SPANSKI ENTERPRISES, INC. v. TELEWIZJA POLSKA, S.A.

Filing 80

AMENDED FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW: typographical error corrected. Signed by Judge Tanya S. Chutkan on 12/12/2016.(lctsc3)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

SPANSKI ENTERPRISES, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v.
TELEWIZJA POLSKA S.A.,
Defendant.

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Civil Action No. 12-cv-957 (TSC)

AMENDED MEMORANDUM OPINION SETTING FORTH
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 1
Plaintiff Spanski Enterprises, Inc. (“SEI”) sued Defendant Telewizja Polska, S.A.
(“TVP”) for copyright infringement under 17 U.S.C. §101 et seq., alleging that TVP displayed
television show episodes in the United States over which Plaintiff holds exclusive rights.
The court held a five-day bench trial from February 22, 2016 through February 26, 2016,
and the parties filed post-trial briefs on April 1, 2016.
Based upon the evidence presented at trial, and having reviewed the parties’ submissions,
the court makes the findings of fact and conclusions of law set forth below. Based on these
findings of fact and conclusions of law, the court concludes that Plaintiff has sustained its burden
of proof on its copyright claim, and that judgment must therefore be entered in favor of SEI.
Specifically, the court finds that Plaintiff has carried its burden of establishing by a
preponderance of the evidence that: (1) SEI was the exclusive licensee and owner of valid
copyrights over 51 TVP Polonia episodes discussed herein; (2) TVP infringed SEI’s exclusive

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This opinion was amended on December 12, 2016 only to remove an extraneous superscript that contained no
corresponding footnote.

copyright on the 51 shows by making them available in the U.S. via the website www.tvp.pl
from the period of December 2011 to March 1, 2012; (3) TVP’s infringement was volitional and
intentional, and not due to a failure of its geoblocking system or an effort at circumventing
geoblocking by SEI; and (4) Defendant did not carry its burden of establishing by a
preponderance of the evidence that SEI should be equitably estopped from bringing this claim.
I.

FINDINGS OF FACT
A. Whether Plaintiff held valid copyrights for TVP Polonia episodes
Three witnesses testified about the facts and circumstances surrounding SEI’s claim that

it held an exclusive copyright for TVP Polonia programming in the United States: (i) SEI
President Boguslaw Spanski; (ii) former Loeb & Loeb attorney Michael Barnett; and (iii) former
Loeb & Loeb paralegal Christian Jensen. The court finds that all three witnesses testified
credibly regarding Plaintiff’s copyright.
The court makes the following findings of fact regarding whether SEI held a copyright
for TVP Polonia episodes in the United States:
1. TVP is Poland’s national public television broadcasting company and is
owned by the Polish Treasury. (Tr. 280:22-23).
2. TVP owns and operates twelve national and sixteen regional Polishlanguage television channels, including the channel TVP Polonia.
(Stipulated Facts ¶ 3; Tr. 280:21–281:7).
3. TVP distributes TVP Polonia content, as well as content from TVP’s other
channels, through its www.tvp.pl website (or “TVP website”) in Poland,
some of which is free and some of which is offered on a pay-per-view
basis. (Tr. 283:22–284:11).
4. TVP creates all TVP Polonia content, and while it owns a copyright in the
material it created, TVP licenses some of its material to other distributors.
(PX 1, § 2; Tr. 282:5-10, 283:4-11).
5. SEI is a Canadian corporation which, together with its subsidiaries and
affiliated companies, distributes Polish-language television and radio

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content in North and South America via satellite, cable television, and the
internet. (Stipulated Facts ¶ 1).
6. On December 14, 1994, TVP and SEI entered into an agreement in which
TVP granted SEI the exclusive right to one-time use of TVP Polonia (then
called “TV Polonia”) shows in its programming in North and South
America (the “Territory”). (PX 1, § 2).
7. TVP and SEI executed an Addendum to the 1994 Agreement in 1999,
giving SEI the exclusive right to use—e.g., distribute, broadcast, and
display—TVP Polonia content over the internet within the Territory. (PX
2, § 1).
8. SEI and TVP engaged in discussions involving geoblocking content as
early as 2000. (PX 44; Tr. 26:4-16).
a. Geoblocking is a method to prevent user access to a network,
based on the geographic location of that user. (DX 7 at 6)
9. Beginning in 2007, TVP and SEI engaged in litigation in the Southern
District of New York, which resulted in a 2009 Settlement Agreement
specifying that SEI is the exclusive licensee of TVP Polonia, including its
copyrighted content, in the Territory. SEI therefore has the exclusive right
to distribute, broadcast, perform, and display TVP Polonia content,
including over the internet and mobile devices, in the United States. (PX
10§ II.A-B; see also Tr. of Motions Hearing, dated July 9, 2015 [ECF No.
33] at 73:15-18; DX 9; Tr. 46:19-25–47:4).
10. TVP Polonia’s individual episodes are all foreign works. (Tr. 20:25-21:9;
Tr. 283:4-11).
11. SEI registered 51 separate individual TVP Polonia episodes for copyright
in 2012. (PX 34, 35, 36).
a. Between January 18, 2012 and February 14, 2012, SEI, through
then Loeb & Loeb attorney Michael Barnett and then Loeb & Loeb
paralegal Christian Jensen, filed pre-registration applications with
the U.S. copyright office for 51 TVP Polonia episodes. (PX 34,
49).
b. SEI pre-registered these episodes prior to having any knowledge
that they were available in the United States on TVP’s website.
(Tr. 202:9-25).
c. The 51episodes are Galeria episodes 4 – 25, Gleboka woda
episode 13, M jak Milosc episodes 884 – 895, Plebania episodes

