L.T.T. et al v. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts US, Inc.

Filing 92

ORDER sustaining in part and overruling in part Defendant's Objections to 89 REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS re 84 MOTION for miscellaneous relief, specifically Review Clerk's Action on Bill of Costs, Objections to Bill of Costs and Incorporated Memorandum of Law filed by L.T.T. See PDF for full details. Signed by Judge Anne C. Conway on 7/19/2017. (JLC)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
ORLANDO DIVISION
L.T.T., by and through L.J.T., as Next
Friend, Parent and Natural Guardian1
Plaintiff,
v.

Case No: 6:14-cv-1921-Orl-22GJK

WALT DISNEY PARKS AND
RESORTS US, INC.,
Defendant.

ORDER
This cause is before the Court on Plaintiff’s Motion to Review Bill of Costs, filed on
November 1, 2016. The United States Magistrate Judge has submitted a report recommending that
the Motion be granted in part and denied in part.
After an independent de novo review of the record in this matter, including the objections
to the findings of fact and conclusions of law in the Report and Recommendation filed by
Defendant Walt Disney Parks and Resorts US, Inc., and Plaintiff’s Response, the Court sustains
Defendant’s objections in part and awards reduced costs against Plaintiff L.T.T., by and through
L.J.T. as next friend, parent, and natural guardian.
I.

BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant is one of the world’s most popular amusement parks, comprised of four parks
with more than one hundred rides and attractions. Plaintiff is one of more than forty
developmentally disabled plaintiffs who brought suit against Defendant, alleging violations of the

1

The style of the case has been updated to reflect the dismissal without prejudice of L.J.T.’s individual
claims, which were dismissed on February 19, 2015. Doc. 12.

Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12131, et seq. 2 These plaintiffs sued
Defendant for claims arising out of changes made in 2013 to Defendant’s system for providing
access to the rides for its guests with cognitive disabilities. The fourteen plaintiff families initially
brought their claims in a single lawsuit3 however, on October 30, 2014, the court severed the cases.
Additionally thirty other plaintiff families were permitted to file separate suits4, which included
the claim of at least one developmentally disabled plaintiff (brought by a next friend-parent) who
contended that Disney’s Disability Access Service—its current program for accommodating
disabled visitors at its various theme parks—caused discrimination in violation of the ADA. A
number of cases also included various California common-law claims arising out of the alleged
discrimination. A few of the plaintiffs pled claims under a specific California anti-discrimination
law; however, the Court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the California
common-law claims5 that accompanied Plaintiffs’ ADA claims, and these claims were dismissed
in the relevant cases in February 2015. Doc. 12.
In September 2016, the Court granted summary judgment to Defendant, holding that
Defendant’s implementation of its Disability Access Service and discontinuance of the Guest
Assistance Cards did not violate the ADA by failing to accommodate the plaintiffs. The Clerk
entered the judgment in favor of Defendant in the respective cases the following day. The final
judgment ordered in this case on September 26, 2016 provided that Plaintiff “shall recover nothing
on his claims and the Defendant shall recover costs from Plaintiff.” Doc. 80.

2

See Case Nos. 6:14-cv-1890-Orl-22GJK through 6:14-cv-1901-Orl-22GJK.
The first-filed case is A.L. v. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts U.S. Inc., Case No. 6:14-cv-1544-22GJK.
4
See Case Nos. 6:14-cv-1917-Orl-22GJK through 6:14-cv-1946-Orl-22GJK.
5
The common law claims consisted of such claims as negligent and intentional infliction of emotional
distress and breach of contract. The Court did permit the handful of claims under the Unruh Civil Rights Act, Cal.
Civ. Code §§ 51, 52, to proceed.
3

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On October 21, 2016, Plaintiff moved to alter or amend the Court’s grant of summary
judgment to Defendant, arguing that the ruling was partially favorable to Plaintiff as to “certain
important issues” and should not have reflected that Defendant’s motion for summary judgment
was granted in full. Doc. 82. On December 9, 2016, the Court denied Plaintiff’s Motion to Alter
or Amend the Judgment, which maintained the original ruling that Defendant was the prevailing
party in the case; thus, it was entitled to costs. Doc. 88.
Prior to the time that Plaintiff filed the Motion to Alter Judgment, on October 11, 2016,
Defendant had filed a proposed bill of costs. Doc. 81. The Clerk of Court taxed costs against
Plaintiff in the amount of $3,512.43 on October 25, 2016. Doc. 83. On November 1, 2016, Plaintiff
filed his Motion to Review Clerk’s Action on Bill of Costs and Objections to Bill of Costs. Doc.
84. Plaintiff argues the Court should vacate the Clerk’s bill of costs, because no motion to tax costs
was filed6 and it would be inequitable to tax costs against an incompetent, indigent Plaintiff;
alternatively, Plaintiff argues for certain reductions in the bill of costs which would reduce it to
approximately $1,561.85.
On November 17, 2016, Defendant responded to the Motion, which was subsequently
referred to the magistrate judge. Doc. 86. On February 2, 2017, Magistrate Judge Kelly entered a
Report and Recommendation recommending that the Court enter an order granting in part and
denying in part the Motion, and awarding no costs against Plaintiff or his Next Friend. Doc. 89.
On February 16, 2017, Defendant filed its Objections to the Report and Recommendation (Doc.
90) and Plaintiff timely filed a Response to the Objections (Doc. 91). The matter is now ripe for
decision.

6

Plaintiff also argued the Bill of Costs should be vacated because a Rule 59 post-judgment motion had been
filed, the Court’s order was non-final, and the Clerk’s taxation of the bill of costs was premature. The Report and
Recommendation found these arguments to be mooted by the Court’s subsequent denial of the Rule 59 Motion and
Plaintiff has not addressed it further.

