Archer et al v. Defenders, Inc.

Filing 199

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Richard G. Andrews on 6/12/2020. (nms)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE

TEDDY ARCHER, TREY BERNADOU,
SEDETRIC CHAMBLISS, BRODRICK
FRANCIS, JAMES HUTCHINSON,
DANIEL MANOFSKY, DEVON
SPRINGER, ERIC STEWART, ANDREW
WALLS, CALVIN WESLEY, CHRIS
WOODRUFF, on behalf of themselves and
all others similarly situated,
Civil Action No. 18-0470-RGA
Plaintiffs,
v.
DEFENDERS, INC.,
Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Brian D. Long, RIGRODSKY & LONG, P.A., Wilmington, DE; Ted E. Trief, Shelly L.
Friedland, Eyal Dror, TRIEF & OLK, New York, NY; Peter S. Pearlman, COHN LIFLAND
PEARLMAN HERRMANN & KNOPF LLP, Saddle Brook, NJ; Macy D. Hanson, THE LAW
OFFICE OF MACY D. HANSON, PLLC, Madison, MS, Attorneys for Plaintiffs.
J. Cory Falgowski, BURR & FORMAN LLP, Wilmington, DE; K. Bryance Metheny, Ronald W.
Flowers, Jr., Martin E. Burke, H. Carlton Hilson, BURR & FORMAN LLP, Birmingham, AL,
Attorneys for Defendant.

June 12, 2020

/s/ Richard G. Andrews
ANDREWS, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE:
Before me are sixteen Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings filed by Defendant. (D.I.
138, 141, 144, 147, 150, 156, 159, 162, 165, 168, 171, 174, 177, 180, 183, 186). I have reviewed
the briefing. (D.I. 139, 142, 145, 148, 151, 157, 160, 163, 166, 169, 172, 175, 178, 181, 184,
187, 192, 194). For the reasons that follow, I will deny the motions without prejudice to renewal
by motion after discovery or at summary judgment.
I.

BACKGROUND

This is a nationwide collective action wage and hour case. Plaintiffs allege that Defendant
violated the Fair Labor Standards Act and certain state statutory and common law by, among
other things, failing to pay overtime. Defendant filed seventeen separate motions for judgment
on the pleadings, alleging the failure of seventeen opt-in plaintiffs (“the opt-in plaintiffs”) to
disclose claims asserted against Defendant in bankruptcy petitions they filed. One motion has
been withdrawn. (D.I. 195). Of the sixteen remaining opt-in plaintiffs named in these motions,
eight ultimately obtained discharges in their respective bankruptcy cases, five have cases that are
still pending, two had their cases dismissed, and one case was closed without discharge. (D.I.
192 at 3-4 1).
Name

Date of
Opt-In

Peter Beggs
Nathaniel Brunson
Freddie Clariza
Eric Donahue
Richard Doty

2/26/19
2/12/19
2/25/19
3/4/19
2/12/19

Bankruptcy
Petition
Filing Date
5/8/19
4/30/19
10/7/19
6/18/19
2/13/19

Chapter Bankruptcy
Result
Ch. 7
Ch. 7
Ch. 7
Ch. 7
Ch. 7

1

Discharge
Discharge
Discharge
Discharge
Discharge

Bankruptcy Citation
Result Date to
Record
9/16/19
D.I. 140
8/7/19
D.I. 143
1/21/20
D.I. 146
9/25/19
D.I. 149
5/20/19
D.I. 152

Citing D.I. 140, Ex. 1; D.I. 143, Ex. 2; D.I. 146, Ex. 3; D.I. 149, Ex. 4; D.I. 152, Ex. 5; D.I.
158, Ex. 7, 8; D.I. 161, Ex. 9; D.I. 164, Ex. 10; D.I. 167, Ex. 11; D.I. 170; D.I. 173, Ex. 12; D.I.
176; D.I. 179; D.I. 182; D.I. 185, Ex. 13; D.I. 188, Exs. 14-16. The citations to exhibit numbers
are not the same as the exhibit numbers that appear in the docket.
2

