PINTRO v. GENACHOWSKI

Filing 48

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Reggie B. Walton on August 14, 2017. (lcrbw1)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
LINDA PINTRO,
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
)
Civil Action No. 13-231 (RBW)
)
AJIT PAI, Chairman of the Federal
)
Communications Commission,
)
)
Defendant.
)
)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The plaintiff, an African-American female of Haitian descent, filed this action against
Ajit Pai in his official capacity as the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission
(“FCC”) for allegedly discriminating against her based on her race and national origin, in
violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 to -17
(2012) (“Title VII”). See Complaint (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 4, 26–31. Currently before the Court is the
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Def.’s Mot.”). Upon careful consideration of the
parties’ submissions, 1 the Court concludes that it must deny the FCC’s motion.
0F

I.

BACKGROUND

The plaintiff, 2 an attorney, has been an FCC employee since 1996, Pl.’s Opp’n, Exhibit
1F

(“Ex.”) 1 (Declaration of Linda Pintro (“Pintro Decl.”)) ¶ 16, and a Senior Legal Advisor in the

1

In addition to the filings already identified, the Court also considered the following submissions in rendering its
decision: (1) the Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment
(“Def.’s Mem.”); (2) the Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for
Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Opp’n”); (3) the Defendant’s Reply to Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for
Summary Judgment (“Def.’s Reply”); (4) the Plaintiff’s Surreply in Support of Opposition to Defendant’s Motion
for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Surreply.”); (5) the Defendant’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts (“Def.’s
Facts”); and (6) the Statement of Disputed Material Facts in Support of Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion
for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Facts”)).
2

The plaintiff was formerly known as Linda Armstrong. See Compl. ¶ 6.

Strategic Analysis and Negotiations Division (the “Division”) of the FCC’s International Bureau
from 1999 until she filed her Complaint in 2013, id., Ex. 1 (Pintro Decl.) ¶ 20; Compl. ¶ 6.
Kathryn O’Brien, the Chief of the Division, was the plaintiff’s supervisor from 2003 through
2009. See Def.’s Facts ¶ 3.
In early 2008, one of O’Brien’s two Deputy Division Chief positions became vacant. See
Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (transcript of EEOC proceedings on May 11, 2012 (“May 11, 2012 Hearing
Tr.”)) at 182. O’Brien sought permission from the Associate Bureau Chief for Administration to
post a vacancy announcement for the Deputy Division Chief position, but was told that she “was
not likely to get hiring authority to fill that position.” Id., Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at
183. However, O’Brien and the Associate Bureau Chief for Administration agreed that she
could fill the position “on an interim basis.” Id., Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 186.
O’Brien then asked Robert Tanner, a white male who was an attorney-advisor for the Division,
to serve as an Acting Deputy Division Chief on an interim basis. See Def.’s Facts ¶ 5; Compl.
¶ 17; Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 189. O’Brien “had [Tanner] in mind”
when she received approval for the interim position, Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing
Tr.) at 186, and she did not consider the plaintiff for the position, see id., Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012
Hearing Tr.) at 193.
Thereafter, the plaintiff filed a complaint of discrimination challenging her non-selection
for the vacant Acting Deputy Division Chief position. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. B (Decision, EEOC
No. 570-2009-00190X (Sept. 27, 2012) (“EEOC Decision”)) at 1. The complaint was assigned
to an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) administrative law judge who,
after conducting a hearing in which the plaintiff and five other witnesses testified, issued a
decision in favor of the FCC. Id., Ex. B (EEOC Decision) at 1, 10.

