COASTAL PARK LLC et al v. USA

Filing 24

REPORTED OPINION (Status Report due by 6/14/2019) granting 10 Motion to Partially Dismiss. The Clerk is directed to enter a Rule 54(b) judgment.Signed by Senior Judge Bohdan A. Futey. (aa) Service on parties made.

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 17-422
Filed: May 28, 2019
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COASTAL PARK LLC, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
THE UNITED STATES,
Defendant.

Contract Interpretation; Damages; Clauses
Limiting Available Damages; Covenant of
Good Faith and Fair Dealing.

G. Alexander Novak, Cedarhurst, New York, for plaintiffs.
Stephen Carl Tosini, U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, DC, for
defendant.
OPINION
FUTEY, Senior Judge
This case is before the Court on defendant’s motion to partially dismiss plaintiff’s
amended complaint, which was filed on May 8, 2017, pursuant to rule 12(b)(6) of the Rules of
the Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). Defendant filed its motion on July 3, 2017. Plaintiff filed
a response on August 14, 2017, and defendant filed its reply on August 28, 2017.
Plaintiff seeks damages related to the cancellation of a contract to purchase a former
Coast Guard housing complex. In its motion to partially dismiss, defendant contends that a
clause in the parties’ contract limits plaintiff’s damages to the return of the earnest money
plaintiff paid in anticipation of closing.
The matter is now ripe for disposition.

I.

BACKGROUND
a. Factual Background
On September 8, 2016, the General Services Administration (“GSA”) accepted bids in

response to Invitation for Bids (“IFB”) No. PEACH416017001. IFB at 2. The IFB contemplated
the sale of Coastal Park, a former Coast Guard housing complex in Elizabeth City, North
Carolina for a minimum all-cash bid of $2,000,000.00. Id. at 3, 14. To submit a bid, offerors
were required to make a deposit of $100,000. Id. at 14.
The IFB contemplated a closing date “forty-five (45) calendar days after the acceptance
of the Bid.” Id. at 12 (bolding in original). The Government “reserve[d] the right to extend the
closing date for a reasonable amount of time.” Id. The Government also “reserve[d] the right to
refuse a Purchaser’s request for extension of closing.” Id. And, the IFB provided that, “[e]xcept
for delayed closing caused solely by the Government or forced [sic] majeure events, any change
to the closing date . . . is subject to written approval by the Government.” Id.
Within ten days of the Government accepting a bid, a successful offeror was required to
submit an additional deposit so that the sum of all deposits equaled 10 percent of the purchase
price. Id. at 18. And, if the Government approved a closing date more than 45 days after the date
of award, an offeror was required to make any additional deposit so that the sum of all deposits
equaled 25 percent of the purchase price. Id. at 18.
Several other provisions of the IFB are relevant to the present dispute. First, paragraph 3
of the IFB “invited, urged, and cautioned” bidders “to inspect the Property prior to submitting a
bid.” Id. at 9. Second, paragraph 5 of the IFB, titled “condition of property,” stated as follows:
The Property is offered for sale “AS IS” AND “WHERE IS”
without representation or warranty, expressed or implied. The
Purchaser, and Purchaser’s successors and assigns, or any party-inpossession of the Property, or any part thereof, further
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acknowledges that the Government makes no representations or
warranty concerning the title, zoning, character, condition, size,
quantity, quality and state of repair of the Property. The Government
makes no other agreement or promise to alter, improve, adapt or
repair the Property not otherwise contained herein. Purchaser shall
rely solely on its own due diligence and examination of the Property.
Purchaser acknowledges that there will be no claims or any
allowances or deductions upon grounds that the Property is not in
condition or fit to be used for any purpose intended by the Purchaser
after the conclusion of the auction. An “As Is, Where Is” provision
will be included in the Quitclaim Deed and is provided in the
Notices and Covenants section.
Id. at 9–10 (bolding in original).
The definitions section of the IFB further clarified the meaning of the phrase “As Is:”
The term “As-Is” means that the Government is selling and the
Bidders are offering to purchase the Property in whatever condition
it presently exists, and that the Purchaser will accept the Property
“with all faults,” whether or not they could be ascertained by an
inspection of the Property or review of any due diligence material
available.
Id. at 7.
Additionally, paragraph 7 of the IFB described the “risk of loss” as follows:
As of the date of conveyance of the Property, the Purchaser shall
assume all obligations and liabilities of ownership to the Property
including, without limitation, sole responsibility for the care and
handling of the Property and all loss and/or damage related to the
same (including, without limitation, the buildings and/or
improvements located thereon), and no claim for any allowance or
deduction upon such grounds will be considered after the Bid
Opening Date.
Id. at 10.
Paragraph 9 of the IFB described the consequences of a default:
Purchaser agrees that bids made to purchase the Property are binding
offers and once accepted for contract by the Government, all
deposits made by the Purchaser to register for the sale, subject to
this IFB, become Earnest Money to the benefit, custody and
accountability of the Government.
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In the event of (1) revocation of a bid after the conclusion of the bid
opening, but prior to acceptance of the high bid by the Government,
or (2) in the event of revocation of a bid after notice of acceptance,
or (3) in the event of any default by the Purchaser in the performance
of the contract of sale created by such acceptance, or (4) in the event
of failure by the Purchaser to consummate the transaction, the
Purchaser agrees that any Earnest Money and all deposits paid to the
Government in any acceptable form, including credit card, together
with any payments subsequently made on account, are subject to
forfeit by the Purchaser to the Government at the option of the
Government as damages for breach of contract, in which event the
Purchaser shall be relieved from further liability.
Id. at 10–11.
Lastly, paragraph 10 of the IFB limited the Government’s liability:
If the Governments accepts a Bid and (1) the Government fails for
any reason to perform its obligations as set forth herein; or (2) title
does not transfer or vest in the Purchaser for any reason, although
Purchaser is ready, willing, and able to close; or (3) any other
contractual claim or cause of action hereafter accrues in favor of the
Purchaser under the terms of this IFB, then, unless otherwise
expressly provided in this IFB, the extent of the Government’s
liability to the Purchaser shall be strictly limited to all amounts of
money the Purchaser has paid to the Government (without interest).
Upon the refund to the Purchaser of such money (without interest),
the Agreement of Sale shall be deemed terminated and of no further
force and effect and the Government shall have no further liability
to the Purchaser.
Id. at 11.
On September 7, 2016, plaintiff submitted a bid for Coastal Park of $3,100,000.01,
together with the required $100,000 deposit. Am. Compl. ¶ 8, ECF No. 7; ECF No. 10-1 at 32.
The next day, GSA accepted plaintiff’s bid, which for some reason was notated as $3,100,000.00
(one penny less than the amount plaintiff submitted). ECF No. 10-1 at 34–35. Consistent with the
IFB’s 45-day schedule, closing was to occur on October 23, 2016. Am. Compl. ¶ 7.

