BARRY et al v. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
Filing
42
MEMORANDUM OPINION Granting in Part And Denying in Part 32 Barry Plaintiffs' Motion For Default Judgment. See document for details. Signed by Judge Rudolph Contreras on September 4, 2019. (lcrc3)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
KEVIN BARRY, et al.
Plaintiffs,
v.
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN,
Defendant.
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Civil Action No.:
16-1625 (RC)
Re Document Nos.:
13, 32
MEMORANDUM OPINION
GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART BARRY PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR DEFAULT
JUDGMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
On September 20, 1984, an explosive-laden van was detonated at the U.S. Embassy
Annex (“Annex”) in East Beirut, Lebanon, targeting the American servicemembers and embassy
employees stationed at that location. The courts of this Circuit have contended with the tragic
impact of this attack, which killed fourteen individuals and injured over fifty individuals, in a
number of mass tort lawsuits brought under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). The
1984 Annex attack continues to resonate before this Court. Among the individuals serving at the
Annex at the time of the bombing were foreign service officers Kevin Barry, Alan Bigler, John
McKennan, Bernard Woerz, and Jeremy Zeikel; State Department employee Michael Milroy;
and U.S. Marine Corps Corporal Patrick Ruefle, who seek compensatory, economic, and
punitive damages pursuant to the FSIA. Defendant Iran has not entered an appearance in the
more than three years since the suit was filed. This Court must now decide whether to enter
default judgment on liability and damages on behalf of these seven Plaintiffs.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Factual History 1
This suit stems from the September 20, 1984, terrorist attack on the U.S. Embassy Annex
in East Beirut, Lebanon. On the morning of the attack, a suicide bomber drove a vehicle loaded
with explosives toward the building. See Brewer, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 47 (citing Wagner, 172 F.
Supp. 2d at 132). Avoiding the concrete barriers intended to prevent just such an approach, the
driver refused orders to stop—leading both Lebanese National Guards and British bodyguards on
1
Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, a court may take judicial notice of “adjudicative
facts” “not subject to reasonable dispute” that are “capable of accurate and ready determination
by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned,” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b),
including “court records in related proceedings,” Rimkus v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 750 F.
Supp. 2d 163, 171 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing 29 Am. Jur. 2d Evidence § 151 (2010)); Booth v.
Fletcher, 101 F.2d 676, 679 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 1938); 2 McCormick on Evid. § 332 (6th ed. 2009)).
Because of the number of individuals affected by terrorist attacks, and the associated “flood of
cases that they generate,” courts in this Circuit resolving FSIA cases have “regularly” taken
judicial notice of the record in related cases. Goldstein v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 16-CV2507 (CRC), 2018 WL 6329452, at *2 (D.D.C. Dec. 4, 2018) (citing Rimkus, 750 F. Supp. 2d at
171); see also Murphy v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 740 F. Supp. 2d 51, 58–59 (D.D.C. 2010);
Brewer v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 664 F. Supp. 2d 43, 47 (D.D.C. 2009); Estate of Heiser
v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 466 F .Supp. 2d 229, 262–63 (D.D.C. 2006). Significantly, “courts
have taken notice of facts found in earlier proceedings in this District even when those
proceedings have taken place in front of a different judge.” Foley v. Syrian Arab Republic, 249
F. Supp. 3d 186, 190 (D.D.C. 2017) (citing Brewer, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 54).
As Plaintiffs note, other courts in this Circuit have resolved a number of cases arising
out of the 1984 Embassy Annex bombing and/or the 1983 Beirut Embassy bombing. See, e.g.,
Brewer, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 46 (suit involving survivor of 1984 bombing); Wagner v. Islamic
Republic of Iran, 172 F. Supp. 2d 128, 130–33 (D.D.C. 2001) (suit on behalf of individual killed
in 1984 Annex attack); Estate of Doe v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 808 F. Supp. 2d 1, 7 (D.D.C.
2011) (suit by family members and individuals killed or injured in 1983 or 1984 attacks);
Dammarell v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 281 F. Supp. 2d 105, 108–113 (D.D.C. 2003) (suit
involving over eighty survivors of 1983 Embassy attack). These courts have offered detailed
factual reporting of the attacks. The Court takes judicial notice of these and related cases to draw
its own, independent findings of fact in the instant case. See Rimkus, 750 F. Supp. 2d at 172
(“[C]ourts in FSIA litigation” may, in resolving “subsequent related cases,” properly “rely upon
the evidence presented in earlier litigation—without necessitating the formality of having that
evidence reproduced—to reach their own, independent findings of fact in the cases before them.”
(citing Murphy, 740 F. Supp. 2d at 58–59)).
2
site to open fire. See Wagner, 172 F. Supp. 2d. at 132. Before the vehicle could reach the
underground garage, thought to be the driver’s destination, the bomb detonated at the front of the
Embassy. See id.; see also Brewer, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 47. The bomb, which was estimated to
contain “some 1500 kilograms of explosives, demolished the embassy building.” Wagner, 172
F. Supp. 2d at 132. This explosion killed over ten individuals, including two American
servicemembers, and injured over fifty others. See Estate of Doe, 808 F. Supp. 2d at 8. Among
those affected by the blast were the seven Plaintiffs who originally filed the instant suit (“Barry
Plaintiffs”). 2
The seven Barry Plaintiffs were acting in their official duties as employees of the U.S.
government or active members of the U.S. Marine Corps at the time of the attack. Pls.’ Mot.
Default J. 7, ECF No. 13. Plaintiffs Kevin Barry, Alan Bigler, John McKennan, Bernard Woerz,
and Jeremy Zeikel were employed as Foreign Service Officers at the Embassy Annex. Id. at 4;
see also Pls.’ Mot. Default J., Attach. A, Declaration of Kevin M. Barry (“Barry Decl.”) ¶ 6,
ECF No. 13-1; id., Attach. B, Declaration of Alan Bigler (“Bigler Decl.”) ¶ 5, ECF No. 13-2; id.,
Attach. C, Declaration of John McKennan (“McKennan Decl.”) ¶ 5, ECF No. 13-3; id., Attach.
F, Declaration of Bernard J. Woerz (“Woerz Decl.”) ¶ 5, ECF No. 13-6; id., Attach. G,
Declaration of Jeremy S. Zeikel (“Zeikel Decl.”) ¶ 6, ECF No. 13-7. Plaintiff Michael Milroy
2
After the seven individuals described below filed their claims for relief, a motion to
intervene as plaintiffs was filed by approximately 468 individuals representing “72 employees or
contractors, or the personal representatives of those people, injured or killed in the April 18,
1983 and/or September 20, 1984 bombings of the U.S. Embassy and the U.S. Embassy Annex in
Beirut, Lebanon; and (b) 396 immediate family members of those employee/contractor victims,
who suffered emotional distress as a result of the attacks on their loved ones” (“Smith
Plaintiffs”). Mem. of Seven Barry Pls. 1, ECF No. 25 (citing Consent Mot. 4, Jan. 19, 2018,
ECF No. 23). This Court granted the Smith Plaintiffs’ motion to intervene. See Order, Nov. 14,
2017, ECF No. 14. Because the motion presently before the Court involves only the Barry
Plaintiffs, the Court defers further consideration of the Smith Plaintiffs’ factual allegations or
claims to relief.