Jason Holbert

1/15/19
1/16/19

5/22/19
8/12/17
12/26/19

Ch. 7
Ch. 13
Ch. 7

Kenneth Jerstad

9/4/19
3/28/19
2/4/20

D.I. 158

1/9/20

D.I. 164

Ch. 7
Ch. 13

Discharge
Dismissed
Still Pending –
Notice of
Assets
Closed without
Discharge
Discharge
Still Pending

Steven Kadow

1/22/19

8/29/19

Ch. 7

Luis Molina
Grant
Cunningham
John Donnelly
Dominique Paylor
Roberto Perez
Eric Pohler
Harry Porter
Zeltre Smith

1/15/19
1/15/19

9/24/19
5/26/16

12/30/19

D.I. 167
D.I. 170

1/11/19
1/11/19
3/4/19
2/12/19
1/25/19
2/28/19

5/31/17
7/23/18
4/29/16
3/13/19
12/9/13
12/3/18
4/2/19
11/13/19

Ch. 13
Ch. 13
Ch. 13
Ch. 13
Ch. 13
Ch. 13
Ch. 13
Ch. 13

Dismissed
Still pending
Still pending
Still Pending
Discharged
Dismissed
Dismissed
Dismissed

8/23/19

D.I. 173
D.I. 176
D.I. 179
D.I. 182
D.I. 185
D.I. 188

2/22/19
1/8/19
6/6/19
12/19/19

D.I. 161

As part of the bankruptcy petition filing, each opt-in plaintiff here filled out Official
Form 106 A/B (“Schedule A/B: Property”) and Official Form 107 (“Statement of Financial
Affairs for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy”). Form 106 A/B, Question 33 asks the filer to
check a box “yes” or “no” to the prompt,
Claims against third parties, whether or not you have filed a lawsuit or made a
demand for payment. Examples: Accidents, employment disputes, insurance
claims, or rights to sue.
Form 107, Question 9 asks the filer to check a box “yes” or “no” to the prompt,
Within 1 year before you filed for bankruptcy, were you a party in any lawsuit,
court action, or administrative proceeding? List all such matters, including
personal injury cases, small claims actions, divorces, collection suits, paternity
actions, support or custody modifications, and contract disputes.
See, e.g., D.I. 140-2, Ex. 2. Each opt-in plaintiff here checked the boxes “no” in their
responses to each prompt. The answers to the prompts were made under penalty of
perjury.

3

II.

LEGAL STANDARD

When deciding a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(c), the Court applies the same standard as it does to a 12(b)(6) motion. Turbe v.
Gov’t of Virgin Islands, 938 F.2d 427, 428 (3d Cir. 1991). To survive a motion to dismiss
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A district court
must view the facts and inferences to be drawn from the pleadings in the light most favorable to
the non-moving party. Green v. Fund Asset Mgmt., L.P., 245 F.3d 214, 220 (3d Cir. 2001). The
motion can only be granted only if no relief could be afforded under any set of facts that could be
provided. Turbe, 938 F.2d at 428. However, the court need not adopt conclusory allegations or
statements of law. In re Gen. Motors Class E Stock Buyout Sec. Litig., 694 F. Supp. 1119, 1125
(D. Del. 1988). Judgment on the pleadings will only be granted if it is clearly established that no
material issue of fact remains to be resolved and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. Jablonski v. Pan Am. World Airways, Inc., 863 F.2d 289, 290 (3d Cir. 1988).
III.

DISCUSSION

Defendant argues that because the opt-in plaintiffs failed to disclose their claims against
Defendant in bankruptcy, they are judicially estopped from bringing their claims against
Defendant. (e.g., D.I. 139 at 1). Defendant contends that alternatively, certain opt-in plaintiffs’
claims must be dismissed for lack of standing to pursue them as a result of their bankruptcies.
Plaintiffs urge the Court to schedule an evidentiary hearing or defer consideration of this
issue until the summary judgment stage. (D.I. 192 at 1). As to any opt-in plaintiffs who may be
determined not to have standing to pursue their claims, Plaintiffs argue that the Chapter 7 trustee
should be given an opportunity to decide whether to prosecute the claims. (Id. at 2).