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On or about September 22, 2016, plaintiff paid an additional deposit of $210,000. Id. ¶ 9.
Starting on October 8, 2016, Hurricane Matthew caused extensive property damage on the North
Carolina coast. Id. ¶ 10. Coastal Park was one of the damaged properties. Id. ¶ 11.
Plaintiff asked GSA to extend the closing date. Id. ¶ 12. On October 21, 2016, GSA
agreed to extend the closing date to October 30, 2016. Id. ¶ 13. In response to another request,
GSA again agreed to extend the closing date to October 31, 2016. Id. ¶ 14. And, on October 31,
2016, GSA agreed to an additional extension, this time to November 7, 2016. Id. ¶ 15.
On or about November 2, 2016, plaintiff hired two property inspectors to assess the
damage Hurricane Matthew caused to Coastal Park. Id. ¶ 17. Plaintiff sent their reports to GSA
on November 6, 2016. Id.
On November 7, 2016, GSA informed plaintiff that he had two days to tender the full
outstanding balance of the purchase price or he would forfeit his deposits. Id. ¶ 18. Plaintiff
attempted to convince GSA that an adjustment in the purchase price was appropriate after the
damage caused by Hurricane Matthew. Id. ¶ 25. On November 10, 2016, GSA sent plaintiff a
letter that he was in default, the contract was void, and plaintiff had forfeited his deposit. Id. ¶
19.
Prior to GSA cancelling the contract, plaintiff incurred various costs in anticipation of
closing, including: $10,500 in title and survey charges, $12,300 in legal fees, $3,500 in appraisal
services, $48,000 in mortgage broker fees, and $6,000 in miscellaneous expenses. Id. ¶¶ 39, 40.
In addition, plaintiff spent $4,200 on the two inspectors he hired to examine the property after
Hurricane Matthew hit the North Carolina coast. Id. ¶ 41.
On December 15, 2016, GSA sold Coastal Park to Coastal Park Townehomes LLC. Id. ¶
36.

