Improved Search LLC v. AOL Inc.

Filing 21

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Sue L. Robinson on 3/22/2016. (nmfn)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE
IMPROVED SEARCH LLC,
Plaintiff,

)
)

)

v.

)
)

AOL INC.,

)
)

Civ. No. 15-262-SLR

)

Defendant.

)

Brian E. Farnan, Esquire and Michael J. Farnan, Esquire of Farnan LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware. Counsel for Plaintiff. Of Counsel: Robert J. Yorio, Esquire and Bryan Boyle,
Esquire of Carr & Ferrell LLP.
Jack B. Blumenfeld, Esquire of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware. Counsel for Defendant. Of Counsel: Kevin Hardy, Esquire, Samuel Bryant
Davidoff, Esquire, Andrew V. Trask, Esquire, and Sanjiv P. Laud, Esquire of William &
Connolly LLP.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Dated: March c:J,J.. , 2016
Wilmington, Delaware

RJn-J;N~ge
I. INTRODUCTION
On March 25, 2015, plaintiff Improved Search LLC ("plaintiff') filed a complaint
alleging infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,604, 101 ("the '101 patent") and 7,516, 154
("the '154 patent") against defendant AOL Inc. ("defendant"). (D.I. 1) Presently before
the court is defendant's motion to dismiss. (D.I. 9) The court has jurisdiction pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1338(a).

II. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff is a limited liability company organized under the laws of the State of
Florida with its principal place of business in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. (D.I. 1 at~ 4)
Defendant is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware with its
headquarters in New York, New York. (D.I. 1 at~ 6) The '101 patent, titled "Method
and System for Translingual Translation of Query and Search and Retrieval of
Multilingual Information on a Computer Network," was filed on June 28, 2000 and
issued August 5, 2003. The '154 patent, titled "Cross Language Advertising," was filed
on February 8, 2006 and issued on April 7, 2009. Plaintiff accuses the "AOL Search"
service of infringing claims 1, 2, 4, 5, 24, 25, and 27 of the '101 patent and claim 1 of
the '154 patent. (D.I. 1 at~~ 27, 37)

Ill. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A motion filed under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the sufficiency
of a complaint's factual allegations. Bell At/. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555
(2007); Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 183 (3d Cir. 1993). A complaint must contain
"a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, in

order to give the defendant fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds upon
which it rests." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545 (internal quotation marks omitted)
(interpreting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)). Consistent with the Supreme Court's rulings in

Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), the Third Circuit requires a twopart analysis when reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Edwards v. A.H. Cornell & Son,

Inc., 610 F.3d 217, 219 (3d Cir. 2010); Fowlerv. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210
(3d Cir. 2009). First, a court should separate the factual and legal elements of a claim,
accepting the facts and disregarding the legal conclusions. Fowler, 578 F.3d. at 21011. Second, a court should determine whether the remaining well-pied facts sufficiently
show that the plaintiff "has a 'plausible claim for relief."' Id. at 211 (quoting Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 679). As part of the analysis, a court must accept all well-pleaded factual
allegations in the complaint as true, and view them in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); Christopher v. Harbury, 536
U.S. 403, 406 (2002); Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 231 (3d Cir. 2008).
In this regard, a court may consider the pleadings, public record, orders, exhibits
attached to the complaint, and documents incorporated into the complaint by reference.

Tellabs, Inc. v. Makar Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007); Oshiver v. Levin,
Fishbein, Sedran & Berman, 38 F.3d 1380, 1384-85 n.2 (3d Cir. 1994).
The court's determination is not whether the non-moving party "will ultimately
prevail" but whether that party is "entitled to offer evidence to support the claims."

United States ex rel. Wilkins v. United Health Grp., Inc., 659 F.3d 295, 302 (3d Cir.
2011 ). This "does not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage," but
instead "simply calls for enough facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery

2

will reveal evidence of [the necessary element]." Phillips, 515 F.3d at 234 (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The court's analysis is a context-specific task requiring the
court "to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 663-64.