2

The plaintiff subsequently commenced this litigation, alleging discrimination based on
Tanner’s promotion and seven other internal promotion decisions. See Pintro v. Wheeler, 35 F.
Supp. 3d 47, 49 (D.D.C. 2014) (Walton, J.). Ruling on an earlier motion to dismiss filed by the
FCC that the Court converted into a motion for summary judgment, the Court entered summary
judgment in favor of the FCC regarding all of the promotional challenges raised by the plaintiff,
with the exception of the Acting Deputy Division Chief position. See id. at 56.
II.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Courts will grant a motion for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
56(c) “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). When ruling on a Rule
56 motion, the Court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.
Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citing Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing
Prods., 530 U.S. 133, 150 (2000)). The Court must therefore draw “all justifiable inferences” in
the non-moving party’s favor and accept the non-moving party’s evidence as true. Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).
In responding to a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party “must do more
than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita
Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). Accordingly, the non-moving
party must not rely on “mere allegations or denials . . . but . . . must set forth specific facts
showing that there [are] genuine issue[s] for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248 (second omission
in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “The mere existence of a scintilla of
evidence in support of the [non-moving party’s] position [is] insufficient” to withstand a motion
for summary judgment, as “there must be [some] evidence on which the jury could reasonably
find for the [non-movant].” Id. at 252.
3

III.

ANALYSIS

Title VII protects federal employees from discrimination on the basis of race or national
origin, among other protected factors. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(a). In the absence of direct
evidence of discrimination, as is the situation here, claims of employment discrimination under
Title VII are analyzed under the three-part framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
411 U.S. 792 (1973). Jackson v. Gonzales, 496 F.3d 703, 706 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Under this
framework, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of
discrimination by providing proof of “(1) membership in a protected group; (2) qualification for
the job in question; (3) an adverse employment action; and (4) circumstances that support an
inference of discrimination.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 510 (2002). If the
plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, “[t]he burden then must shift to the employer to articulate
some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the [adverse employment action].” McDonnell
Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802.
However, where the defendant “has asserted a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for
the adverse employment action in the context of a summary judgment motion, this Circuit has
held that “the [ ] court need not—and should not—decide whether the plaintiff actually made out
a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas.” Brady v. Office of Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d
490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Rather, the Court must evaluate only whether “the employee [has]
produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted nondiscriminatory reason was not the actual reason [for the adverse employment action] and that the
employer intentionally discriminated against the employee on the basis of race [or national
origin].” Evans v. Sebelius, 716 F.3d 617, 620 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (quoting Brady, 520 F.3d at
494). “Because in appropriate cases a ‘factfinder’s disbelief of the reasons put forward by the
defendant’ may support an inference of intentional discrimination, [the Circuit] do[es] not
4

routinely require plaintiffs ‘to submit evidence over and above rebutting the employer’s stated
explanation in order to avoid summary judgment.’” Hamilton v. Geithner, 666 F.3d 1344, 1351
(D.C. Cir. 2012) (first quoting St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 511 (1993), then
quoting Aka v. Wash. Hosp. Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1290 (D.C. Cir. 1998)).
Here, the FCC cites O’Brien’s EEOC interview and hearing testimony as support for her
decision not to appoint the plaintiff as an Acting Deputy Division Chief. See Def.’s Mem. at 5–7
(quoting Def.’s Mot., Ex. A (Interview of Kathryn O’Brien (“O’Brien Interview”)); Pl.’s Opp’n,
Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.)). During the EEOC hearing, O’Brien testified that the
Division “ha[s] to be willing to sort of go with the flow, rearrange priorities, rearrange responses
[sic] really on a day-to-day basis.” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 178–79.
O’Brien also stated in her interview that a Deputy Division Chief must be able to
manage up the chain to [the] bureau chief and up to . . . our commissioners and
our chairman, [and] also help [O’Brien] manage the branch chiefs below and their
staff, where necessary, and help push things through and be sensitive to [ ] the
management needs at the different levels of review.
Def.’s Mot., Ex. A (O’Brien Interview) at 47.
O’Brien testified that she did not consider the plaintiff for the Acting Deputy Division
Chief position because
one of the main skill sets that [O’Brien] needed, and it’s a real skill set, and not
everybody has it[,] is the ability to handle multiple issues at once and to have
deadlines change and expectations change and input change, and you just have to
sort of swallow that and do it, and [O’Brien] had observed through the time
working with [the plaintiff] that that was not her strong suit, but [O’Brien] had
observed in working with [ ] Tanner that he was very good at that.”
Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (EEOC Hearing Tr.) at 193–94. O’Brien explained in her interview with the
EEOC investigator that she recalled
a fair number of instances where, working on different projects, staff have had a
difficult time working with [the plaintiff], and, for a deputy, where [O’Brien]
need[ed] somebody to be essentially [her] alter ego and work with staff, that
would [have] add[ed] another whole layer of complication for [her], if [she] ha[d]
5

