ADAMS AND ASSOCIATES, INC. v. USA

Filing 73

PUBLISHED OPINION. The Clerk is directed to enter judgment. Signed by Senior Judge Eric G. Bruggink. (md) Copy to parties.

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 12-731C
(Originally Filed: February 22, 2013)
(Reissued: February 28, 2013)*

**********************
ADAMS AND ASSOCIATES, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v.
THE UNITED STATES,

Bid protest; Job Corps Centers;
Small Business Set-Asides;
Statutory Construction; Rule of
Two; Fair Proportion Analysis;
Workforce Investment Act

Defendant.

**********************
Gail Lindsay Simmons, Washington, DC, and Hopewell H. Darneille
III, Washington, DC, for plaintiff.
Won Kyu Lee, Civil Division, Department of Justice, Washington, DC,
with whom are Stuart F. Delery, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General,
Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director,
for defendant. David R. Koeppel, Department of Labor, Washington, DC, with
whom is Peter J. Dickson, of counsel.

_______________
OPINION
_______________

*

This opinion was originally filed under seal. Publication was deferred
pending parties’ review for redaction of protected material. After considering
the parties’ proposed redactions, the court adopted some of the suggested
redactions, which are indicated by brackets, and made other minor editorial
changes. The opinion is now prepared for release.

BRUGGINK, Judge.
This is a pre-solicitation protest of the Department of Labor’s (“DOL”)
decision to designate the contract for operation of the Shriver Job Corps Center
(“Shriver”) as a small business set-aside. Plaintiff, Adams and Associates,
Inc., (“Adams”) is the incumbent contractor. Because of the small business
size limitations placed on the follow-on procurement, Adams will be precluded
from competing.
Currently before the court are the parties’ cross-motions for judgment
on the administrative record, plaintiff’s motion to strike the declarations of
Ronald Daitoku and E. Thomas Pendleton, and plaintiff’s motion for leave to
notify the court of the suspension of all Job Corps Center enrollment. The
motions are fully briefed, and we heard oral argument on February 6, 2013.
We issued an opinion in a related matter, Dynamic Educational Systems, Inc.
v. United States, 12-730C, slip op. (Fed. Cl. Feb. 15, 2013) (“DESI”),
contemporaneously. Plaintiff in DESI made the same legal arguments as in
this case and also argued from a set of facts derived from the administrative
records of both cases and additional material it appended to its motion for
judgment on the administrative record. Our disposition of the claims in DESI
is fundamentally the same as the analysis and outcome in the present case. For
the reasons explained below, we grant defendant’s motion for judgment on the
administrative record, and deny plaintiff’s cross motion.
BACKGROUND
I.

What constitutes the administrative record?

The parties were not agreed on what constitutes the administrative
record (“AR”). As we explained in DESI, the issue has been complicated for
three reasons. First, the decision to set aside the procurement for small
businesses, although nominally ordered by Edmond Thomas Pendleton, the
Contracting Officer for the Shriver center, was at a minimum done in close
coordination with Jillian Matz, the Division Chief for the Division of Job
Corps Procurement in the Office of Contracts Management (“OCM”), which
is within the Education and Training Administration at the Department of
Labor (“ETA DOL”). The initial record produced by the government was
limited to what Mr. Pendleton had before him. Second, the decision to set
aside the Shriver center arose from the sources sought notice (also known as
a Request for Information or RFI) for five centers; i.e., not just the Shriver
2

center. Third, plaintiff’s challenge to the “Rule of Two”1 determination, which
set aside operation of the Shriver center for small businesses only, includes the
argument that it was irrational because the decision-makers (Ms. Matz at the
headquarters level) knew two relevant things not reflected in the record: that
there were dozens of other job center operation contracts around the country
being solicited contemporaneously; and second, that there were no more than
a handful of small businesses capable of performing the work.
In short, from plaintiff’s perspective, the administrative record should
include everything that Ms. Matz and others at the headquarters level knew
about all Job Corps Center contracts being solicited and the numbers of small
businesses either responding to RFI’s or to solicitations, or awarded contracts.
We declined to order that level of supplementation, although we did order
defendant to furnish all of the material generated in connection with the RFI
that included the Shriver center.
Plaintiff, meanwhile, included an appendix to its motion for judgment
on the administrative record, which included, among other things, materials to
which it had access from a similar RFI involving the Job Corps Center in
Gadsden, Alabama. We ordered defendant to inform the court of two things
about the material in plaintiff’s appendix: whether it was available to the
decision-makers on the Shriver RFI; and whether it was considered by the
decision-makers on the Shriver RFI. Our assumption was that, if materials in
plaintiff’s appendix were both available to the decision-makers and considered
by them in making the set-aside decision, then those materials should have
been included in the administrative record.
Defendant offered the affidavit of Mr. Pendleton in response to the
court’s inquiry. In substance, he states that he did not consider or rely on any
of the documents in plaintiff’s appendix when he made the decision to set
aside the Shriver contract. Decl. E. Thomas Pendleton ¶ 9, Jan. 31, 2013. Mr.
Pendleton, however, does concede that he was generally aware of other setasides occurring contemporaneously with Shriver. Id. ¶ 10. Defendant also
offered the affidavit of Ronald Daitoku, Procurement Analyst in OCM
headquarters, who participated early on in the set-aside analysis by reviewing
all interested party submissions to the RFI that included Shriver and creating

1

Federal Acquisition Regulation part 19.502-2(b) is the source of the
Rule of Two and will be discussed in detail below.
3

a spreadsheet with his analysis of responding businesses’ relevant experience.
Decl. Ronald Daitoku ¶¶ 1, 3, Jan. 31, 2013. He states that when he analyzed
each company’s relevant experience and created the spreadsheet, he only
considered the responses submitted to the RFI. Id. ¶ 4.
Both affidavits deny that any of the documents in plaintiff’s appendix
were relied upon when making the set-aside determination. Yet, the declarants
acknowledge that any of the RFIs, Pre-solicitation Notices, Solicitations, and
Award Notices for Job Corps Centers that were posted on the Federal Business
Opportunities website were publicly accessible and therefore theoretically
available to each of them. Mr. Daitoku admits to having access to an initial
set-aside analysis conducted for the Job Corps Center in Gadsden, Alabama
and to the Outcome Measurement System data, which measures performance
outcomes at each center. Daitoku Decl. ¶ 5, 8. Mr. Pendleton denies having
access to this data, but plaintiff avers that slightly altered forms of the
information are publicly available. See Pendleton Decl. ¶ 6. Plaintiff included
the Outcome Measurement System data in its appendix because, it alleges, the
data demonstrates the flawed record that small businesses have accumulated
in operating Job Corps Centers. While all of this information was available to
Mr. Pendleton and Mr. Daitoku, they did not consider it in making the setaside decision for Shriver.
Noticeably absent is any response on behalf of Ms. Matz. Defendant
takes the position that she was not one of the “decision-makers” on the Shriver
set-aside.
To clarify our position with respect to the affidavits, we will take them
into consideration for one purpose: to determine which of the materials
included in plaintiff’s appendix should be viewed as part of the administrative
record, i.e., if they were both available and taken into consideration.2 As

