SOURGOUTSIS v. UNITED STATES CAPITOL POLICE

Filing 49

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER granting Defendant's 36 Motion to Enforce Protective Order. Order granting Motion to Enforce Protective Order, requiring redactions of material designated as confidential, and declining to consider request for sanctions. See Order for details. Signed by Magistrate Judge Robin M. Meriweather on 9/28/2018. (lcrm2)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CHRISAVGI SOURGOUTSIS,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES CAPITOL POLICE,
Defendant.

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) Case No.: 1:16-cv-1096 (KBJ/RMM)
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Pending before the Court is Defendant, the United States Capitol Police’s (“USCP”),
request that the Court enforce the Stipulated Protective Order, approved in edited form by the
Honorable Ketanji Brown Jackson on February 24, 2017. See Def.’s Mot. to Enforce Protective
Order and for Sanctions (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 36; see also Order (“Protective Order”), ECF
No. 12 (docket text directing parties to edits in Paragraphs 10 and 13). The USCP seeks the
redaction of certain information filed as part of Plaintiff Chrisavgi Sourgoutsis’s (“Plaintiff” or
“Ms. Sourgoutsis”) Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Defendant’s Third and Fourth
Affirmative Defenses. See Def.’s Mot. ¶¶ 6–8; see also Pl.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mot.
Summ. J.”), ECF No. 29. United States District Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson referred the
USCP’s Motion to Enforce Protective Order and for Sanctions (“Motion to Enforce”) to the
undersigned Magistrate Judge for resolution. See 11/16/17 Minute Order. Having considered
the parties’ submissions and attachments thereto, the Court GRANTS the USCP’s Motion to
Enforce.1
1

Although the header to the USCP’s Motion to Enforce includes the words, “and for
Sanctions,” the USCP neither addresses its request for sanctions in its briefing, nor includes the

BACKGROUND
The factual background underlying this case has previously been set forth in Sourgoutsis
v. United States Capitol Police, 323 F.R.D. 100 (D.D.C. 2017). The Court incorporates that
factual background here by reference. Sourgoutsis, 323 F.R.D. at 104.
The current dispute arises out of information included in Ms. Sourgoutsis’s Motion for
Partial Summary Judgment filed on October 20, 2017. See Def.’s Mot. ¶ 4. On October 23,
2017, counsel for the USCP notified Plaintiff’s counsel that her filing contained information
identified as confidential under the Protective Order. See id. ¶ 5; Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot.
(“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 1, ECF No. 41; see also Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Reply”),
Ex. 1 (“Scindian Decl.”) at 5, ECF No. 44-1. 2 On October 25, 2017, the parties conferred on the
matter, and Plaintiff agreed to make redactions. See Def.’s Mot. ¶¶ 6–7; Pl.’s Opp’n at 1. Upon
review of Plaintiff’s proposed redactions, on October 27, 2017, the USCP identified three
additional paragraphs in Exhibit 12 — paragraphs 18, 26, and 28 — that required redaction.
Scindian Decl. ¶ 5 & at 11–12 (Ex. 2). Likewise on October 30, 2017, the USCP identified three
more paragraphs for redaction in Plaintiff’s Brief in Support of Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment, specifically in the Brief’s Statement of Undisputed Facts — Paragraphs 42, 43, and
44. Scindian Decl. ¶ 6 & at 14–17 (Ex. 3); see also Def.’s Mot. ¶ 7.
On October 30, 2017, Ms. Sourgoutsis filed a Motion to Substitute to replace the
previously-filed versions of Exhibits 8 and 12. Mot. to Substitute Docket Nos. 29-10 and 29-14
(“Pl.’s Mot. to Substitute”) ¶ 4, ECF No. 34. That motion indicated that the parties disagreed

sanctions sought in its Proposed Order. Accordingly, the request for sanctions was not briefed
and the Court will not consider it in this Memorandum Opinion and Order.
2
Page numbers cited in this Report and Recommendation reference the ECF page numbers
present in the header of the document.
2