to smooth over difficult relationships with staff. In addition, it indicated to
[O’Brien] that [she] might have [had] challenges managing up the chain if [the
plaintiff] continued to prove difficult to work with.
Def.’s Mot., Ex. A (O’Brien Interview) at 48. When asked for specific examples of her concerns
about the plaintiff, O’Brien recalled receiving feedback from staff regarding the plaintiff’s work
on the “KSDS” case, see id., Ex. A (O’Brien Interview) at 49–50, and the plaintiff’s supervision
of a legal intern, see id., Ex. A (O’Brien Interview) at 48. In her testimony at the EEOC hearing,
O’Brien also mentioned experiencing difficulties with the plaintiff during her work on the
“Quetzal” case. See Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 156. O’Brien also
explained that
on one level, . . . [the plaintiff] is extremely responsive and extremely
professional and courteous and kind . . . . So the abrasiveness that I described,
and there is an abrasiveness, is understated. It doesn’t hit you in the face. . . . [I]t
isn’t immediately obvious with [the plaintiff], but once you get into a project,
again, it’s like pulling teeth, and then there will come times when there is this
extremely sort of dismissive, almost sort of contemptuous, interaction with [s]ome
peers . . . and people down the chain a little bit.
Def.’s Mot., Ex. A (O’Brien Interview) at 71.
The Court is satisfied that the FCC has asserted legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons
for not selecting the plaintiff for the Acting Deputy Division Chief position—namely, that the
plaintiff (1) lacked the ability to handle multiple issues with changing deadlines and
expectations, see Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 9 (EEOC Hearing Tr.) at 194; and (2) had difficulties working
with other staff on group projects due to the plaintiff’s “understated” “abrasiveness” and
“dismissive, almost sort of contemptuous, interaction with . . . peers,” Def.’s Mot., Ex. A
(O’Brien Interview) at 71; see also Woodruff v. Dimario, 164 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2001)
(“A subjective reason can be legally sufficient, legitimate, and nondiscriminatory if the
defendant articulates a clear and reasonably specific factual basis upon which it based its
subjective opinion.”), aff’d, No. 01-5321, 2002 WL 449776 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 21, 2002). “[The
6

Court] therefore turn[s] directly to the central issue: whether [the plaintiff] produced evidence
sufficient for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s stated reason[s] [not to promote her]
w[ere] not the actual reason[s] and that the employer intentionally discriminated against [the
plaintiff] based on [her race and national origin].” Adeyemi v. District of Columbia, 525 F.3d
1222, 1227 (D.C. Cir. 2008).
The plaintiff argues that a reasonable jury could find that O’Brien’s reasons for not
considering her for the Acting Deputy Division Chief position—namely, her weaknesses in
handling competing issues and adjusting to changing deadlines and expectations, see Pl.’s
Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 194, and her difficulty working with other staff, see
Def.’s Mot., Ex. A (O’Brien Interview) at 71—were pretextual because not only is there is no
evidence in the record contemporaneously documenting these alleged weaknesses, but the
contemporaneous evidence that is before the Court actually demonstrates the plaintiff’s strengths
and qualifications in these areas, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 15, 25–27; see, e.g., Aka, 156 F.3d at 1295,
1297–98 (declining to give the defendant’s conclusion that the plaintiff was not an enthusiastic
candidate “too much weight at summary judgment [because the defendant] did not comment at
all on [the plaintiff’s] enthusiasm (or lack thereof) on the interview summary sheet, weakening
her claim that [the plaintiff’s] lack of enthusiasm motivated her decision”). The FCC argues in
response that O’Brien’s perceptions of the plaintiff’s weaknesses “are supported by
contemporaneous documentary evidence.” Def.’s Reply at 16–17.
As the plaintiff correctly notes, because “courts traditionally treat explanations that rely
heavily on subjective considerations with caution,” Aka, 156 F.3d at 1298, an “absence of any
contemporaneous documentation supporting [O’Brien’s] explanation could lead a reasonable
jury to disbelieve [her] and to reach a verdict in [the plaintiff’s] favor,” Hamilton, 666 F.3d at
1357; see also Colbert v. Tapella, 649 F.3d 756, 759 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (denying summary
7