2

Defendant has not formally asked us to consider the affidavits as part
of the administrative record, unlike the position it took in DESI. See DESI,
slip op. at 5, 32-33. However, we have reviewed them, as we did in DESI in
order to determine whether the materials in plaintiff’s appendix were either
available to or taken into consideration by the decision-makers for the Shriver
center. Although we have considered the affidavits in order to understand
what happened at the agency level, there is no need to considered them further.
(continued...)
4

defendant noted in DESI, it is appropriate to fill “a gap in the administrative
record” to avoid frustrating effective judicial review. Def.’s Mot. Supp. AR
Jan. 14, 2013 at 3; DESI, No. 12-730, slip op. (Fed. Cl. Feb. 25, 2013) (citing
Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1380 (2009)). We
therefore deny plaintiff’s motion to strike the declarations of Mr. Pendleton
and Mr. Daitoku to the extent that the affidavits reveal whether the material
attached to plaintiff’s appendix was relied on or considered.
As to the lack of an affidavit from Ms. Matz, and with respect to the
bulk of the material in plaintiff’s appendix, which was either not available to
Mr. Pendleton or Mr. Daitoku, or not considered by them, we acknowledge the
substance of the material and the fact of no response from Ms. Matz in
connection with plaintiff’s arguments that the Rule of Two decision for
Shriver could not be made in a vacuum, and that the criteria used for the Rule
of Two evaluation in Shriver were insufficient.
In other words, if plaintiff is correct, for example, that it is relevant that
the Gadsden material shows both the same small businesses appearing in
response to that solicitation and that different standards were used by the
agency for applying the Rule of Two test, then we would have to consider
ordering the agency to supplement the existing administrative record. If, on
the other hand, it would make no difference whether expanding the
administrative record showed that there is a small pool of interested small
businesses or that the use of a different standard for evaluating small
businesses was used for a different procurement, then the absence of the
material in the administrative record is also irrelevant. We will rule on
whether plaintiff’s appended material should be properly part of the
administrative record when we evaluate whether it would be outcome
determinative to the Rule of Two analysis.
We will not take into the administrative record plaintiff’s notice of
February 4, 2013, to the effect that budget constraints have resulted in the
suspension of enrollment of new students at all Job Corps Centers. We view
that as irrelevant to any questions before the court.

2

(...continued)
Even if we considered plaintiff’s materials, they would not effect the outcome.
5

II.

Factual Background

Adams currently operates the Shriver Job Corp Center in Devens,
Massachusetts under contract DOLJ08AU00002, which runs from June 1,
2008, until May 31, 2013. AR 68. Shriver is a job training facility with a
capacity of 102 residential female students, 170 residential male students, 14
non-residential female students, and 14 non-residential male students. AR 7.
The annual cost to run Shriver ranges from $7 to $17 million. AR 72. In
addition to operations, the contract includes outreach, admissions, and career
transition services. AR 70. The total value of the contract is $47,850,418.00
for two years of services and three option years. AR 68, 70.
Before issuing a formal solicitation for a new contract, the Department
of Labor Employment and Training Administration, through its Office of
Contracts Management, published a Sources Sought Notice for Request for
Information DOL121RI20504 (“sources sought notice”) on April 26, 2012.
AR 1. The purpose of a sources sought notice is to conduct market research
regarding the businesses, specifically small businesses, that operate in a
particular industry and that might be willing to compete for the work.
As part of the RFI, and pursuant to Federal Acquisition Regulation
(“FAR”) part 19.303(a), the contract for operation of a Job Corps Center was
assigned an industry category code: NAICS 611519. See 48 C.F.R. §
19.303(a) (2012); AR 1, 3. Each industry category is assigned a code through
the North American Industry Classification System (“NAICS”) maintained by
the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”). Using the already
established NAICS codes, the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) then
imposes its own limitation on size and revenue to determine which entities can
be considered “small” within any industry category. 13 C.F.R. § 121.201
(2012). Respondents to either a RFI or later to a solicitation indicate whether
they should be considered small businesses in light of the particular dollar
limits for the job category identified by the contracting officer.
By selecting NAICS code 611519 (the only one applicable to Job Corps
Centers) the agency dictated the small business revenue limit associated with
that code, which was no more than $35.5 million in annual receipts. AR 3; 13
C.F.R. § 121.201. Therefore, if the contract for the operation of Shriver were
designated for small businesses only, any business with more than $35.5
million in annual receipts would be unable to qualify. Adams has receipts in
excess of $35.5 million and thus would be ineligible. See AR 68.
6

The sources sought notice was not solely for Shriver. Rather, it sought
market information regarding five Job Corps Centers: Shriver, Tulsa, New
Haven, San Diego, and Sacramento. AR 7-8.
Around the same time that the RFI applicable to Shriver (“RFI-S”) was
issued, a second sources sought notice was prepared and issued regarding the
operation of seven other centers: Paul Simon, Montgomery, Dr. Benjamin L.
Hooks, Detroit, Joliet, Earle C. Clements, and Little Rock Job Corps Centers
(“RFI-M”). See AR 187, 202-03, 210. Both RFIs were prepared and released
by OCM, which is located in Washington, DC. See AR 3. At OCM, there is
a division exclusive to Job Corps Center procurements. Ms. Matz is the
Division Chief for the Division of Job Corps Procurement within OCM. See
AR 172, 201. Responses to both RFIs were directed to Mr. Daitoku and Ms.
Peni Webster-Lewis, who are both Procurement Analysts with OCM in its
Washington Headquarters office. AR 7. OCM also operates through regional
employees. Mr. Pendleton, the Branch Chief and Contracting Officer for the
Boston Region, was eventually tasked with making the set-aside decisions for
Shriver and New Haven. AR 70, 137-38. In sum, through the two sources
sought notices OCM sought market information on a total of twelve Job Corps
Centers. AR 202-03.
RFI-S explained that “Job Corps is a national residential training and
employment program administered . . . to address the multiple barriers to
employment faced by at-risk youth throughout the United States.” AR 4. The
proposed contract would be a cost-reimbursement type with an incentive fee.
AR 3. The services sought included “educational and career technical skills
training,” operating the residential facility, providing meals and supervision for
the residents, job placement and development, health services, career transition
support services, community outreach, recruitment, and center oversight and
management. AR 4. Although the sources sought notice was not limited to
small businesses, ETA encouraged “ALL QUALIFIED SMALL
BUSINESSES INCLUDING 8(A) FIRMS . . . TO PARTICIPATE.” AR 3.
The notice directed each interested business to submit a capability statement
to Mr. Daitoku, Procurement Analyst with the Office of Contracts
Management DOL,3 indicating business size classification and the Job Corps
Center or Centers in which the business had an interest. AR 6-7. Potential