4

A. Judicial Estoppel
The doctrine of judicial estoppel bars a party that has previously asserted a legal position
from asserting an inconsistent or contrary legal position in a later proceeding. See Oneida Motor
Freight, Inc. v. United Jersey Bank, 848 F.2d 414, 419 (3d Cir. 1988). This equitable remedy is
applied to preserve the integrity of the system and its focus is on the relationship between the
litigant and the judicial system. Id. The Third Circuit has established a three-part test for
determining when judicial estoppel is warranted. See Montrose Med. Grp. Participating Savings
Plan v. Bulger, 243 F.3d 773, 777-78 (3d Cir. 2001). The two legal positions taken by the party
must be irreconcilably inconsistent, bad faith must be the basis for the change in position, and
judicial estoppel is not to be used unless that remedy is “tailored to address the harm identified”
and no lesser sanction is adequate for that purpose. Id. at 778. “Judicial estoppel is a factspecific, equitable doctrine, applied at [the] court[’]s discretion.” In re Kane, 628 F.3d 631, 638
(3d Cir. 2010).
1. Irreconcilable Inconsistency
A debtor seeking protection under the Bankruptcy Code is required to disclose all assets,
or potential assets, to the bankruptcy court by filing a schedule of assets and a statement of the
debtor’s financial affairs. 28 U.S.C. § 521(1). A party has knowledge of a potential claim when
the events underlying the claim have occurred prior to the filing of the bankruptcy petition. See
Krystal Cadillac-Oldsmobile GMC Truck, Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 337 F.3d 314, 323 (3d Cir.
2003). Opt-in plaintiffs Beggs, Brunson, Clariza, Donahue, Doty, Holbert, Kadow, Molina, and
Pohler filed for bankruptcy after joining this action as opt-ins. These nine opt-in plaintiffs thus
not only had knowledge of the potential for this complaint but had actually become plaintiffs in
the case while answering “none” on the bankruptcy proceeding forms when required to disclose

5

such claims. These two legal positions are inconsistent. The seven opt-in plaintiffs, Cunningham,
Donnelly, Jerstad, Paylor, Perez, Porter, and Smith, whose claims are still pending, maintain
inconsistent legal positions through a failure to amend their bankruptcy schedules to reflect the
inclusion of this action against Defendant. See DePasquale v. Morgan Stanley Smith Barney
LLC, 2011 WL 3703110, at *3 (D. N.J. Aug. 23, 2011) (“If the debtor is unaware of contingent
claims at the time when she discloses her assets, the debtor has an obligation to amend the
bankruptcy schedules and disclose claims once aware of them.”).
Opt-in plaintiff Kadow filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on August 29, 2019, and he has
continued to work for Defenders through the present time. (D.I. 164-3, Ex. 3; D.I. 192 at 8).
Kadow has pre-petition claims and post-petition claims. Plaintiffs argue that Kadow’s postpetition claims against Defenders are not part of his bankruptcy estate and need not have been
disclosed to the bankruptcy court. (D.I. 192 at 8).
Defendant argues that opt-in plaintiff Kadow had a duty to fully disclose all known
existing and potential claims at the time of his bankruptcy petition, including post-petition wage
and hour claims against Defendant. (D.I. 163 at 5-6). Because Kadow never amended his
bankruptcy schedule to disclose contingent claims once he became aware of them, Defendant
argues that Kadow has asserted inconsistent positions under oath for which judicial estoppel is
warranted. (D.I. 194 at 6; citing DePasquale, 2011 WL 3703110, at *3).
“The filing of a voluntary petition in bankruptcy court commences a bankruptcy case and
creates a bankruptcy estate comprised of the debtor’s property as of the commencement of the
case.” Westmoreland Human Opportunities, Inc. v. Walsh, 246 F.3d 233, 241 (3d Cir. 2001).
Whether claims against a defendant must be disclosed in a given bankruptcy depends on the type
of bankruptcy and whether the claims accrued before or after the bankruptcy was filed. “[A]

6

Chapter 7 estate does not include the wages a debtor earns or the assets he acquires after the
bankruptcy filing.” Harris v. Viegelahn, 135 S. Ct. 1829, 1835 (2015) (citing 11 U.S.C.
§541(a)(1)). On the other hand, “the Chapter 13 estate from which creditors may be paid
includes both the debtor’s property at the time of his bankruptcy petition, and any wages and
property acquired after filing.” Id. Because Kadow filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, his earnings
after filing are not included as part of the bankruptcy estate. See id. His post-petition claims are
not the subject of his bankruptcy proceeding and he does not maintain an inconsistent position
with respect to those claims.
Plaintiffs appear to agree that, as to everything but Kadow’s post-petition claims, the
irreconcilable inconsistency prong of the judicial estoppel analysis is met. (D.I. 192 at 8-9).
2.