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1825 – 1829, and Rezydencja episodes 48 – 58. (Stipulated Facts
para 15; PX 34).
d. Between February 8, 2012 and March 8, 2012, SEI registered the
51 episodes with the U.S. Copyright Office. (PX 34 and 35).
e. Between February 13, 2012 and March 13, 2012, the U.S.
Copyright Office issued copyright registration certificates for the
51 Episodes. (PX 35).
f. The original copyright registrations were made under the name
“Euro Vu, S.A.,” and on May 31, 2012, the U.S. Copyright Office
issued supplemental registrations changing the copyright claimant
name for the 51 episodes from “Euro Vu, S.A.” to “Spanski
Enterprises, Inc.” (PX 36). Euro Vu, S.A. is a subsidiary of SEI.
(Compl. ¶ 17).
12. As part of the copyright process, Christian Jensen made recordings in the
U.S. of 36 of the 51 episodes for the purpose of having deposit copies.
The 36 episodes are Galeria episodes Nos. 4-14; M jak Milosc episodes
Nos. 884-894; Plebania episodes Nos. 1825-1829; and Rezydencja
episodes Nos. 48-56. (PX 38, Tr. 223:18-228:19). The remaining 15
episodes of the 51 were filmed outside of the U.S. for deposit copy
purposes. (Tr. 190:8-17; PX 38, 45).
B. TVPs geoblocking capability
Three witnesses testified about the facts and circumstances surrounding TVP’s
geoblocking capability: (i) TVP Deputy Director for Informatics or Computer Technology in the
department of TVP technology Jacek Terlicki; (ii) TVP expert witness Dr. Phillip Hallam-Baker;
and (iii) SEI expert witness Dr. Matthew Edman. The court finds the testimony of Terlicki on
the subject of whether there was a failure of geoblocking to have been severely undermined by
other credible testimony and evidence. Similarly, as set forth in more detail below, the court
finds that much of Dr. Hallam-Baker’s testimony was not supported by the evidence, and that on
cross-examination, he was unable to provide credible explanations for many of his conclusions.
The court makes the following findings of fact regarding TVP’s geoblocking capability:
1. TVP uses an online video-on-demand (“VOD”) system to make
programming available to the public through the internet. (Tr. 283:22-24).
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Individuals access content by entering the web portal at www.tvp.pl, then
selecting an episode from a list of programming. (Tr. 284:3-11).
2. The VOD function works through an online distribution system that has
four main components: (a) the Workflow System, which accepts video
content in various source formats and converts those formats to the
formats required for online distribution; (b) the Content Management
System (“CMS”), which allows descriptive information to be added to
material loaded to the Workflow System; (c) the Web Portal Engine
(“Portal Engine”), which creates the internet user’s website viewing
experience (except for the video content, which is separately handled)
from information supplied by the CMS system, and (d) the Content
Delivery Network, which delivers the video content to internet users. (DX
7 at 4-5).
3. First, the workflow system receives the actual video of TVP programming
that will be displayed online. Audio/visual (“AV”) technicians receive the
video of an episode from the production department, and then convert it
into video formats which can be viewed from computers, smart phones, or
other devices that can access the internet. (DX 7 at 4-6).
a. When AV technicians receive a new program to load into the
workflow system, the technicians create a file with a basic format
that is used as a template from which other formatted files are
created. (Tr. 290: 2-9).
b. At times, TVP programming is released through the VOD system
first as a pay-per-view episode, before it is broadcast to the general
public. (Tr. 284:12-23).
c. Each episode receives a format in the workflow system. If the
episode is first released on a pay-per-view basis, it receives one
format, and then after the episode has been broadcast and is
available for free viewing, it is given a second format. (Tr. 290:2291:1, 421:17-21).
d. As technology evolved, and demand for higher quality video grew,
TVP modified formats in the workflow system to be MP4 formats,
a type of video formatting that allows video to be streamed on a
smartphone. TVP AV technicians were engaged in changing
episode formats in the workflow system to MP4 during the period
of alleged infringement at issue. (Tr. 290:17-291:1, DX 3, 26).
e. Modifications to formats in the workflow system are retained by
TVP for an extended period of time, and TVP was able, after the
initiation of this litigation, to print out and save workflow logs

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from the infringing period. (Tr. 317:18-23, 318:12-17, 340:5–
350:4).
i. TVP argues that the workflow system logs displayed in DX
5 show that no modifications were made to the geographic
restrictions in workflow, but, as Plaintiff points out, DX 5
is incomplete. (Compare DX 3 at TVP-Internet 066222
which shows the deletion of format number 342670 for
Episode 9 of Galeria, with DX 5 at TVP-internet 000078,
which shows the creation and distribution of format number
342670 for Episode 9 of Galeria, but not its deletion).
f. While the court finds that TVP actively engaged in changing video
formats over the infringing period, as discussed below, reformatting to MP4 was not the reason why multiple formats for the
same episode, some containing a minus “minus ameryki” (minus
America) restriction—e.g., the episode was geoblocked from being
shown in the Territory—and some not, were created. Rather, the
court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the reason was
to intentionally make the programming available in the U.S. (PX
57, Tr. 438:5-440:24).
4. The second part of the system is the CMS. Program editors receive
information such as schedules, show descriptions, plot summaries, etc.,
and enter this information into CMS. Program editors also enter a
“digitization card” for each episode of a show, which is a set of
instructions for the AV technicians who operate the workflow system.
The digitization card contains any territorial restrictions applicable to the
episode, such as minus America. (Tr. 288:3-289:6).
a. The CMS system’s default setting is minus ameryki, which blocks
access to the VOD system from IP addresses associated with any
country in the Territory. (Tr. 299:2-23, 514:1-3).
b. In order for the default of minus ameryki to be removed in the
CMS, a program editor must take the volitional step of selecting a
different setting from a drop-down menu. (Tr. 299:12–300:4,
514:10-21).
c. CMS also logs entries in its system, similar to the workflow
system, but CMS logs are saved only for one month, then
overwritten. Thus, no logs from the infringing period were saved.
(Tr. 315:22-25, 316:14–317:17, 500:6–501:14, 513:3-16).