3

Ms. Webster-Lewis was listed as the secondary point of contact. AR

7.
7

contractors were asked to include in the capability statement their prior
experiences running comparable facilities, providing similar services, and
operating with comparable financial resources. AR 5-6. Specifically, OCM
requested responses to the following fourteen capability requirements:
1. Experience providing a comprehensive academic and career
technical training program.
2. Experience providing food services, medical, dental, and
mental health care.
3. Experience managing and ensuring data integrity.
4. Experience protecting Personally Identifiable Information,
whether on paper, in electronic form or communicated orally.
In accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974, as amended.
5. Experience with facility and construction management.
6. Experience providing property management.
7. Experience providing residential management, residential
supervision, and meals.
8. Experience operating a program that is integrated with the
local workforce development systems, employers and the
business community.
9. Experience operating a job training program that reflects the
local labor market conditions of the place of contract
performance.
10. Experience operating a job training program that is
reflective of the workforce investment plans of the state where
the program is located and experience taking part in the local
workforce investment system of the program’s local [sic].
11.
Access to financial resources sufficient to satisfy
requirements of operating a [Job Corps Center with outreach,
admissions, and career transition services] for the first 45 days
8

of operation or the ability to obtain them, e.g., a seven-figure
bank line of credit, evidence of a positive cash flow, etc.
12. Experience with the financial management of a cost
reimbursement type contract.
13. Experience providing outreach, recruitment, and enrollment
of youth in a training program.
14. Experience providing job placement, job development, and
transition services.
AR 5-6. OCM reserved “the right to compete any acquisition resulting from
this survey among small businesses or to make award to an 8(a) firm, based on
the responses received.” AR 3.
OCM received capability statements from six businesses in response to
the sources sought notice that included Shriver. AR 19. Not all of the
businesses that responded were small. The number of small businesses
currently operating Job Corps Centers is limited. As of September 18, 2012,
there were four independent small businesses4 and five subsidiary small
businesses5 that operated 16 out of 125 Job Corps Centers. AR 812-17. There
are two other companies, Education and Training Resources and Horizons
Youth Services, that operate Job Corps Centers under contracts that were small
business set-asides but have outgrown the small business designation. AR
814. The following chart shows the size classification of each business that
responded and the Job Corps Centers in which it was interested:
Company Name

Expressed Interest in
these Job Corp Centers

Business Size

4

Those four small businesses are Career Opportunities, Inc., Education
Management Corporation, Odle Management Group, LLC, and Serrato
Corporation. AR 812-16.
5

The subsidiaries are Alutiiq Education and Training, Alutiiq
Professional Services, Chugach Education Services, Inc., Chugach
Government Services, Chugach World Services. AR 812-13.
9

[

]

Shriver
Tulsa
Sacramento

Small Business

[

]

Shriver
New Haven
San Diego

Small Business

[

]

Shriver
Tulsa
New Haven
San Diego
Sacramento

Small Business

[

]

Shriver
New Haven
San Diego
Sacramento

Small Business

[

]

Did not specify

Small Business

[

]

Shriver

Large Business

AR 91, 186, 211. As the chart shows, there were four responses from small
businesses expressing interest in Shriver. AR 91.
After Mr. Daitoku received the responses, a determination
memorandum addressing all five centers was generated in OCM. AR 91.
Additionally, a DL1-2004 form was created for each center, which contained
information about the originating agency (OCM), the contract value and period
of performance, whether the procurement will be conducted as a set-aside, the
NAICS code and small business size standard, past procurement history, and
a section in which DOL’s Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business
Utilization (“OSDBU”) Representative may state whether he or she concurs
with the chosen procurement method. AR 68. On June 1, 2012, Mr. Daitoku
e-mailed this memo, an analysis chart, and a partially completed DL1-2004
form for each of the five Job Corps Centers to Ms. Matz, Division Chief for
the Division of Job Corps Procurement, and Regional Contracting Officers Mr.
Pendleton and Sheryl Algee. AR 203. The administrative record does not
reveal the content of this initial set-aside memo, but the outcome would have

10

been determined by application of the Rule of Two 6 to the market research as
shown in the above chart. See 48 C.F.R. § 19.502-2(b). So long as they each
agreed to the contents of the memo, Mr. Daitoku asked Mr. Pendleton to sign
the DL1-2004 forms for Shriver and New Haven, Ms. Algee to sign the DL12004 form for San Diego and Sacramento, and Ms. Matz to sign the remaining
DL1-2004 form for Tulsa and the memo. AR 132.
Mr. Pendleton responded to Mr. Daitoku’s request with the following:
“These two [Shriver and New Haven] are hard to swallow. I’ll sign and return
them soon.” AR 136. Mr. Pendleton signed the DL1-2004 form for Shriver
on July 19, 2012. AR 138. Mr. Pendleton was aware that there were multiple
RFIs resulting in several contracts being set-aside and directed three DOL
employees, including Michael Bolden, Contract Specialist at OCM, to draft
set-aside memoranda for the individual centers. AR 139-40; see AR 95. Mr.
Bolden drafted the set-aside determination memorandum for Shriver, which
he sent to Mr. Pendleton on August 24, 2012. AR 144-45. Mr. Pendleton
forwarded the signed set-aside memorandum to Ms. Webster-Lewis on August
28, 2012, for submission to the OSDBU. AR 146, 148. OSDBU concurred
in the set-aside determination for Shriver on September 7, 2012. AR 68.
Based on the capability statements received pertaining to Shriver, Mr.
Pendleton determined that [
], [
],
and [
] were unable to perform the contract. AR 72.
According to Mr. Pendleton, [
] did not possess adequate
financial resources to operate a Job Corps Center with additional service
components, like Shriver. AR 72. Mr. Pendleton did not find [
] responsible because “it was unclear from the capability
statement provided by [ ] whether the company possessed all 14 of the
required capabilities.” AR 72. Lastly, [
] did not address all
fourteen criteria in its response and Mr. Pendleton was thus unable to discern
whether it was a responsible entity with sufficient financial resources to
operate a center. AR 72. He did, however, deem the remaining small
businesses, [
] and [
],

