PARADIGM ENGINEERS AND CONSTRUCTORS, PLLC v. USA

Filing 38

PUBLIC REPORTED OPINION re 23 MOTION for Judgment on the Administrative Record filed by PARADIGM ENGINEERS AND CONSTRUCTORS, PLLC, and 26 Cross Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record filed by THE UNITED STATES. Signed by Judge Richard A. Hertling. (abg) Service on parties made.

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 19-2014C
Filed Under Seal: March 10, 2020
Reissued: March 25, 2020 ∗

PARADIGM ENGINEERS AND
CONSTRUCTORS, PLLC,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES,

Keywords: Motion for
Judgment on the
Administrative Record; RCFC
52.1; NAICS Code Protest;
Small Business Administration
Office of Hearings and
Appeals

Defendant.
Holly L. Clarke, Frost Brown Todd LLC, Dallas, TX, for the plaintiff, with whom was Daniel F.
Edwards, Frost Brown Todd LLC, Columbus, OH, of counsel.
Antonia R. Soares, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice,
Washington, D.C., for the defendant, with whom was Tracy J. Downing, District Contract Law
National Practice Group, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, and Christopher J. McClintock,
Office of Litigation, U.S. Small Business Administration, of counsel.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
HERTLING, Judge
The plaintiff, Paradigm Engineers and Constructors, PLLC (“Paradigm”), in this preaward bid protest alleges that the defendant, the United States, acting through the Department of
Veterans Affairs (“VA” or the “Agency”), arbitrarily and capriciously classified the procurement
under the North American Industrial Classification System (“NAICS”) Code as Architectural
Services rather than Engineering Services. Paradigm, a Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small
Business (“SDVOSB”), qualified to compete under the Engineering Services NAICS Code, but
not the other. Paradigm challenged the VA’s determination before the U.S. Small Business
Administration (“SBA”) Office of Hearings and Appeals (“OHA”), and OHA upheld the VA’s
determination. Paradigm now challenges the NAICS Code designation at this Court.

Pursuant to the protective order in this case, the Court initially filed this opinion under seal for
the parties to propose redactions of confidential or proprietary information. The parties did not
propose any redactions and the opinion is released in full.
∗

Under the deferential standard of review applied to the OHA’s decision, the Court rejects
Paradigm’s protest and grants the VA’s cross-motion for judgment on the administrative record.
I.

BACKGROUND
A.

Legal Background

The Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 631 et seq., allows the SBA to set aside certain
contracts for small businesses. 1 Congress specifically empowered the SBA to “specify detailed
definitions or standards by which a business concern may be determined to be a small business
concern.” 15 U.S.C. § 632(a)(2)(A); see also 15 U.S.C. § 637(b)(6) (granting the SBA authority
“to determine within any industry the concerns, firms, persons, corporations, partnerships,
cooperatives, or other business enterprises which are to be designated ‘small-business concerns’
for the purpose of effectuating the provisions of this chapter”). Other government agencies must
“accept as conclusive the [SBA’s] determination as to which enterprises are to be designated
‘small-business concerns[.]’” 15 U.S.C. § 637(b)(6).
The SBA uses the NAICS to “determine which entities qualify as small business
concerns. The Office of Management and Budget assigns NAICS [C]odes to various industry
sectors, and SBA determines which firms qualify as small businesses ‘to assure that a fair
proportion of government contracts for goods and services [is] performed by such entities in each
industry category.’” Palladian Partners, Inc. v. United States, 783 F.3d 1243, 1247 (Fed. Cir.
2015) (quoting Advanced Sys. Tech., Inc. v. United States, 69 Fed. Cl. 474, 476 (2006)). As
relevant here, the SBA determines the maximum average annual receipts that a business may
have in order to qualify as a small business within each NAICS Code. See 13 C.F.R. § 121.201.
The SBA calculates average annual receipts over the three most recent fiscal years. See 13
C.F.R. § 121.104(c).
For each procurement, the contracting officer must “designate[] the proper NAICS code
and corresponding size standard in a solicitation, selecting the single NAICS code which best
describes the principal purpose of the . . . service being acquired.” 13 C.F.R. § 121.402(b). Only
businesses that do not exceed the size standard for the specified NAICS Code are qualified to bid
on that solicitation. 13 C.F.R. § 121.402(a). The designated NAICS Code and corresponding
size standard are “final unless timely appealed” to the SBA’s OHA. 13 C.F.R. § 121.402(d).
If a NAICS Code designation is challenged, the OHA’s decision is final, 13 C.F.R. §
134.316(d), (f), unless appealed to a court. See 13 C.F.R. § 121.1102 (providing for judicial
review after the exhaustion of administrative remedies at the OHA).