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d. Workflow entries for territorial restrictions could also be seen by
the program editors, but they could not edit the information. (Tr.
291:9-19).
5. The third part of the system is the portal engine, which takes information entered
into CMS, and displays it on a webpage that can be read in a user’s web browser.
In addition to providing all of the visual and text elements of the TVP website,
except for the actual video of the episode, the portal engine also provides the
interface for a user to log in and access VOD, as well as make payments if the
video is pay-per-view. (Tr. 292:19–293:20).
a. The portal engine also logs the IP addresses of users who request
to view VOD materials through the TVP website, and whether
access to the programming was blocked because it came from an
area that is geo-blocked. However, during the infringing period,
this information was automatically overwritten after 14 days, and
was therefore not available. (Tr. 311:1-13, 312:5–314:24, DX 1,
2).
b. The portal engine interfaces with TVP’s external payment system,
which accepts credit card payment for pay-per-view access. The
portal engine logs this information, and during the infringing
period, according to logs provided by the Defendant, did not show
any IP addresses located in either North or South America. (DX
24). However, entries 1466 through 4198 show IP addresses that
have no listed country of origin. (Id.).
6. The fourth part of the system is the Content Delivery Network, which
delivers the video content that is pushed from the workflow system, and
displays it on a user’s screen. (Tr. 293:21–294:1, 305:1-24).
7. Devices such as computers and smartphones have unique IP addresses that
show where they are located, and, when they access the internet, allow
content to reach the device. (Tr. 558:14-22, 560:2–561:17).
8. Geoblocking is used to prevent user access to a network, based on the
geographic location of that user. (DX 7 at 6).
a. In VOD systems, such as TVP’s, the video content is stored on
servers and delivered in response to a request for access.
Geoblocking works by comparing the IP address of the user
requesting access with a third party database. If the programming
is designated to be blocked in the geographic region where the IP
address of a requesting device originates, then access is denied.
(Tr. 284:3-11, 295:21–296:4, 602:2-10).

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b. Geoblocking is an automated process, and as such, can have
inherent flaws. TVP uses the MaxMind database for its
geoblocking system, which is at least 98% accurate in blocking IP
addresses on a country level. (Tr. 636:15-638:19, 694:14-17, DX 7
a 7).
i. While the court agrees that geoblocking is not a perfect
system, and thus is never 100% accurate, the court, as
discussed below, does not find that a malfunction of the
MaxMind database caused SEI’s copyrighted TVP Polonia
episodes to be accessible in the Territory via TVP’s
website.
9. TVP has a geoblocking system built into its VOD system, which in 2007
was activated to block access from the Territory, based on an agreement
with SEI. (Tr. 295:12-20, 296:5–297: 17). This territorial restriction was
in place during the infringing period. (Id.).
10. During the infringing period, the CMS and workflow systems had a
default territorial restriction of minus ameryki. (Tr. 299:2-11).
11. On the workflow system half of the VOD architecture, territorial
restrictions were emplaced by adding an access channel at the format
level, which was defined by the type of device (for example, mobile
phone) and the location (minus ameryki). An AV technician would create
an access channel for each format based on the territorial restriction in the
digitization card generated in CMS. Then the AV technician would
distribute the format with the territorial restriction. (Tr. 302:22–303:7,
303:24–304:20).
12. Since minus ameryki was the default setting in the CMS system, even if a
TVP employee did not enter a territorial restriction into the workflow
system, access to the VOD by an IP address in the U.S. would be
automatically denied unless the territorial restriction in CMS was also
removed. (Tr. 344:2-14, 602:20–603:9, 604:4-16, DX 7 at 5-6).
a. Since the default setting in CMS was minus ameryki, a program
editor would have to select a different setting from a dropdown
menu to change the geo-block setting in CMS. (Tr. 299:7–
300:23).
b. Thus, for an IP address in the Territory to gain access to TVP’s
VOD, there would either have to be a failure of the geoblocking
system, or a volitional step by a TVP employee to give access.