3
was an employee of the State Department employed at the Embassy Annex alongside his wife.
Id. at 4; see also id., Attach. D, Declaration of Michael Milroy (“Milroy Decl.”) ¶ 5, ECF No.
13-4. Plaintiff Ruefle was serving in the United States Marine Corps and assigned to guard the
Embassy Annex. Id. at 4; see also id., Attach. E, Declaration of Patrick Ruefle (“Ruefle Decl.”)
¶ 6, ECF No. 13-5.
When the bomb detonated, the Barry Plaintiffs were positioned at locations throughout
the Annex. Four of the men were located on the second floor of the building. See Pls.’ Mot.
Default J. 5. Mr. Barry and Mr. McKennan were working together in an office. Id.; Barry Decl.
¶ 8; McKennan Decl. ¶ 6. The men were “propelled out of their chairs,” Pls.’ Mot. Default J. 5,
by the force of the explosion, and Mr. Barry was knocked unconscious, Barry Decl. ¶ 9. Both
individuals required immediate medical attention and ongoing medical care to redress their
physical injuries as well as lingering psychological effects. See Pls.’ Mot. Default J. 5; Barry
Decl. ¶¶ 17–19; McKennan Decl. ¶¶ 14–17. Another two of the men, Mr. Woerz and Mr.
Milroy, were conferring in Mr. Woerz’s office on the second floor of the Annex when they heard
shots fired. Woerz Decl. ¶¶ 9–11; Milroy Decl. ¶ 6. Shortly after the gunfire concluded, the
bomb exploded. Woerz Decl. ¶ 11. Mr. Woerz was “blown out of [his] chair” and knocked
unconscious. Id. He required treatment at the local hospital, id. ¶¶ 12–13, subsequent
evacuation to the Israeli military hospital in Tel Aviv, and, upon his return to the U.S., ongoing
medical attention for physical and psychological injuries. Id. ¶¶ 17–20. Mr. Milroy was injured
by the same blast, which knocked him to the ground. Milroy Decl. ¶ 6. His injuries required
immediate medical treatment, evacuation to the Tel Aviv military hospital, and ongoing medical
care for physical and psychological injuries upon his subsequent return to the U.S. Id. ¶¶ 7–9.
4
The remaining three Plaintiffs were at other locations in the Annex at the time of the
explosion. Mr. Bigler and Mr. Zeikel were meeting in the Annex’s cafeteria when the bomb
denotated. Pls.’ Mot. Default J. 5; Bigler Decl. ¶ 6; Zeikel Decl. ¶ 7. Mr. Bigler was injured so
severely that he was initially presumed dead, placed in a body bag, and loaded onto a truck to be
taken to the morgue. Bigler Decl. ¶ 7. His physical recovery required extensive medical
treatment and surgeries over the following year, id., and his physical and psychological suffering
were ongoing, id. ¶¶ 12–14. Mr. Zeikel was initially knocked unconscious by the blast and, upon
awakening, discovered the bodies of friends and colleagues. Pl.’s Mot. Default J. 5; Ziekel Decl.
¶¶ 7, 9. He received medical attention at the scene, id. ¶ 12, was diagnosed with “severe shock”
and ordered to depart Lebanon, id. ¶ 14, and thereafter continued to suffer physical and
psychological symptoms, id. ¶¶ 16–19. Mr. Ruefle, a U.S. Marine on guard duty at the Annex,
was on roving patrol on the morning of the attack. Ruefle Decl. ¶¶ 6–7. He was patrolling in the
cafeteria when the bomb detonated, in the same room as Mr. Bigler and Mr. Zeikel. Id. ¶ 7.
After the explosion, he immediately felt that his ears had been injured but went back into the
building and assisted Mr. Bigler as well as other victims. Id. ¶ 8. He continued to suffer residual
physical and psychological injuries thereafter, id. ¶¶ 9–10, and ultimately made the difficult
determination that “what happened in Beirut left [him] scared and scarred inside,” such that he
“knew [he] could not continue to serve,” id. ¶ 12.
All seven of the Plaintiffs, in short, were directly affected by the tragic events of
September 20, 1984, and brought suit against Defendant Iran seeking compensatory, economic,
and punitive damages. The Barry Plaintiffs raise both a private right of action under the FSIA
and a state law claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Iran has not entered an
appearance in this action since its commencement over three years ago. The question now
5
before the Court is whether it is appropriate to enter default judgment regarding liability and
damages, as a matter of law, based on the Barry Plaintiffs’ claims of mental anguish and
emotional pain and suffering. For the reasons set forth below, the Court will enter default
judgment and award compensatory damages for each of the seven Barry Plaintiffs, but deny
economic damages for Plaintiff Ruefle and deny punitive damages for all Plaintiffs.
III. LEGAL STANDARD
A. Default Judgment
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55 sets forth a two-step process for a party seeking
default judgment: entry of default, followed by entry of default judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55; see
also Int’l Painters & Allied Trades Indust. Pension Fund v. Rose City Class Co., Inc., 729 F.
Supp. 2d 336, 338 n.3 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 55; Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470,
1471 (9th Cir. 1986); Meehan v. Snow, 652 F.2d 274, 276 (2d Cir. 1981)). First, after a
defendant has failed to plead or otherwise defend against an action, the plaintiff may request that
the clerk of the court enter default against that defendant. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). Second,
following the clerk’s entry of default, and where the plaintiff’s claim is not for a sum certain,
Rule 55(b)(2) permits the plaintiff to apply to the court for entry of default judgment. Id.
55(b)(2). By providing for a two-step process, Rule 55 provides the defendant an opportunity to
move the court to set aside the default before the court enters default judgment. Id. 55(b), (c).
Although entry of default judgment may at times be appropriate, it is “not automatic.”
Braun v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 228 F. Supp. 3d 64, 74 (D.D.C. 2017) (footnote omitted)
(quoting Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2005)). Because “strong policies favor
the resolution of disputes on their merits[,]” the court “normally” must view the default judgment
as “available only when the adversary process has been halted because of an essentially
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unresponsive party.” Jackson v. Beech, 636 F.2d 831, 836 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (quoting H. F.