1

The VA also has authority to set aside contracts for SDVOSBs. 38 U.S.C. § 8127. The VA
must follow the SBA’s regulations on size, appeals, and NAICS Codes for such set-aside
contracts. 38 U.S.C. § 8127(f).

2

B.

The Solicitation

In October 2019, the VA issued a pre-solicitation notice requesting Standard Forms 330
(“SF330”) from architect and engineering firms for Solicitation Number 36C24920R0003 (the
“Solicitation”). 2 The Solicitation, which the VA set aside for SDVOSBs under 38 U.S.C. §
8127(d), sought design services for the renovation of a building at the VA Medical Center in
Lexington, Kentucky. (See ECF 14 at AR88.) The Solicitation’s Statement of Work specifically
sought designs for a renovation of the space and a replacement of the second-story windows and
the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems in the building. The Solicitation also
contemplated that the contractor would prepare drawings and specifications, provide a register of
needed permits, and adhere to the VA’s design and construction criteria.
Despite the requirement that the contracting officer designate a “single NAICS code,” 13
C.F.R. § 121.402(b), the pre-solicitation notice referenced both the Architectural Services
NAICS Code, which carries a size standard of $8 million in average annual receipts, and the
Engineering Services NAICS Code, which carries a size standard of $16.5 million in average
annual receipts. The Engineering Services NAICS Code, 541330 provides:
This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in applying
physical laws and principles of engineering in the design, development,
and utilization of machines, materials, instruments, structures, processes,
and systems. The assignments undertaken by these establishments may
involve any of the following activities: provision of advice, preparation of
feasibility studies, preparation of preliminary and final plans and designs,
provision of technical services during the construction or installation
phase, inspection and evaluation of engineering projects, and related
services.
NAICS Manual at 465. 3 The establishments possessing this NAICS Code are primarily engaged
in activities such as civil engineering, environmental engineering, construction engineering and
mechanical engineering. Id. The Architectural Services NAICS Code, 541310, provides:
This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in planning and
designing residential, institutional, leisure, commercial, and industrial
buildings and structures by applying knowledge of design, construction
procedures, zoning regulations, building codes, and building materials.

2

The SF330 “is prescribed for use in obtaining information from architect-engineer firms
regarding their professional qualifications.” FAR 52.236-2(b).
3

Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, North American Industry
Classification System-United States (2017)
https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2017/econ/2017-naics-manual.html.
3

Id. Establishments with this NAICS Code provide services including building architectural
design, architectural consultations, and architectural design. Id. at 665, 689.
The VA amended the Solicitation to designate only the Engineering Services NAICS
Code and received SF330s from five SDVOSB architect-engineer firms, including Paradigm.
Four of those firms also possessed the Architectural Services NAICS Code, although Paradigm
did not. The Agency again amended the Solicitation, this time designating only the Architectural
Services NAICS Code. The Agency also extended the deadline for submission of SF330s. After
that second amendment, the VA received an additional 17 SF330s from SDVOSB architectengineer firms that possessed the Architectural Services NAICS Code. Paradigm did not qualify
as a SDVOSB under the Architectural Services NAICS Code because its average annual receipts
exceeded the size standard. Thus, Paradigm was not qualified to submit a second SF330.
C.