judgment because, among other reasons, nothing in the record supported the defendant’s
explanation for not hiring the plaintiff). Therefore, the Court will consider whether there is
contemporaneous evidence supporting O’Brien’s specific examples of the challenges she
contends she experienced working with the plaintiff.
A.

The Quetzal Case
In her EEOC hearing testimony, which was provided in 2012, O’Brien referenced the

Quetzal case as support for her position about the plaintiff, see Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012
Hearing Tr.) at 1, 155–56, which was a 2005 project that the plaintiff worked on, see Def.’s
Reply at 16. O’Brien described that case as having “some tricky engineering issues,” as well as
“some really politically sort of challenging issues because [the Division was] working with
Mexico on the issues,” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 156, and stated that “the
most serious problems [with the plaintiff’s work] arose with [that] case and the inability to
advance the work on the order,” id., Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 209. When asked to
describe her specific concerns with respect to the plaintiff’s work on the Quetzal case, O’Brien
explained:
Well, it was a long time ago, so I don’t remember again the real specifics of the
case, but what I do recall is the division of responsibilities in drafting the order,
and there were some real frustrations in getting the work done, and I felt that I had
to keep clarifying exactly what I wanted done, and that every time I clarified,
there would be sort of push-back about what I meant and how that had changed.
Then, when we were finally able to brief the Chairman’s office on it, and we had
to move much more quickly, that created some real sort of consternation about the
timing, and, you know, the truth is, we just have to move. When the Chairman’s
office wants it done, we have to move, and I felt that I really had to sort of cajole
the process along, and that created challenges for me with the team as a whole and
also with my front office.
***
[W]hat I tried to do with that order was to have a clear division of responsibilities,
who was responsible for what, and I felt that every time I asked [the plaintiff] for
her input, I got sort of push-back about exactly what it was I wanted her to do,
8

and I kept trying to clarify, and I kept trying to clarify, but it kept being thrown
back at me that I wasn’t being clear, and I felt that there was sort of nothing I
could do to make this process go smoother and to get her to sort of accept
responsibility for what it was that I needed instead of to keep asking for
clarification time and time again.
At one point, I got frustrated enough that I just asked another person to write the
entire order, but then as these things go, that person ended up having to be pulled
for another project that the front office wanted, and so I had to go back and ask
for assistance again, and I felt that it shouldn’t be that hard to get a legal advisor
to write an order or even a section of an order.
Id., Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 156–58. O’Brien, however, conceded that she did not
share her concerns regarding the plaintiff’s work on the Quetzal case with the plaintiff directly,
see id., Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 211–12, and neither party submitted the plaintiff’s
annual performance evaluation for the rating period covering the time in 2005 when work was
being performed in the Quetzal case, see id., Ex. 3 (performance evaluations) at 22–29 (the
plaintiff’s performance evaluations for the rating period of July 1, 2003, to June 30, 2004, and
for the rating period of January 31, 2006, to September 30, 2006). 3 Therefore, the only
2F