IV. DISCUSSION
A. 35 U.S.C. § 101
Section 101 provides that patentable subject matter extends to four broad
categories, including: "new and useful process[es], machine[s], manufacture, or
composition[s] of matter." 35 U.S.C. § 101; see also Bilski v. Kappas, 561 U.S. 593,
601 (2010) ("Bilski II"); Diamond v. Chakrabarly, 447 U.S. 303, 308 (1980). A "process"
is statutorily defined as a "process, art or method, and includes a new use of a known
process, machine manufacture, composition of matter, or material." 35 U.S.C. § 1OO(b).
The Supreme Court has explained:
A process is a mode of treatment of certain materials to produce a given
result. It is an act, or a series of acts, performed upon the subject-matter
to be transformed and reduced to a different state or thing. If new and
useful, it is just as patentable as is a piece of machinery. In the language
of the patent law, it is an art. The machinery pointed out as suitable to
perform the process may or may not be new or patentable; whilst the
process itself may be altogether new, and produce an entirely new result.
The process requires that certain things should be done with certain
substances, and in a certain order; but the tools to be used in doing this
may be of secondary consequence.
Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 182-83 (1981) (internal quotations omitted).
The Supreme Court recognizes three "fundamental principle" exceptions to the
Patent Act's subject matter eligibility requirements: "laws of nature, physical
phenomena, and abstract ideas." Bilski II, 561 U.S. at 601. In this regard, the Court
has held that "[t]he concepts covered by these exceptions are 'part of the storehouse of
knowledge of all men ... free to all men and reserved exclusively to none."' Bilski II, 561

3

U.S. at 602 (quoting Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kala lnoculant Co., 333 U.S. 127, 130
(1948)). "[T)he concern that drives this exclusionary principle is one of pre-emption,"
that is, "'that patent law not inhibit further discovery by improperly tying up the future use
of' these building blocks of human ingenuity." Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int'/, U.S.-, 134 S.Ct. 2347, 2354 (2014) (citing Bilski II, 561 U.S. at 611-12 and Mayo
Collaborative Servs.v. Prometheus Labs., Inc., 566 U.S.-, 132 S.Ct. 1289, 1301

(2012)).
Although a fundamental principle cannot be patented, the Supreme Court has
held that "an application of a law of nature or mathematical formula to a known structure
or process may well be deserving of patent protection," so long as that application
would not preempt substantially all uses of the fundamental principle. Bilski II, 561 U.S.
at 611 (quoting Diehr, 450 U.S. at 187) (internal quotations omitted); In re Bilski, 545
F.3d 943, 954 (Fed. Cir. 2008) ("Bilski/"). The Court has described the
framework for distinguishing patents that claim laws of nature, natural
phenomena, and abstract ideas from those that claim patent-eligible
applications of those concepts. First, we determine whether the claims at
issue are directed to one of those patent-ineligible concepts. If so, we
then ask, "[w]hat else is there in the claims before us?" To answer that
question, we consider the elements of each claim both individually and "as
an ordered combination" to determine whether the additional elements
"transform the nature of the claim" into a patent-eligible application. We
have described step two of this analysis as a search for an "'inventive
concept'"-i.e., an element or combination of elements that is "sufficient to
ensure that the patent in practice amounts to significantly more than a
patent upon the [ineligible concept] itself."
Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 2355 (citing Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1294, 1296-98). 1

1

The machine-or-transformation test still may provide a "useful clue" in the second step
of the Alice framework. U/tramercial, Inc. v. Hulu, LLC, 772 F.3d 709, 716 (Fed. Cir.
2014) (citing Bilski II, 561 U.S. at 604 and Bancorp Servs., L.L.C. v. Sun Life Assurance
Co. of Can., 687 F.3d 1266, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2012)). A claimed process can be patent-