SBA OHA Protest

Following the VA’s amendment applying the Architectural Services NAICS Code to the
procurement, Paradigm filed a timely appeal with the SBA OHA challenging that NAICS Code
designation. The OHA denied the protest and affirmed the VA’s NAICS Code designation
because it found that that designation was not clearly erroneous as to the law or the facts, and
that the VA had correctly determined that the primary purpose of the procurement was
Architectural Services. NAICS Appeal of: Paradigm Engineers & Constructors, PLLC, SBA No.
NAICS-6040, 2019 WL 7042967 at *6 (Dec. 17, 2019).
In its opinion, the OHA described the Solicitation’s Statement of Work and the
requirements therein. Id. at *2-3. The OHA considered Paradigm’s and the VA contracting
officer’s arguments, as well as the NAICS Manual’s definitions of the Architectural Services and
Engineering Services NAICS Codes. Id. at 3-5. The OHA decision recognized that the plaintiff
bore the burden of proving the elements of its appeal by a preponderance of the evidence and
that it reviewed the contracting officer’s NAICS Code determination with a deferential standard
of review. Id. at 5.
The OHA based its decision on the fact that the Solicitation sought “design services for
the renovation of a building[,]” and the awardee would provide architectural services “involving
the planning and designing of the building, requiring the application of knowledge of design and
construction procedures, building codes, and materials.” Id. The OHA decision further provided
that “[t]here is no need for engineering services in the replacement of windows or the renovation
of building space, as the design for these tasks is of an architectural nature.” Id. Finally, the
OHA rejected Paradigm’s arguments both that other VA procurements for similar services have
been designated as Engineering Services, as well as that the HVAC replacement qualifies as
Engineering Services. The OHA determined that other procurements were irrelevant to its
review of the VA’s determination in this particular procurement.
D.

The Current Protest

Following its unsuccessful SBA OHA protest, Paradigm filed a complaint with this Court
in December 2019 challenging the VA’s NAICS Code designation and the OHA decision, and
alleging that the VA’s amendment to the Solicitation designating the Architectural Services
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NAICS Code came too late because the offerors’ SF330s were due fewer than ten days later.
The parties cross-moved for judgment on the administrative record. See Rule 52.1 of the Rules
of the Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). The case was transferred to this Court, and the Court
heard oral argument on March 6, 2020.
II.

JURISDICTION AND STANDING

The Tucker Act confers on this Court jurisdiction “to render any judgment upon any
claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or
any regulation of an executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the
United States . . . in cases not sounding in tort.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1); Bannum, Inc. v. United
States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2005). The Tucker Act provides this Court with bid
protest jurisdiction over actions “objecting to . . . any alleged violation of statute or regulation in
connection with a procurement . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b). Because the OHA’s decision
denying Paradigm’s appeal was made “in connection with a procurement,” the Court has
jurisdiction over this claim. See Advanced Sys. Tech., Inc. v. United States, 69 Fed. Cl. 474, 481
(2006) (finding jurisdiction over appeal of an OHA decision made in connection with a
procurement).
To have standing to protest, a plaintiff must demonstrate that it is an “interested party”
who suffered prejudice from a significant procurement error, and, but for that error, “it would
have had a substantial chance of securing the contract.” CliniComp Int'l, Inc. v. United States,
904 F.3d 1353, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2018). In a pre-award bid protest such as this one, an interested
party is “‘(1) an actual or prospective bidder, and (2) that [] has a direct economic interest.’”
CGI Fed. Inc. v. United States, 779 F.3d 1346, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (quoting Digitalis Educ.
Solutions, Inc. v. United States, 664 F.3d 1380, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2012)). Because Paradigm is a
prospective bidder that has “diligently pursued its rights” through the OHA protest and alleges
that it suffered a “non-trivial competitive injury which can be redressed by judicial relief,”
Paradigm has standing to maintain this action. CGI Fed. Inc., 779 F.3d at 1351 (internal
citations omitted).
III.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

In a Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record pursuant to RCFC 52.1, “‘the
court asks whether, given all the disputed and undisputed facts, a party has met its burden of
proof based on the evidence in the record.’” Integral Consulting Servs., Inc. v. United States,
140 Fed. Cl. 653, 657 (2018) (quoting A & D Fire Prot., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 126,
131 (2006)). Under RCFC 52.1, the review is limited to the Administrative Record, and the
Court makes findings of fact as if it were conducting a trial on a paper record. See Bannum, Inc.,
404 F.3d at 1354. The Court must determine whether a party has met its burden of proof based
on the evidence contained within the Administrative Record. Id. at 1355. Unlike in a summary
judgment proceeding, genuine issues of material fact will not foreclose judgment on the
Administrative Record. Id. at 1356.
Just as with other bid protests, the Court evaluates challenges of the OHA’s affirmance of
NAICS Codes under the Administrative Procedure Act’s standard of review of agency action.
28 U.S.C. § 1491(b); SupplyCore, Inc. v. United States, 137 Fed. Cl. 753, 761 (2018) (citing
5