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13. TVP has used geoblocking for various other non-TVP Polonia content on
its website, including broadcasts of the Olympics and World Cup. (Tr.
295:12-17, 297:3-8, 307:4-9, 617:2-9, DX 7 at 8).
14. No organization other than SEI reported that TVP’s geoblocking system
did not work. (Tr. 306:23–308:5, 617:2–618:11, DX 7 at 8).
15. TVP continually checks the functioning of its geoblocking, and from 2007
to 2012, tested its effectiveness and found it was functioning. (Tr.
301:12–302:7).
C. Whether Defendant infringed Plaintiff’s copyrights
Five witnesses testified about the facts and circumstances surrounding SEI’s claim that
TVP infringed its exclusive copyright over TVP Polonia programming: (i) Michael Barnett; (ii)
Christian Jensen; (iii) Jacek Terlicki; (iv) Loeb & Loeb network operations manager Courtney
Spence; and (v) Tomasz Gladkowski, a contractor who provided website development and
monitoring services to Plaintiff (Gladkowski was deceased at the time of trial, but his deposition
testimony was presented). The court finds that Barnett, Jensen, Spence and Gladkowski testified
credibly. The court finds Terlicki’s testimony to have been credible in some respects, but also
finds some aspects of it to have been less than credible and contradicted by other, more reliable
testimony and evidence. Moreover, the court notes that Barnett, Jensen, and Gladkowski were
tasked with checking and reporting on whether TVP programming was available without charge
on the TVP website, and finds that while they may not have had specific recollections of viewing
each individual episode, their testimony, taken together, was sufficient to show that the
registered episodes were available for viewing and viewed in the U.S.
The court makes the following findings of fact regarding whether TVP infringed SEI’s
copyright in the United States:
1. SEI held a valid copyright for 51 episodes of TVP Polonia. (PX 35, 36).
2. As part of the copyright process, Christian Jensen made recordings in the U.S.
of 36 of the 51 episodes for the purpose of having deposit copies. He did so
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by going to the TVP website and accessing the recordings. None of these
episodes should have been available in the U.S. under the geoblocking
agreements between TVP and SEI. The 36 episodes are Galeria episodes
Nos. 4-14; M jak Milosc episodes Nos. 884-894; Plebania episodes Nos.
1825-1829; and Rezydencja episodes Nos. 48-56. (PX 34, 38, Tr. at 223:18228:19).
a. Michael Barnett also viewed TVP episodes through TVP’s website
in the U.S. at the Loeb & Loeb office in Manhattan, and at his
home in Brooklyn, New York. While Barnett could not testify as
to which specific episodes of the 51 he viewed, his general
recollection adds credence to Jensen’s recordings and testimony.
(Tr. 168:18-22; 172:15-21, 197:18-198:16).
i. Barnett testified that he was able to click on videos on
TVP’s website, and they were available to view without
charge. He then watched portions of multiple TVP serial
show episodes. (Tr. 169:10–170:18; 171:13-20).
ii. Barnett was able to capture screenshots of six of the fifteen
registered episodes that were not recorded by Jensen. (PX
40 at SEI-INTERNET 0000273).
b. Tomasz Gladkowski testified that he was able to access TVP
content, including the registered episodes, in Canada between
December 2011 and March 2012, and that he checked the website
almost daily during that period. (Gladkowski Dep. 22:9-24).
Because TVP’s geoblocking system set North and South America
as a restriction, programming that would be blocked in the U.S.
would also be blocked in Canada, and programming available in
Canada would also be available in the U.S. (Tr. 299:12-16, 603:115).
c. The testimony of Barnett, Jensen, and Gladkowski established that
TVP content was available in the U.S. free of charge and viewed
on the internet from December 2011 to March 2012.
3. The court credits the testimony of the SEI witnesses that they did not attempt
to circumvent TVP’s geoblocking when they viewed the copyrighted shows in
North America, and there was no evidence to indicate that such attempts were
made.
a. Both Barnett and Jensen testified that when they viewed the TVP
serial shows in the United States, they did so from the Loeb &
Loeb offices, and at home, and did not use a proxy server or virtual
private network which could trick geoblocking technology.

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i. Barnett stated he did not use either technology. (Tr. 171:9–
172:14; 180:21–181:2, 190:8–191:2, 214:11-22)
ii. Barnett stated that he did not order Mr. Jensen to use any
geoblock evading technology. (190:22-25).
iii. Jensen stated he did not use geoblock evading technology.
(Tr. 223:21–224:16, 227:8–228:19, 242:19-23).
iv. Gladkowski stated he did not use geoblock evading
technology. (Gladkowski Dep. 16:6-9).
v. Defendant’s expert witness Dr. Hallam-Baker admitted that
TVP had no evidence that Barnett or Jensen had used
geoblock evading technology. (Tr. at 653:11-17).
b. The fact that Barnett and Jensen did not record web session
information, such as the IP address of the computer they used to
access the 36 serial shows, does not undermine their testimony.
Neither Jensen nor Barnett are IT professionals or investigators.
c. Courtney Spence testified that Loeb & Loeb has software that
precludes the use of proxy tricking software, and he confirmed that
any internet traffic from the law firm’s New York office, where
Jensen recorded the 36 serial shows, would be directed through a
dedicated circuit located in the U.S., not overseas. (Tr. 769-771,
PX 67).
d. Barnett (Tr. 171:3-8) and Gladkowski (Dep. 15:3-16:5, 44:845:14) testified that some episodes were blocked, while others
were not, which showed that they were not using geoblock evading
tools. Additionally, on March 1, 2012, neither Barnett nor Jensen
could access any more shows without charge. (Tr. 187:21–188:16,
230:11–231:6). Had they been using geoblock evading
technology, they would have been able to continue accessing TVP
Polonia episodes.
4. The court therefore finds that Plaintiff established by a preponderance of
the evidence that the 51 episodes copyrighted by SEI were available and
viewed in the U.S. via TVP’s website.
a. Jensen viewed the 36 shows he preregistered in the U.S. over the
TVP website, and did not view the 15 that were recorded overseas.
(Tr. 230:11-19, 240:23–241:12, 276:11-14)
b. Barnett testified he was able to view the 51 TVP Polonia shows in
the United States, although he could not recall the specific

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episodes he viewed, and did not create a contemporaneous list.
(Tr. 197:23–200:21, 203:16–204:16). He also testified that he did
not have a specific recollection of watching all 51 episodes, but
that he “certainly watched a lot of episodes and confirmed that
they were streaming.” (Tr. 200:12-21). Gladkowski also testified
that he believed he was able to access all of the registered episodes
during the relevant period. (Dep. 33:17-18)
c. Barnett made screenshots of 6 of the 15 episodes displayed in PX
40—Bates number SEI-INTERNET 0000273 (Galeria eps. 16),
287 (Galeria eps. 18), 295 (Galeria eps. 17), 296 (Galeria eps. 19),
297 (Galeria eps. 20), 351 (Rezydencja eps. 58).
d.