Bad Faith

Plaintiffs argue that because the bankruptcy cases of opt-in plaintiffs Donnelly and Smith
were dismissed, and the bankruptcy of Kadow was closed without discharge, the three opt-in
plaintiffs’ claims cannot be subject to a finding of bad faith and judicial estoppel. (Id. at 10).
Plaintiffs further argue against a finding of bad faith for opt-in plaintiffs Cunningham, Perez, and
Porter, who filed their Chapter 13 bankruptcies more than two years before joining this litigation.
(Id. at 11).
Defendant argues that judicial estoppel is warranted regardless of whether Plaintiffs
ultimately were discharged from bankruptcy, asserting that they were “successful in carrying out
their fraud on their respective bankruptcy courts and creditors.” (D.I. 194 at 7).
There is a presumption of bad faith when the party does not disclose in a bankruptcy
proceeding a potential claim of which the party had knowledge. See Oneida Motor Freight, Inc.,
848 F.2d at 416-18. In findings of bad faith, courts have considered whether the evidence

7

indicates that the debtor attempted to deceive the court and whether the party benefitted from the
omission. “Actual reaping of a benefit by the taking of two inconsistent legal positions is not a
requisite to finding bad faith,” however. Yetter v. Wise Power Sys., Inc., 929 F. Supp. 2d 329,
331-32 (D. Del. 2013). “[I]t does not constitute bad faith to assert contrary positions in different
proceedings when the initial claim was never accepted or adopted by a court or agency.”
Montrose, 243 F.3d at 778. “Absent success in a prior proceeding, a party’s later inconsistent
position introduces no risk of inconsistent court determinations, and thus poses little threat to
judicial integrity.” United States v. Pelullo, 399 F.3d 197, 223 (3d Cir. 2005).
For the plaintiffs who were not successful in their bankruptcy proceedings, there is no
need for the harsh remedy of judicial estoppel in the current proceeding. See id.; McKenna v.
City of Philadelphia, 2009 WL 10687689 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 16, 2009) (concluding that even
presuming a debtor’s failure to disclose claims in his Chapter 13 bankruptcy was in bad faith,
judicial estoppel would be too severe a sanction where the bankruptcy was dismissed). The
bankruptcy cases of Plaintiffs Donnelly and Smith were dismissed (D.I. 173-3, Ex. 3; D.I. 188-7,
Ex. 7) and the bankruptcy of Plaintiff Kadow was closed without discharge (D.I. 164-3, Ex. 3).
Therefore, opt-in plaintiffs Donnelly, Smith, and Kadow’s claims are not subject to judicial
estoppel.
Of the opt-in plaintiffs who assumed inconsistent legal positions, Beggs, Brunson,
Clariza, Donahue, Doty, Holbert, and Molina received discharges. (D.I. 140-3, Ex. 3; D.I. 143-3,
Ex. 3; D.I. 146-3, Ex. 3; D.I. 149-3, Ex. 3; D.I. 152-3, Ex. 3; D.I. 158-3, Ex. 3; D.I. 167-3, Ex.
3). Success in their bankruptcy proceedings alone is not enough to establish bad faith. The key
question is whether the opt-in plaintiffs whose bankruptcies were discharged had “obvious
knowledge of the existence of the asset” when filing their bankruptcy claims. Krystal Cadillac,