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b. Procedural Background
On March 24, 2017, plaintiff (in his own name and on behalf of Coastal Park LLC) filed
a complaint in this Court. ECF No. 1. Then, on May 8, 2017, plaintiff filed an amended
complaint (“Am. Compl.”). ECF No. 7.
Count I of the amended complaint alleges that the Government “was duty bound to repair
any damage sustained by the property after September 9, 2016.” Id. ¶ 46. Because the
Government failed to repair the property and instead cancelled the contract, it is liable for
$394,500. Id. ¶ 52.
Count II of the amended complaint alleges that the risk of loss to Coastal Park remained
with the Government until closing. Id. ¶ 55. For this, the Government is liable for $394,500. Id. ¶
57.
Count III of the amended complaint alleges that the Government is liable for the profits
plaintiff expected to realize from the resale of Coastal Park. Id. ¶ 60. Plaintiff estimates those
profits at $1,921,900. Id. ¶ 61.
Count IV of the amended complaint requests reasonable attorney’s fees pursuant to the
Equal Access to Justice Act. Id. ¶ 63.
On July 3, 2017, defendant filed a motion to partially dismiss (“Gov’t Mot.”), together
with a copy of the IFB and plaintiff’s bid. ECF Nos. 10, 10-1. On August 14, 2017, plaintiff filed
a response (“Pl.’s Resp.”), with supporting affidavits and documents. ECF Nos. 13-1–13-8. On
August 14, 2017, defendant filed a reply (“Gov’t Reply”). ECF No. 14. On October 11, 2017, the
Court heard oral argument on the motion. ECF No. 17 (“Tr.”). On May 3, 2019, this case was
transferred to the undersigned. ECF No. 19.

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II.

DISCUSSION
Defendant’s argument for partial dismissal of the amended complaint centers on

paragraph 10 of the IFB, the limitation on damages. As stated above, paragraph 10 provides that,
in a wide variety of circumstances, “the extent of the Government’s liability to the Purchaser
shall be strictly limited to all amounts of money the Purchaser has paid to the Government
(without interest).” IFB at 11. Defendant argues that plaintiff may not recover more than the
$310,000 in deposits he paid to the Government between September 8 and November 10, 2016.
Gov’t Mot. at 7–8. The Court must resolve two questions: (1) whether paragraph 10 applies to
plaintiff’s suit, and (2) whether paragraph 10 is enforceable.
a. Legal Standard
Rule 12(b)(6) permits a party to file a motion to dismiss for “failure to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted.” RCFC 12(b)(6). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must
contain sufficient factual allegations that, if true, would state a claim to relief that is plausible on
its face.” Athey v. United States, 908 F.3d 696, 705 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (internal quotations
omitted). “The court must accept well-pleaded factual allegations as true and must draw all
reasonable inferences in favor of the claimant.” Id.
When interpreting a contract, “[w]e begin with the plain language.” McAbee Const. Inc.
v. United States, 97 F.3d 1431, 1435 (Fed. Cir. 1996). “[I]f the ‘provisions are clear and
unambiguous, they must be given their plain and ordinary meaning,’ and the court may not resort
to extrinsic evidence to interpret them.” Id. (quoting Alaska Lumber & Pulp Co. v. Madigan, 2
F.3d 389, 392 (Fed. Cir. 1993)).