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II. LEGAL STANDARDS
A. Review of Magistrate Judge’s Report & Recommendation
In the Eleventh Circuit, a district judge may accept, reject or modify a magistrate judge’s
report and recommendation after conducting a careful and complete review of the findings and
recommendations. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Williams v. Wainwright, 681 F.2d 732, 732 (11th Cir.
1982). A district judge must conduct a de novo review of the portions of a magistrate judge’s report
and recommendation to which a party objects. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). The district judge “may
accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the
magistrate [judge].” Id. This requires that the district judge “give fresh consideration to those
issues to which specific objection has been made by a party.” Jeffrey S. v. State Bd. of Educ., 896
F.2d 507, 512 (11th Cir. 1990) (citing H.R.R ep. No. 94-1609, as reprinted in 1976 U.S.C.C.A.N.
6162, 6163). A district judge reviews legal conclusions de novo, even in the absence of an
objection. See Cooper-Houston v. Southern Ry., 37 F.3d 603, 604 (11th Cir. 1994).
B. Award of Costs
Pursuant to Rule 54, “costs other than attorney’s fees shall be allowed as of course to the
prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1). Courts have
discretion to award the costs specifically enumerated in 28 U.S.C. § 1920.7 Rule 54 “establishes a
presumption that costs are to be awarded to a prevailing party, but vests the district court with
discretion to decide otherwise.” Chapman v. AI Transport, 229 F.3d 1012, 1038 (11th Cir. 2000)
(citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1)); see Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. August, 450 U.S. 346, 351 (1981)).

7
Allowable costs under § 1920 include: (1) fees of the clerk and the marshal; (2) fees of the court reporter for
all or any part of the stenographic transcript necessarily obtained for the use in the case; (3) fees and disbursements
for printing and witnesses; (4) fees for exemplification and copies of papers necessarily obtained for use in the case;
(5) docket fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1923; and (6) compensation of court appointed experts, interpreters, and salaries,
fees, expenses and costs of special interpretation services. 28 U.S.C. § 1920.

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“To defeat the presumption and deny full costs, a district court must have a sound basis for doing
so.” Holton v. City of Thomasville Sch. Dist., 425 F.3d 1325, 1355 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting
Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1038-39); see Jessup v. Miami-Dade County, No. 08-21571, 2011 WL
294417, *1 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 27, 2011) (“The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals has provided courts
in this Circuit with guidelines for determining whether and to what degree a district court can deny
or reduce the award of reasonable costs to a prevailing party. Some of those guidelines are different
from the guidelines prescribed in other Circuits.”). As the Eleventh Circuit explained in its
controlling case, Chapman v. AI Transport:
However, the district court’s discretion not to award the full amount of costs
incurred by the prevailing party is not unfettered, see Head v. Medford, 62 F.3d
351, 354–55 (11th Cir. 1995), “since denial of costs is in the nature of a penalty for
some defection on [the prevailing party’s] part in the course of the litigation.”
Walters v. Roadway Express, Inc., 557 F.2d 521, 526 (5th Cir. 1977) (internal
marks and citation omitted). To defeat the presumption and deny full costs, a district
court must have and state a sound basis for doing so. See Medford, 62 F.3d at 354
(citing Gilchrist v. Bolger, 733 F.2d 1551, 1557 (11th Cir. 1984)); Cherry v.
Champion Int’l Corp., 186 F.3d 442, 446 (4th Cir. 1999). We review a district
court’s decision about costs only for abuse of discretion. See Technical Resource
Servs., 134 F.3d at 1468.
229 F.3d at 1038. The Eleventh Circuit cited the Fourth Circuit’s decision Cherry v. Champion
International Corporation, which observed that reliance on the
parties’ comparative economic power . . . would almost always favor an individual
plaintiff . . . over [the corporate] defendant. . . . [T]he plain language of Rule 54(d)
does not contemplate a court basing awards on a comparison of the parties’
financial strengths. To do so would not only undermine the presumption that Rule
54(d)(1) creates in prevailing parties’ favor, but it would also undermine the
foundation of the legal system that justice is administered to all equally, regardless
of wealth or status.
186 F.3d 442, 448 (4th Cir. 1999) (quoted with approval in Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1038).
“[A] non-prevailing party’s financial status is a factor that a district court may, but need
not, consider in its award of costs pursuant to Rule 54(d).” Ang v. Coastal Int’l Sec., Inc., 417 F.

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App’x 836, 838 (11th Cir. 2011) (citing Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1038). “If a district court in
determining the amount of costs to award chooses to consider the non-prevailing party’s financial
status, it should require substantial documentation of a true inability to pay,” and a court may
assess costs against a litigant who is proceeding in forma pauperis. Id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1915(f)
(providing that “[j]udgment may be rendered for costs at the conclusion of the suit or action as in
other proceedings” subject to certain exceptions); Harris v. Forsyth, 742 F.2d 1277, 1277–78 (11th
Cir. 1984) (holding that appellate costs may be awarded under Fed. R. App. P. 39 against an
unsuccessful litigant proceeding in forma pauperis)).
The non-prevailing party’s “good faith and limited financial resources are not enough” to
overcome the presumption the prevailing party is entitled to costs. Pickett v. Iowa Beef Processors,
149 F. App’x 831, 832 (11th Cir. 2005). “Even in those rare circumstances where the nonprevailing party’s financial circumstances are considered in determining the amount of costs to be
awarded, a court may not decline to award any costs at all.” Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1038 (citing
Durrett v. Jenkins Brickyard, Inc., 678 F.2d 911, 917 (11th Cir. 1982) (“We hold that in no case
may the district court refuse altogether to award attorney’s fees to a prevailing Title VII defendant
because of the plaintiff’s financial condition,” because “[a] fee must be assessed which will serve
the deterrent purpose of the statute, and no fee will provide no deterrence.”)); Jenner v. Bank of
America Corp., 304 F. App’x 857, 860 (11th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). Within these
parameters—that the court should decline to award costs only in rare circumstances and there must
be clear proof of the non-prevailing party’s dire financial circumstances before that factor can be
considered—the district court has the discretion to decide whether to reduce a cost award in a
particular case. Id. at 229 F.3d at 1038; see 10 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay
Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2668 at 238-39 (4th ed. 2014) (“[T]he court may take

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into account the losing party’s inability to pay costs, but the party must provide sufficient evidence
to establish that inability or undue hardship to avoid paying costs and other courts have ruled that
a disparity in wealth between the parties without undue hardship also is not a sufficient ground to
deny costs.”). The Court addresses below Plaintiff’s financial circumstances, cognizant that the
Court should not completely waive costs, which provide a deterrent effect.
III.