8

337 F.3d 314 at 325. If yes, then, in combination with non-disclosure of the asset, the court need
not take testimony in order to make a finding of bad faith. Id. “[A] rebuttable inference of bad
faith arises when averments in the pleadings demonstrate both knowledge of a claim and a
motive to conceal that claim in the face of an affirmative duty to disclose.” Id. at 321.
The Court of Appeals has upheld a finding of bad faith and applied judicial estoppel in
cases where the plaintiff was aware of a claim because it had previously raised it at oral
argument, and where there were frequent self-serving inconsistencies and false statements in a
bankruptcy petition. Krystal Cadillac, 337 F.3d at 322; J.H. Grp., L.L.C. v. Royal Rolling Chairs,
LLC, 523 F. App’x 922, 923 (3d Cir. 2013). In Yetter, this Court held that the plaintiff was
judicially estopped from pursuing the second lawsuit because the non-disclosure of potential
claims was detrimental to the plaintiff’s creditors and the integrity of the bankruptcy process.
929 F. Supp. 2d at 332. In Yetter, the plaintiff initially sued an individual for the commissions,
but the case was dismissed without prejudice because the proper defendant was a corporate
entity. Id. at 330. Several months later, the plaintiff filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, but never
disclosed his claim against the corporate entity. Id. at 331. The same day he obtained his Chapter
7 discharge, the plaintiff filed suit against the corporate entity and certain individuals for the
commissions and wages. Id. The case fairly reeked of bad faith.
In contrast, in Ryan Operations G.P. v. Santiam-Midwest Lumber Company, the Court
held that a Chapter 11 debtor-builder’s failure to disclose causes of action against suppliers of
allegedly defective wood trim in bankruptcy proceedings did not bar the debtor from pursuing
those claims outside of bankruptcy. 81 F.3d 355, 365 (3d Cir. 1996). Although the contingent
assets represented by those claims were not disclosed in the bankruptcy proceedings, the Court

9

rejected the application of judicial estoppel because the debtor did not attempt to “play fast and
loose” with the court. Id.
[D]efendant cites no case in which a court held that intent to mislead or deceive
could be inferred from the mere fact of nondisclosure, and we are aware of none.
We are persuaded, however, that policy considerations militate against adopting a
rule that the requisite intent for judicial estoppel can be inferred from the mere
fact of nondisclosure in a bankruptcy proceeding. Such a rule would unduly
expand the reach of judicial estoppel in post-bankruptcy proceedings and would
inevitably result in the preclusion of viable claims on the basis of inadvertent or
good-faith inconsistencies.
Id. at 364. The Court also held that the presence or absence of an actual benefit to the bankruptcy
petitioner “is merely a factor in determining whether the evidence would support a conclusion of
bad faith.” Id. at 361. “We readily conclude that the doctrine of judicial estoppel in this circuit
contains no such requirement.” Id.
The Ninth Circuit has also cautioned against a blanket application of judicial estoppel in
circumstances where a plaintiff-debtor omits a pending lawsuit from the bankruptcy schedules
and obtains a discharge. In Sadlowski v. Michaels Stores, Inc., the Court held that the district
court abused its discretion where its application of judicial estoppel “amounted to a
determination that simple nondisclosure of a potential claim during bankruptcy, without more,
estops a party from asserting the claim in a civil suit.” 672 F. App’x 729, 730-31 (9th Cir. 2016).
Plaintiffs assert that the Third Circuit has cautioned against a finding of bad faith without
first holding an evidentiary hearing if there are genuine disputes as to the underlying facts. (D.I.
192 at 5-6, citing Montrose, 243 F.3d at 780 n.5). Plaintiffs contend that they have no
opportunity to provide a factual explanation in connection with this motion, particularly where
the opt-in plaintiffs here “have not commenced this case on their own, but rather have opted into
it, and therefore may have quite reasonably failed to appreciate the need to disclose their claims
in the context of their bankruptcy proceedings.” (D.I. 192 at 5-6). Plaintiffs urge the court to
10