about additional redactions in Exhibit 12. See Pl.’s Mot. to Substitute at 1 n.1. The Court
granted the Motion to Substitute. See 10/31/17 Minute Order.
The USCP subsequently filed the instant Motion to Enforce Protective Order and for
Sanctions, alleging that Ms. Sourgoutsis’s filings included information designated as
confidential, contrary to the procedures established in the Protective Order. See Def.’s Mot. ¶¶
6–8. In her opposition, Ms. Sourgoutsis principally asserted that there was no basis to apply the
protective order’s confidentiality requirement to “all deposition transcripts and exhibits.” Pl.’s
Opp’n at 4. Ms. Sourgoutsis also argued that the parties had agreed to protect as confidential
only certain information, such as names of comparator employees, “despite the language of the
protective order.” Id. at 1. The USCP filed a reply. See generally Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 44.
The matter is ripe for resolution.
LEGAL STANDARD
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 provides that “for good cause” a court may issue a
protective order “to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or
undue burden or expense.” FED. R. CIV. P. 26(c)(1). The Court “has inherent power to enforce
its own lawful orders.” Adem v. Bush, No. 05-723 (RWR)(AK), 2006 WL 1193853, at *8
(D.D.C. Apr. 28, 2006). That power permits the Court to interpret the terms of a court-issued
protective order. See id.
DISCUSSION
The parties have not clearly identified the precise statements that are within the scope of
their dispute. However, based on the briefing, proposed order, and the attachments to the
USCP’s Reply, the Court has determined that the parties dispute whether the filings cited below
contain information that must be treated as confidential under the Protective Order:

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In the Statement of Undisputed Facts of Plaintiff’s Brief in Support of Motion for
Partial Summary Judgment, ECF No. 29-1:




Paragraph 42
Paragraph 43
Paragraph 44

In Plaintiff’s Exhibit 12 to its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, ECF No.
29-14:



I.

Paragraph 183
Paragraph 26
Paragraph 28

Protective Order Confidentiality Provisions
The parties’ Stipulated Protective Order contains two provisions governing the

designation of “documents and/or information communicated, produced, and/or received” as
confidential: Paragraph One and Paragraph Two. Protective Order at 2 & ¶¶ 1–2. Paragraph
One provides that information produced under Rules 26, 33, 34, and 36 — which includes expert
discovery, interrogatories, requests for production, and admissions — “may” be designated as
confidential if it falls under one of five categories. Id. ¶¶ 1, 1.a.–e; see generally FED. R. CIV. P.
26, 33, 34, 36. In contrast, Paragraph Two provides that “[a]ll testimony, exhibits, or other
materials provided pursuant to Rules 30 or 31,” i.e., as part of an oral or written deposition,
“shall be treated as CONFIDENTIAL.” Protective Order ¶ 2 (emphasis added); see generally
FED. R. CIV. P. 30, 31.
The USCP contends that Plaintiff’s Motion included deposition testimony and exhibits
that should have been handled in accordance with the Protective Order’s confidentiality

3

While neither expressly identified in USCP’s brief nor in its Proposed Order, the Court
includes Paragraph 18 as contested based on the email provided in Exhibit 2 to the Scindian
Declaration in Defendant’s Reply. See Scindian Decl., Ex. 2 (Friday, October 27, 2017, 3:37 PM
email from Kelly M. Scindian to Anita Mazumdar Chambers).
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provisions, thereby implying that the disputed text constitutes or was derived from deposition
testimony and exhibits. See Def.’s Mot. ¶ 4. However, the disputed filings contain no indicia
that they originated in deposition testimony or deposition exhibits. Paragraphs 42 through 44 of
the Statement of Undisputed Facts cite to Plaintiff’s Exhibits 8 and 9, and neither exhibit has
been identified as a deposition exhibit. See Pl.’s Br. in Supp. of Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s
MSJ Br.”), ECF No. 29-1, at 13 (Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶¶ 42–44). Plaintiff’s Exhibit
12 is the declaration of a USCP officer, and neither the disputed paragraphs nor the remainder of
the declaration purport to be based on deposition testimony or exhibits. See Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J.,
Ex. 12, ECF No. 29-14; see generally Pl.’s MSJ Br. at 4 (Exhibit List identifying Exhibit 12 as
declaration without referencing deposition). Ms. Sourgoutsis neither confirms nor denies that the
disputed text can be traced to a deposition, and her silence could be construed as a concession of
that point. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 1, 4 (asserting that not all deposition transcripts and exhibits
should be deemed confidential and that USCP previously had agreed with that proposition).
However, given both parties’ failure to clearly identify the origin of the disputed text, the Court
will not assume, based on Plaintiff’s apparent concession, that the disputed text is based on
deposition transcripts or testimony and thus governed by Paragraph Two. Instead, to resolve this
motion, the Court will consider the applicability of the discretionary confidential designation
under Protective Order Paragraph One and the mandatory confidential designation under
Paragraph Two.
II.