4

"[T]o transform an unpatentable law of nature into a patent-eligible application of
such a law, one must do more than simply state the law of nature while adding the
words 'apply it."' Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1294 (citing Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63,
71-72 (1972)) (emphasis omitted). It is insufficient to add steps which "consist of wellunderstood, routine, conventional activity," if such steps, "when viewed as a whole, add
nothing significant beyond the sum of their parts taken separately." Mayo, 132 S. Ct. at
1298. "Purely 'conventional or obvious' '[pre]-solution activity' is normally not sufficient
to transform an unpatentable law of nature into a patent-eligible application of such a
law." Id. (citations omitted). Also, the "prohibition against patenting abstract ideas
'cannot be circumvented by attempting to limit the use of the formula to a particular
technological environment' or adding 'insignificant post-solution activity."' Bilski II, 561
U.S. at 610-11 (citation omitted). For instance, the "mere recitation of a generic
computer cannot transform a patent-ineligible abstract idea into a patent-eligible
invention." Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 2358. "Given the ubiquity of computers, wholly generic
computer implementation is not generally the sort of 'additional featur[e]' that provides
any 'practical assurance that the process is more than a drafting effort designed to
monopolize the [abstract idea] itself.'" Id. (citations omitted).
Because computer software comprises a set of instructions, 2 the first step of
Alice is, for the most part, a given; i.e., computer-implemented patents generally involve

eligible under§ 101 if: "(1) it is tied to a particular machine or apparatus, or (2) it
transforms a particular article into a different state or thing." Bilski I, 545 F.3d at 954,
aff'd on other grounds, Bilski II, 561 U.S. 593.
2 Or, to put it another way, software generally comprises a method "of organizing human
activity." Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Capital One Bank (USA), 792 F.3d 1363, 136768 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (citing Alice, 134 S.Ct. 2351-52, and Bilski II, 561 U.S. at 599).

5

abstract ideas. The more difficult part of the analysis is subsumed in the second step of
the Alice analysis, that is, determining whether the claims "merely recite the
performance of some business practice known from the pre-Internet world along with
the requirement to perform it on the Internet," or whether the claims are directed to "a
problem specifically arising in the realm of computer technology" and the claimed
solution specifies how computer technology should be manipulated to overcome the
problem. DOR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.Com, L.P., 773 F.3d 1245, 1257 (Fed. Cir.
2014).
In DOR, for example, the claims at issue involved computer technology directed
at retaining website visitors. 3 In its analysis, the Federal Circuit rejected the notion that
the pre-Internet analog to the claims at issue ended the inquiry, explaining that while

3

In DOR, representative claim 19 of U.S. Patent No. 7,818,399 recites:
A system useful in an outsource provider serving web pages offering
commercial opportunities, the system comprising:
(a) a computer store containing data, for each of a plurality of first web
pages, defining a plurality of visually perceptible elements, which visually
perceptible elements correspond to the plurality of first web pages;
(i) wherein each of the first web pages belongs to one of a plurality of
web page owners;
(ii) wherein each of the first web pages displays at least one active link
associated with a commerce object associated with a buying opportunity
of a selected one of a plurality of merchants; and
(iii) wherein the selected merchant, the out-source provider, and the
owner of the first web page displaying the associated link are each third
parties with respect to one other;
(b) a computer server at the outsource provider, which computer server
is coupled to the computer store and programmed to:
(i) receive from the web browser of a computer user a signal indicating
activation of one of the links displayed by one of the first web pages;
(ii) automatically identify as the source page the one of the first web
pages on which the link has been activated;
(iii) in response to identification of the source page, automatically
retrieve the stored data corresponding to the source page; and

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the "store within a store" concept ... may have been well-known by the
relevant time frame, that practice did not have to account for the
ephemeral nature of an Internet "location" or the near-instantaneous
transport between these locations made possible by standard Internet
communication protocols, which introduces a problem that does not arise
in the "brick and mortar" context.
773 F.3d at 1258. In other words, "[a]lthough the claims address[ed] a business
challenge ... , it [was] a challenge particular to the Internet." Id. at 1257. The Court
concluded that, under any of the characterizations of the abstract idea, the claims
satisfied step two of Alice as being
different enough in substance from those in Ultramercial because they do
not broadly and generically claim "use of the Internet" to perform an
abstract business practice (with insignificant added activity). Unlike the
claims in Ultramercial, the claims at issue here specify how interactions
with the Internet are manipulated to yield a desired result- a result that
overrides the routine and conventional sequence of events ordinarily
triggered by the click of a hyperlink ....
In sum, the 399 patent's claims are unlike the claims in Alice, Ultramercial,
buySAFE, Accenture, and Bancorp that were found to be "directed to" little
more than an abstract concept. To be sure, the '399 patent's claims do
not recite an invention as technologically complex as an improved,
particularized method of digital data compression. But nor do they recite a
commonplace business method aimed at processing business
information, applying a known business process to the particular
technological environment of the Internet, or creating or altering
contractual relations using generic computer functions and conventional
network operation, such as the claims in Alice, U/tramercial, buySAFE,
Accenture, and Bancorp.