Livermore Corp. v. Aktiengesellschaft Gebruder Loepfe, 432 F.2d 689, 691 (D.C. Cir. 1970) (per
curiam)). Even if a defendant appears “essentially unresponsive,” id., the court still has an
“affirmative obligation” to ensure that it has subject matter jurisdiction over the suit, James
Madison Ltd. by Hecht v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1092 (D.C. Cir. 1996). The court must also
“satisfy itself that it has personal jurisdiction before entering judgment against an absent
defendant.” Mwani, 417 F.3d at 6–7. “Although the plaintiffs retain ‘the burden of proving
personal jurisdiction,” “[i]n the absence of an evidentiary hearing,” plaintiffs can “satisfy that
burden with a prima facie showing.” Braun, 228 F. Supp. 3d at 74 (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Mwani, 417 F.3d at 6–7). To make the required prima facie showing,
plaintiffs may rely on “their pleadings, bolstered by such affidavits and other written materials as
they can otherwise obtain.” Mwani, 417 F.3d at 6–7.
B. Evidentiary Showing Required by the FSIA
A court addressing an FSIA claim can enter default judgment against a foreign state only
if “the claimant[s] establish[] [their] right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court.” 28
U.S.C. § 1608(e); see also Roeder v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 333 F.3d 228, 232 (D.C. Cir.
2003) (“The court . . . has an obligation to satisfy itself that plaintiffs have established a right to
relief.”). This statutory standard mirrors the default judgment standard of Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 55(d). See Hamen v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 16-1394 (RDM), 2019 WL
3753800, at *1 (D.D.C. Aug. 7, 2019) (citing Owens v. Republic of Sudan, 864 F.3d 781, 785
(D.C. Cir. 2017), cert granted sub. nom. Opati v. Republic of Sudan, 1395 S. Ct. 2771 (2019);
Hill v. Republic of Iraq, 328 F.3d 680, 683 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). The “FSIA leaves it to the court to
determine precisely how much and what kinds of evidence [] plaintiff[s] must provide, requiring
7
only that it be ‘satisfactory to the court.’” Han Kim v. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,
774 F.3d 1044, 1047–48 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1608(e)). A court making a
determination about the evidence required must bear in mind Congress’s statutory purpose in
enacting a private right of action in section 1605A of the FSIA: to “compensate[] the victims of
terrorism [and thereby] punish foreign states who have committed or sponsored such acts and
deter them from doing so in the future.” Id. at 1048 (quoting Price v. Socialist People’s Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya, 294 F.3d 82, 88–89 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). In parsing the evidence that plaintiffs
offer, “[c]ourts may rely on uncontroverted factual allegations that are supported by affidavits.”
Roth v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 78 F. Supp. 3d 379, 386 (D.D.C. 2015) (citing Rimkus, 750 F.
Supp. 2d at 171). “Uncontroverted factual allegations that are supported by admissible evidence
are taken as true.” Braun, 228 F. Supp. 3d at 74–75 (citing Roth, 78 F. Supp. 3d at 386; Gates v.
Syrian Arab Republic, 580 F. Supp. 2d 53, 56 (D.D.C. 2008), aff’d, 646 F.3d 1 (D.C. Cir. 2011));
see also Estate of Botvin ex rel. Ellis v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 510 F. Supp. 2d 101, 103
(D.D.C. 2007) (citing Greenbaum v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 451 F. Supp. 2d 90, 94–95
(D.D.C. 2006)).
IV. ANALYSIS
Applying the legal standards set forth above, in order to enter default judgment in this
FSIA suit, the Court must, as a threshold matter, first ensure that it has subject matter jurisdiction
over the Barry Plaintiffs’ claims and, second, confirm that it may properly exercise personal
jurisdiction over the Defendant. Then, if it finds that jurisdiction is proper, the Court must
decide liability and damages. For the following reasons, the Court finds that it has original
jurisdiction over this suit pursuant to the FSIA, that it has personal jurisdiction over Defendant
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Iran, and that the Barry Plaintiffs have established liability and a right to relief in the form of
compensatory damages.
A. Jurisdiction 3
Subject to an adequate showing by the Barry Plaintiffs, the FSIA both waives
Defendant’s sovereign immunity and grants this Court subject matter jurisdiction over this suit.
The FSIA also separately provides procedural requirements to establish personal jurisdiction.
For the reasons set forth below, the Court concludes that it has jurisdiction here.
1. Waiver of Sovereign Immunity
The Defendant in this suit is the Islamic Republic of Iran, a foreign state. The statute
under which Plaintiffs bring suit, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1604, is the
“sole basis for obtaining jurisdiction over a foreign state in our courts.” Argentine Republic v.
Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 434 (1989). Under the FSIA, “a foreign state,
including its instrumentalities, is immune from suit in state or federal court unless the case falls
within an express statutory exception.” Hamen, 2019 WL 3753800, at *9 (citing Kilburn v.
Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 376 F.3d 1123, 1126 (D.C. Cir. 2004)); see also
Mohammadi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 782 F.3d 9, 13 (D.C. Cir. 2015). A defendant’s failure
to appear does not waive the immunity defense, see Verlinden B.V. v. Cent. Bank of Nigeria, 461
U.S. 480, 486 (1983), and “a district court considering a claim against a foreign state must decide
3
28 U.S.C. § 1330 confers federal district courts with “original jurisdiction” in FSIA
cases. The statute provides that original jurisdiction exists “without regard to amount in
controversy” in “any nonjury civil action against a foreign state” that “seeks relief in personam,”
and for which “the foreign state is not entitled to immunity.” 28 U.S.C. § 1330(a). In this case,
the Barry Plaintiffs have not demanded a jury trial and seek only monetary damages, see
generally Compl., and Defendant Iran is plainly a foreign state. Thus, the Court will focus on
the final element: whether Defendant Iran is “not entitled to immunity,” such that the Court may
exercise subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claim.
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whether an exception to immunity applies” even if the defendant foreign state never enters an
appearance, Worley v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 75 F. Supp. 3d 311, 323 (D.D.C. 2014).
The relevant exception in this case is the statute’s “terrorism exception,” codified at 28
U.S.C. § 1605A. 4 See Bettis, 315 F.3d at 329. The terrorism exception provides that a foreign
state is not immune in “any case” in which “money damages are sought against a foreign state
for personal injury or death that was caused by an act of torture, extrajudicial killing, aircraft
sabotage, hostage taking, or the provision of material support or resources for such an act.” 28
U.S.C. § 1605A. The FSIA “plaintiff bears [the] initial burden of production to show an
exception to immunity, such as § 1605A, applies,” whereupon, if the defendant fails to appear,
“jurisdiction attaches.” Owens, 864 F.3d at 784.