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b. The Clause Limiting the Government’s Liability Applies to This Case
Paragraph 10 applies to the allegations in the amended complaint. Paragraph 10
contemplates a situation where “the Government accepts a Bid and (1) the Government fails for
any reason to perform its obligations as set forth herein; or (2) title does not transfer or vest in
the Purchaser for any reason, although Purchaser is ready, willing, and able to close; or (3) any
other contractual claim or cause of action hereafter accrues in favor of the Purchaser under the
terms of this IFB.” IFB at 11. The Court does not need to decide whether plaintiff was ready,
willing, and able to close, because the third clause of paragraph 10 contemplates “any other
contractual claim or cause of action in favor of the Purchaser.” IFB at 11. This catch-all language
encompasses Counts I, II, and III of the amended complaint, each of which alleges that the
Government wrongfully cancelled its contract with plaintiff. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 45–61.
c. The Clause Limiting the Government’s Liability is Enforceable
The next question the Court must resolve is whether paragraph 10 is enforceable in these
circumstances. The leading case on the enforceability of damage-limitations clauses is Freedman
v. United States, 320 F.2d 359 (Ct. Cl. 1963).
In Freedman, in 1957, the Air Force issued a call for sealed bids to purchase surplus
tanks in England. Id. at 360. The contract provided that “Property will be removed by rail from
Cambridge at British Army expense to rail-head nearest to the Contractors site.” Id. A bidder,
who later became the plaintiff, asked the officer in charge if the Air Force would deliver the
tanks to a rail depot in mainland Europe. Id. The officer said, “that’s perfectly all right; go ahead
and do it.” Id.

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The contract also included a clause limiting damages as follows:
In any case where liability of the Government to the Purchaser has
been established, the extreme measure of the Government’s liability
shall not, in any event, exceed refund of the purchase price or such
portion thereof as the Government may have received.
Id. at 362.
The plaintiff submitted a bid and was awarded the contract. Id. at 361. Thereafter, the Air
Force realized that the diesel engines in its tanks were valuable and did not have to be
demilitarized. Id. The plaintiff was then told that he needed a British export license to sell the
tanks in other countries. Id. But, the Air Force refused to help the plaintiff obtain any such
license, and later unilaterally cancelled the contract award. Id.
The plaintiff offered to remove the diesel engines from the tanks and ship them back to
England if the Air Force would reinstate the contract. Id. at 361–62. The Air Force accepted this
arrangement and rescinded its earlier cancellation. Id. at 362. When the plaintiff insisted that the
Air Force pay for shipment of the tanks to mainland Europe so that he could remove the diesel
engines, the Air Force refused and reinstated the cancellation. Id. It subsequently sold the tanks
to another buyer at a lower price. Id.
The plaintiff sued. After holding that the Air Force had breached its contract with the
plaintiff, the Court addressed the clause limiting damages. Id. at 366. Such a clause, the Court
held, “does play a valid part where the Government cancels the sale for such good cause as a
newly-discovered need for the property or a significant mistake as to the property offered for
sale.” Id. But, the Government may not rely on the clause “without such good reason, because it
disagrees with the contractor over the meaning of some provision of the agreement.” Id. “To read
the clause in that unlimited fashion—excusing all damages for any type of breach—would come

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close to (if not reach) the pit of voidness; the Government would in effect promise nothing
although the other party would supposedly be bound.” Id.
Speaking more broadly, the Court held that “general provisions seeming to immunize the
Government from paying damages due to its own breach or negligence should be construed, if
possible, as not covering serious breaches, especially willful defaults, causing important loss to
the contractor.” Id. A limit on damages may not cover “a significant, willful, and unjustified
breach, . . . destroying the heart of the plaintiff’s agreement and bringing grave loss.” Id.
In the years since Freedman, courts have quoted the decision at varying levels of
generality to stand for a wide variety of propositions. For example, in Hoel-Steffen Const. Co. v.
United States, 684 F.2d 843 (Ct. Cl. 1982), the Court held that damage-limiting clauses are
“subject to strict construction.” Id. at 852; see also New Valley Corp. v. United States, 119 F.3d
1576, 1584 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citing Freedman for the rule that “exculpatory provision[s]” must
be construed “narrowly and strictly”); Spectrum Scis. v. United States, 84 Fed. Cl. 716, 743 (Fed.
Cl. 2008) (citing Freedman for the rule that “clauses limiting damages are construed against the
party invoking their protection”). In other cases, courts have held that Freedman articulated a
special rule that only applies to the sale of military surplus when certain conditions are present.
See, e.g., Benjamin v. United States, 348 F.2d 502, 516 (Ct. Cl. 1965); C.J. Betters Corp. v.
United States, 25 Cl. Ct. 674, 676 (Cl. Ct. 1992). In Am. Satellite Co. v. United States, 34 Fed.
Cl. 468 (Fed. Cl. 1995), the Court held that damage-limitation clauses are unenforceable in any
case of willful breach by the Government. See id. at 480.
In this Court’s view, however, the best reading of Freedman is that a clause limiting
damages is unenforceable where there has been “a significant, willful, and unjustified breach, . . .
destroying the heart of the plaintiff’s agreement and bringing grave loss.” 320 F.2d at 366. This