APPLICATION

A. Liability for Costs
Defendant argues that the full amount of costs should be imposed on Plaintiff L.T.T. and
on L.J.T. as parent, guardian, and next friend who brought and controlled the lawsuit. Doc. 90.
Plaintiff argues that an award of costs against Plaintiff L.T.T. would be inequitable. Plaintiff
contends that taxation of costs against L.J.T., his next friend-parent, can be done only in the next
friend’s representative capacity, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(c)(2).
In his Report & Recommendation, Judge Kelly recommended that the Court decline to tax
costs against L.J.T. that were incurred after her individual claim was dismissed because
“[a]lthough L.J.T. was a party when this action was commenced, after February 19, 2015, the only
claim that was brought by her individually was dismissed.” Doc. 89 at 4 (citing United States Fire
Ins. Co. v. Mikes, No. 8:04-cv-2783-T-23TBM, 2008 WL 616102, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 3, 2008)
(denying taxation of costs incurred before defendants became parties to litigation)).
Although Defendant originally argued that costs should be assessed against L.J.T.
individually (Doc. 86), Defendant did not object to the portion of the Report and Recommendation
recommending that costs not be taxed against L.J.T. individually because her individual claims
had been dismissed earlier in the case. Doc. 89 at 4-5. Defendant appears to concede the point and

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argues instead that costs should be taxed against L.J.T. as the parent-guardian bringing suit on
behalf of a dependent “notwithstanding the existence of any individual claims.” Doc. 90 at 7.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(c)(2) specifically provides that an infant or incompetent
who does not have a general representative may sue by a next friend or a guardian ad litem; the
functions of the two representatives are “really much the same” and cases do not make a distinction
about the formal title of the representative8. Federal Practice and Procedure § 1572 at 683. The
guardian ad litem or next friend mentioned in Rule 17(c)(2) has always been deemed a nominal
party only, and the ward is the real party in interest.9 See id. at § 1548 at 522 (noting for purposes
of diversity jurisdiction, the court uses the ward’s citizenship rather than the guardian’s). Thus, a
minor child generally cannot bring a cause of action in his own right but may only sue by a
representative, i.e., the guardian ad litem or by his next friend, who is most often a parent. See,
e.g., Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.210(b)10; Regency Health Services, Inc. v. Superior Court, 64 Cal. App. 4th
1496 (Cal. Ct. App. 1998) (guardian ad litem “is not the real party in interest and no judgment can
be entered either for or against the guardian”) (citing Sarracino v. Superior Court, 13 Cal.3d 1, 13
(1974) (“A guardian ad litem who appears for an incompetent person in an action or proceeding
does not thereby become a party to that action or proceeding any more than the incompetent

8

Historically there was a difference in the terms guardian ad litem and next friend: “A guardian ad litem is a
special guardian, appointed by the court to defend on behalf of an infant party. A next friend is one who, without
being a regularly-appointed guardian, represents an infant plaintiff.” Federal Practice and Procedure § 1572 at 683
n.10 (quoting Till v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., 124 F.2d 405, 408 (10th Cir. 1941)). However, “Rule 17(c)(2)
permits suit to be brought on behalf of an infant by either.” Id.
9
The Court cites state law as examples, but federal law determines the outcome if there is a conflict. See,
e.g., Burke v. Smith, 252 F.3d 1260, 1264-65 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that Alabama state law regarding capacity to
sue and settlement of a minor’s claims would be applied where there was no conflict with federal law, Rule 17(c)).
10
Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.210(b) reads:
Minors or Incompetent Persons. When a minor or incompetent person has a representative, such as a
guardian or other like fiduciary, the representative may sue or defend on behalf of the minor or incompetent
person. A minor or incompetent person who does not have a duly appointed representative may sue by next
friend or by a guardian ad litem. The court shall appoint a guardian ad litem for a minor or incompetent
person not otherwise represented in an action or shall make such other order as it deems proper for the
protection of the minor or incompetent person.
Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.210(b).

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person’s attorney of record is a party. . . . The guardian ad litem, like the attorney, is both the
incompetent’s representative of record and a representative of the court.”)).
A parent bringing a personal injury claim as next friend on behalf of a child acts as a de
facto guardian ad litem, and is not the real party in interest insofar as the child’s claims; the child
is the real party in interest. See, e.g., Dudley v. McCormick, 799 So.2d 436, 440 (Fla. 1st DCA
2001) (affirming cost award against mother in her capacity as next friend bringing son’s claim and
individually) (citing Fla. Stat. § 744.301(2) and Garner v. I.E. Schilling, Co., 174 So. 837, 839-40
(1937)); Regency Health Services, Inc. v. Superior Court, 64 Cal. App. 4th 1496 (Cal. App. 2d
1998) (holding real party in interest, an incompetent nursing home resident, was required to bear
the costs of the petition on writ of mandate rather than the guardian ad litem who court noted was
“not the real party in interest and no judgment can be entered either for or against” the guardian
individually); cf. Somerville v. United States, No. 6:08-cv-787-Orl-22KRS, 2010 WL 3522046, *1
(M.D. Fla. Aug. 16, 2010) (in wrongful death suit brought by personal representative against the
Veterans Administration, costs would be taxed against personal representative of the estate in that
capacity and not against her personally, consistent with state law), adopted, 2010 WL 3522034
(M.D. Fla. Sep. 8, 2010) (Conway, J.). “It is the infant and not the next friend, who is the real and
proper party. The next friend, by whom the suit is brought on behalf of the infant, is neither
technically nor substantially the party, but resembles an attorney, or a guardian ad litem, by whom
a suit is brought or defended in behalf of another.” Morgan v. Potter, 157 U.S. 195, 197 (1895);
Muhammad v. Timmerman, No. 8:14-cv-1005-T-23MAP, 2014 WL 1918601, *1 (M.D. Fla. May
13, 2014) (citing Morgan and denying next friend status where parent had failed to provide an
explanation—such as mental incompetence or disability—to show why the real party in interest
could not appear on her own behalf). Cf. Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 163 (1990) (“A