In addition, the terrorism exception applies only if two prerequisites are met: (1) the
foreign state was designated as a “state sponsor of terrorism at the time of the act,’” and “remains
so designated when the claim is filed,” 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(2)(A)(i)(1) and (2) the “claimant or
victim was” a “national of the United States,” “a member of the armed forces[,]” or “otherwise
an employee of the Government of the United States . . . acting within the scope of the
employee’s employment” at the time of the act, 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(2)(A)(ii)). 5 See also
4
As originally enacted, the “terrorism exception” was codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(7).
See Bettis v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 315 F.3d 325, 329 (D.C. Cir. 2003); see also Owens, 864
F.3d at 763–64. In 2008, Congress repealed § 1605(a)(7), replacing it with a new “Terrorism
exception to the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state” codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1605A. See
Owens, 864 F.3d at 765. “The new exception withdrew immunity, granted jurisdiction, and
authorized suits against state sponsors of terrorism for ‘personal injury or death’ arising from the
same predicate acts . . . as had the old exception.” Id. Thus, the jurisdictional grant remained the
same under both versions of the exception. The new exception extended the categories of
individuals who could bring suit, id., and, as the Court addresses in the following sections,
“authorized a ‘[p]rivate right of action’ against a state over which a court could maintain
jurisdiction under § 1605A(a).” Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c)).
5
The FSIA also contains a third requirement: “in a case in which the act occurred in the
foreign state against which the claim has been brought, the claimant has afforded the foreign
10
Mohammadi, 782 F.3d at 14; Schertzman Cohen v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 17-1214 (JEB),
2019 WL 3037868, at *3 (D.D.C. July 11, 2019). The Court will first assess whether these
prerequisites are met and then consider whether the terrorism exception confers subject matter
jurisdiction in the instant case.
a. Requirements for a Claim to be Heard Under Section 1605A
Here, both of section 1605A’s prerequisites are met. First, Iran has been designated a
state sponsor of terrorism since 1984, see 49 Fed. Reg. 2836-02 (Jan. 23, 1984), and has
remained so designated ever since, see U.S. Dep’t of State, State Sponsors of Terrorism,
https://www.state.gov/state-sponsors-of-terrorism/ (last visited Aug. 23, 2019). Second, at the
time of the 1984 attack, all seven Barry Plaintiffs fell within one of the categories enumerated in
section 1605A(a)(2)(A)(ii). Six of the seven Plaintiffs were U.S. nationals at the time of the
bombing. Under the FSIA, the term “U.S. national” has the same meaning “given that term in
section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act,” 28 U.S.C. § 1605(h)(5), which
defines “national of the United States” as “a citizen of the United States,” 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(22). For each the Barry Plaintiffs other than Mr. Milroy, Plaintiffs’ declarations
establish American citizenship at the time of the bombing on September 20, 1984. Barry Decl. ¶
3 (“I have at all times been, and still am, an American citizen.”); Bigler Decl. ¶ 3 (stating same);
McKennan Decl. ¶ 3 (stating same); Ruefle Decl. ¶ 3 (stating same): Woerz Decl. ¶ 3 (stating
same); Zeikel Decl. ¶ 3 (stating same). The Court is to take these uncontroverted factual
statements as true. See Braun, 228 F. Supp. 3d at 74–75 (citing Roth, 78 F. Supp. 3d at 386;
Gates, 580 F. Supp. 2d at 56). Thus, because Mr. Barry, Mr. Bigler, Mr. McKennan, Mr. Ruefle,
state a reasonable opportunity to arbitrate the claim.” 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(2)(A)(iii). Because
the alleged act of terrorism implicated here occurred in East Beirut, Lebanon, this provision does
not apply with regard to Defendant Iran.
11
Mr. Woerz, and Mr. Zeikel were U.S. citizens when the bombing occurred, they were U.S.
nationals at the time of the attack and thereby meet the statutory requirement. Mr. Milroy was
not an American citizen at the time of the bombing in September 1984. See Milroy Decl. ¶ 3 (“I
. . . was granted U.S. citizenship in Alexandria, Virginia in October 1984.”). However, he
“began work as a U.S. Government employee” at the Embassy Annex before the 1984 bombing.
Id. ¶ 5. At the time of the attack, he was “discussing business with . . . Plaintiff Bernard J.
Woerz, in his office.” Id. ¶ 6. Taking these uncontroverted factual statements to be true, see
Braun, 228 F. Supp. 3d at 74–75, the declaration establishes that Mr. Milroy was a government
employee acting within the scope of his employment at the time of the attack. Thus, Mr. Milroy
also meets the statutory requirement. The Court accordingly finds that the Barry Plaintiffs have
met their burden of production to establish that section 1605A applies.
b. 1605A’s Waiver of Sovereign Immunity
As discussed previously, an exception to sovereign immunity exists for a foreign
defendant when the FSIA claimant seeks [1] “money damages” [2] “against a foreign state” for
[3] “personal injury or death that [4] was caused by [5] an act of torture, extrajudicial killing,
aircraft sabotage, hostage taking, or the provision of material support or resources for such an
act.” 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(1) (alterations added); see also Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran,
879 F. Supp. 2d 44, 50–51 (D.D.C. 2012); Wultz v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 864 F. Supp. 2d 24,
32 (D.D.C. 2012). Here, the Court finds that each of these elements is met. Prongs one and two
are straightforward: Plaintiffs seek money damages in the form of compensatory, economic, and
punitive damages against Defendant Iran, a foreign state. Compl. at 20. Plaintiffs’ pleadings
and declarations also satisfy prong three. Plaintiffs allege personal injuries, including direct
physical injury such as head trauma, shrapnel wounds, eardrum perforation, severe lacerations,
12
and vision impairment, and ongoing physical as well as psychological harm. See Compl. ¶¶ 22–
87.
So, too, do Plaintiffs satisfy their burden regarding the fourth prong, causation.
Causation in a FSIA suit is established when the plaintiff shows proximate cause, or “some
reasonable connection” between the defendant’s act and “the damages which the plaintiff has
suffered.” Valore v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 700 F. Supp. 2d 52, 66 (D.D.C. 2010); see also
Owens, 864 F.3d at 794 (affirming proximate cause as the jurisdictional standard pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1605A). Here, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant Iran, “through its instrumentality the
Ministry of Information and Security (‘MOIS’), was responsible for” their injuries in the 1984
bombing. Compl. ¶ 1. The Court, taking judicial notice of evidentiary findings in other cases in
this jurisdiction to draw its own conclusions of fact, see Rimkus, 750 F. Supp. 2d at 172, agrees.
In numerous other cases in this jurisdiction, courts have linked Iran to the 1984 bombing.