schedule an evidentiary hearing concerning the bad faith issue or to defer consideration of this
issue until the conclusion of discovery. (Id.). But Plaintiffs have had the opportunity in their
answering brief to identify factual disputes or proffered testimony that would make a difference
and have failed to do so. See Montrose, 243 F.3d at 780 n.5 (“[A] District Court need not always
conduct an evidentiary hearing before finding the existence of bad faith for judicial estoppel
purposes.”).
Judicial estoppel should be applied only to avoid a miscarriage of justice. Krystal
Cadillac, 337 F.3d at 319. The presumption of bad faith articulated in Krystal Cadillac should
not apply where there is no indication that a debtor is trying to manipulate the court, that it
brought claims in bad faith, or that it deliberately withheld disclosure. See In re EXDS, Inc., 316
B.R. 817, 825 (D. Del. 2004). Opt-in plaintiff Porter filed his Chapter 13 bankruptcy in
December 2013, more than five years before he opted into this collective action in January 2019.
(D.I. 185-3, Ex. 3) Porter did not amend his bankruptcy schedule after joining this action and his
bankruptcy was discharged on February 22, 2019. (Id.). I am not convinced that the
circumstances of Porter’s failure to disclose this action in his bankruptcy filing suggest an
attempt to “play fast and loose” with the court or to exhibit a motive to conceal the claim. See
Ryan Ops., 81 F.3d at 365; see also Sadlowski, 672 F. App’x at 730 (holding that a finding of
bad faith should not be made where there is a large gap in time between the bankruptcy filing
and the second judicial proceeding).
“[A] rebuttable inference of bad faith arises when averments in the pleadings
demonstrate both knowledge of a claim and a motive to conceal that claim in the face of an
affirmative duty to disclose.” Krystal Cadillac, 337 F.3d at 321. For plaintiffs Beggs, Brunson,
Clariza, Donahue, Doty, Holbert, and Molina, who failed to disclose this litigation in their

11

petitions, there is an inference of bad faith. See id. This inference is not strong, however, in a
collective action case of which these plaintiffs were given notice and chose to opt-in. Nor is the
fact that their bankruptcies were discharged enough to require the application of judicial estoppel
in this case. Ryan Ops. G.P., 81 F.3d at 361. For those plaintiffs whose bankruptcy proceedings
are still pending, they are (and have been) on notice; they have the opportunity to amend their
bankruptcy petitions or otherwise disclose the claims in their bankruptcy proceedings.
3.

Tailored Remedy

“Observing that judicial estoppel is often the harshest remedy that a court can impose for
inequitable conduct, we have held that a district court may not invoke the doctrine unless: (1) no
sanction established by the Federal Rules or pertinent statute is up to the task of remedying the
damage done by a litigant’s malfeasance, and (2) the sanction of judicial estoppel is tailored to
address the harm identified.” Montrose, 243 F.3d at 784 (internal quotations and citation
omitted).
Only two cases cited by Defendant apply judicial estoppel, without a hearing, to the case
of an opt-in plaintiff based on a failure to disclose litigation in a bankruptcy filing. Both are
distinguishable from the case before me. In Harris v. JMC Steel Group, Inc., 2017 WL 663158
(S.D. Ala. Feb. 16, 2017), the Court dismissed three opt-in plaintiffs who filed bankruptcy
petitions after their FLSA claims accrued, but who never disclosed those claims in their
bankruptcy schedules. The motion was unopposed. Id. at *1. In In re Tyson Foods, Inc., 732 F.
Supp. 2d 1363 (M.D. Ga. 2010), opt-in class members in an FLSA suit were also judicially
estopped from asserting claims not disclosed in bankruptcy proceedings. The court in that case
had access to substantial detail about the specific facts relating to each plaintiffs’ omissions. Id.
at 1366-71. I have no such facts before me here.

12

While conducting an evidentiary hearing before finding the existence of bad faith for
judicial estoppel purposes is not always necessary, the Third Circuit has stated,
First, a court considering the use of judicial estoppel should ensure that the party
to be estopped has been given a meaningful opportunity to provide an explanation
for its changed position. Second, though a court may sometimes discern bad faith
without holding an evidentiary hearing, it may not do so if the ultimate finding of
bad faith cannot be reached without first resolving genuine disputes as to the
underlying facts.
Montrose, 243 F.3d at 780 n.5. Taking into account the circumstances that brought opt-in
plaintiffs here into this collective action proceeding, I do not think applying judicial estoppel is
appropriate on the pleadings. I will be able to consider the issue on a fully-developed record at a
later time, either at summary judgment, or at a hearing in regard to each individual Plaintiff, and,
among other things, I can consider the issue of a tailored remedy, taking into account whether
Plaintiffs have made any subsequent disclosures to the bankruptcy court that would suggest a
lesser remedy than dismissal.
B. Standing
In light of my decision above, I need not reach Defendant’s argument that the claims of
the opt-in plaintiffs whose bankruptcies have been discharged should be dismissed because only
their trustees have standing to pursue their claims in this action.
IV.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motions for judgment on the pleadings will be
denied without prejudice to renewal by motion for an individual hearing or at summary
judgment. An accompanying order will be entered.

13