Palladian Partners, Inc. v. United States, 783 F.3d 1243, 1251, 1254 (Fed. Cir. 2015)); see also
Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at 1351. An agency procurement action may be set aside only if it is
“arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law.” 28
U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4); 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). Agencies and their contracting officers are “‘entitled
to exercise discretion upon a broad range of issues confronting them’ in the procurement
process.” Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332
(Fed. Cir. 2001) (quoting Latecoere Int’l, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Navy, 19 F.3d 1342, 1356
(11th Cir. 1994)). Accordingly, the court’s review of a procuring agency’s decision is “highly
deferential.” Advanced Data Concepts v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
The Court gives “special deference” to OHA judges’ determinations because the SBA has
“‘quasi-technical administrative expertise and . . . familiarity with the situation acquired by long
experience with the intricacies inherent in a comprehensive regulatory scheme.’” Eagle Design
and Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 57 Fed. Cl. 271, 273 (2002) (quoting Ceres Envt’l. Serv., Inc. v.
United States, 52 Fed. Cl. 23, 33 (2002) (citation omitted)). The Court will not substitute its
judgment for that of the OHA, and “cannot invalidate an [OHA] decision even though the court
may have reached a different conclusion.” Id.; see also Honeywell, Inc. v. United States, 870
F.2d 644, 648 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (quoting M. Steinthal & Co. v. Seamans, 455 F.2d 1289, 1301
(D.C. Cir.1971) (declining to disturb agency action because the agency had a reasonable basis
for its action, even though the court could “‘as an original proposition, have reached a different
conclusion as to the proper administration and application of the procurement regulations’”).
IV.

ANALYSIS

Paradigm challenges the VA’s NAICS Code determination directly, as well as the OHA’s
review of that determination. This Court does not hear direct challenges to the former, and
rejects Paradigm’s challenge of the latter.
A.

The VA’s NAICS Code Designation

Paradigm challenges the VA’s NAICS Code decision directly. Under the governing
regulatory scheme, however, once the OHA has issued a decision on the VA’s determination, the
VA is bound by that and the Court must review OHA’s conclusions, rather than the VA’s initial
determination.
The OHA is “vested with exclusive jurisdiction to review the [agency’s] determination of
the appropriate NAICS [C]ode designation.” Ceres Envt’l Servs., Inc., 52 Fed. Cl. at 33 (citing
13 C.F.R. § 121.1102). The OHA’s NAICS Code determination is a final decision that “governs
later proceedings concerning the same solicitation and is not subject to reconsideration.”
Palladian Partners, Inc., 783 F.3d at 1255 (citing 13 C.F.R. § 134.316(d), (f)).
Here, the VA designated the Architectural Services NAICS Code, Paradigm appealed,
and the OHA issued a final determination affirming that NAICS Code. Paradigm’s only remedy
is to challenge the OHA decision in this Court. Paradigm’s challenge to the VA’s ultimate
determination as to the applicable NAICS Code is denied.

6

B.