contemporaneous evidence in the record that could support O’Brien’s account of the difficulties
regarding the plaintiff’s work on the Quetzal case is an exhibit containing “[c]ontemporaneous
emails from August through October 2005” regarding the project. Def.’s Reply at 17; see also
id., Ex. H (e-mails regarding Quetzal project (“Quetzal e-mails”)).
The FCC argues that these e-mails “reflect [the p]laintiff’s resistance to an engineer’s
advice, her need for continued clarification about expectations, difficulties with a changed and
The plaintiff also cites as rebuttal evidence the performance award she received for the Quetzal case, see Pl.’s
Opp’n, Ex. 4 (performance awards) at 16 (Superior Achievement Award for the plaintiff’s efforts regarding Quetzal
Communications’ application for a Special Temporary Authority license), but, according to the FCC, the plaintiff
received this award for her work at the beginning of the case, before the alleged performance problems occurred, see
Def.’s Reply at 17 n.9 (stating that the award “was issued on June 10, 2005, which predates the problems
identified”). Given the Court’s duty to evaluate all evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see
Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 895, the Court agrees that the performance award could, from a jury’s perspective, undermine
O’Brien’s reliance on her recollection that her “most serious problems” with the plaintiff arose during the Quetzal
case, see Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 209; see also Colbert, 649 F.3d at 759 (noting that
“nothing in the record support[ed]” the defendant’s reasons for not hiring the plaintiff, given that the plaintiff
“received numerous awards and commendations, including eight outstanding performance awards”).
3

9

accelerated deadline made at the behest of the Chairman, and that other [Division] personnel
were required to take over the project to ensure its timely completion.” Def.’s Reply at 17; see
also id., Ex. H (Quetzal e-mails). The plaintiff argues in response that that these e-mails
do not show that [the plaintiff] had interpersonal issues. Reply[,] Ex. H. At most,
these e[-]mails reflected some miscommunications between parties, but none
show that the miscommunication was caused by [the plaintiff]. See Reply[,] Ex.
H at 5 (“I guess there was a misunderstanding when we met last week.”). Indeed,
whenever [the plaintiff] was uncertain that she was on the same page as a
coworker, she sent an e[-]mail requesting clarification to proactively prevent
misunderstandings. See Reply[,] Ex. H at 1, 4.
Pl.’s Surreply at 17–18.
Upon review of the e-mails, the Court finds that both parties’ interpretations are
plausible. The e-mails document shifting deadlines and responsibilities regarding an order to
resolve a petition before the FCC. See generally Def.’s Reply, Ex. H (Quetzal e-mails). The
Court declines to determine which party’s interpretation of the significance of the e-mails is
more credible because to do so would require the Court to weigh the evidence, which it may not
do at the summary judgment stage. See Aka, 156 F.3d at 1299 (noting that credibility
determinations are made by the finder of fact). Accordingly, the Court concludes that a genuine
dispute of material fact exists regarding whether the e-mails constitute contemporaneous
evidence that supports O’Brien’s proffered reasons for not considering the plaintiff for the
Acting Deputy Division Chief position.
B.

The KSDS Case
O’Brien also referenced the KSDS case in her EEOC hearing testimony as an example of

her difficulty in working with the plaintiff. See Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at
166. The KSDS case, a 2006 project, see Def.’s Reply at 16, “involved coordinating with
another Bureau to draft and issue an order and related public notices related to another [license]
application,” id. at 17; see also Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 7 (EEOC Hearing Tr.) at 117–18 (the plaintiff
10

describing the KSDS case as “a request by a company in the [United States] to send its
programming to Mexico for a Mexican broadcaster to send it back into the [United States] for
advantageous reasons”). In her testimony, O’Brien stated that her concerns with the plaintiff’s
work on the KSDS case were not “as big of an issue as the Quetzal case,” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8
(May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 166, but described those concerns as follows:
I think [the plaintiff] was not 100 percent comfortable with the initial cuts [from
the order] or with the feedback that various participants in the case were
providing and was sort of reluctant to carry that forward and just sort of accept
those cuts and move forward with writing the order with the feedback we had
been given and with the feedback the engineers and the folks who had been
involved with Mexico for longer than I had were recommending.
Id., Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 166–67.
The FCC claims that “O’Brien did document her concerns regarding these matters and
communicate them to [the p]laintiff,” Def.’s Reply at 17 (internal citations and quotation marks
omitted), and cites the plaintiff’s performance evaluation for the period covering January 31,
2006 through September 30, 2006, as support for this assertion, see id.; see also id., Ex. I
(Employee Review Form for Supervisors and Managers signed on Jan. 26, 2007 (“2006
Performance Review”)) at 1. 4
3F