Estate of Doe, 808 F. Supp. 2d at 7 (“[C]ourts in this district have held in several cases that
defendants Iran and MOIS directed and facilitated the . . . . 1984 attack[] on the U.S. Embassy
[Annex].”); see also Brewer, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 47; Wagner, 172 F. Supp. 2d at 133. In these
cases, “it has uniformly been agreed that, in the relevant time period, Hizbollah received
substantial funds and support from Iran via its Ministry of Information and Security and the
Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps.” Estate of Doe, 808 F. Supp. 2d at 7 (citations omitted).
And, as is most significant here, courts have not only made a “general connection between
Hizbollah and Iran, but also” laid the groundwork to “justify a specific finding that defendant[]
[Iran] provided support for the 1984 attack on the U.S. Embassy Annex in Lebanon.” Id. (citing
Wagner, 172 F. Supp. 2d at 133; Welch v. Islamic Republic of Iran, No. 01-863, 2007 WL
7688043 (CKK) (AK), at *27 (D.D.C. Sept. 20, 2007); Brewer, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 54). Based on
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the substantial records and evidentiary findings in these cases, and considering the Barry
Plaintiffs’ pleadings in this case, the Court concludes that the Barry Plaintiffs have established
that Iran’s support for the 1984 Annex attack has a “reasonable connection” to the injuries they
allege.
This showing also suffices to meet the fifth prong of section 1605A. A FSIA plaintiff’s
claims must arise out of, as relevant here, “extrajudicial killing . . . or the provision of material
support or resources for such an act.” 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(1). Under section 1605A,
“[e]xtrajudicial killing” is given the meaning accorded to the term in section 3 of the Torture
Victim Protection Act of 1991, id. § 1605A(h)(7), which defines it as “a deliberated killing not
authorized by a previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court affording all the
judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples,” Pub. L. No.
102-256 § 3(g), 106 Stat. 73 (1992). “[M]aterial support or resources” is defined by reference to
section 2339A of title 18, see 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(h)(3), which provides in relevant part that
“‘material support or resources’ means any property, tangible or intangible, or service,” 18
U.S.C. § 2339A. The Court finds that the bombing of the Embassy Annex, in which a vehicle
loaded with explosives was detonated in close to proximity to a government building full of U.S.
and foreign employees, plainly qualifies as a “deliberated killing” as that term is defined by the
FSIA. And taking judicial notice of the voluminous evidentiary records compiled by other
district courts in this Circuit, as described above, it further finds that Iran provided “material
support or resources,” as defined by the FSIA, for terrorist actors to carry out the attack.
Accordingly, § 1605A’s subject matter jurisdictional requirements are met, and Iran’s
sovereign immunity is waived with respect to the Barry Plaintiffs’ claims.
14
B. Personal Jurisdiction
As stated previously, the FSIA also imposes further procedural requirements regarding
personal jurisdiction. “Personal jurisdiction exists over a non-immune sovereign so long as
service of process has been made as required by section 1608” of the statute. Estate of Heiser,
466 F. Supp. 2d at 255 (citation omitted); 28 U.S.C. §1330(b) (“[P]ersonal jurisdiction over a
foreign state shall exist as to every claim for relief over which the district courts have jurisdiction
. . . where service has been made under section 1608 of this title.”). Section 1608 permits service
to be effected in four ways: [1] “special arrangement for service between the plaintiff and the
foreign state or political subdivision;” [2] “in accordance with an applicable international
convention on service of judicial documents;” [3] if service cannot be effected by either of these
two methods, “by sending a copy of the summons and complaint and a notice of suit, together
with a translation of each into the official language of the foreign state, by any form of mail
requiring a signed receipt, to be addressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the head of
the ministry of foreign affairs of the foreign state concerned,” or [4] if service cannot be made
via the third method, “ by sending two copies of the summons and complaint and a notice of suit,
together with a translation of each into the official language of the foreign state, by any form of
mail requiring a signed receipt, to be addressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the
Secretary of State in Washington, District of Columbia, to the attention of the Director of Special
Consular Services—and the Secretary shall transmit one copy of the papers through diplomatic
channels to the foreign state and shall send to the clerk of the court a certified copy of the
diplomatic note indicating when the papers were transmitted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a).
In this case, neither of the first two options applies. There is no “special arrangement”
between the Barry Plaintiffs and Iran, nor is there “an applicable international convention” with
15
Iran. 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a); see also Aff., Aug. 22, 2016, ECF No. 3. The Barry Plaintiffs
initially attempted to effectuate service using the third method. See Aff., Aug. 22, 2016. When
service was not successful with this method, they did so with the fourth method and requested
that the Office of the Clerk send the necessary papers to Iran “under diplomatic notes.” Aff.,
Feb. 3, 2017, ECF No. 5. Thus, the Barry Plaintiffs have met § 1608’s requirements for service
of process, and the Court may properly exercise personal jurisdiction over Defendant.
C. Liability
With this jurisdictional brush cleared, the Court now confronts the matter of Defendant’s
liability. In so doing, it bears in mind that “the question [of] whether a statute withdraws
sovereign immunity is ‘analytically distinct’ from whether a plaintiff has a cause of action.”
Owens, 864 F.3d at 807 (citing FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 484 (1994); United States v.
Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 218 (1983)). Thus, although section 1605A creates a private right of
action for claimants who meet its other requirements, a FSIA plaintiff must further “prove a
theory of liability,” Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 73, to establish a claim for relief that entitles them
to damages, Rimkus, 750 F. Supp. 2d at 175–76. In articulating the “justification for such
recovery,” plaintiffs in section 1605A actions “generally” turn to “the lens of civil tort liability.”
Rimkus, 750 F. Supp. 2d. at 175–76; see also, e.g., Schertzman Cohen, 2019 WL 3037868, at *5
(discussing Valore and Rimkus). “Based on the D.C. Circuit’s guidance, district courts in this
jurisdiction ‘rely on well-established principles of law, such as those found in the Restatement
(Second) of Torts . . .’ to define the elements and scope of these theories of recovery.” Worley,
75 F. Supp. 3d at 335 (quoting Oveissi, F. Supp. 2d at 54); see also Fraenkel v. Islamic Republic
of Iran, 892 F.3d 348, 353 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (“The courts are not authorized to craft a body of
federal common law in deciding FSIA terrorism exception cases. However, a district court may
16
rely on well-established statements of common law.” (citing Bettis, 315 F.3d at 333)). This
Court follows that approach in addressing the Barry Plaintiffs’ claims.
The Barry Plaintiffs’ complaint moves for relief under two general legal theories. 6 Count
one is styled as a “Private Right of Action under 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c),” Compl. at 17, “for the
injuries and trauma they suffered in the terrorist attack on U.S. diplomatic premises,” id. ¶ 92.