Paragraph Two of the Protective Order Clearly Requires that Deposition
Testimony and Exhibits be Designated as Confidential
The parties dispute whether Paragraph Two requires that all deposition testimony and

deposition exhibits be designated as confidential. The USCP contends that it does and asks the
Court to enforce the Protective Order as written. See Def.’s Reply at 4–5; see generally Def.’s

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Mot. Ms. Sourgoutsis, in contrast, argues that treating all deposition testimony and exhibits as
confidential would constitute an “over-designation” of confidential information. Pl.’s Opp’n at
4.
The Court’s interpretation of the Protective Order begins with the plain language of the
text, which is clear. See Adem, 2006 WL 1193853, at *4 & n.1 (citing cases) (“The starting point
for interpreting a court order is the plain meaning of the text.”). Paragraph Two states
unequivocally:
All testimony, exhibits, or other materials provided pursuant to
Rules 30 or 31 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure shall be
treated as CONFIDENTIAL pursuant to this Protective Order and
may be redacted as necessary to maintain individual privacy, subject
to in camera review by the Court or order of the Court.
Protective Order ¶ 2. Accordingly, the USCP’s assertion that deposition testimony and exhibits
must be designated as confidential tracks the plain language of the Protective Order,
notwithstanding Plaintiff’s complaint that this is a “narrowly literal application of the protective
order’s language.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 4. Ms. Sourgoutsis also contends that the parties did not
intend for the Protective Order to cover all deposition transcripts and exhibits. See Pl.’s Opp’n at
1–2. However, the USCP appears to contest this assertion, and the plain language of the
Protective Order is so clear that it trumps any contrary intent expressed during the parties’
negotiation of the language. See Def.’s Reply at 2–3; Adem, 2006 WL 1193853, *6 (noting that
the parties’ intentions do not control the interpretation of a protective order).
Applying the plain meaning of the Protective Order, Paragraph Two would clearly
require that the disputed text be treated as confidential if that text originated in a deposition
exhibit or transcript. Paragraphs 13 and 14 of the Protective Order contemplate that confidential
material will be filed under seal or redacted. See Protective Order ¶¶ 13–14. The redaction

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requirement references information that is “designated as ‘CONFIDENTIAL’ because it contains
personal information or security sensitive information or documents, pleadings or transcripts that
refer to such confidential personal information,” and does not expressly address information
designated as confidential due to it being deposition testimony or deposition exhibits. See id. ¶
13. However, the Protective Order’s omission of a reference to deposition testimony and
exhibits does not require an inference that all deposition testimony and exhibits can be filed
without redactions. Some deposition testimony and exhibits may implicate the types of concerns
identified in Paragraph 13, and the USCP contends that the text at issue here contains sensitive
information about internal investigations. See Def.’s Mot. at 2–3. Consequently, if the disputed
text constitutes or is based on deposition testimony or a deposition exhibit, Plaintiff’s decision to
file it in unredacted form violates the Protective Order.
III.

If the Disputed Text was not a Deposition Exhibit or Based on a Deposition
Transcript, Protective Order Paragraph One Nonetheless Required that it be
Treated as Confidential
If the disputed text did not consist of deposition materials, it would be governed by the

permissive confidentiality provisions in Protective Order Paragraph One. As noted, Paragraph
One allows certain types of information produced in response to discovery under Rules 26, 33,
34, and 36 — i.e., expert discovery, interrogatories, requests for production, and requests for
admission — to be designated as confidential. See Protective Order ¶ 1. Given the presence of
what appear to be Bates numbers on the documents containing the contested paragraphs, and in
the absence of any contrary argument by the parties, the Court concludes that these materials
were provided in discovery; thus, if the disputed text is not a deposition exhibit or based on a
deposition transcript, it must have been produced pursuant to at least one of the rules to which
Paragraph One applies.