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‘next friend’ does not himself become a party” to the cause of action “in which he participates, but
simply pursues the cause on behalf of . . . the real party in interest” applied to a habeas petition).
In other words, the parent is asserting claims as the child’s representative.
For more than a century, American courts have recognized that the liability for a cost
judgment obtained against the next friend who filed suit on a minor’s behalf, is actually the
financial responsibility of the minor. See Costs-Liability of Infant to Indemnify Next Friend, 24
Harvard L. Rev. 319 (1911) (citing cases). While courts in the past had held the minor to be liable
to indemnify the next friend, it is “best to hold the [minor] liable for costs primarily, as he is the
real party in interest.” Id. Modern cases impose liability for costs either directly on the minor, the
real party in interest, or on the next friend or guardian in a representative capacity as one who
controls the minor or ward’s financial interests. See, e.g., K.C. v. Schucker, No. 02-2715, 2014 WL
11537828, at *2 (W.D. Tenn. Feb. 25, 2014) (where the claims of the minor plaintiff were
prosecuted through her next friend-mother, who participated only in her representative capacity,
any costs taxed in the case would be charged against the minor plaintiff and her mother as her
representative, who would not have any personal liability for such costs), affirming clerk of court’s
order taxing costs, 2014 WL 11537834 (W.D. Tenn. Mar. 25, 2014). In recommending that costs
not be taxed against the next friend-parents in some of the other Plaintiffs’ cases11, Magistrate
Judge Kelly relied on the Florida appellate decision in Watson v. State Farm Mutual Automobile
Insurance Co., which held that the prevailing defendant could recover taxable costs only from the
plaintiff, a minor child who was the real party in interest “by and through” her father, but was not
entitled to recover the costs from her next friend-parent. 639 So. 2d 687, 688 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994).

11

See, e.g., C.M.J. v. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts US, Inc., Case No. 6:14-cv-1898-Orl-22GJK.

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In support of its claim against Next Friend L.J.T., Defendant argues that “courts have
looked to the parent, guardian, or next friend who brought and controlled the lawsuit—as L.J.T.
did here—to recover costs.” Doc. 90 at 5. Defendant relies on the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in
Ellis v. C.R. Bard, Inc., in which the court upheld the cost award against the guardian of a braindamaged plaintiff who filed suit against medical equipment manufacturers. 311 F.3d 1272, 1288
(11th Cir. 2002). However, the decision in Ellis is more consistent with the argument regarding
taxation of costs against the guardian or next friend in a representative capacity controlling the
guardianship estate, in that the Eleventh Circuit explicitly stated the court had looked at evidence
that Ellis “as guardian for” the incapacitated patient had “suffered from dire financial
circumstances.” Id. at 1288. In a footnote in the court’s decision, the Eleventh Circuit noted it was
“questionable whether the guardian” for the incapacitated individual “truly face[d] dire financial
circumstances” given the $8 million structured settlement proceeds she controlled as co-trustee in
a trust account for her brain-damaged mother. Id. at n.15 (emphasis added).
The case Defendant cites out of the Southern District of Florida, Small v. Ford Motor
Company, is inapposite because the court rejected the guardian’s request to waive $6,360 in costs
completely—which had already been reduced significantly by more than $20,000 when certain
categories of costs were disallowed—and the guardian had provided nothing to document
plaintiff’s financial status other than counsel’s statement, which the court found insufficient to
overcome the presumption that costs should be awarded to the prevailing party. No. 12-80841,
2015 WL 203178 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 14, 2015).
Defendant has cited distinguishable cases from outside the Eleventh Circuit (and this
century12) which appear to allow a cost judgment to be imposed on the next friend, parent, or

12

The Court does not find helpful the 1913 case of Reynolds v. Great N. Ry. Co., 206 F. 1003, 1004 (E.D.
Wash. 1913) cited by Defendant.

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guardian who brought the case on behalf of a minor or disabled plaintiff. Doc. 92 at 7. In the Fifth
Circuit decision of Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District v. Michael F., the court found
that “the district court did not abuse its discretion” in taxing costs (reduced to $3,837) against the
next friends-parents who sought to be reimbursed by their local public school district under the
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act for their unilateral placement of their handicapped son
in a residential treatment facility. 118 F.3d 245, 256, 257-58 (5th Cir. 1997). The same district
judge who had not been reversed on the bill of costs issue in Cypress-Fairbanks ISD, felt bound
to be consistent in assessing costs against the next friend-parent in the second case cited by
Defendant, Petri v. Kestrel Oil & Gas Props., L.P., No. H-09-cv-3994, 2013 WL 265973, at *5-6
(S.D. Tex. Jan. 17, 2013). However, even though the district court taxed costs against both the
minor (who had reached the age of majority) and his parent—similar to Ellis—the costs taxed
against the next friend-mother were taxed “as guardian and next friend” of the minor (and “in her
capacity as administrator of the estate” of the deceased father).13 Id. Notably, in neither case did
the Fifth Circuit panel or the district court address or discuss the language of Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 17(c)(2) allowing a minor to sue by a next friend on behalf of the minor who is the real
party in interest. Cf. In re Gonzalez v. Reno, 86 F. Supp. 2d 1167 (S.D. Fla. 2000) (unadmitted,
minor alien was the real party in interest for purposes of bringing lawsuit), aff’d, 212 F.3d 1338,
1346. The last case Defendant cites, Wilson ex rel. Adams v. Jackson, which imposed $722 in costs
(via 48 installments of $15 each) against the next friend-parent of the disabled minor for her “lack
of good faith in bringing the case in the first place” is distinguishable because the court specifically
noted that the lawsuit was frivolous and “[t]o rule otherwise would not provide a disincentive to

13

The court in Petri specifically noted that the next friend-mother “ha[d] not cited any authority for not
following the law regarding taxing costs against the losing party because it was a ‘next friend.’” 2013 WL 265973,
at *5-6.