(iv) using the data retrieved, automatically generate and transmit to the
web browser a second web page that displays:
(A) information associated with the commerce object associated with
the link that has been activated, and
(B) the plurality of visually perceptible elements visually
corresponding to the source page.
773 F.3d at 1249-50 (emphasis added).
7

Id. at 1258-59 (citing Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 2359; Ultramercial, 772 F.3d 709, 714-16 (Fed.
Cir. 2014); buySAFE, Inc. v. Google, Inc., 765 F.3d 1350, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2014);

Accenture Global Servs., GmbH v. Guidewire Software, Inc., 728 F.3d 1336, 1344-45
(Fed. Cir. 2013); Bancorp, 687 F.3d at 1277-78); but see Dealertrack, Inc. v. Huber, 674
F.3d 1315, 1331-35 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
In DOR, the analytical framework (in the context of computer-implemented
inventions) was articulated so as to require that the inventive concept "recite a specific
way" to solve a "particular Internet-centric problem," with the claimed solution being
"necessarily rooted in computer technology," so that the result "is not merely the routine
or conventional use of the Internet." 773 F.3d at 1257, 1259. Since providing that
explanation, the Federal Circuit has not preserved the validity of any other computerimplemented invention under§ 101. 4 For instance, in Intellectual Ventures, a case that
also presented claims directed at websites, 5 the Court explained that, "[a]t step one of

4

See, e.g., In re Smith, Civ. No. 2015-1664, 2016 WL 909410 (Fed. Cir. Mar. 10, 2016);
Mortgage Grader, Inc. v. First Choice Loan Servs. Inc., 811 F.3d 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2016);
Vehicle Intelligence and Safety LLC v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, Civ. No. 2015-1411,
2015 WL 9461707 (Fed. Cir. Dec. 28, 2015); Versata Dev. Grp., Inc. v. SAP America,
Inc., 793 F.3d 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2015); Intellectual Ventures, 792 F.3d 1363; Internet
Patents Corp. v. Active Network, Inc., 790 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2015); OIP Techs., Inc.
v. Amazon.com, Inc., 788 F.3d 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2015); Al/voice Devs. US, LLC v.
Microsoft Corp., 612 Fed. Appx. 1009 (Fed. Cir. 2015); Content Extraction and
Transmission LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat'/ Ass'n, 776 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
5 Representative claim 1 of U.S. Patent No. 7,603,382 recites:
A system for providing web pages accessed from a web site in a manner
which presents the web pages tailored to an individual user, comprising:
an interactive interface configured to provide dynamic web site
navigation data to the user, the interactive interface comprising:
a display depicting portions of the web site visited by the user as a
function of the web site navigation data; and
a display depicting portions of the web site visited by the user as a
function of the user's personal characteristics.

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the Alice framework, it is often useful to determine the breadth of the claims in order to
determine whether the claims extend to cover a '"fundamental ... practice long
prevalent in our system."' Intellectual Ventures, 792 F.3d at 1369 (citing Alice, 134 S.
Ct. at 2356). The Court characterized the claims at issue as relating to "customizing
information based on (1) information known about the user and (2) navigation data." Id.
Likening "[t]his sort of information tailoring" to "providing different newspaper inserts
based upon the location of the individual," id., the Court concluded that the first aspect
of the inventive concept was an abstract idea. The second aspect of the inventive
concept, using "navigation data (i.e., information relating to when the user navigated to
the website) to 'customize' the website," id., the Court again concluded that "[t]ailoring
information based[, e.g.,] on the time of day of viewing is also an abstract, overly broad
concept long-practiced in our society." Id. at 1370. 6
Turning to the second step of Alice, the Intellectual Ventures Court concluded
that the claims at issue presented no inventive concept "that would support patent
eligibility." 7 Id. at 1370. The Federal Circuit explained:

Intellectual Ventures, 792 F.3d at 1368.
In this regard, the observation made by the district court in Paone v. Broadcom Corp.,
Civ. No. 15-0596, 2015 WL 4988279 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 2015), is worth noting, that (in
the context of encryption technology) it was of

6

no moment that "[e]ncryption, in general, represents a basic building block
of human ingenuity that has been used for hundreds, if not thousands, of
years." That is because [U.S. Patent No. 6,259,789] does not claim a
process that can or does involve the encryption of data for some purpose
that is otherwise abstract. Rather, it claims a specific method of doing so.
Id. at *7 (citation omitted) (emphasis omitted).
Despite the "dynamic presentation of data - that is, ... the claimed invention in 'real
time' customizes the web page based on the information it knows about the particular

7

9

Steps that do nothing more than spell out what it means to "apply it on a
computer" cannot confer patentability. . . . Requiring the use of a
"software" "brain" "tasked with tailoring information and providing it to the
user" provides no additional limitation beyond applying an abstract idea,
restricted to the Internet, on a generic computer.
Id. at 1370-71. In distinguishing DOR, the Intellectual Ventures Court offered the
following analysis:
The patent at issue in [DOR] dealt with a problem unique to the Internet:
Internet users visiting one web site might be interested in viewing products
sold on a different web site, but the owners of the first web site did not
want to constantly redirect users away from their web site to a different
web site .... The claimed solution used a series of steps that created a
hybrid web page incorporating "look and feel" elements from the host web
site with commerce objects from the third-party web site. . . . The patent
at issue in DOR provided an Internet-based solution to solve a problem
unique to the Internet that (1) did not foreclose other ways of solving the
problem, and (2) recited a specific series of steps that resulted in a
departure from the routine and conventional sequences of events after the
click of a hyperlink advertisement. . . . The patent claims [in Intellectual
Ventures] do not address problems unique to the Internet, so DOR has no
applicability.[81
Id. at 1371 (citations omitted).
In reviewing post-Alice cases such as DOR and Intellectual Ventures, the court is
struck by the evolution of the § 101 jurisprudence, from the complete rejection of
patentability for computer programs 9 to the almost complete acceptance of such, 10 to

viewer" - and despite the claimed "interactive interface," which was "broadly construed
by the district court to mean 'a selectively tailored medium by which a web site user
communicates with a web site information provider."' Intellectual Ventures, 792 F.3d at
1369-70.
8 But recall the "store within a store" pre-Internet analog rejected in DOR.
9 See, e.g., 33 Fed. Reg. 15581, 15609-10 (1968), and Justice Steven's dissent in
Diehr, whose solution was to declare all computer-based programming unpatentable,
450 U.S. at 219.
10 State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Fin. Group, Inc., 149 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir.
1998), abrogated by Bilski I, in which "a computer-implemented invention was
considered patent-eligible so long as it produced a 'useful, concrete and tangible
result.'" DOR, 773 F.3d at 1255 (citing State Street Bank, 149 F.3d at 1373).
10

the current (apparent) requirements that the patent claims in suit (1) disclose a problem
"necessarily rooted in computer technology," and (2) claim a solution that (a) not only
departs from the "routine and conventional" use of the technology, but (b) is sufficiently
specific so as to negate the risk of pre-emption. See DOR, 773 F.3d at 1257;
Intellectual Ventures, 792 F.3d at 1371. In other words, even though most of the patent

claims now being challenged under§ 101 would have survived such challenges if
mounted at the time of issuance, these claims are now in jeopardy under the
heightened specificity required by the Federal Circuit post-A/ice. Moreover, it is less
than clear how a § 101 inquiry that is focused through the lens of specificity can be
harmonized with the roles given to other aspects of the patent law (such as enablement
under§ 112 and non-obviousness under§ 103), 11 especially in light of the Federal
Circuit's past characterization of§ 101 eligibility as a "coarse" gauge of the suitability of
broad subject matter categories for patent protection. Research Corp. Techs., Inc. v.
Microsoft Corp., 627 F.3d 859, 869 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Given the evolving state of the