Count two is an IIED claim under “state statutory and/or common law.” Id. ¶ 97. Because
Section 1605A(c) “provides a private right of action” without any “guidance on the substantive
bases for liability to determine plaintiffs’ entitlement to damages,” Braun, 228 F. Supp. 3d at 78,
the Court must still identify a “theory of liability,” Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 73, to apply to the
Barry Plaintiffs’ claim for relief. The Barry Plaintiffs’ section 1605A(c) theory of relief alleges
“mental anguish, emotional pain and suffering, and/or economic losses,” Compl. ¶ 91, and seeks
damages “in light of Defendants’ wanton, deliberate, and outrageous conduct,” id. ¶ 93. Based
on this plain text, which seeks relief for mental and emotional anguish and pain and suffering,
the Court construes count one as invoking the federal private right of action to obtain relief via
“the lens of [the] civil tort” of intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED). Rimkus, 750 F.
Supp. 2d. at 175–76. Count two asserts a “state statutory and/or common law” IIED theory of
relief. 7 For the following reasons, the Court will enter default judgment on liability for the Barry
Plaintiffs’ § 1605A(c) claim.
6
The Court separately considers Mr. Ruefle’s stand-alone economic damages claim, see
Compl. ¶¶ 100–04, in its analysis of damages in Part IV.D.
7
Because the FSIA provides that “the foreign state shall be liable in the same manner and
to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances,” 28 U.S.C. § 1606, the Barry
Plaintiffs may invoke a state law claim alongside their federal cause of action, see Owens, 864
F.3d at 221. That said, “in most cases brought under . . . [§ 1605A’s] terrorism exception, the
plaintiff need not rely upon state tort law.” Id. As set forth below, this case follows the usual
pattern, and the Barry Plaintiffs need not rely upon state tort law.
17
1. Plaintiffs’ FSIA Claim for IIED
Under general principles of tort law, a defendant is liable for IIED if its “extreme and
outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress” to a plaintiff.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46(1); see also Roth, 78 F. Supp. 3d at 400 (quoting Estate of
Heiser, 659 F. Supp. 2d at 26). Here, the first element of the IIED tort—an extreme or
outrageous act that is intended to cause severe emotional distress—is plainly met. By its very
definition, an act of terrorism is “extreme and outrageous and intended to cause the highest
degree of emotional distress.” Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 77 (quoting Belkin v. Islamic Republic
of Iran, 667 F. Supp. 2d 8, 22 (D.D.C. 2009)). The Court has no difficulty concluding that Iran’s
role in the 1984 Annex bombing was “intended to cause the highest degree of emotional
distress[:]” “terror.” Estate of Heiser, 659 F. Supp. 2d at 26.
Moreover, the Barry Plaintiffs have provided evidence that the Defendant’s provision of
material support or resources for the Annex bombing caused “severe emotional distress” to them,
thereby satisfying the second element of the tort. The FSIA requires plaintiffs to “establish[]
[their] claim or right to relief by evidence satisfactory to the court.” 28 U.S.C. § 1608(e). In this
case, all seven of the Barry Plaintiffs have provided declarations that detail the immediate and
ongoing psychological toll of the attack, which each of the men directly experienced. Mr. Barry
witnessed the injury and death of friends and colleagues, and the “gruesome things” he
experienced “still haunt[]” him and lead him to “avoid large crowds and cringe at loud,
unexpected noises.” Barry Decl. ¶¶ 15, 17–19. Mr. Bigler was injured to such an extent that he
was presumed dead and placed in a body bag, Bigler Decl. ¶ 7, and thereafter was so affected
that he “cried frequently” and for a “long time” could not “hear any kind of loud noise or
explosion” without “div[ing] under something,” id. ¶ 14. Mr. McKennan lives with the “attack
18
and mass casualty emergency treatment during [his] Beirut tour” “indelibly etched in his
memory,” experiencing extreme sensitivity to “loud noises and sudden or unexpected
movements by others” and struggling with medical treatments such as blood draws or
“intravenous therapy” that “take [him] back to [his] stretcher in El-Arz [Hospital].” McKennan
Decl. ¶ 17. Mr. Milroy “continue[s] to carry the psychological scars of remembering [his]
colleagues who died, and those who were injured alongside [him].” Milroy Decl. ¶ 9. Mr.
Ruefle was so “shaken and scarred” by “what happened in Beirut,” that he could no longer
continue as an active duty Marine. Ruefle Decl. ¶ 12. Mr. Ruefle had never seen a dead person
before the day of the attack, when he witnessed his “two good friends lying dead in the
Embassy,” and he still “sometimes ha[s] nightmares” about the “gruesome sight” and remains
“easily frightened,” “startled by loud noises,” “short-tempered,” and “easily stressed” as “a direct
result of the attack.” Id. ¶ 11. Mr. Woerz suffered psychologically in the wake of the attack to
the extent that he was “unfit for reassignment abroad.” Woerz Decl. ¶ 19. His friend and
housemate, Petty Officer First Class Michael Wagner, was among those killed in the attack, id. ¶
11, and subsequent psychological testing indicated that he “was suffering psychologically” and
was “extremely angry, sad, and conflicted,” id. ¶ 19. Mr. Zeikel, who entered the Annex to
search for survivors after the bomb detonated, was subjected to a number of gruesome images
that “still haunt[] him.” Zeikel Decl. ¶ 13. He saw the mangled bodies of Mr. Wagner and U.S.
Army Chief Warrant Officer Kenneth V. Welch, individuals with whom he had “laughed and
joked” just hours before, id. ¶ 9, and he later discovered the decapitated corpse of a Lebanese coworker at the Embassy, id. ¶ 13. Mr. Zeikel was evaluated by a State Department psychiatrist
and assessed with “suffering from severe shock” to the extent that he was “ordered out of
Lebanon.” Id. ¶ 14. Even today, he finds it “difficult not to tear up” when discussing the events
19
of that day and the 1983 Embassy Marine Barracks bombing, for which he also participated in
the rescue operation. Id. ¶¶ 17–19. Based on these filings, the Court finds it clear that the Annex
bombing directly caused great psychological distress to each of these seven survivors of the
attack. Thus, applying general tort law principles, Iran is liable to the Barry Plaintiffs for the tort
of IIED. 8
D. Damages
The final question facing this Court is the measure of damages to award. The FSIA’s
private cause of action permits plaintiffs to seek “economic damages, solatium, pain and
suffering, and punitive damages.” 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c). 9 In this suit, the Barry Plaintiffs seek
compensatory damages, Pls.’ Mot. Default J. 11, and punitive damages against Defendant Iran,
Compl. ¶ 108. Mr. Ruefle also seeks economic damages. Compl. ¶¶ 101–04. The Court will
first briefly discuss punitive damages before turning to Plaintiffs’ other claims for relief. For the
following reasons, the Court denies Plaintiffs’ motion for punitive damages, denies Mr. Ruefle’s
8
Because the Court finds liability on this ground, it declines to reach Barry Plaintiffs’
state law IIED claim (count two), which arises from the same predicate acts and does not provide
any further right to recover. See Kassman v. Am. Univ., 546 F.2d 1029, 1034 (D.C. Cir.)