The OHA Decision

Paradigm argues that the OHA’s decision to affirm the VA’s selection of the
Architectural Services NAICS Code was arbitrary, capricious and an abuse of discretion.
Paradigm contends that FAR 19.303(a)(2) requires the contracting officer to select the NAICS
Code “according to the component which accounts for the greatest percentage of contract
value[.]” Because Paradigm argues that the greatest percentage of contract value is associated
with engineering and not architecture, the OHA decision not to select the Engineering Services
NAICS Code is contrary to law. Paradigm argues that engineering services make up the largest
percentage of the contract value because the total salary costs for “engineering-related salary
costs” made up 49% of the Independent Government Cost Estimate (“IGCE”). (ECF 23 at 6.)
The government counters that the OHA decision was rational and in accordance with the
law, and that Paradigm has failed to meet its burden to show that the OHA decision was not
entitled to “special deference.” The Court agrees with the government.
The OHA decision considered the relevant facts and applied the law correctly. The OHA
considered the definitions and demonstrative examples for both the Engineering Services and the
Architectural Services NAICS Codes. Paradigm, 2019 WL 7042967 at *4-6. The OHA
determined that the principal purpose of the procurement was to “obtain the designs for the
renovation of the building.” Id. at *6. The OHA analyzed the Solicitation’s Statement of Work
and found that instead of “applying physical laws and principles of engineering,” as required for
the Engineering Services NAICS Code, this Solicitation called for providing “a threedimensional rendering of the renovation” showing “the work required for execution of the
project, with instructions for the construction contractor on carrying out the renovations[.]” Id.
This scope of proposed work fits within the Architectural Services NAICS Code, according to
the OHA, because it “involv[es] the planning and designing of the building, requiring the
application of knowledge of design and construction procedures, building codes, and materials.”
Id.
The OHA rejected the Engineering Services NAICS Code because “the bulk of the work
will involve designing the renovation of a building, which also requires replacement of
windows.” Id. at 7. The work “does not involve applying physical laws and principles of
engineering to machines and systems[,]” there will be “no machines here other than the HVAC
system[,]” and the work is not “cutting-edge engineering.” Id. As a result, the OHA concluded
that the Engineering Services NAICS Code does not apply. Id. Instead, the OHA determined
that the “work is squarely within the definition” of the Architectural Services NAICS Code. Id.
Paradigm argues that the OHA’s analysis ignored the fact that engineering work was the
largest cost component of the IGCE, and, thus, the OHA incorrectly and in a manner contrary to
law decided the principal purpose of the procurement. This argument relies on Paradigm’s selfdetermined “engineering-related” costs, which it argues include “Structural and Borings,
Plumbing, Heating and Air Conditioning, and Electrical.” (ECF 23 at 6 n.1 (internal quotations
omitted).) The plaintiff’s argument ignores the fact that the types of positions required under
each of the allegedly engineering-related categories include Supervisors, Designers, Drafters,
Specification Writers, and Typists. (ECF 14 at AR3-10.) The OHA reasonably determined that
these positions are related to Architectural Services.
7

During oral argument, the plaintiff argued that this case is similar to RLB Contracting,
Inc. v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 750 (2014), in which both the contracting officer’s and the
OHA’s determinations were found to be arbitrary and capricious. 4 It is not. That NAICS Code
protest concerned a contract for marsh creation in which dredging comprised a large majority of
the contract work. Id. at 755-56. There, the contracting officer failed to conduct a quantitative
analysis to determine how much dredging work the contract contained; instead, the contracting
officer relied on the fact that only one task was called “dredging.” Id. at 759-60. The OHA
made the same errors and affirmed the contracting officer’s NAICS Code determination. Id. at
760. Because neither the contracting officer nor the OHA looked behind the individual tasks in
the Statement of Work to recognize that nearly all the work prescribed therein was dredging, the
court sustained the NAICS Code protest. Id.
Here, unlike in RLB Contracting, the OHA properly considered the Statement of Work
and the tasks required to accomplish that work. Paradigm, 2019 WL 7042967 at *2-3, *4-6. As
discussed above in Part I.C., the OHA summarized the Statement of Work and reviewed the
NAICS Manual, then determined that the VA had rationally determined that the services sought
aligned with the Architectural Services NAICS Code. Id. at *6-7. Nothing in the record before
the Court indicates that the OHA’s analysis ignored engineering tasks. Instead, the OHA
decision reviewed the Statement of Work and highlighted its analysis as to certain representative
tasks therein to determine that the “principal purpose” of the Solicitation was to obtain design
services. Id. The OHA looked behind the tasks in the Statement of Work and noted that they
were “design services” to design the HVAC, window replacement, bid plans, and construction
plans. Id. at *2-3. This analysis aligns with the IGCE, which sought supervisors, designers,
drafters, specification writers, typists and estimators for each type of task (Architectural, Site and
Landscaping, Structural and Boring, Sanitary, Plumbing, Heating and Air Conditioning,
Electrical, and Abatement.) (ECF 14 at AR5.) The OHA affirmance of the VA’s determination
that the Solicitation sought Architectural Services is well-supported in its decision. Accordingly,
this case is distinguishable from RLB Contracting in the OHA’s analysis of the procurement.
The OHA’s determination that the principal purpose of the Solicitation was Architectural
Services is not at odds with the FAR or the SBA’s regulations. The “principal purpose”
principles in FAR 149.303(a)(2) and 13 C.F.R. § 121.402(b) provide that “[a] procurement is
usually classified according to the component which accounts for the greatest percentage of
contract value.” FAR 149.303(a)(2) (emphasis added); see also 13 C.F.R. § 121.402(b)(2)
(same). The word “usually” does not require the Agency to “classify according to the
component which has the greatest contract value.” SupplyCore, Inc., 137 Fed. Cl. at 762. The
Agency is permitted to conduct its own analysis to determine the principal purpose of a
procurement. The Agency’s decision is not suspect just because it does not automatically apply
the NAICS Code for the component accounting for the largest share of contract value. When
two NAICS Codes may be plausibly related and the Agency’s choice is upheld by the OHA with
reasoned explanation for that choice, this Court has nothing further to do. The OHA’s
affirmance of the Agency’s decision is reasonable and not contrary to law.