11

Indeed, Judge Plager, in his dissent in Dealertrack, suggested that,
as a matter of efficient judicial process I object to and dissent from that
part of the opinion regarding the '427 patent and its validity under§ 101,
the section of the Patent Act that describes what is patentable subject
matter. I believe that this court should exercise its inherent power to
control the processes of litigation ... , and insist that litigants, and trial
courts, initially address patent invalidity issues in infringement suits in
terms of the defenses provided in the statute: "conditions of patentability,"
specifically§§ 102 and 103, and in addition §§ 112 and 251, and not foray
into the jurisprudential morass of§ 101 unless absolutely necessary.

Dealertrack, 674 F.3d at 1335. But see CLS Bank Int'/ v. Alice Corp. Pty., 717 F.3d
1269, 1277 (Fed. Cir. 2013), aff'd, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014).

11

law, the§ 101 analysis should be, and is, a difficult exercise. 12 At their broadest, the
various decisions of the Federal Circuit 13 would likely ring the death-knell for patent
protection of computer-implemented inventions, 14 a result not clearly mandated (at least
not yet). On the other hand, to recognize and articulate the requisite degree of
specificity - either in the equipment used 15 or the steps claimed 16 - that transforms an
abstract idea into patent-eligible subject matter is a challenging task. In trying to sort
through the various iterations of the § 101 standard, the court looks to DOR as a
benchmark; i.e., the claims (informed by the specification) must describe a problem and
solution rooted in computer technology, and the solution must be (1) specific enough to
preclude the risk of pre-emption, and (2) innovative enough to "override the routine and
conventional" use of the computer. DOR, 773 F.3d at 1258-59. The pre-emption
concern is generally amenable to review in the context of a motion to dismiss or for

12

And, therefore, not an exercise that lends itself to, e.g., shifting fees pursuant to 35
U.S.C. § 285.
13
See, e.g., Dealertrack, where the claim was about as specific as that examined in
DOR, yet the Federal Circuit found the patent deficient because it did "not specify how
the computer hardware and database [were] specially programmed to perform the
steps claimed in the patent," 674 F.3d at 1333-34 (emphasis added). The disclosure of
such programming details would likely nullify the ability of a patentee to enforce the
patent, given the ease with which software can be tweaked and still perform the desired
function.
14 Ironically so, given the national concerns about piracy of American intellectual
property.
15 See, e.g., SiRF Tech., Inc. v. Int'/ Trade Comm'n, 601 F.3d 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2010), a
case where the Federal Circuit found that a GPS receiver was "integral" to the claims at
issue. The Court emphasized that a machine will only "impose a meaningful limit on the
scope of a claim [when it plays] a significant part in permitting the claimed method to be
performed, rather than function solely as an obvious mechanism for permitting a
solution to be achieved more quickly, i.e., through the utilization of a computer for
performing calculations." Id. at 1333.
16
See, e.g., DOR, 773 F.3d at 1257-58; TQP Dev., LLC v. Intuit Inc., Civ. No. 12-180,
2014 WL 651935 (E.D. Tex. Feb. 19, 2014); Paone, 2015 WL 4988279.
12

judgment on the pleadings. The second requirement, which may well involve issues of
fact relating to the state of the art in the technological environment involved, is more
appropriately addressed after discovery in the context of a motion for summary
judgment.

B. Claim Construction
The Federal Circuit has "never set forth a bright line rule requiring district courts
to construe claims before determining subject matter eligibility." U/tramercial, LLC v.
Hu/u, LLC, 657 F.3d 1323, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2011), vacated sub nom. WildTangent, 132

S.Ct. 2431 (2012). "Although the determination of patent eligibility requires a full
understanding of the basic character of the claimed subject matter, claim construction is
not an inviolable prerequisite to a validity determination under§ 101." Content
Extraction, 776 F.3d at 1349 (citing Ultramercial, 772 F.3d at 714-15; Bancorp, 687 F.3d

at 1273-74). However, it may be "desirable-and often necessary-to resolve claim
construction disputes prior to a§ 101 analysis." Bancorp, 687 F.3d at 1273-74.
The parties have not raised issues of claim construction. The parties argue for
and against invalidity based on the "character" of the patents and the claim language.
Having reviewed the patents and briefing, the court concludes it may proceed with a§
101 analysis.