6

The Rule of Two states: “The contracting officer shall set aside any
acquisition over $150,000 for small business participation when there is a
reasonable expectation that: (1) Offers will be obtained from at least two
responsible small business concerns . . . ; and (2) Award will be made at fair
market prices.” 48 C.F.R. § 19.502-2(b) (2012).
11

potentially responsible to perform the contract under all fourteen capability
requirements. AR 73. In his analysis, Mr. Pendleton noted that the two small
businesses deemed responsible either currently operate or have recently
operated a Job Corps Center,7 and he therefore “anticipated that similar small
businesses will provide a competitive proposal that is based on fair market
price.” AR 73. Thus, Mr. Pendleton concluded that both requirements for
setting aside the contract for a small business pursuant to FAR part 19.502-2
had been met. AR 73. On September 7, 2012, the DL1-2004 form was
completed by signatures from the Contracting Officer, Mr. Pendleton, as well
as by a representative from the OSDBU. Operation of the Shriver center was
designated as a 100 percent small business set-aside.8 AR 73. OCM issued a
pre-solicitation notice on October 16, 2012, announcing to the public that it
anticipated issuing the solicitation for Shriver on October 31, 2012, as a 100
percent small business set-aside. AR 92, 94.
Plaintiff filed its complaint here on October 26, 2012. It sought a
preliminary injunction to prevent the agency from issuing a solicitation for
operation of the Shriver center, which we denied. The solicitation,
DOL12QA20003, went forward as a small business set-aside on December 14,
2012. AR 226. While the initial pre-proposal conference and walk-through
for prospective bidders was cancelled, it was rescheduled and held on January
4, 2013. AR 96, 222, 811. Proposals were received until February 14, 2013.
AR 222. Defendant did agree, however, that it would not award any contract
arising from that solicitation until after the court rules.

DISCUSSION
I.

Jurisdiction

Plaintiff raises three challenges to the set-aside determination. Two are
based on alleged violations of statutes. It contends that, before a procurement
may be set aside for small businesses, the procuring agency, in this case DOL
acting through Mr. Pendleton, had to make a preliminary determination
7

[....]

8

Under FAR part 6.203, contracts may be set aside for small businesses
to fulfill statutory policies relating to small business concerns. 48 C.F.R. §
6.203.
12

pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 644(a) (2006) (“Section 644”), that a “fair proportion”
of work in that industry category should be set aside for small businesses.
Plaintiff contends that the set-aside is fatally flawed because that determination
was not made.
Plaintiff also contends that the agency’s small business set-aside
decision, based on application of the Rule of Two determination called for by
FAR part 19.502-2(b), constituted a violation of the Workforce Investment
Act, Pub. L. No. 105-220, 112 Stat. 936 (1998) (“WIA”) (amending various
sections codified throughout Title 29). It asserts that any set-aside for small
business would violate the larger concerns for open competition mandated by
WIA. Finally, plaintiff argues that, even if FAR part 19.502-2(b) is not
incompatible with WIA, its application here was arbitrary and capricious.
Pursuant to the Tucker Act, we have jurisdiction to “render judgment
on an action by an interested party objecting to a solicitation by a Federal
agency for bids or proposals for a proposed contract or to a proposed award .
. . or any alleged violation of statute or regulation in connection with a
procurement or a proposed procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1) (2006).
DOL ETA’s decision to designate the contract as a small business set-aside is
made “in connection with” a proposed procurement, and plaintiff alleges that
the decision was made in violation of applicable statute and regulations and
was arbitrary and capricious. See Sys. Appl’n & Techs. v. United States, 691
F.3d 1374, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (stating that the court has jurisdiction over
“objections related to a statutory or regulatory violation so long as those
objections are in connection with a procurement or proposed procurement”).
As to all of plaintiff’s claims, therefore, we have subject matter jurisdiction.
To establish economic interest or prejudice in a pre-award protest,
however, plaintiff also must demonstrate “a non-trivial competitive injury
which can be addressed by judicial relief.” Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United
States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Plaintiff need only show “a
direct economic stake in the solicitation being carried out in accordance with
applicable laws and regulations.” Id. At least with respect to its arguments
directed at the agency’s application of the Rule of Two, Adams is an
“interested party” because the set-aside determination prevented Adams, the
incumbent, from competing for the upcoming contract. “A deprivation of an
opportunity to compete is sufficient economic harm to demonstrate prejudice
for purposes of standing.” Magnum Opus Techs., Inc. v. United States, 94 Fed.
Cl. 512, 533 (2010). Plaintiff is the incumbent contractor and a prospective
13

bidder “whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the
contract.” Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Empls., ALF-CIO v. United States, 258 F.3d
1294, 1302 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 3551(2) (Supp. IV 1998)).
Unlike the companion case, DESI, defendant did not file a motion to
dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, although it does argue in its initial and
response briefs that plaintiff lacks standing. Defendant challenges plaintiff’s
standing only with respect to plaintiff’s claim that the DOL never made the fair
proportion determination contemplated by Section 644. Defendant advances
two arguments in that regard: 1) that DOL’s implementation of Section 644’s
“fair proportion” determination consists exclusively of high level policy
judgments and non-procurement activities and is thus beyond the court’s
jurisdiction; and 2) Adams lacks standing to challenge any such policy
determinations or non-procurement related activities because a change in the
fair proportion analysis cannot be shown to benefit Adams. In DESI, we
denied the motion to dismiss, slip op. at 28, and, even if properly made here,
we would deny the motion for the same reasons.
In principle we can agree with the assumption underlying both aspects
of defendant’s jurisdictional arguments. If the Section 644 fair proportion
determination is fundamentally a policy judgment reflected in decisions of the
Executive Branch, which are not directly connected to particular procurements,
then the court would be without jurisdiction. We could rephrase the argument
or perhaps add to it ourselves: if the fair proportion determination is purely one
of “policy,” then there are no judicially enforceable means to evaluate a
“proper” determination. We could not order a remedy that the court could
meaningfully evaluate or enforce. These considerations admittedly provide
support for defendant’s argument that there is no judicially enforceable
remedy. Nevertheless, determining whether this assumption is correct requires
some examination of the broad framework that has evolved in the last sixty
years for introducing small business preferences into the procurement
apparatus for executive agencies. We have jurisdiction to conduct this
examination and, therefore, we decline to dismiss plaintiff’s fair proportion
claim.9

9

If plaintiff had been successful on the merits of its fair proportion
argument, then we would have had cause to reconsider whether we have
jurisdiction to disturb a policy decision.
14

II.