The court concludes that Barnett’s, Gladkowski’s, and Jensen’s
testimony established by a preponderance of the evidence that all
51 registered episodes were in fact available and viewed on the
TVP website for free, and Plaintiff’s rights in all 51 were therefore
infringed.

5. The period of infringement was from December 2011 to March 2012. (Tr.
167:13; 187:21-25).
a. On March 1, 2012, Barnett and Jensen could no longer view
TVP Polonia programming through TVP’s website. (Tr. 187:21–
188:16, 230:11–231:6).
D. Whether Defendant’s infringement was volitional and willful
Six witnesses testified about the facts and circumstances surrounding SEI’s claim that
TVP infringed its exclusive copyright over TVP Polonia programming in the United States: (i)
Michael Barnett; (ii) Christian Jensen; (iii) Jacek Terlicki; (iv) Courtney Spence; (v) Dr. Phillip
Hallam-Baker; and (vi) Dr. Matthew Edman. The court found the testimony of Dr. HallamBaker to be unhelpful in determining whether the infringement was volitional and willful. Dr.
Hallam-Baker did not speak with TVP employees Tomporowski or Jezewski, (Tr. 667:11-12;
674:11-16), and only speculated about “hypothetical” reasons why TVP’s geoblocking
technology might not have worked. (Tr. 620:20-22). His answers on cross-examination
demonstrated that he did not have a complete understanding of TVP’s geoblocking system, and
he appeared to have done little or no independent research. Moreover, despite his testimony that
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geoblocking failure could have been caused by a failure of the Mongo database (Tr. 628:8-11),
Dr. Hallam-Baker admitted that there was no evidence of such a system failure (Tr. 697:11-22),
and that such a scenario was only a “hypothetical” explanation. (Tr. 626:20-22). Similarly, Dr.
Hallam-Baker’s testimony that a geoblocking failure could have occurred from a flaw in the
MaxMind database of IP addresses was mere speculation, since there was no evidence presented
of such a flaw, and Dr. Hallam-Baker conceded that the MaxMind database is 99.8% accurate on
a country basis. (DX 7 at 7).
The court makes the following findings of fact regarding whether TVP willfully and
volitionally infringed Plaintiff’s copyrights:
1. TVP acted volitionally in infringing SEI’s copyright. As noted in the court’s findings
above regarding TVP’s geoblocking technology:
a. AV technicians manually input regional restrictions into the formats for each
episode in the workflow system. (Tr. 302:22–303:7, 303:24–304:20).
b. The CMS system is set to a default of minus ameryki, and in order for the
default to be removed, a program editor must select a different setting from a
drop-down menu. (Tr. 299:12–00:4, 514:10-21).
c. TVP program editors working on the CMS would be able to see any changes
to territorial restrictions that were made in the workflow system. (Tr. 291:919).
d. In order to make TVP Polonia programming accessible in North America,
TVP personnel working on the workflow system and CMS would have to take
specific actions.
e. Since the court finds that the SEI witnesses did actually view TVP Polonia
content in the U.S., it also finds that TVP employees took the required
volitional actions to remove territorial restrictions.
2. TVP acted willfully and intentionally to infringe SEI’s copyright.
a. The person in charge of TVP’s geoblocking system, Jacek Terlicki, denied
that multiple formats of episodes—one geoblocked, the other not
geoblocked—were created. Having two formats would enable the territorial

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restrictions on shows to be changed without having to remove the show from
distribution. (Tr. 418:11–419:9).
b. However, contrary to Terlicki’s assertions on the witness stand, screenshots of
the TVP workflow system show that multiple formats were made for episodes,
and these formats included one with a minus ameryki territorial restriction,
and one without a territorial restriction. (PX 55, 56, 60, 63, 64).
i. The workflow screen shots at issue are for episode 894 of M jak
Milosc, episode 4 of Galeria, episode 52 of Rezydencja, episode 878
of M jak Milosc, episode 1810 of Plebania, episode 1829 of Plebania,
episode 10 of Galeria, episode 11 of Galeria, and episode 21 of
Galeria.
ii. PX 57, which is a copy of DX 5, is a workflow activity log from the
infringing period, and shows multiple formats created for a number of
TVP Polonia episodes in the workflow system.
iii. PX 58 shows that 46 of the 51 episodes which SEI copyrighted had
multiple formats created.
c. The creation of multiple formats for SEI copyrighted demonstrates that the
infringement was intentional and willful, since creating a format is an
intentional act, and there was no evidence that a format could be created
accidentally.
d. Further, TVP employees acted intentionally to delete the multiple formats.
i. PX 58 shows that for the 46 copyrighted episodes which had multiple
formats, all of the non-geoblocked formats were deleted.
ii. In particular, on February 25, 2012, TVP AV technician Mariusz
Tomporowski deleted/removed (in Polish, “usuniety”) 27 formats
which had no territorial restriction. These 27 deletions, all of which
were done sequentially, were done only for episodes which SEI had
preregistered. (PX 57, 58).
iii. The deletions do not appear to have been done by mistake or accident.
(Tr. 440:9-24).
iv. The deletions were not a coincidence, nor did they occur merely
because TVP was replacing old material, as TVP witnesses Terlicki
and Hallam-Baker speculated. (Tr. 436:2-11, 749:6-24).
v. Further, in the case of an unregistered episode, episode 874 of M jak
Milosc (which had two formats created), TVP personnel did not delete