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Protective Order Paragraph One provides that information “may be designated as
CONFIDENTIAL” if, in relevant part, it is
c.

Information or Documents related to parties and persons that
relate to employment and/or disciplinary files;

d.

Any other information that a producing party considers
reasonably and in good faith to contain information the
public release of which would expose a person to
embarrassment or oppression.

Protective Order ¶ 1. To implement such a designation, a party may stamp or otherwise mark a
record as “CONFIDENTIAL” at the time of production, or “advise the receiving party in
writing” of the failure to mark it at the time of production. Id. ¶ 5.
The USCP seeks to redact the name of a police officer and asserts that “[i]nformation
concerning a police officer’s discipline or internal investigations to which the police officer may
be involved, may cause substantial harm to that police officer’s reputation if made available to
the public and/or limit the police officer’s ability to do his/her job.” Def.’s Mot. ¶ 9. That
implicates categories ‘c’ and ‘d’ of Paragraph One. See Protective Order ¶ 1. Although the
document from which the disputed text originates appears not to have been marked
“CONFIDENTIAL” upon production, the USCP subsequently advised Plaintiff’s counsel that it
intended for this information to be designated as confidential. See Scindian Decl. ¶¶ 3–6 & Exs.
2–3.
Once the USCP provided notice that the disputed text was confidential, the Protective
Order required that Ms. Sourgoutsis “thereafter treat the CONFIDENTIAL information as such.”
Protective Order ¶ 5. Information about internal investigations clearly constitutes “personal
information” to which Paragraphs 13 and 14 apply. See id. ¶¶ 13–14. Consequently, the

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USCP’s request that these documents be treated as confidential precluded Plaintiff from filing
them in unredacted form. See Protective Order ¶¶ 13–14.
The fact that the disputed text mirrors certain allegations from Plaintiff’s complaint does
not remove it from the scope of the Protective Order. Plaintiff has conceded that the disputed
text constitutes or is based on information exchanged through discovery. Under the Protective
Order, once the material has been designated confidential — either automatically under
Paragraph Two or permissively under Paragraph One — it must be treated as such. See id. It is
thus immaterial that Plaintiff included similar information as an allegation in the complaint prior
to discovery.
In sum, the disputed text is covered by either Paragraph One or Paragraph Two, and both
provisions require that the disputed text be redacted and treated as confidential. If either party
believes that the Protective Order should be revised to cover narrower categories of information,
it may file a motion asking that the Court modify the Stipulated Protective Order. 4 To the extent
that either party may wish to use confidential information in open court, the parties must follow
the procedures set forth in the Stipulated Protective Order. See id. ¶ 15.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that Plaintiff shall re-file its Brief in
Support of Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Exhibit 12 to its Motion for Summary

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“Protective orders are not permanent or immutable and may be modified to serve important
efficiency or fairness goals.” United States v. All Assets Held at Bank Julius Baer & Co., 312
F.R.D. 16, 19 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting U.S. ex rel. Pogue v. Diabetes Treatment Ctrs. of Am., No.
Civ. 99-3298, 01-MS-50 (MDL)(RCL), 2004 WL 2009414, at *2 (D.D.C. May 17, 2004)).
Accordingly, the Court would have discretion to modify the terms of a protective order, upon a
finding of good cause. See id.; Infineon Techs. AG v. Green Power Techs. Ltd., 247 F.R.D. 1, 2
(D.D.C. 2005).
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Judgment and redact the following paragraphs to remove the identity of any individual subject to
an internal investigation and/or alleged discipline, by no later than October 3, 2018:
In the Statement of Undisputed Facts of Plaintiff’s Brief in Support of Motion for
Partial Summary Judgment, ECF No. 29-1:

Paragraph 42

Paragraph 43

Paragraph 44
In Plaintiff’s Exhibit 12 to its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, originally
filed at ECF No. 29-14, with such redactions to be made to the most recent version
of the Exhibit filed with the Court:

Paragraph 18

Paragraph 26

Paragraph 28
In the interim, the unredacted version of these filings, located at ECF Nos. 34-3 and 37-1, shall
be sealed and the Clerk of Court shall promptly remove the sealed material from the public
docket.
SO ORDERED.

Dated:

2018.09.28
20:49:13 -04'00'

September 28, 2018

ROBIN M. MERIWEATHER
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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