Substantive Arguments
A. Section 2887

One provision of WIA, found at 29 U.S.C. § 2887(a)(2)(A), provides,
“Except as provided in subsections (a) to (c) of section 3304 of Title 41, the
Secretary shall select on a competitive basis an entity to operate a Job Corps
center.” 29 U.S.C. § 2887(a)(2)(A) (2006 & Supp. V 2011). Plaintiff
contends that the phrase “competitive basis” means “full and open
competition,” i.e., open to large as well as small businesses. We recently
rejected that argument in Res-Care, Inc. v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 136,
141-42 (2012). We concluded that, although setting aside a procurement only
for a small businesses does limit competition, it is not a non-competitive
process. We held that, “small business set asides are competitive.” Id. at 142.
Plaintiff here attempts to make a related argument that was not squarely
addressed in Res-Care. It adds a reference to 29 U.S.C. § 2887(a)(1)(A),
which provides that the Secretary of Labor “shall enter into an agreement with
a Federal, State, or local agency, an area vocational education school or
residential vocational school, or a private organization, for the operation of
each Job Corps center.” Plaintiff argues that “Congress intended for [Job
Corps Center] operators to be chosen on a competitive basis among all eligible
entities, and granted no authority to limit the pool of eligible entities” except
as provided in 41 U.S.C. § 3304(a)-(c) (Supp. V 2011). Pl.’s Mot. J. AR 25.
Plaintiff states that any regulation to the contrary is not entitled to deference.
See Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837,
843-45 (1984).
We disagree. We see no reason to revisit our holding in Res-Care. The
list of eligible entities found in 29 U.S.C. § 2887(a)(1)(A) (2006 & Supp. V
2011) is just that: a list of entities eligible to be chosen to operate a Job Corps
Center. As defendant points out, there is nothing in the list which dictates that
every procurement should be open to all types of entities. We note, moreover,
that Congress specifically adopted preferential procurement programs for
small businesses in order to promote competition:
The essence of the American economic system of private
enterprise is free competition. Only through full and free
competition can free markets, free entry into business, and
opportunities for the expression and growth of personal
15

initiative and individual judgment be assured. . . . It is the
declared policy of the Congress that the Government should aid,
counsel, assist, and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests
of small-business concerns in order to preserve free competitive
enterprise, to insure that a fair proportion of the total purchases
and contracts or subcontracts for property and services for the
Government . . . be placed with small-business enterprises, to
insure that a fair proportion of the total sales of Government
property be made to such enterprises, and to maintain and
strengthen the overall economy of the Nation.
15 U.S.C. § 631(a) (2006).
In addition, plaintiff argues that the regulation directing ETA to apply
the FAR to Job Corps procurements, 20 C.F.R. §§ 670.300-670.320 (2012), is
unenforceable. The Job Corps specific regulation at issue provides that “the
Federal Property Administrative Services Act of 1949,” “Federal Acquisition
Regulation (48 CFR Chapter 1),” and “DOL Acquisition Regulation (48 CFR
Chapter 29)” apply to the procurement and selection of an entity “to operate
contract centers.” 20 C.F.R. § 670.310(a); see 20 C.F.R. § 670.320. By
referring to the FAR and DOLAR, these regulations make possible the
application of the Rule of Two in procurements for Job Corps Centers. See 48
C.F.R. §§ 19.502-2, 2919.502 (2012). Plaintiff claims that these regulations
were enacted ultra vires because DOL’s statutory authority to promulgate 20
C.F.R. part 670, 20 U.S.C. § 9276(c) (2006), expired on December 31, 1999,
before part 670 was adopted in its current form.
In order to transition to the system adopted by WIA, the Secretary of
Labor was given authority in 20 U.S.C. § 9276(c) to promulgate final
regulations, which were to be “developed and published in the Federal
Register” no later than December 31, 1999. The final rule was not
promulgated until August 11, 2000. Workforce Investment Act, 65 FR 4929401 (Aug. 11, 2000). However, the ETA provides the following explanation for
the delay:
the Act required the Secretary of Labor to issue this Final Rule
implementing provisions of the WIA under the Department’s
purview by December 31, 1999. While we were unable to meet
this deadline, we have endeavored to issue this Final Rule as
expeditiously as possible without compromising the quality of
16

the document. Under Secretary of Labor’s Order No. 4-75, the
Assistant Secretary for Employment and Training has been
delegated the responsibility to carry out WIA policies, programs,
and activities for the Secretary of Labor. We have determined
that this Final Rule, as promulgated, complies with the WIA
statutory mandate to issue a Final Rule and provides effective
direction for the implementation of WIA programs.
Workforce Investment Act, 65 FR 49294-01 (Aug. 11, 2000). The agency
treated the deadline as a goal, not a pre-condition to maintenance of rulewriting authority. We will not disturb that conclusion. The court’s bid protest
jurisdiction does not extend to striking down regulations. While we could
refuse to enforce a regulation that was squarely at odds with mandatory
procurement procedures set out by statute, that is not the case here. See Schism
v. United States, 316 F.3d 1259, 1285 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Tasker v. United
States, 178 Ct. Cl 56 (1967). We do not view the possibility that DOL was late
in enacting a regulation as an “alleged violation of statute or regulation in
connection with a procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1) (2006).
In any event, 20 U.S.C. § 9276(c) (2006) was not the Secretary of
Labor’s only source of authority to enact regulations implementing the WIA.
Title 29 of the United States Code empowers the Secretary to “prescribe rules
and regulations to carry out this chapter,” which includes 29 U.S.C. § 2887.
29 U.S.C. § 2939(a) (2006). Additionally, 5 U.S.C. § 301 (2006) vests the
Secretary of Labor with the authority to “prescribe regulations for the
government of his department” and “the distribution and performance of its
business.” 5 U.S.C. § 301 (2006). The Secretary of Labor therefore had broad
authority to direct the application of the typical procurement procedures as
outlined in the FAR and DOLAR to apply to procurements for Job Corps
Center operations.
B. The Fair Proportion Determination
Plaintiff claims that DOL failed to make the “fair proportion”
determination contemplated by 15 U.S.C. § 644(a) (2006). For purposes of
this argument, plaintiff assumes that the Rule of Two set-aside process called
for by FAR part 19.502-1(a) is not per se improper, but that it is independent
of a prior determination made under Section 644(a), which assesses whether
it is appropriate to contemplate a set-aside in order to maintain a “fair
proportion” of small-business participation in a particular industry category.
17