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filing meritless claims for indigent litigants and would punish a party that prevailed in a frivolous
lawsuit” by denying it recovery of its costs. 2007 WL 2484688, at *3-4 (S.D. Ill. Aug. 30, 2007).
In awarding costs in this case, taxation of costs against L.J.T. will be in her representative
capacity as next friend of L.T.T.
B. Plaintiff’s Indigent Status
When the case was filed on Plaintiff’s behalf, no Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis
was filed, and the $400 filing fee was paid14. Doc. 1 (docket entry). However, as next friend, parent
and natural guardian, L.J.T. has since filed on L.T.T.’s behalf a Declaration stating that L.T.T. has
been diagnosed with severe autism,15 a permanent condition, he has no assets nor income, and he
will always depend on her and others for his well-being. Doc. 84-1. “Whether he can become an
income-producing member of the marketplace is uncertain; at most, any future income-producting
job will be a supervised one with extensive accommodation.” Id. According to L.J.T., L.T.T.’s
costs of living will always be funded by his family and by government subsidies. Id.
The Eleventh Circuit has directed in Chapman that “to defeat the presumption and deny
full costs, a district court must have and state a sound basis for doing so.” 229 F.3d at 1039. In this
case, Magistrate Judge Kelly “decline[d] to consider Plaintiff’s financial ability to pay a costs
judgment,” but stated there was a sound basis for denying full costs and recommended that the
Court exercise its discretion not to impose costs on Plaintiff because “the equities favor not
imposing costs on an incompetent, disabled minor for a lawsuit brought by someone else on his
behalf.” Doc. 89 at 4.

14

To the extent Plaintiff’s counsel argues that the Court’s severance order required Plaintiff to pay the fee,
such argument is without merit in light of the federal statute applicable to every federal civil and criminal case
allowing an application to proceed in forma pauperis in lieu of a filing fee. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1).
15
L.J.T. reaffirmed the statements in a previous Declaration, filed in opposition to Defendant’s Motion for
Summary Judgment, which accurately described L.T.T.’s condition and some of the aberrant behaviors regarding his
autism. Doc.84-1.

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District courts considering cost awards against non-prevailing parties who were disabled
and subsisting on Social Security benefits have frequently taken into account the parties’ reliance
on Social Security disability payments, lack of employment, and indigent status in determining the
cost award and ordered a significant reduction. See, e.g., Jessup v. Miami-Dade County, No. 0821571, 2011 WL 294417, *1 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 27, 2011) (reducing $36,800 cost award by 45%,
rather than the recommended 75%, against non-prevailing party who was indigent); Brown v. U.S.
Dep’t of Agriculture, No. 6:06-cv1329-Orl-18UAM, 2008 WL 203382, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 23,
2008) (reducing cost award by 50% to $428 against plaintiffs who lived in low-income subsidized
housing, including one whose sole source of income was Social Security and was indigent); but
see Seckel v. Hazelwood Bowl, LLC, 2010 WL 561577, at *1 (E.D. Mo. Feb.10, 2010) (reducing
costs to $0 for indigent plaintiff whose income consisted of Social Security benefits); Cross v.
Roadway Express, No. 93 C 2584, 1994 WL 592168, *1 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 26, 1994) (waiving costs
against indigent non-prevailing plaintiff who was an unemployed single parent to three children,
suffered from severe mental health problems, and received $840 a month in Social Security
payments). In this case, the remaining question is the degree to which Defendant’s award of
reasonable costs should be reduced in light of Plaintiff's indigence.
In the well-reasoned opinion in Jessup, the district court reduced the $36,800 cost award
by 45% against the non-prevailing plaintiff who survived on Social Security disability benefits and
food stamps of $810 per month, had no bank accounts, vehicles, real estate, insurance, or any other
meaningful assets and, as a result of her mental illness, had no foreseeable prospect of sustainable
employment. 2011 WL 294417, at *1. As the district court stated in deciding not to waive the cost
award even though the plaintiff lived “essentially month-to-month and ha[d] no prospect for
employment in the foreseeable future”:

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Despite the fact that “there is a strong presumption that the prevailing party will be
awarded costs,” Mathews v. Crosby, 480 F.3d 1265, 1276 (11th Cir. 2007), there is
little or no benefit to the Defendants in awarding them a cost award so large that
there appears to be no possibility that Defendants could recover from Plaintiff. On
the other hand, the Court of Appeals’ decisions dictate that in the case of an indigent
non-prevailing party, a court cannot decline an award of costs in its entirety because
of the importance of deterring litigants from pursuing costly, non-meritorious
claims.
Id. at *1 (citing Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1039; Pickett, 149 F. App’x at 832; quoting Durrett v.
Jenkins Brickyard, Inc., 678 F.2d 911, 917 (11th Cir. 1982) (“no fee will provide no deterrence”)).
Plaintiff contends that “courts” in the Middle District have denied awards of costs against a
litigant with a demonstrated inability to pay. However, Plaintiff cites a single case in which the
court waived the $497 in costs sought against an indigent claimant. Doc. 93 at 4 (citing Barrington
v. Lockheed Martin Corp., No. 6:05-cv-1601-Orl-KRS, 2007 WL 1303032, *2 (M.D. Fla. 2007)
(declining to award $497 in costs against a plaintiff who had filed an in forma pauperis application,
had asserted factually and legally difficult, not frivolous, claims, and had not acted in bad faith)
(Spaulding, M.J.)). The second case Plaintiff cites actually refutes his point because the court in
Brown did not completely waive the cost award, but reduced it by 50% for plaintiffs who lived in
low-income subsidized housing. 2008 WL 203382 at *2.
Based on the well-reasoned cases cited above including Jessup and Brown—which involved
multiple plaintiffs suing a single defendant for injunctive relief, similar to the facts present in this
case—the Court finds a reduction of 50% to be the appropriate amount to apply for the costs of
the prevailing Defendant in this case. See, e.g., Jessup, 2011 WL 294417, *1 (reducing costs by
45%); Brown, 2008 WL 203382, at *2 (reducing costs by 50%).
C. Filing of a Bill of Costs versus a Motion
To the extent Plaintiff argues that costs cannot be awarded in the absence of a motion to
tax costs as opposed to a bill to tax costs, he is incorrect. Costs are to be taxed by the Clerk upon

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presentation of a bill of costs on fourteen days notice. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1).16 Costs taxed by
the Clerk may be reviewed on motion by any party served within the following seven days. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1). To the extent Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s Bill of Costs was too bare bones
and included “line items” or “categories” without further explanation, Defendant used the form
provided by the Clerk of Court for the Middle District of Florida, which was developed by the
Administrative Office of the United States Court in 2009.17 Defendant attached to the Bill of Costs
the Declaration of Jeremy M. White, Esq., in support, which set forth the nature and itemization
of each category of fees sought (which are discussed at length below). Doc. 81.
In this case, the judgment was entered in favor of Defendant on September 26, 2016, and
Defendant timely filed its Proposed Bill of Costs on October 11, 2016 (Doc. 81). The Clerk taxed
the Bill on October 25, 2016. Doc. 83. Plaintiff filed his Motion to Review Costs on November 1,
2016. Doc. 84. Defendant’s Bill of Costs was timely, having been filed within the allowable
number18 of days of the judgment. Thus, Plaintiff’s citation to cases rejecting belatedly filed bills
of cost or motions for costs are inapposite. See, e.g., Mercado v. HRC Collection Ctr., 2013 WL
6085221, *1-2 (M.D. Fla. 2013) (motion to tax costs denied when filed six weeks after judgment)
(cited in Doc. 93 at 9).
D. Calculation of Bill of Costs
Plaintiff contends19 that many of the costs which Defendant seeks to have reimbursed are
not recoverable under the statute or are not properly supported in the Bill, which he seeks to have

16

Plaintiff also argues that the Local Rules require a “motion” however, the Rule states that “all claims for
costs or attorney's fees preserved by appropriate pleading or pretrial stipulation shall be asserted by separate motion
or petition filed not later than fourteen (14) days following the entry of judgment.” Local Rule 4.18 (emphasis
added). The bill of cost constitutes a “petition.”
17
See http://www.flmd.uscourts.gov/forms/forms_policies.htm (Bill of Costs form, AO 133).
18
The fourteenth day (October 10th) fell on a Court holiday, thus the time was extended until the next day.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(1)(C).
19
Plaintiff incorporated by reference his arguments from his Motion to Review Clerk’s Action on Bill of
Costs, Objections to Bill of Costs, and Incorporated Memorandum. Doc. 91 at 10 (citing Doc. 84 at E2 to E9).

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reduced from the original $3,512.43 by $1,950.58 to $1,561.85. Defendant contends that it is
entitled to recover its costs as taxed by the Clerk, but has voluntarily adjusted its request for certain
costs such that the reduced total is $2,815.65. Doc. 86.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1920, the prevailing party is entitled to recover fees of the clerk or
for docketing; fees for service of process; fees of the court reporter for transcripts necessarily
obtained for use in the case; and fees for printing, copies, and witnesses. 28 U.S.C. § 1920. The
burden is on Defendant to produce evidence of such expenses:
The party seeking recovery of photocopying costs must come forward with
evidence showing the nature of the documents copied, including how they were
used or intended to be used in the case. Corsair Asset Management, Inc. v.
Moskovitz, 142 F.R.D. 347, 353 (N.D. Ga. 1992); Desisto College, 718 F.Supp. at
914. A prevailing party may not simply make unsubstantiated claims that such
documents were necessary, since the prevailing party alone knows for what purpose
the copies were made. Corsair Asset Management, Inc., 142 F.R.D. at 353.
Helms v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 808 F. Supp. 1568, 1570 (N.D. Ga. 1992), aff’d, 998 F.2d 1023
(11th Cir. 1993).
1. Pro Hac Vice Fees
Plaintiff objected to Defendant’s recovery of what it categorizes as “clerk’s fees” which
are typically filing fees, but in this case are actually the fees Defendant paid for pro hac vice
admission for out of state counsel to represent it, even though Defendant also had local counsel.
Doc. 84 (citing Fulwood v. Capital One Auto Finance, Inc., 2011 WL 2148415, at *1 (M.D. Fla.
2011); Lane v. Accredited Collection Agency Inc., 2014 WL 1685677, at *10 (M.D. Fla. 2014)).
Defendant has since withdrawn these costs (Doc. 86 at 18) and $450 will be deducted from the
final fee calculation.
2. Service Fees

Because the Report and Recommendation did not address the individual costs, no objections were filed to treatment
regarding individual costs.