(“Where there has been only one injury, the law confers only one recovery, irrespective of the
multiplicity of . . . theories which the plaintiff pursues.”).
9
The FSIA requires plaintiffs to make an adequate evidentiary showing before a court
may award damages: “To obtain damages against defendants in a FSIA action, the plaintiff must
prove that the consequences of the defendants’ conduct were ‘reasonably certain (i.e., more
likely than not) to occur, and must prove the amount of the damages by a reasonable estimate
consistent with this [Circuit’s] application of the American rule on damages.’” Salazar v. Islamic
Republic of Iran, 370 F. Supp. 2d 105, 115–16 (D.D.C. 2005) (internal quotations omitted)
(quoting Hill, 328 F.3d at 681); see also Wultz, 864 F. Supp. 2d at 37. As previously discussed,
the Barry Plaintiffs have established that Iran’s provision of material support and resources for
an act of extrajudicial killing was intended to injure individuals at the Annex. Thus, they have
discharged their burden of proof to show that the consequences of Iran’s act were reasonably
certain, and the sole question for this Court is the damages amount.
20
motion for default judgment for economic damages, and grants the Barry Plaintiffs’ motion for
default judgment for compensatory damages.
1. Punitive Damages
The Barry Plaintiffs seek punitive damages for an attack that occurred in 1984. Under
the law of this Circuit, “the FSIA terrorism exception does not retroactively authorize the
imposition of punitive damages against a sovereign for conduct occurring before the passage of §
1605A” in 2008. Owens, 864 F.3d at 812. This directive controls the outcome here: because
Defendant’s alleged conduct occurred twenty-four years before the passage of section 1605A,
the Barry Plaintiffs may not obtain punitive damages. Thus, the Court denies the Barry
Plaintiffs’ motion for entry of default judgment regarding punitive damages. 10
2. Economic Damages
Mr. Ruefle seeks economic damages in addition to the Barry Plaintiffs’ collective claim
for compensatory damages. Compl. ¶¶ 101–04. He seeks to recover on the ground that the
physical and psychology injuries he suffered in the 1984 Annex bombing harmed his career
prospects and economic earnings. Mr. Ruefle states that, but for the impact of the Annex
bombing, he “believe[s] [he] would have been able to establish a career in the Marines” and
“continually progress in rank and earning capacity.” Ruefle Decl. ¶ 13. In the career path he
instead pursued in the Army National Guard, his hearing loss led the U.S. Army to “continually
put restrictions on what type of MOS (Military Occupancy Specialty) jobs” he “could pursue,
and in which environments.” Id. Mr. Ruefle further states that his hearing loss “negatively
impacted” his civil career opportunities by putting him “at a competitive disadvantage as
10
This conclusion would not change under a state tort theory of liability. See Owens, 864
F.3d at 818 (“[A] plaintiff proceeding under either state or federal law cannot recover punitive
damages for conduct occurring prior to the enactment of § 1605A.”).
21
compared to [his] peers.” Id. A plaintiff must “support [a] claim for lost earnings with
competent evidence.” Moradi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 77 F. Supp. 3d 57, 71 (D.D.C. 2015).
Here, however, neither Mr. Ruefle’s declaration nor any other filings offer any quantification of
economic loss. Without such quantification, speculation about negative career impact does not
provide the “competent evidence” required to support his lost earnings claim. Thus, the Court
denies Mr. Ruefle’s motion for entry of default judgment regarding economic damages.
3. Compensatory Damages
Each of the seven Barry Plaintiffs seek compensatory damages of “no less than
$5,000,000 for Defendant’s intentional infliction of physical injuries as well as emotional
distress that resulted from” the 1984 Annex bombing. Pls.’ Mot. Default J. 11. To determine a
pain and suffering award for the survivor of an attack, courts consider a number of factors,
including “the severity of the pain immediately following the injury, the length of
hospitalization, and the extent of the impairment that will remain with the victim for the rest of
his or her life.” O’Brien v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 853 F. Supp. 2d 44, 46 (D.D.C. 2012)
(quoting Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 515 F. Supp. 2d 25, 52 n.26 (D.D.C. 2007),
abrogation on other grounds recognized in Mohammadi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 947 F.
Supp. 2d 48, 65 (D.D.C. 2013)). Because “the Court must take pains to ensure that individuals
with similar injuries receive similar awards,” Peterson, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 54, courts in this
jurisdiction confronting FSIA claims have developed a framework for the calculation of
damages, see Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 84.
Courts generally “begin[] with the baseline assumption that persons suffering substantial
injuries in terrorist attacks are entitled to $5 million in compensatory damages.” Wultz, 864 F.
Supp. 2d at 37–38 (citing Peterson, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 37). Courts may adjust the award amount
22
upward or downward to reflect the severity of the injuries. An upward adjustment to $7–12
million has been found appropriate “in more severe instances of physical and psychological pain,
such as where victims suffered relatively more numerous and severe injuries, were rendered
quadriplegic, partially lost vision and hearing, or were mistaken for dead.” Valore, 700 F. Supp.
2d at 84. A downward departure to $1.5–3 million has been found appropriate where victims
suffered relatively more minor injuries, such as “minor shrapnel injuries,” id., or “severe
emotional injury accompanied by relatively minor physical injuries,” Estate of Doe, 943 F. Supp.
2d at 186. The award of damages for physical injuries “assume[s] severe psychological
injuries.” Schertzman Cohen, 2019 WL 3037868, at * 6 (citing Wamai v. Republic of Sudan, 60
F. Supp. 3d 84, 92–93 (D.D.C. 2014), aff’d in part, vacated in part on other grounds sub nom.
Owens, 864 F.3d at 825). The Court commences its analysis with this framework, while
recognizing that “it is ‘undeniably difficult’ to assess the amount of compensatory damages for
the pain and suffering of surviving victims of terrorist attacks, especially where”—as here—
“severe mental anguish is involved.” Brewer, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 57 (quoting Blais v. Islamic
Republic of Iran, 459 F. Supp. 2d 40, 58 (D.D.C. 2006)). No weighing of injuries can perfectly
reflect the measure of individual suffering.