Section 644(a) is found in Title 15 (Commerce), Chapter 14a (Aid to Small
Business):
To effectuate the purposes of this chapter, small-business
concerns within the meaning of this chapter shall receive any
award or contract or any part thereof, and be awarded any
contract for the sale of Government property, as to which it is
determined by the Administration and the contracting
procurement or disposal agency . . . (3) to be in the interest of
assuring that a fair proportion of the total purchases and
contracts for property and services for the Government in each
industry category are placed with small business concerns . . . .
These determinations may be made for individual awards or
contracts or for classes of awards or contracts. . . . For purposes
of clause (3) of the first sentence of this subsection, an industry
category is a discrete group of similar goods and services. Such
groups shall be determined by the Administration in accordance
with the definition of a “United States industry” under the North
American Industry Classification System [NAICS], as
established by the Office of Management and Budget . . . .
15 U.S.C. § 644(a).
It is plaintiff’s position that this predicate determination as to a “fair
proportion” must be made by the contracting officer prior to the set-aside
determination made under FAR part 19.502-1(a). It points out that the Rule
of Two regulation contains the conjunction “and” when referring to the “fair
proportion” determination:
(a) The contracting officer shall set aside an individual
acquisition or class of acquisitions for competition among small
businesses when—
(1) It is determined to be in the interest of
maintaining or mobilizing the Nations full
productive capacity, war or national defense
programs; or
(2) Assuring that a fair proportion of Government
contracts in each industry category is placed with
small business concerns; and the circumstances

18

described in 19.502-2 [the “Rule of Two”] . . .
exist.
48 C.F.R. § 19.502-1(a) (emphasis added). Plaintiff envisions that prior to any
procurement process in any executive agency, the contracting officer would
consult with a representative from the OSDBU and consider the current level
of small business participation within the industry category and the capacity
of those small businesses to take on new contracts prior to determining
whether setting aside a particular contract would be in the interest of assuring
a fair proportion. Depending on the outcome, this analysis presumably could
render application of the Rule of Two unnecessary. Plaintiff asserts that the
“fair proportion” analysis was not conducted in this case and that had it been
conducted, then Shriver may not have been set aside.
Defendant does not disagree that a fair proportion determination has to
be made at some level, but argues that it looks very different from the contractspecific process plaintiff calls for. It contends that the structure of Section 644
suggests that the determination contemplated by Section 644(a) is not made in
the context of individual contracts, but is reflected in high level policy
judgments made on an ongoing and iterative basis by the President and the
heads of agencies. According to defendant, it should not be assumed that
subsection (a) requires any particular form of a determination; Congress was
not literally insisting that the contracting officer make a formal study of what
impact a particular contract would have on the ratio of small to large
businesses in a specific industry category. Instead, discretion was left to the
Executive Branch to work out a means to accomplish an end. Defendant
argues that FAR part 19.502-2, the Rule of Two, is the means by which the
Executive Branch has chosen to satisfy the obligation to determine a fair
proportion of contracts to be awarded to small businesses.
This position was endorsed by the Comptroller General10 in Delex
Systems, Inc.:
The origin of the Rule of Two predates the FAR; when the FAR
was promulgated, the Office of Federal Procurement Policy
(OFPP) prepared a Federal Register notice seeking comments on

10

The Comptroller General was subsequently renamed the Government
Accountability Office or GAO.
19

the rule’s inclusion in the new government-wide procurement
regulation. 49 Fed. Reg. 40135 (Oct. 3, 1984). This notice
explains that the Rule of Two is intended to implement the
Small Business Act language in 15 U.S.C. sect. 644(a), quoted
above, requiring that small businesses receive a “fair proportion
of the total purchases and contracts for property and services for
the Government.” Id. In addition, the notice advised that, in the
view of OFPP, “the FAR language complies with current law
and reflects the will of the Congress as expressed in the Small
Business Act.” Id. Thus, while the Rule of Two is not
specifically set out in the Small Business Act, it has been
adopted as the FAR’s implementation of the Act’s requirements
through notice and comment rulemaking.
B-400403, 2008 WL 4570635, at *5 (Comp. Gen. Oct. 8, 2008).
Admittedly, this interpretation assumes that the use of the conjunction
“and” in FAR part 19.502-1(a) was merely infelicitous drafting. Nevertheless,
we believe that clues within Section 644 itself, as well as within other code
provisions, and the difficulties attendant on implementing plaintiff’s
interpretation, suggest that defendant’s interpretation is correct.
Section 644 itself sets up a larger scheme of promoting small-business
contracting that seems incompatible with a prior, rigid, contract-by-contract
determination by contracting officers of whether a “fair proportion” has been
achieved. Subsection (g) of Section 644, for example, calls for the President
to set government-wide goals, in percentage terms for small business
participation in contracting:
[t]he President shall annually establish Government-wide goals
for procurement contracts awarded to small business concerns
. . . . Notwithstanding the Government-wide goal, each agency
shall have an annual goal that presents, for that agency, the
maximum practicable opportunity for small business concerns.
15 U.S.C. § 644(g). The agency-wide goal will be set by the “head of each
Federal agency, after consultation with the Administration.”
Id. §
644(g)(2)(A). The purpose of these goals is to “make consistent efforts to
annually expand participation by small business concerns from each industry
category in procurement contracts of the agency.” Id. § 644(g)(2)(D). An
20