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Plaintiff objects to Defendant’s reimbursement for costs related to numerous servicerelated expenses which Defendant proposes to allocate pro rata to various cases; these include
costs which are associated with service on four non-party witnesses. Docs. 81-1, 84. The fees for
service and subpoenas are generally recoverable; however, 28 U.S.C. § 1921 limits these service
fees to $65 for each individual. See Hooks v. Geico Gen. Ins. Co., Inc., 2015 WL 9595402, at *3
(M.D. Fla. 2015), adopted, 2016 WL 25936 (M.D. Fla. 2016) (limiting recoverable service fees to
$65.00 per subpoena); Powercore, Inc. v. W. Sur. Co., 2015 WL 3621376, *2 (M.D. Fla. 2015)
(same). Defendant has withdrawn its fee request for individual service fees in excess of $65, which
aggregate to $260. Accordingly, the portion attributed to Plaintiff will be reduced to $6.19, or $260
divided by 42 (the number of active Plaintiffs’ cases).
3. Depositions of Defendant Witnesses and Plaintiff’s Next Friend
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1920(2), the prevailing party may recover “[f]ees for printed or
electronically recorded transcripts necessarily obtained for use in the case.” Plaintiff does not argue
that the depositions listed in the Amended Bill of Costs were not “necessarily obtained” for use in
the case. Instead, Plaintiff objects to the taxation of ancillary deposition charges for “e-transcript
fees” and “rough drafts” related to the depositions of certain individuals and Plaintiff’s Next
Friend, L.J.T. Plaintiff contends these charges are not recoverable because they were incurred
merely for the convenience of counsel. Doc. 84 at 15.
Defendant argues that these e-transcript and rough draft versions are not “ancillary charges
incurred for the convenience of counsel” because the transcript invoices reflect they are the only
charges for which Defendant seeks reimbursement for these depositions. Doc. 86 at 13. Defendant
argues that these charges were necessary to obtain these transcripts from the court reporter Plaintiff
hired, thus, they are properly taxable. As Defendant points out the invoices for three of the

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depositions (Glader, Jones, and Sweetman) contain a single charge for an “electronic transcript”
or a “rough draft” which appears to be the sole way the deposition was provided and these costs
will not be deducted. As to costs for “rough” transcripts for certain other depositions, Defendant
contends that they were not merely for the convenience of counsel; rather, each of the rough
transcripts was “necessarily obtained for use in [this] case” because of the compressed time frame
within which the parties took and defended these depositions. “If an expedited or rough transcript
was necessary, the cost is recoverable.” Procaps S.A. v. Patheon Inc., No. 12-24356-CIV, 2016
WL 411017, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 2, 2016). Defendant contends that, during a three-month period,
the parties took and defended more than 90 depositions, which included 28 depositions of Disney’s
30(b)(6) witnesses in one week (from January 25, 2016, to February 1, 2016), and Defendant
contends it needed the rough transcripts to prepare for subsequent depositions which took place
nearly every day during this period. Based on the extremely short period of time for the
depositions, the Court finds it was reasonably necessary for Defendant to obtain the rough
transcripts, and they are taxable.
Several deposition invoices contain charges for e-transcript fees, shipping and handling,
and processing and delivery, which, Defendant argues, were charged by the court reporting
company for its services in preparing and delivering a deposition transcript necessarily incurred in
order to receive a copy of the transcript. Doc. 86 at 13 (citing e.g., Smith v. Conner, No. 8:12-cv
52-T-30AEP, 2014 WL 1652419, at *1 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 23, 2014) (“[T]he court reporter’s
appearance fee and postage and handling fees are properly taxable as costs.”)). Generally,
“[a]ttendance fees of the court reporter or per diem, processing and handling, and delivery fees are
part of the court reporter’s fee and are taxable.” Ferguson v. Bombardier Serv. Corp., No. 8:03-

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cv-539-T-31DAB, 2007 WL 601921, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 21, 2007). The Court will not deduct
these fees from the deposition costs.20
4. Printing and Copies
Defendant seeks taxation of the apportionment of $17,776.01 in printing costs spread over
the 42 active cases, i.e., $423.06; it has submitted in support invoices for “document production
print jobs” and a spreadsheet itemizing the law firm’s “internal duplicating costs” and production.
Doc. 81, 81-6. Defendant argues that there is sufficient detail showing that these costs were
necessarily incurred in connection with depositions and production of responsive documents in the
42 cases based on the declaration of its counsel and in the exhibits. Mr. White states that the copies
were “produced in connection with the production of documents sought by Plaintiff in discovery,
service and court copies of motions and briefs, and for use at depositions.” Doc. 81-1 ¶ 12.
Plaintiff contends that the printing of documents and electronically stored information is
performed for convenience of counsel, and is not taxable. Doc. 86 at 18 (citing Ballestero v.
Fairfield Resorts, Inc., No. 6:06-cv-1153-Orl-28KRS, 2008 WL 5111100, *2-3 (M.D. Fla. Dec.
4, 2008); Maronda Homes, Inc. of Florida v. Progressive Express Ins. Co., No. 6:14-cv-1287-Orl31TBS, 2015 WL 6468191, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 26, 2015) (general description of types of issues
or activities for which printing, copying or scanning charges were incurred is inadequate to support
taxation of costs); Gray v. Novell, Inc., No. 8:06-cv-1950-T-33TGW, 2012 WL 3886026, at *2
(M.D. Fla. Sep. 6, 2012) (costs denied where “defendant [did] not explain why the conversion and
printing of all of the plaintiff’s electronically produced discovery was necessary”)).
Defendant contends that, as the prevailing party, it may recover printing and e-discovery
costs so long as it “could reasonably have believed” they were necessary for the litigation, and the

20

As to the costs related to the deposition of L.J.T., the Next Friend, Defendant has voluntarily withdrawn
the request for exhibit scanning charges of $26.90. Doc. 86 at 18.