14

the alternative format that was withdrawn. Only registered episodes
had alternative formats deleted. (PX 57, 58, 59, Tr. 436:14–437:18).
vi. The deletions occurred weeks after the formats were withdrawn and
prior to distribution of new formats, indicating that the deletions were
not done in order to distribute these episodes in updated formats, such
as MP4. (PX 57, Tr. 438:5–440:24).
vii. The odds that, of all of TVP’s shows, 27 registered episodes were
deleted in sequence on the same day were estimated by two witnesses
to be “substantially more than a billion to one, and less than one in a
quintillion.” (Tr. 672:16–673:18, 812:13–813:5).
e. The evidence also shows intentional manipulation of workflow logs prior to
TVP taking screenshots being taken of them for purposes of this litigation.
i. On August 31, 2012, AV technician Przemyslaw Jezewski removed
formats from distribution, changed the workflow settings, and then
republished the formats in distribution just prior to taking a screenshot
of the workflow format screens for use in this litigation. (Compare PX
57 at TVP-Internet 00091 which shows that on August 31, 2012 from
2:49 to 2:50 p.m., Jezewski removed format number 340770 (episode
895 of M jak Milosc) from distribution, then manipulated its settings in
the Workflow system, and re-published the format in distribution, with
DX 3 at TVP-Internet 000065 (Workflow screenshot for format
number 340770 (episode 895 of M jak Milosc), printed on August 31,
2012 at 2:52 p.m.).
ii. Other examples of this conduct include:




Compare PX 57 TVP-Internet 00090-91 (on August 31, 2012
from 2:47 to 2:48 p.m., Jezewski removed format number
340776 (episode 894 of M jak Milosc) from distribution,
manipulated its settings in the Workflow system, and republished the format in distribution) with DX 3 at TVPInternet 000064 (Workflow screenshot for format number
340776 (episode 895 of M jak Milosc), printed on August 31,
2012 at 2:48 p.m.);
Compare also PX 57 at TVP-Internet 00094 (on August 31,
2012 at 2:55 p.m., Jezewski removed format number 332756
(episode 1828 of Plebania) from distribution, manipulated its
settings in the Workflow system, and re-published the format
in distribution) with DX 3 at TVP- Internet 000069
(Workflow screenshot for format number 332756 (episode
1828 of Plebania) printed on August 31, 2012 at 2:55 p.m.).

15

iii. The method of changing these formats—removing one episode from
distribution, manipulating the format, and republishing it—is the
method used to change the territorial restriction for a format. (Tr.
464:16-19).
iv. These formats were not removed from distribution for the purpose of
changing the publication end date, they were removed because
Defendant’s employee, Jezewski, altered the territorial restrictions to
geoblock them. (DX 3 at TVP-Internet 066279, 066282).
f. As noted above, CMS system records are overwritten, so any changes during
the infringing period would not have been captured when this litigation
commenced. The CMS records that were produced were printed on August
31, 2012, which is the same day Jezewski removed formats in the workflow
system, then republished them prior to screenshots being taken. (DX 4). The
court did not find Defendant’s exhibits dealing with the CMS system and
purporting to show geoblocked content to be helpful or credible.
3. There is no evidence that a failure in TVP’s geoblocking system caused the
infringement.
a. Jacek Terlicki testified that he had not heard of any problems with the
geoblocking system, and was “absolutely certain the system was working with
one hundred percent reliability.” (Tr. 309:8-12).
b. Dr. Hallam-Baker speculated about several possible flaws or malfunctions that
could have led to an inadvertent failure in geoblocking, but, as noted above,
the court did not find his testimony on this issue to be useful or credible.
Moreover, Dr. Hallam-Baker testified that:
i. He was unaware of any technological failure in TVP’s geoblocking
system that would have allowed TVP Polonia shows to be accessed in
the U.S. via TVP’s website. (Tr. 697:11-22).
ii. He had no information that a replication failure in the Mongo database
led to a geoblocking failure, but suggested this as a “hypothetical”
explanation. (Tr. 626: 20-22).
iii. The MaxMind database is between 98 and 99.8% accurate in blocking
access on a country basis, and he had no information to suggest that
there was a database flaw leading to TVP Polonia shows being
available on the TVP website in the U.S. (DX 7 at 7; Tr. 694:14-17).
c. Dr. Erdman testified that had a database failure occurred, TVP IT
administrators would have noticed it. (Tr. 807).

16

d. PX 37, screenshots taken by Gladkowski over the infringing period, show that
some TVP shows were geoblocked, while others were not, lending further
credence to the assertion that TVP employees selectively removed the
geoblock for some shows, instead of there being a mass failure of the system.
(PX 37).
E. Defendant’s equitable estoppel defense
The court finds that the evidence did not support Defendant’s equitable estoppel defense,
and makes the following findings of fact regarding whether SEI is equitably estopped from
pursuing its copyright infringement claims:
1. TVP employees were aware that they infringed SEI’s copyrights. As set forth above,
since the default settings for programs were to geoblock TVP Polonia content from
being accessible in the U.S., TVP employees had to take willful and volitional steps
to remove the geo-block for the 36 episodes that were viewed and recorded in the
U.S. by Jensen. (Tr. 344:2-14, 602:20–603:9, 604:4-16, DX 7 at 5-6).
2. Further, a TVP employee took the deliberate step of deleting formats that did not
contain the minus ameryki restriction prior to taking screen shots of the workflow
system. (Compare PX 57 at TVP-Internet 00091 with DX 3 at TVP-Internet 000065).
3. No evidence was presented to show that SEI had advance knowledge that its
copyrights were being infringed; rather, the evidence shows that SEI discovered the
infringement after TVP employees removed the territorial restrictions, and after
discovering this, SEI acted to register the 36 shows in the U.S. (Tr. 202:9-203:1).
II.