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interpretation is consistent with subsequent decisions of the Federal Circuit, because it provides
some criteria for interpreting such clauses “narrowly and strictly.” New Valley, 119 F.3d at 1584.
To argue that a clause limiting damages is unenforceable, a plaintiff must therefore show that the
Government’s breach was (1) significant, (2) willful, and (3) unjustified.
Here, the amended complaint alleges facts that, if proven, would show the Government’s
breach was significant. The Government cancelled its contract with plaintiff after plaintiff failed
to provide the requested additional deposit before the Government’s November 9, 2016 deadline.
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 18–19. Cancelling a contract in its entirety goes to the “heart of the . . .
agreement and bring[s] great loss.” Freedman, 320 F.2d at 366.
The amended complaint also alleges facts that, if proven, would show the Government’s
breach was willful. When plaintiff failed to convey the outstanding balance of the purchase price
at closing, the Government chose to cancel the contract rather than provide another extension.
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 19, 33. There is no suggestion in the amended complaint or motion to partially
dismiss that the Government’s conduct was inadvertent. See generally Am. Compl.; Gov’t Mot.
Lastly, the amended complaint does not allege facts that, if proven, would be sufficient to
show the Government’s behavior was unjustified. Plaintiff’s allegation of bad faith rests on the
explicit premise that “[t]he Risk of Loss for [] damages to the Property occurring after
September 8, 2016 but prior to conveyance of the deed were the responsibility of the Defendant.”
Am. Compl. ¶ 23. That premise is incorrect.
If the IFB contained only a statement that the Property was offered for sale “AS IS,” that
would present a close call. But, the IFB contained many other statements disclaiming the
Government’s obligation to maintain the property prior to closing. The clause titled “Condition
of Property” disclaimed any intent on the Government’s part to make “representations or

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warranty concerning the title, zoning, character, condition, size, quantity, quality and state of
repair of the Property.” IFB at 9. And, the Government made “no other agreement or promise to
alter, improve, adapt or repair the Property not otherwise contained herein.” Id. Read together,
the plain language of these provisions disclaims any default risk of loss rule that might otherwise
protect a buyer in the event of unexpected damage. Cf. N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 39-39 (West 2018)
(providing for rescission when a property is destroyed prior to closing through no fault of the
purchaser).
Paragraph 7 of the IFB does not raise an inference that the risk of loss remained on the
seller until the property was conveyed to the buyer. Paragraph 7 states: “As of the date of
conveyance of the Property, the Purchaser shall assume all obligations and liabilities of
ownership to the Property.” IFB at 10. This provision does raise an inference that—prior to the
date of conveyance—the Government was responsible for the “obligations and liabilities of
ownership.” Id. But, it does not follow that one of those obligations and liabilities was to repair
any damage Hurricane Matthew did to Coastal Park prior to the closing date. In fact, the clear
language of other provisions disclaiming any representations and warranties related to the
condition of the property suggest that the aforementioned “obligations and liabilities of
ownership” refer to, for example, an owner’s legal relations to third-parties, such as guests and
trespassers, and not to the legal relationship between buyer and seller.
Paragraph 16 of the IFB likewise fails to advance Plaintiff’s case. Paragraph 16 of the
IFB states: “Except for delayed closing caused solely by the Government or forced [sic] majeure
events, any change to the closing date . . . is subject to written approval by the Government. The
Government reserves the right to refuse a Purchaser’s request for extension of closing.” IFB at
12. Even if Hurricane Matthew qualifies as a force majeure event under paragraph 16, Plaintiff