The plaintiff initially received an overall summary rating of “fully successful” on her
2006 performance review, which is the second lowest of four possible scores. See id., Ex. I
(2006 Performance Review) at 1. In a subsequent e-mail, the plaintiff told O’Brien that she “was
troubled by the evaluation . . . and would appreciate another opportunity to discuss it with [her].”
Id., Ex. I (2006 Performance Review) at 6 (e-mail from the plaintiff to O’Brien dated January 23,
2007 (“Jan. 23, 2007 e-mail”)). In that same e-mail, the plaintiff noted that O’Brien had
“indicated that [she] gave [the plaintiff] a ‘fully successful’ rating for 3 of the 4 ‘Critical

The page numbers for Def.’s Reply, Ex. I, as well as Pl.’s Opp’n, Exs. 3 and 4, refer to those generated by the
Court’s ECF system.
4

11

Performance Elements’ because [O’Brien] w[as] not impressed with [the plaintiff’s] level of
communication on the KSDS matter.” Id., Ex. I (2006 Performance Review) at 6 (Jan. 23, 2007
e-mail). The plaintiff told O’Brien that after reviewing her communications about the case, she
did not perceive any indications of communication failures. Id., Ex. I (2006 Performance
Review) at 6 (Jan. 23, 2007 e-mail). The plaintiff concluded her e-mail by telling O’Brien that
she was “hopeful that reviewing the facts together will cause [O’Brien] to reconsider the
ratings.” Id., Ex. I (2006 Performance Review) at 6 (Jan. 23, 2007 e-mail). Thereafter, O’Brien
did in fact increase the plaintiff’s overall rating from “fully successful” to “excellent,” the second
highest of the four scores. See id., Ex. I (2006 Performance Review) at 11 (Employee Review
Form for Supervisors and Managers signed on Mar. 12, 2007 (“2006 Amended Performance
Review”).
Upon its review of the original 2006 performance review, the plaintiff’s January 23, 2007
e-mail, and the amended 2006 performance review, the Court concludes that, although O’Brien
clearly discussed her concerns regarding the plaintiff’s work on the KSDS case, see id., Ex. I
(2006 Performance Review) at 6 (Jan. 23, 2007 e-mail), the fact that O’Brien later increased the
plaintiff’s overall rating after the plaintiff had asked her to “review[] the facts” and “reconsider
the ratings,” id., Ex. I (2006 Performance Review) at 6 (Jan. 23, 2007 e-mail), undermines the
FCC’s argument that the original 2006 performance review provides contemporaneous evidence
of the difficulties the plaintiff experienced when she worked on the KSDS case. In other words,
a reasonable jury could infer that O’Brien’s decision to increase the plaintiff’s rating shows that
O’Brien agreed with the plaintiff’s position that she did not exhibit any communication failures
while working on the case. Again, the weight and credibility determinations regarding O’Brien’s
testimony, the performance reviews, and the e-mails are tasks for the factfinder, not the Court at
this stage of the litigation. See Aka, 156 F.3d at 1299 (“This case thus turns on whose account of
12

[O’Brien’s performance evaluation of the plaintiff] is correct; that question will hinge on
[O’Brien’s and the plaintiff’s] credibility, an issue that is quintessentially one for the finder of
fact.”). 5
4F

C.