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
A. Copyright Infringement Generally
1. “In order to prevail in a copyright infringement action, a plaintiff must
show two elements: First, that he is the rightful owner of the copyright at
issue, and second, that the defendant infringed his copyright.” Staggers v.
Real Authentic Sound, 77 F. Supp. 2d 57, 61 (D.D.C. 1999) (citing Feist
Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361 (1991)).
2. The plaintiff bears the burden of proving that any infringement of its
copyrights occurred. See Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 134 S.
Ct. 1962, 1976 (2014).
B. Whether Plaintiff Possessed A Valid Copyright Over TVP Polonia Programming
In The US
1. Plaintiff has met its burden of establishing that it possesses a valid copyright over
TVP Polonia programming in the U.S.
17

2. Defendant is the creator of TVP Polonia programming, and thus originally held
all rights over its use.
a. “An author holds a bundle of exclusive rights in the copyrighted work.”
Stewart v. Abend, 495 U.S. 207, 220 (1990).
b. The bundle of rights “is entirely statutory and is set forth in 17 U.S.C. §
106.” Staggers, 77 F. Supp. 2d at 60–61 (citing Sony Corp. of America v.
Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984)).
c. TVP, as the originator and owner of TVP Polonia programing, had the
right to license its exclusive rights to another party. 17 U.S.C. § 201(d).
3. SEI is the exclusive licensee of TVP’s rights in TVP Polonia. SEI therefore has
the exclusive license to broadcast TVP Polonia programming in the U.S. This
legal conclusion is not in dispute.
a. Under 17 U.S.C. § 204(a), in order to validly transfer of copyright
ownership, a transfer of exclusive rights must be in writing and signed by
the owner of the rights conveyed or such owner’s duly authorized agent.
Atkins v. Fischer, 331 F.3d 988, 991 (D.C. Cir. 2003).
b. SEI and TVP executed multiple written agreements—the December 14,
1994 agreement and the 199 Addendum to the 1994 Agreement—which
give SEI the exclusive right to “use” TVP Polonia content over the
internet within the U.S.
4. Since TVP validly transferred copyright ownership to SEI, SEI is the exclusive
owner of any copyrights over TVP Polonia programming in the U.S. 17 U.S.C. §
101; see also William Patry, 2 Patry on Copyright § 5:101 (2016).
5. TVP Polonia programming are foreign works, and “holders of copyrights for
foreign works need not register those works in order to bring a suit for copyright
infringement. Registration is only a prerequisite when the foreign copyright
holder seeks statutory damages and attorney’s fees.” Rudnicki v. WPNA 1490
AM, 580 F. Supp. 2d 690, 694 (N.D. Ill. 2008). Thus SEI was not required to
register its copyright of TVP Polonia programming in the U.S.
6. However, SEI registered 51 episodes of TVP Polonia with the Copyright Office.
Copyright registration certificates are prima facie evidence of a valid copyright.
17 U.S.C. § 410(c); see also Stenograph L.L.C. v. Bossard Associates, Inc., 144
F.3d 96, 99 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“Stenograph’s certificates of registration for
Premier Power . . . constitute prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright
of the software, and [defendant] makes no argument that such certificates were
improvidently issued); MOB Music Pub. v. Zanzibar on the Waterfront, LLC, 698

18

F. Supp. 2d 197, 202 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[C]opyright registration certificates
constitute prima facie evidence of plaintiffs’ valid copyrights . . .”).
a. The 51 registered episodes are Galeria episodes 4 – 25, Gleboka woda
episode 13, M jak Milosc episodes 884 – 895, Plebania episodes 1825 –
1829, and Rezydencja episodes 48 – 58.
7. Thus, SEI is the valid holder of copyrights for all TVP Polonia programming in
the U.S., including the 51 registered episodes.
C. Whether TVP Infringed SEI’s Public Performance Right2
1. SEI has met its burden to prove that its public performance right was infringed by
TVP for all 51 episodes of TVP Polonia programming.
2. SEI holds the exclusive right to “perform the copyrighted work publicly.” 17
U.S.C. § 106(4). SEI’s public performance right includes the exclusive right to
transmit TVP Polonia shows to viewers in the U.S. 17 U.S.C. § 101.
a. Under 17 U.S.C. § 101, “[t]o ‘perform’ a work means to recite, render,
play, dance, or act it, either directly or by means of any device or process
or, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show its
images in any sequence or to make the sounds accompanying it audible.
To ‘transmit’ a performance is to communicate [a work] by any device or
process whereby images or sounds are received beyond the place from
which they are sent. To perform a work ‘publicly’ is to transmit or
otherwise communicate a performance or display of the work to . . . the
public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of the
public capable of receiving the performance or display receive it in the
same place or in separate places and at the same time or at different times
[the ‘Transmit Clause’].” Fox Broad. Co., 160 F. Supp. 3d at 1158
(internal citations omitted).
b. The Transmit Clause defines the public performance right as the right to
“transmit a performance to the public ‘whether the members of the public
capable of receiving the performance ... receive it ... at the same time or at
different times.’” Am. Broad. Companies, Inc. v. Aereo, Inc., 134 S. Ct.
2498, 2509 (2014) (citing 17 U.S.C. § 101).
3. “For the Transmit Clause to apply, there must be (1) a transmission or other
communication; (2) of a performance of a work; (3) to the public. Not all
transmissions are performances, and not all performances are transmissions.” Fox
Broad. Co., 160 F. Supp. 3d at 1158 (internal citation omitted).