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does not allege that the Hurricane itself prevented the parties from closing on November 9, 2016.
See generally Am. Compl. Rather, Plaintiff alleges that the Government was not ready, willing,
and able to close on that date “due to the unresolved property damage issues.” Id. ¶ 32. As
explained above, this contention rests on the incorrect assumption that the Government was
obligated to repair any damages caused by the Hurricane prior to closing. Because Plaintiff does
not plausibly allege that Hurricane Matthew prevented the parties from closing on November 9,
2016, paragraph 16 does not apply.
Plaintiff argues that he was entitled to negotiate a reduced price after Hurricane Matthew
damaged Coastal Park. Id. ¶ 25. In fact, the IFB repeatedly emphasized that plaintiff had no such
right, stating: “Purchaser acknowledges that there will be no claims or any allowances or
deductions upon grounds that the Property is not in condition or fit to be used for any purpose
intended by the Purchaser after the conclusion of the auction.” IFB at 9–10; see also id. at 10
(“[N]o claim for any allowance or deduction upon [grounds of loss and/or damage] will be
considered after the Bid Opening Date”).
Plaintiff also argues that the Government’s offer to extend the closing date from
November 7 to November 9, 2016 in exchange for the full outstanding balance on the property
evidences bad faith. Am. Compl. ¶ 18. Plaintiff is wrong for two reasons. First, the Government
had already twice extended the closing date provided for by the contract, even though it had the
right to refuse both extensions. Compare id. ¶¶ 12–14 with IFB at 12 (“The Government reserves
the right to refuse a Purchaser’s request for extension of closing.”). Second, the Government had
the right to demand an additional deposit from plaintiff as a condition of extending the closing
date past the original forty-five-day period. IFB at 18. The Government granted plaintiff’s first
two extension requests without requiring any such deposit. The fact that the Government then

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demanded additional earnest money as a condition of approving a third extension does not
evidence bad faith under these circumstances.
Finally, the cases plaintiff cites are inapposite. In Rivera Agredano v. United States, 70
Fed. Cl. 564 (Fed. Cl. 2006), for example, the Court determined that—in the foreclosure sale of a
vehicle—an “AS IS” clause did not encompass drugs hidden out of sight inside that vehicle. Id.
at 572. That holding does not help resolve this case for at least two reasons. First, Rivera
Agredano did not address a clause that purported to limit the Government’s liability, it only
addressed the meaning of an “AS IS” clause in the context of a car. Second, plaintiff does not
allege that Hurricane Matthew introduced any hidden foreign object to Coastal Park that would
be analogous to drugs hidden inside a vehicle.
Plaintiff invokes the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, which “imposes
obligations on both contracting parties that include the duty not to interfere with the other party’s
performance and not to act so as to destroy the reasonable expectations of the other party
regarding the fruits of the contract.” Centex Corp. v. United States, 395 F.3d 1283, 1304 (Fed.
Cir. 2005). But, the implied covenant may not impose “a duty that is inconsistent with” the
contract. Id. at 1306. Because the plain language of the IFB places the risk of loss in these
circumstances on the buyer, any application of the implied covenant that would place that same
risk on the seller is inconsistent with the contract and therefore untenable.
For these reasons, plaintiff has not alleged facts that, if proven, would show that the
Government’s behavior was unjustified. Because the Government did not engage in unjustified
behavior, the clause in the IFB that limits the Government’s liability to “all amounts of money
the Purchaser has paid to the Government” is enforceable. At this stage, the Court expresses no

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view as to whether Plaintiff may ultimately be entitled to recover some or all of the $310,000
paid prior to cancellation of the contract.
III.

CONCLUSION
For the above stated reasons, the following is hereby ordered:
1. Defendant’s motion to partially dismiss is GRANTED.
2. Counts I, II, and III of plaintiff’s amended complaint are DISMISSED to the extent
those Counts assert a claim for damages that exceeds all amounts of money plaintiff
paid to the Government, i.e., $310,000. Plaintiff’s claim for attorney’s fees in Count
IV of the amended complaint is DENIED at this time.
3. The parties shall file a status report concerning further proceedings on or before June
14, 2019.

Because there is no just reason for delay, the Clerk is directed to enter judgment on the dismissed
portion of plaintiff’s claims in accordance with RCFC 54(b). No costs.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ Bohdan A. Futey
BOHDAN A. FUTEY
Senior Judge

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