing to represent the defendant even though he is without funds.” Caplin & Drysdale,
Chartered v. United States, 491 U.S. 617, 624-25 (1989). An erroneous deprivation of the right
to choice of counsel constitutes a structural error requiring reversal of a criminal defendant’s
conviction. See Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. at 150. Importantly, however, the Sixth Amendment
right to counsel of choice does not extend beyond a defendant’s right to spend his own
nonforfeitable assets. See United States v. Jamieson, 427 F.3d 394, 405 (6th Cir. 2005).
Here, Petitioner does not allege that (a) he was denied the right to use his own assets to
retain a private attorney; (b) he was unhappy with defense counsel’s representation during the
pretrial stage and communicated that dissatisfaction to the Superior Court; and/or (c) he requested
and was denied substitute counsel. Notably, during the plea colloquy, Petitioner did not express
any dissatisfaction with defense counsel’s representation when asked if he had any questions or

25

concerns. (D.I. 99-6 at 17). Thus, Petitioner has failed to demonstrate how the conditions of his
pre-trial confinement constructively or actually deprived him of his right to counsel of choice.
2.

Right of access to counsel

The Sixth Amendment guarantee of counsel includes the “opportunity for . . . counsel to
confer, to consult with the accused, and to prepare his defense.” Avery v. Alabama, 308 U.S. 444,
446 (1940). Complete denial of the assistance of counsel – whether real or constructive – is per
se reversible error. See Perry v. Leeks, 488 U.S. 272, 280 (1989). Nevertheless, not every
restriction on counsel’s access to the defendant constitutes a deprivation of the right to counsel in
violation of the Sixth Amendment. See id. at 280-85 (holding that prohibition of consultation
between defendant and defense counsel during brief recess between defendant’s testimony on
direct and cross-examination did not amount to complete denial of counsel).
In this case, even if the conditions of Petitioner’s confinement rendered defense counsel’s
representation of Petitioner more difficult, those difficulties did not amount to a complete denial
of access to counsel. Petitioner was represented by defense counsel when he entered his guilty
plea. Defense counsel stated, without correction or objection by Petitioner, “I’ve met with
[Petitioner] on a number of different occasions . . . And he has been able to understand and
comprehend everything we’ve discussed.” (D.I. 99-6 at 15). When viewed in context with defense
counsel’s unopposed statement regarding meeting with Petitioner several times before the plea
colloquy, Petitioner’s instant bald and unsupported assertion does not explain how the lack of
privacy and restrictions on his access to the phone, mail, and passing documents deprived him of
his access to counsel.
Accordingly, the Court will deny Claim Five as meritless.

26

IV.

CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
When a district court issues a final order denying a § 2254 petition, the court must also

decide whether to issue a certificate of appealability. See 3d Cir. L.A.R. 22.2 (2011). A certificate
of appealability is appropriate when a petitioner makes a “substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right” by demonstrating “that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s
assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Slack v.
McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). If a federal court denies a habeas petition on procedural
grounds without reaching the underlying constitutional claims, the court is not required to issue a
certificate of appealability unless the petitioner demonstrates that jurists of reason would find it
debatable: (1) whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right; and
(2) whether the court was correct in its procedural ruling. Id.
The Court has concluded that the instant Petition fails to warrant federal habeas relief and
is persuaded that reasonable jurists would not find this conclusion to be debatable. Therefore, the
Court will not issue a certificate of appealability.
V.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, the instant Petition for habeas relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 is

denied without an evidentiary hearing or the issuance of a certificate of appealability. An
appropriate Order shall issue.

27