enforcement mechanism of sorts exists in subsection (h), which calls for
annual reports to Congress and the President as to the agencies’ level of
success in meeting goals for small business contracting. Id. § 644(h).
Also integral to the operation of Section 644 is the appointment within
each agency of a Director of the Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business
Utilization. The OSDBU monitors performance in meeting goals and
encourages “unbundling” contracts to make them more accessible to small
businesses. In addition, one of the roles of the Director of OSDBU is to
make recommendations to contracting officers as to whether a
particular contract requirement should be awarded pursuant to
subsection (a) of this section, or section 637(a) of this title or
section 2323 of Title 10. Such recommendations shall be made
with due regard to the requirements of subsection (m) of this
section, and the failure of the contracting officer to accept any
such recommendations shall be documented and included within
the appropriate contract file.
Id. § 644(k)(10).
The “fair proportion” determination is also inextricably linked to the
process by which the Office of Management and Budget creates NAICS
industry codes and the SBA’s subsequent assignment of size standards for each
NAICS code. When the contracting officer selects “the appropriate NAICS
code and related small business size standard and [includes it] in solicitations,”
48 C.F.R. § 19.303(a), the effect is to incorporate a judgment made by the
SBA as to what the appropriate small-business size standard is for a particular
industry category. This standard can be adjusted, with the result that more or
less companies are able to compete as small businesses.
Congress was obviously aware of this interplay between the fair
proportion determination and the use of set-asides based on size standards.
When Section 644 was amended in 1986 by the National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987, Pub. L. No. 99-661, § 921, 100 Stat.
3816, 3926-30 (1986), to add the requirement that the fair proportion
determination be made on an industry category basis, the Report of the House
Armed Services Committee noted the following:

21

The Small Business Act requires that a fair proportion of
the total purchases and contracts for property and services
needed by the Federal Government be placed with small
business concerns. One procedure for accomplishing this
objective is the small business set-aside program. . . .
....
. . . . The recommended provision allows the SBA flexibility to
evaluate the existing size standards and craft size standards
consistent with the objectives of the Act. The committee has
been advised that, in some industries such as the military boot
manufacturing industry, only manufacturers exist, all of whom
are classified as small businesses. An inappropriate reduction
in size could result in two or three companies being classified as
small, leaving the one or two companies not deemed small at a
significant disadvantage in bidding those contracts.
In
circumstances such as those, the size standard should be reduced
to a sufficient degree that all potential offerors with similar
capabilities are treated similarly.
H.R. Rep. No. 99-718, at 256, 259 (1986). This strongly suggests that, even
if Section 644 was initially adopted on the assumption that some other device
would emerge to implement the “fair proportion” determination, Congress
understood that set-asides were being used to accomplish that end. By then,
of course, the Rule of Two was already in place. See 49 Fed. Reg. 40135-01
(Oct. 12, 1984).
In sum, we agree with defendant that the fair proportion determination
was satisfied when the Contracting Officer applied the appropriate NAICS size
standard, received the endorsement of the OSDBU, and then invoked the Rule
of Two. The mechanisms contemplated by Section 644–goal setting by the
Executive Branch, input from the OSDBU, and the industry specific
application of size standards by OMB and the SBA–were implemented. We
conclude that nothing more was required to satisfy the “fair proportion”
requirement.
Although not necessary to the outcome, we also note that plaintiff was
never able to articulate a clear means by which a single contracting officer
could make a fair proportion determination in the context of a particular
22

procurement. Of necessity, this would seem to call for a much broader vantage
point, perhaps even outside the agency. Moreover, plaintiff was unable to
offer any reasonable likelihood that a remand for a “fair proportion”
determination would lead to a different outcome. Arguing that a new
determination “might” come out differently would not satisfy the requirement
of a non-trivial competitive injury. Nor could plaintiff offer any meaningful
guidelines for the court to apply in determining whether the agency’s
discretion had been abused. Reaching these arguments, however, is
unnecessary considering our holding that the fair proportion analysis was
conducted in compliance with statute.
C. Application of the “Rule of Two”
Plaintiff’s final argument is that the agency was arbitrary and capricious
in the way it conducted its Rule of Two analysis. We disagree.
The Rule of Two states that the “contracting officer shall set aside any
acquisition over $150,000 for small business participation when there is a
reasonable expectation that: (1) Offers will be obtained from at least two
responsible small business concerns . . . ; and (2) Award will be made at fair
market price.” 48 C.F.R. § 19.502-2(b). It is worth highlighting that the rule
does not require that the particular companies who respond to the RFI actually
be determined responsible. Rather, the test is simply whether it appears likely
that, when the solicitation later moves forward, at least two responsible small
businesses will appear.
Plaintiff offers several arguments to support the assertion that the Rule
of Two decision was arbitrary and capricious. They fall into two categories:
those that rely only on the materials that the government contends were
properly before the Contracting Officer, i.e., materials related solely to the
Shriver Job Corps Center, and those arguments that rely on material related to
other Job Corps Centers.
As to the first category, plaintiff contends that Mr. Pendleton’s response
that set-asides at Shriver and New Haven were “hard to swallow” evinces
concerns that call into question the reasonable expectation required under the
Rule of Two. Despite his initial reservations, however, Mr. Pendleton
determined that a set-aside was reasonable.