The Plaintiff’s Supervision of an Intern
O’Brien also referenced in her EEOC hearing testimony the plaintiff’s mentorship and

supervision of a legal intern as a reason why she did not consider the plaintiff for the Acting
Deputy Division Chief position. See Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 168.
O’Brien testified that the person overseeing the intern program “brought concerns to [her]”
regarding the plaintiff’s mentorship of an intern, see id., Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at
168, after the intern had contacted the intern coordinator “and was very upset, and [the intern
coordinator] was concerned [about] the supervision that he was being given,” see id., Ex. 8 (May
11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 176–77; see also Def.’s Mot., Ex. A (O’Brien Interview) at 48 (“I had
[the plaintiff] working with an intern on one particular project, and there were some interactions
where the intern was really quite upset because [the plaintiff] had been kind of harsh with him,
really harsh.”).
The plaintiff argues that this reason for O’Brien’s decision not to consider her for the
Acting Deputy Division Chief position is pretextual and a post-hoc rationalization because
“O’Brien had no personal knowledge of the situation, . . . O’Brien never documented any
purported concerns she had regarding [the plaintiff’s] treatment of the [intern,] . . . [nor did she]
mention[] her concerns to [the plaintiff].” Pl.’s Opp’n at 25–26. Furthermore, the plaintiff
provides evidence that the intern maintained contact with her after the internship ended. See id.,
5

The plaintiff also cites various e-mails between the plaintiff and other staff regarding the KSDS project that, in her
view, demonstrate her “exemplary performance and cooperative work . . . on the KSDS [p]roject, and [that] her
teammates even sought her help while she was recuperating from major surgery.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 26 (citing id., Ex.
15 (e-mails regarding KSDS project (“KSDS e-mails”)). Given that the Court has already concluded that a
reasonable jury could conclude that O’Brien’s purported problems with the plaintiff’s work on the KSDS case could
be found by a jury to be pretextual, the Court need not also consider these e-mails, nor would it be appropriate for
the Court to determine the weight these e-mails are entitled to receive at this stage of the case.

13

Ex. 14 (e-mail exchange between the intern and the plaintiff dated October 16 and 17, 2005
(“intern e-mails”)) at 1.
The Court agrees that the e-mail exchange between the intern and the plaintiff following
the conclusion of the internship, which the intern initiated, see id., Ex. 14 (intern e-mails) at 1,
undermines O’Brien’s testimony that the plaintiff’s supervision of the intern was problematic,
see Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 168. The FCC concedes that the plaintiff
has created a dispute of fact regarding “whether [O’Brien’s] reason was untrue,” but claims that
this dispute is “only a weak issue of fact.” Def.’s Reply at 18 n.10 (quoting St. John v.
Napolitano, 20 F. Supp. 3d 74, 93 (D.D.C. 2013)). The Court concludes that the e-mail
exchange between the intern and the plaintiff, coupled with the “absence of any
contemporaneous documentation supporting [O’Brien’s] explanation [regarding the plaintiff’s
supervision of the intern] could lead a reasonable jury to disbelieve [O’Brien] and to reach a
verdict in [the plaintiff’s] favor.” Hamilton, 666 F.3d at 1357.
D.

The Plaintiff’s Alleged Interpersonal Difficulties
Finally, O’Brien stated that she did not consider the plaintiff for the Acting Deputy