C. The Patents-in-Suit
The '101 patent "relates generally to translation of query and retrieval of
multilingual information on the web." It describes "a method and system for conducting
a translingual search on the Internet and accessing multilingual websites through
dialectal standardization, pre-search translation and post-search translation." ('101

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patent, 1:9-14) The specification states that "most of the [Internet] search tools cater
primarily to the needs of the English speaking Internet user. This attribute renders
these search tools almost useless to the non-English speaking Internet users who
constitute as much as 75% of the Internet user population." ('101 patent, 2:14-18) The
patent provides the following example of the problem:
[W]hen preparing a Chinese To-fu dish which calls for "shrimp caviare," a
search was made on a super engine, such as Altavista.com to check the
availability of "shrimp caviare" anywhere in the world. A search using
Altavista.com under "all language" revealed no matching results under
either "English" or "Chinese" setting. A search was then made for the
English term "shrimp caviare" at China.com, which is a Chinese search
engine, but to no avail. Subsequently, the term "shrimp caviare" was
looked up in Chinese to find its Chinese equivalent. The Chinese
equivalent thus found was "xiazi" (meaning, "shrimp roe"). This word was
then used for making the search on China.com and yielded as many as
twenty-four hits.
('101 patent, 2:32-44)
The patent purports to solve this problem with a three-stage process and system:
"dialectal standardization, pre-search engine translation, and post search engine
translation." ('101 patent, 5:1-4) The dialectal standardization identifies a keyword from
an input query and standardizes it to a commonly known word. ('101 patent, 5:24-67)
Examples of dialectal variations in British versus American English "include centre vs.
center, lorry vs. truck, queue vs. line and petrol vs. gasoline." ('101 patent, 5:40-43)
The pre-search translation "translates the standardized keyword into an equivalent in a
target language." The translated keyword is then used in a search engine of the target
language. ('101 patent, 6:5-13) The post-search translation is used to translate the
search results into the source language. The user "selectively highlight[s] the portions
that he/she desires to be translated and ... enter[s] an appropriate command or

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select[s] an appropriate option." ('101 patent, 6:33-36) The user may choose either a
"machine translation" or a "well translated version." ('101 patent, 6:41-53) Claim 1
recites:
A method for performing a contextual search and retrieval of documents in
a computer network, comprising:
receiving through an input device, a query in a first language;
processing said query to extract at least one content word from the
query;
performing dialectal standardization of the at least one content
word extracted from the query;
translating the at least one dialectally standardized content word
into a second language through a translator;
performing a contextual search in the second language based on
the at least one translated content word, using a search engine in the
second language; and
obtaining the search results in the second language in the form of
at least one of site names (URLs) and documents, satisfying a search
criteria.
('101 patent, 7:66-8:15)
The '154 patent is a continuation-in-part of the '101 patent and incorporates the
'101 patent by reference. ('154 patent, 1:6-17) The '154 patent incorporates a system
and method "to send a user one or more advertisements in his native language, also
called as source language, over the Internet while the user is performing a cross
language search." ('154 patent, 3:8-12, 4:23-29) More specifically, "the server
conducts a search in the database and returns to the user one or more advertisements
relevant to the content word or keyword." The advertisements are either in the source

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language or may be translated by the server from a target language. (' 154 patent, 4:4049)

Claim 1 recites:
A method for providing cross language advertising for a user while the
user is performing a contextual search and retrieval of documents in a
computer network, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving from the user through an input device a query in a first
language;
processing the query to extract at least one content word from the
query;
performing dialectal standardization of the content word extracted
from the query;
translating the dialectally standardized content word into a second
language through a translator;
performing a contextual search in the second language based on
the translated content word, using a search engine in the second
language;
returning to the user the search results in the second language in
the form of at least one of site names (URLs) and documents;
searching a database of advertising cues; and
returning to the user one or more of the advertising cues relevant to
the content word.
(' 154 patent, 10 :4-24)