2

Plaintiff does not appear to allege an infringement of its distribution rights.
19

4. Both parties agree that unauthorized streaming of copyrighted content can
constitute a violation of the public performance right. (Def.’s Trial Brief at 4;
Pl.’s Trial Brief at 5). See Aereo, 134 S. Ct. at 2506-2507 (Provider that sold
subscribers broadcast television programming streamed over the Internet from
small antennas housed in a central warehouse “performed” copyrighted works
within the meaning of the Copyright Act. Although the provider’s system
remained inert until a subscriber indicated that he or she wanted to watch a
program and may have emulated equipment a viewer could use at home, it
allowed subscribers to watch programs almost as they were being broadcast);
United States v. Am. Soc. of Composers, Authors, Publishers, 627 F.3d 64, 74 (2d
Cir. 2010) (“The Internet Companies’ stream transmissions, which all parties
agree constitute public performances, illustrate why a download is not a public
performance. A stream is an electronic transmission that renders the musical
work audible as it is received by the client-computer’s temporary memory. This
transmission, like a television or radio broadcast, is a performance because there
is a playing of the song that is perceived simultaneously with the transmission.”).
5. Both Michael Barnett and Christian Jensen were able to stream and view TVP
Polonia episodes by accessing TVP’s website, www.tvp.pl in the U.S. Thus SEI’s
public performance right was infringed.3
6. TVP argues that even if the shows were viewed in the U.S. by Barnett and Jensen,
and in Canada by Gladkowski, that the Copyright Act requires volitional conduct
by the Defendant for direct infringement to have occurred; “A defendant may be
held directly liable only if it has engaged in volitional conduct that violates the
Act.” Aereo, 134 S. Ct. at 2512.
a. Because “the Supreme Court did not find it necessary to address the
‘volitional conduct’ requirement in Aereo III to hold that both Aereo and
its subscribers perform within the meaning of the Transmit Clause,” the
Court indicated that the requirement that a direct infringer act volitionally
has been met in circumstances involving streaming transmission. Fox
Television Stations, Inc. v. FilmOn X LLC, 150 F. Supp. 3d 1, 31 (D.D.C.
2015).
7. TVP volitionally and intentionally infringed Plaintiff’s copyrights over the 51
infringed episodes of TVP Polonia.

While the infringing content was streamed from overseas into the U.S., “[w]ith respect to
extraterritoriality, the Court adopts the reasoning in Automattic Inc. v. Steiner, from the Northern
District of California, which held that copyright infringement that commenced abroad but was
completed in the United States was not wholly extraterritorial, and thus the Copyright Act
covered the defendant’s conduct.” (Transcript of July 9, 2015 Motions Hearing at 74:2-25)
(citing Automattic v. Steiner, 82 F. Supp. 3d 1011, 1028 (N.D. Cal. 2015)).
3

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D. Whether SEI Should Be Equitably Estopped From Claiming Infringement
1. TVP did not carry its burden to prove that SEI should be equitably estopped from
claiming that its copyrights were infringed.
2. “[W]hen a copyright owner engages in intentionally misleading representations
concerning his abstention from suit, and the alleged infringer detrimentally relies
on the copyright owner’s deception, the doctrine of estoppel may bar the
copyright owner’s claims completely, eliminating all potential remedies.” Petrella
v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 134 S. Ct. at 1966.
3. “To establish equitable estoppel as a defense to a copyright infringement action,
the defendant must prove four conjunctive elements: “(1) the plaintiff must know
the facts of the defendant’s infringing conduct; (2) the plaintiff must intend that
its conduct shall be acted on or must so act that the defendant has a right to
believe that it is so intended; (3) the defendant must be ignorant of the true facts;
and (4) the defendant must rely on the plaintiff’s conduct to its injury.” Tech 7
Sys., Inc. v. Vacation Acquisition, LLC, 594 F. Supp. 2d 76, 86 (D.D.C. 2009)
(citing Carson v. Dynegy, Inc., 344 F.3d 446, 453 (5th Cir. 2003)).
4. Because the court finds that TVP took intentional and volitional action to infringe
SEI’s copyright, TVP could not be ignorant of the true facts in this dispute, and
therefore cannot meet its burden to prove the third and fourth element of estoppel.
a. TVP could not have been ignorant that it was infringing SEI’s copyright
because it (1) granted the exclusive license over TVP Polonia content to
SEI and (2) then intentionally infringed SEI’s rights. Nor could TVP
have relied on SEI’s actions to its own injury, as it was the party
intentionally harming SEI.
E. Damages
Because the court has determined that TVP infringed SEI’s copyrights with regards to 51
TVP Polonia episodes which SEI had registered in the U.S., and the court has wide discretion in
determining the amount of damages, the court requests supplementary briefing from the parties
on the issue of the appropriate amount of damages it should award.

21

III.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, and based upon the evidence presented at trial, the court

concludes that Plaintiff Spanski Enterprises has sustained its burden of proof on its copyright
infringement claim, and that judgment must therefore be entered in favor of Plaintiff.

Date: December 12, 2016

Tanya S. Chutkan
TANYA S. CHUTKAN
United States District Judge

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