4

Paradigm did not brief this argument.
8

The OHA’s decision to affirm the VA’s NAICS Code designation and deny Paradigm’s
appeal is rational, and not arbitrary, capricious or contrary to law.
C.

Previous Procurements

Paradigm also argues that the OHA erred by not considering the VA’s prior use of the
Engineering Services NAICS Code for allegedly similar procurements.
The SBA amended its regulations and the FAR in 2011 to remove the requirement to
consider previous procurements as a basis for NAICS Code determinations. See Small Business,
Small Disadvantaged Business, HUBZone, and Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Business
Status Protest and Appeal Regulations, 76 Fed. Reg. 5680, 5683 (Feb. 2, 2011) (removing the
third sentence of 13 C.F.R. § 121.402(b)). The SBA’s regulations and the FAR now require that
the Agency consider the NAICS Manual and attributes of the service being procured without
reference to other procurements when determining a NAICS Code:
Primary consideration is given to the industry descriptions in the U.S.
NAICS Manual, the product or service description in the solicitation and
any attachments to it, the relative value and importance of the components
of the procurement making up the end item being procured, and the
function of the goods or services being purchased.
13 C.F.R. § 121.402(b)(1); see also FAR 19.303(a)(2) (same).
This provision does not authorize agencies to look to prior procurements when
determining NAICS Codes. See NAICS Appeal of: U.S. Small Bus. Admin., SBA No. NAICS5899, 2018 WL 1989376 (Apr. 19, 2018) (“Appellant identified a number of procurements by
VA for similar projects, using Appellant's proposed NAICS Code, however, those procurements
are not before OHA for consideration, so will not be considered in the analysis.”).
The OHA’s interpretation of the regulations is consistent with their text. Further, the
OHA’s interpretation of the regulations is appropriate because they were amended specifically to
remove the prior language allowing comparison to previous procurements. Accordingly, the
Court rejects Paradigm’s argument.
D.

SF330 Deadline and OHA Appeal Deadline

The plaintiff finally argues that the VA should have extended the deadline for submission
of SF330s until after the OHA appeal deadline, so that prospective offerors would have ten days
in which to appeal the new NAICS Code designation before SF330s were due.
The ten-day appeal deadline is set by regulation, 13 C.F.R. § 134.304(b) and FAR
19.303(c)(1), and Paradigm filed its appeal within that deadline. The VA stayed award
throughout the OHA appeal process, in accordance with FAR 19.303(c)(7). (ECF 19 at AR1211
(“Evaluation actions on hold pending SBA OHA decision”).) The regulations contemplate the
receipt of an OHA decision after the deadline for proposal submissions; in such a case, the OHA
decision will “not apply to the pending procurement, but will apply to future solicitations for the
9

same . . . services.” 13 C.F.R. § 134.318(b); FAR 19.303(c)(8) (same). The VA and the OHA
complied with these requirements.
Because Paradigm filed its OHA appeal within the ten-day deadline and received the
statutory stay, Paradigm cannot prove that it was prejudiced. Paradigm lacks standing to raise
this claim.
V.

CONCLUSION

Because the OHA’s NAICS Code protest decision was rational, Paradigm’s protest must
be denied. The Court will issue an order in accordance with this decision.
s/ Richard A. Hertling
Richard A. Hertling
Judge

10