The Court makes the following adjustments from the $5 million baseline in light of each
of the Barry Plaintiffs’ specific declarations.
a. Mr. Barry
On the day of the bombing, Mr. Barry was struck unconscious and a brass button was
embedded in his arm. Barry Decl. ¶¶ 10 & n.1, 12. Subsequent medical testing revealed damage
to his right eye that affected his peripheral vision, id. ¶ 15, and hearing loss that has never fully
returned, id. ¶ 17. Because Mr. Barry lost hearing and vision function due to the bombing, the
23
Court finds an upward adjustment to $7 million appropriate. See Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 84
(noting upward departure of $7–12 million in cases where victims “partially lost vison or
hearing”); Brewer, 664 F. Supp. 2d at 57 (awarding $7 million in compensatory damages to
victim of 1984 Annex bombing who continues to suffer from constant ringing in the ears, back
pain, and migraine headaches).
b. Mr. McKennan
After the bomb’s detonation, Mr. McKenna required surgery to treat shrapnel wounds to
his upper shoulder, neck, head, back, and his upper left ear, which was partially severed.
McKennan Decl. ¶ 12. Thereafter, he suffered from ongoing pain in his head, neck, ear, and
upper back pain, as well as tinnitus and dizziness, id. ¶ 14, and subsequently developed
“uncontrollable tics in both eyes which lasted” until he departed Beirut in 1985, id. ¶ 15. He was
later diagnosed with two herniated discs in his neck, id. ¶ 16, and he continues to suffer from
extreme sensitivity in his left ear, id. ¶ 17. Given the extent of Mr. McKennan’s injuries, see
McKennan Decl. Ex. 2, ECF No. 13-3 (documenting medical treatment over five years) and the
ongoing effect on his hearing, the Court finds an upward departure to $7 million appropriate.
c. Mr. Milroy
Mr. Milroy was blown to the ground by the bombing. Milroy Decl. ¶ 6. His extensive
shrapnel wounds required 100 stitches, and his eardrum was perforated. Id. ¶ 7. The injuries did
not heal on that day: the damage to his left ear resulted in hearing loss, and over many years, the
shrapnel and glass embedded in his body “worked their way to the surface” and were removed,
“though there are still fragments that remain.” Id. ¶ 9. He received surgery in 2006 to patch his
perforated eardrum. Id. In light of these lasting injuries and Mr. Milroy’s hearing loss, the Court
finds an upward departure to $7 million appropriate.
24
d. Mr. Ruefle
For Mr. Ruefle, the “immediate physical impact” in the wake of the explosion was “in his
ears.” Ruefle Decl. ¶ 8. Despite the inability to hear very well, he retained his “composure and
mobility” and was able to assist others around him, including Mr. Bigler. Id. He worked for
hours, covered in blood, “to assist those who were in worse shape.” Id. Only when the
adrenaline subsided in the weeks after the bombing did Mr. Ruefle realize that he “was not the
same inside [his] head.” Id. ¶ 9. In addition to ongoing psychological injuries, he also suffered
“permanent and irreversible hearing loss” that has affected his personal life and his career
opportunities. Id. ¶ 10. Thus, the Court finds an upward departure to $7 million appropriate.
e. Mr. Woerz
After the explosion, Mr. Woerz was transported to a hospital for treatment of a wound on
his arm and the lacerations on his head, neck, scalp, and upper extremities. Woerz Decl. ¶ 13.
Because they were unable to diagnose the “exact nature of the [head] laceration,” doctors at the
hospital “probed inside the wound” without any anesthetic or pain medication, causing pain so
severe that it prevented Mr. Woerz from moving his jaws to chew solid food for days. Id. After
he was evacuated to another hospital, doctors there “determined the wound to [his] head resulted
in a rupture of [his] right eardrum and identified a small piece of shrapnel lodged behind [his]
left eye.” Id. ¶ 16. Because of the risk associated with surgery to remove the shrapnel, id., it
remains embedded in Mr. Woerz’s body, and he cannot undergo MRI examinations because of
its “unknown nature,” id. ¶ 20. Bits of embedded shrapnel continue to surface from other areas
of his body. Id. Given the permanent physical injuries that Mr. Woerz suffered and continues to
suffer, the Court finds an upward departure to $7 million appropriate.
25
f. Mr. Zeikel
Mr. Zeikel was knocked unconscious by the bomb and, when he awoke, found himself
covered in blood with impaired hearing, head pain, and sharp pain in his left knee. Zeikel Decl.
¶ 7. He was able to assist others who were wounded and search for survivors, id. ¶ 9, before
receiving medical attention later that day, id. ¶ 12. Local responders removed “large pieces of
glass” from Mr. Zeikel’s hand and arms. Id. Thereafter, he “suffered headaches for many
months, hearing loss in both ears, and a painful knee injury.” Id. ¶ 16. The hearing loss in both
ears continues to this day, and the knee surgery he required to treat his injury “limits [his]
participation in some physical activities.” Id. ¶ 17. The Court finds that this pain and suffering
warrants an upward departure to $7 million.
g. Mr. Bigler
Mr. Bigler was blown across the room by the bomb and sustained injuries so severe that
he was presumed dead, placed in a body bag, and loaded onto a truck bound for the morgue.
Bigler Decl. ¶ 7. He required extensive medical treatment and dental work as well as “monthly
visits for surgeries, mostly facial and sinus, but also for repair of [his injured] finger.” Id. ¶ 12.
Mr. Bigler was left without any bone structure in his right sinus area, a scar across the entirety of
his face, and difficulty using his hand each time he writes. Id. ¶ 13. He also still experiences
“constant pain” in his left leg, head pain, and lacks any feeling in his right jaw. Id. Mr. Bigler
suffered significant trauma and severe physical injuries on the day of the bombing, of which a
number of the other Barry Plaintiffs take note. See, e.g., Ruefle Decl. ¶ 8 (“The closest person to
me, and in dire straits, was Mr. Bigler.”). He also sustained ongoing physical injuries. The
Court thus finds an upward departure to $9 million appropriate. See Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at
26
84 (noting upward departure of $7–12 million in cases where victim suffered relatively more
numerous or severe injuries or was placed in body bag).
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment regarding liability and
compensatory damages is GRANTED, Plaintiff Ruefle’s motion for default judgment regarding
economic damages is DENIED, and Plaintiffs’ motion for default judgment regarding punitive
damages is DENIED. The Court awards compensatory damages in the amount of $51 million,
with $7 million apportioned to Mr. Barry, Mr. McKennan, Mr. Milroy, Mr. Ruefle, Mr. Wortz,
and Mr. Ziekel, respectively, and $9 million apportioned to Mr. Bigler. An order consistent with
this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.
Dated: September 4, 2019
RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
United States District Judge
27
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