Division Chief position because “when [the p]laintiff assumed a leading role, her responsiveness
and legal skills were overshadowed by some interpersonal difficulties, occasional ‘abrasiveness,’
inflexibility, and an inability to handle a project from start to finish with minimum interference
or clarification.” Def.’s Mem. at 7 (quoting Def.’s Mot., Ex. A (O’Brien Interview) at 48–49).
The plaintiff argues in response that these alleged interpersonal difficulties are pretextual
because (1) O’Brien “never raised any concerns with [the plaintiff’s] performance [or]
interpersonal relationships,” (2) O’Brien gave her the highest performance rating of
“outstanding” in the performance period prior to selecting Tanner as the Acting Deputy Division
Chief, and (3) the plaintiff has contemporary factual evidence demonstrating opposite realities.
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Pl.’s Opp’n at 15 (citing id., Ex. 3 (performance evaluations); id., Ex. 16 (e-mails between the
plaintiff and other employees)); see also id., Ex. 4 (performance awards).
O’Brien conceded in her EEOC hearing testimony that she never disciplined the plaintiff
for her work on the KSDS case, the Quetzal case, or the plaintiff’s supervision of the intern. See
id., Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 211–12. When O’Brien was asked if she “sen[t the
plaintiff] any e[-]mail[s] or anything alerting her to the fact that there were problems with her
conduct on any of those three issues,” O’Brien responded: “No. My approach was to try to get
the work done . . . .” Id., Ex. 8 (May 11, 2012 Hearing Tr.) at 212 (explaining that her approach
was “to just try to work productively and to get the work done and to inspire sort of a good team
working relationship”). Moreover, the plaintiff correctly notes that she received an overall
summary score of “outstanding” on her performance evaluation for the period at issue, which
was the highest of four possible scores, immediately prior to when O’Brien appointed Tanner as
Acting Deputy Division Chief in early 2008, see id., Ex. 3 (performance evaluations) at 34
(performance evaluation for the period of September 30, 2006, through October 1, 2007); as well
as dozens of awards the plaintiff received from the FCC from 1997 through 2010, see id., Ex. 4
(performance awards) at 1–46, many for her performance during the crucial period of 2005
through 2008, see id., Ex. 4 (performance awards) at 16–21, 24, 30, which was when work was
being conducted in the Quetzal and KSDS cases and the plaintiff was supervising the intern, see
Def.’s Reply at 16, 18 n.10; see also St. John, 20 F. Supp. 3d at 90 (noting the relevance of a
Title VII plaintiff’s job “performance ‘during the crucial . . . time period leading up to’ the
adverse employment action” (alterations in original) (quoting Fox v. Giaccia, 424 F. Supp. 2d 1,
8 (D.D.C. 2006))). And the performance awards the plaintiff received in 2005 through 2008
commended her for her “strong legal and professional skills,” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 4 (performance
awards) at 17, her ability to “address[] a tremendous number of consumer complaints in an
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extremely compressed time span,” id., Ex. 4 (performance awards) at 19, her “long hours and
successful[] complet[ion of] her assigned number of applications within the established
deadlines,” id., Ex. 4 (performance awards) at 21, and her “commendable” “work on [a] fast
paced and complex project,” id., Ex. 4 (performance awards) at 22. Therefore, the Court agrees
with the plaintiff that not only is there no contemporaneous evidence documenting the plaintiff’s
supposed interpersonal difficulties, but that the contemporaneous evidence actually demonstrates
the contrary. See Jarmon v. Genachowski, 720 F. Supp. 2d 30, 39 (D.D.C. 2010) (noting that
“the substantial concerns regarding [the] plaintiff’s performance that were never previously
documented do create a question as to whether the decision makers honestly believed the reasons
given and potentially give rise to an inference of discrimination”).
Therefore, the Court concludes that, because O’Brien’s proffered explanation regarding
the plaintiff’s alleged interpersonal difficulties “relies heavily—indeed entirely—on subjective
considerations, and [the] case law instructs [the Court] to treat such explanations with caution on
summary judgment,” and there being an “absence of any [uncontested] contemporaneous
documentation supporting that explanation,” Hamilton, 666 F.3d at 1356, 1357, a reasonable jury
could find this explanation to be pretextual and infer discrimination. 6
5F

IV.

CONCLUSION

Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the Court finds that a
reasonable jury could conclude that the FCC’s explanations for not selecting the plaintiff for the
Acting Deputy Division Chief position were pretextual and infer that the real reason for the

The plaintiff also challenges the FCC’s asserted explanation on the grounds that (1) she was substantially more
qualified than Tanner for the Acting Deputy Division Chief position, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 6–10, 18–25; (2) O’Brien
had a pattern of “hiring and promoting only Caucasians,” id. at 18; and (3) the selection process for the position was
irregular, id. at 15–16. Having concluded that a reasonable jury could infer pretext given the lack of
contemporaneous evidence documenting the plaintiff’s alleged weaknesses, the Court need not resolve these
arguments at this time.
6

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plaintiff’s non-selection was discrimination. Accordingly, the Court must deny the FCC’s
motion for summary judgment.
SO ORDERED this 14th day of August, 2017. 7
6F

REGGIE B. WALTON
United States District Judge

7

The Court will contemporaneously issue an Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.

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