23

Plaintiff also asserts that the set-aside decision was not reasonable
because the “relevant factors” of capability, capacity, past performance, and
award at fair market price were not thoroughly considered. Pl.’s Mot. J. AR
53. Plaintiff borrows the “relevant factors” from the FAR’s general standards
for determining whether a prospective contractor is “responsible” to be
awarded a contract. 48 C.F.R. § 9.104-1; see 48 C.F.R. § 9.103.
We begin with the reminder that whether to set aside a solicitation for
small businesses “‘is a matter of business judgment within the contracting
officer’s discretion.’” Gear Wizzard, Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 266,
282 (2011) (quoting Benchmade Knife Co. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 731,
738 (2007)). The “law does not require any particular method.” Id.; see
McKing Consulting Corp. v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl. 715, 724-25 (2007)
(holding that the Rule of Two was satisfied when the contracting officer relied
on market research and a history of successful procurements conducted as
small business set-asides); Otis Elevator Co., B-195873, 1979 WL 11672 at
*2 (Comp. Gen. Dec. 19, 1979) (rejecting plaintiff’s argument that inadequate
past maintenance service by the incumbent small business invalidated the
contracting officer’s reasonable expectation in the Rule of Two analysis).
Crucially, the contracting officer need not make affirmative determinations of
responsibility, Admiral Towing & Barge Co., B-291849 et al., 2003 WL
22309106, at *3 (Comp. Gen. March 6, 2003), but need only have “a
reasonable expectation that: (1) Offers will be obtained from at least two
responsible small business concerns . . . ; and (2) Award will be made at fair
market prices.” 48 C.F.R. § 19.502-2(b) (emphasis added); see The Protective
Group, Inc., B-310018, 2007 WL 4097385, at *4 (Comp. Gen. Nov. 13, 2007).
Past acquisition history may be relevant to the Rule of Two analysis, but
“it is not the only factor to be considered in determining whether a reasonable
expectation exists.” 48 C.F.R. § 19.502-2(b)(2). “The contracting officer may
consider and base its decision on such factors as prior procurement history, the
nature of the contract, market surveys, and/or advice of the agency’s small
business specialist.” MCS Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 48 Fed. Cl. 506, 512,
514 (2000). Additionally, it is not required or practical at this stage of the
procurement process for the contracting officer to conduct a full responsibility
evaluation. Fermont Div., Dynamics Corp., B-195431, 1980 WL 18035, 59
Comp. Gen. 533, 538-40 (1988). Rather, the contracting officer need only
reasonably expect that likely offerors will “be capable of surviving a future
responsibility determination.” Greenleaf Const. Co., Inc. v. United States, 67
Fed. Cl. 350, 358 (2005).
24

The small businesses responding to the RFI furnished the Contracting
Officer with substantial narrative descriptions of their experience and prior
history on related work. See AR 9-67. While it is true that the rationales
offered for finding the entities potentially responsible, which were relied on
to show a sufficient pool of available small businesses, consisted uniformly of
“currently operates JCC,” it is not irrational to assume that,“[s]ince these [two]
respondents have been awarded [Job Corps Center] contracts it’s anticipated
that similar small businesses will provide a competitive proposal that is based
on fair market price for the operation of the Shriver Job Corps Center.” AR
73. While the Rule of Two analysis was not extensive, an extensive analysis
was not required.
Plaintiff contends, however, that Mr. Pendleton’s analysis was too
narrow. It argues that to artificially limit the Rule of Two analysis to what was
in front of Mr. Pendleton is to ignore the evidence in the record that suggests
that OCM led the decision-making process and had before it all of the
information regarding Job Corps Center set-asides occurring
contemporaneously across the nation. While it may have been reasonable for
Mr. Pendleton to conclude that the Rule of Two was satisfied when two small
businesses with operations experience expressed interest in the Shriver center,
plaintiff asserts that it was not reasonable when OCM “decided to set-aside 13
[Job Corps Centers] for competition amongst a maximum of three small
businesses, which between them operated only four [Job Corps Centers].”
Pl.’s Mot. J. AR 50. In support of its position, plaintiff cites material it
included as an appendix to its motion for judgment on the administrative
record.
The materials outside the record furnished initially by the government
consist of notices posted on the Federal Business Opportunities website,
including RFIs, Pre-solicitation Notices, Solicitations, and Award Notices for
other Job Corps Centers, Outcome Measurement System data that is available
on DOL’s website, a Master Procurement Schedule for all Job Corps Centers,
and set-aside memorandum and OCM internal emails obtained from the
administrative records of other cases. If we admitted the material into the
administrative record here, it would show, in substance, a pattern of set-asides
made in reliance on expressions of interest from a relatively limited pool of
small businesses. Plaintiff asks us to remand so that the Contracting Officer
may take into consideration all of this material in his set-aside decision. See
Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 744 (1985) (“If the record
before the agency does not support the agency action, if the agency has not
25

considered all relevant factors, or if the reviewing court simply cannot evaluate
the challenged agency action on the basis of the record before it,” then the
court ought “to remand to the agency for additional investigation or
explanation.”).
Although at first glance the pattern established by this material might
seem problematic, we conclude that it is not the court’s role to second guess
the agency’s decision to rely on the mechanisms it had available to address the
problem. For example, after the solicitation, when the contracting officer
reviews proposals, he will conduct a responsibility determination pursuant to
FAR part 9.104-1, which takes into account all of the bidder’s “existing
commercial and governmental business commitments,” past performance,
capacity, and capability. If there are no acceptable offers from responsible
small businesses in response to a set-aside, then FAR part 19.502-2(a) states
that “the set-aside shall be withdrawn and . . . be resolicited on an unrestricted
basis.” In addition, if only one offer is received from a responsible small
business in response to a set-aside then the contracting officer has discretion
to withhold an award. 48 C.F.R. § 19.502-2(a). Even if only one offer is
received, moreover, that bidder would have been under the impression that it
was in competition with others at the time it priced its proposal. Additionally,
if the proposals do not initially reflect a fair market price, then a fair price may
be negotiated pursuant to FAR part 15, and “[e]xcept as authorized by law, a
contract may not be awarded as a result of a small business set-aside if the cost
to the awarding agency exceeds the fair market price.” 48 C.F.R. § 19.501(g).
We think it was not irrational to rely on the mechanisms cited above to
remedy problems with limited competition. Any other outcome would require
the court to speculate about at least four variables: the entities submitting bids,
the dates of the solicitations announced by the government, the degree of
overlap in the interest by bidders, and finally, the contract performance start
dates.
The Rule of Two is part of a larger framework in the FAR established
to benefit small businesses. All that is required is a reasonable expectation.
The threshold for meeting the criteria of the Rule of Two is purposefully low
and is counterbalanced by FAR provisions that provide direction in the event
of a failed set-aside. We conclude that, even if the materials related to other
Job Corps Centers were in front of us, the result here would be the same.
Therefore, we decline to include it in the administrative record because it is not
necessary for effective judicial review. Axiom, 564 F.3d at 1381 (citing Camp
26

v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142-43 (1973)). The Contracting Officer’s decision to
set-aside the Shriver center was not arbitrary and capricious.
CONCLUSION
For reasons explained above, we deny plaintiff’s February 4, 2013
motion to strike and plaintiff’s motion of February 4, 2013 for leave to notify
the court of defendant’s suspension of all Job Corps Center enrollment. We
grant defendant’s motion for judgment on the administrative record, and we
deny plaintiff’s cross-motion. The clerk is directed to enter judgment
accordingly. No costs.

s/ Eric G. Bruggink
ERIC G. BRUGGINK
Judge

27