D. Analysis
Applying the analytical framework of Alice, the court first "determine[s] whether
the claims at issue are directed to one of those patent-ineligible concepts," namely, laws
of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas. 134 S.Ct. at 2354-55. Defendant

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analogizes the method of the '101 patent 17 to a set of tasks performed by a human, 18
concluding that the '101 patent is directed to the abstract idea of searching for
documents in a foreign language by translating a modified search request. (D.I. 10 at
10) According to defendant, the '154 patent recites the subject matter of the '101 patent
(abstract idea of translingual searching) and then adds two targeted advertising steps,
i.e., showing ads based on a user's activity. Defendant concludes that the '154 patent
is directed to two abstract ideas - translingual searching and advertising. (D.I. 10 at 1517)
That a method involving a computer and the internet may be broken down into a
series of steps performed by a human does not resolve whether such method is an
"abstract idea." The continuum begins with methods that "merely recite the
performance of some business practice known from the pre-Internet world along with
the requirement to perform it on the Internet" and progresses towards methods where
"the claimed solution is necessarily rooted in computer technology in order to overcome
a problem specifically arising in the realm of computer networks." DOR, 773 F.3d at

17

Defendant presented its arguments using claim 22 as a representative claim, with
reference to the other claims as needed. (D.I. 10 at 5) In its answering brief, plaintiff
withdraws its allegations as to claim 22 and avers that claim 1 is more representative of
the '101 patent. (D.I. 15 at 2-3, 13-14) Defendant addresses the similarities of claims 1
and 22 in its reply brief. The court treats claim 1 of the '101 patent as representative.
See, Content Extraction, 776 F.3d at 1348 (agreeing with the district court that certain
claims were "representative, because all the claims are 'substantially similar and linked
to the same abstract idea."').
18
A bilingual human can identify a keyword; translate it into another language; and then
use the translated keyword to search a newspaper for relevant articles. A monolingual
human can use a thesaurus to determine a commonly used keyword and dictionaries to
translate the keyword. The translated keyword may then be searched in library call
cards. Translation of the search results may be performed by a human translator. (D.I.
10 at 6-8)
17

1257. The methods at bar do not perform a business method known from the preInternet world on the computer, instead, the methods contain an additional layer of
complexity. The methods of the '101 patent "address the problem of ensuring that
Internet search engines retrieve not only Web pages and documents written in the
query language (source), but in foreign (target) languages as well." (0.1. 15 at 9) The
methods of the '154 patent 19 perform translingual searches and use them to display
cross-language advertising to the user of the search engine." (0.1. 15at17-18)
The court turns to step two of the Alice framework. The method of the '101
patent provides a specific series of steps designed to optimize search results and
retrieve target language URLs or documents using search engine queries on the
Internet. The steps include extracting content words from a query, performing dialectal
standardization of the words, and translation. (0.1. 15at12-14) As in DOR, the "claims
at issue here specify how interactions with the Internet are manipulated to yield a
desired result." Id. at 1258. The '154 patent recites similar steps for translingual
searching and adds the concept of searching a database of advertising to return
advertising targeted to the content word. (0.1. 15 at 18-19) The court concludes that
the solution provided by the patents at issue is not a "routine and conventional" use of
computer and Internet technology. Although the patents at issue use computers, the
methods recite sufficiently specific steps, so as to ensure that the claims are "more than

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Plaintiff asserts that the '154 patent is appropriately represented by claim 1. Plaintiff
argues that since defendant did not address the remainder of the claims, no conclusion
may be reached as to their validity. This ignores the concept of a representative claim.
Moreover, plaintiff did not identify a claim which would compel a different result under
the§ 101 analysis. The court treats claim 1 of the '154 patent as representative. See,
Content Extraction, 776 F.3d at 1348.
18

a drafting effort designed to monopolize the [abstract idea]," and will not
disproportionately tie up the use of the underlying ideas. Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 2354, 2357;
Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1294.

V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, defendant's motion to dismiss (D.I. 9) is denied. An
appropriate order shall issue.

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