- 20 -

copies of documents need not have been “introduced into evidence or submitted to the court.” Doc.
86 at 8-10 (citing George v. GTE Directories Corp., 114 F. Supp. 2d 1281, 1299 (M.D. Fla. 2000);
Sharp v. City of Palatka, No. 3:06-cv-200-J-TEM, 2008 WL 4525092, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 6,
2008) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Mr. White “calculated the costs Disney incurred for the
printing of documents in connection with the production of documents Plaintiffs sought in
discovery, service and court copies of motions and briefs, and for use at depositions” based on his
former firm’s “in house printing diary” and identified these based on the date. Doc. 81-1 ¶ 12, 826. Defendant incurred costs associated with preparing documents for purposes of depositions
during the same timeframe when the parties were taking and defending dozens of depositions.
Under § 1920(4), photocopying “necessarily obtained for use in the case” is compensable.
Dillon v. Axxsys Intern., Inc., No. 8:98-cv-2237-T-23TGW, 2006 WL 3841809, at *7 (M.D. Fla.
Dec. 19, 2006). “The court should consider whether the prevailing party could have reasonably
believed that it was necessary to copy the papers at issue.” U.S.E.E.O.C. v. W & O, Inc., 213 F.3d
600, 623 (11th Cir. 2000). Although a prevailing party may not recover for general photocopying,
Duckworth v. Whisenant, 97 F.3d 1393, 1399 (11th Cir. 1996), photocopying costs “attributable
to discovery, copies of pleadings, correspondence, documents tendered to the opposing party,
copies of exhibits and documents prepared for the Court’s consideration are recoverable.” Desisto
College, Inc. v. Howey-in-the-Hills, 718 F.Supp. 906, 913 (M.D. Fla. 1989), declined to follow on
other grounds by U.S.E.E.O.C. v. W & O, 213 F.3d 600, 623 (11th Cir. 2000) (“copies attributable
to discovery are a category of copies recoverable under § 1920(4)”); Monelus v. Tocodrian, Inc.,
609 F. Supp. 2d 1328, 1338 (S.D. Fla. 2009) (the prevailing party may be awarded costs for copies
of correspondence with opposing counsel, copies for documents electronically filed with the court
and hand-filed with the court, and copies retained by counsel).

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Establishing entitlement to photocopying expenses is the burden of the prevailing party.
See Desisto College, 718 F.Supp. at 910 n.1; Fulton Fed. Savings & Loan Assoc. of Atlanta v.
Amer. Ins. Co., 143 F.R.D. 292, 300 (N.D. Ga. 1991) (explaining that the party seeking to recover
photocopy costs must come “forward with evidence showing the nature of the documents copied
and how they were used”). However, the prevailing party is not required to account for each
photocopy because that would make it impossible economically to recover those expenses.
Northbrook Excess and Surplus Ins. Co. v. Procter & Gamble Co., 924 F.2d 633, 643 (7th Cir.
1991); Procaps S.A., 2016 WL 411017, at*6 (holding that, although the prevailing party must
present evidence regarding the use or intended use of the copies in general, it need not explain the
need for each particular copy).
The Court is well aware of the voluminous number of copies required in Plaintiffs’ 42
active cases. The Court received and has stored the rough equivalent of 20 cases of copy paper
provided as courtesy copies for the summary judgment motions alone. Twenty cases of paper is
approximately 100,000 pages. (500/ream x 10 reams/case x 20 cases). At $.08 per page charged
by Defendant, which the Court finds to be a reasonable amount charged for copies, the copying of
the summary judgment documents alone would total $8,000. When extrapolated for the one
hundred or so other docket entries in 42 cases collectively, $17,776 does not appear to be an
unreasonable amount; thus, $17,776/42, or $423.23 for Plaintiff’s apportioned amount, is not
unreasonable.
Defendant argues, with regard to e-discovery, that its costs for printing electronically
produced/stored information were “necessarily obtained” within the meaning of § 1920. As Mr.
White stated in his Declaration, certain e-discovery costs are taxable including where a party:
(a) copies responsive documents to production media; (b) converts documents
to a uniform production format (such as TIFF images); (c) is required to create

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an image of the original source first and then apply other techniques to extract
documents; or (d) creates load files in connection with the requested production.
Doc. 81-1 ¶ 13. Mr. White consulted with the e-discovery vendor, UnitedLex, and calculated the
costs Defendant “necessarily incurred” in producing documents by identifying on the bills which
jobs correlated to the taxable categories; Defendant has provided a spreadsheet itemizing these ediscovery services which total $10,974.75 incurred for the 42 cases, of which $258.81 has been
allocated to Plaintiff’s case ($10,974.75/42). Doc. 81-7. The Exhibit (Doc. 81-7) shows that the
costs were incurred during the discovery period, lists the relevant tasks, and a description of the ediscovery tasks that were done including: “export files to PDF format,” “run multiple productions
by individual plaintiff,” “run first three productions . . . and copy exported results for distribution
to opposing counsel,” and “finalize production of documents in 37 matters.” Doc. 81-7. Defendant
points out that these tasks and others listed in the supporting invoices were necessary to prepare
and generate the document productions used in this case and are taxable.
Plaintiff states several other objections specific to the tasks listed in the UnitedLex
invoices: the “Relativity” system data “was never shared with Plaintiff;” “Plaintiff did not request
that the documents be coded;” and “documents were produced to Plaintiff in the least user-friendly
fashion possible.” Doc. 84 at 17-19. Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s objections are irrelevant and
do not provide a basis for denying costs, most importantly because “Relativity” is the e-discovery
software platform used by UnitedLex to generate Defendant’s productions and could not have been
“shared” with Plaintiff, and whether a party “shared” its e-discovery software or the coding used
by the e-discovery vendor as part of the process of generating document productions is not a factor
in determining whether costs are taxable. Defendant argues that each item reflects tasks necessarily
performed in connection with its document production obligations.

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Defendant’s e-discovery tasks do appear to be in the nature of those allowed by other courts
as e-discovery costs for “duplicat[ing] an electronic document in as faithful and complete a manner
as required” to comply with discovery obligations, “copying responsive documents to production
media,” “formatting,” “creat[ing] an image of the original source first and then apply[ing] special
techniques,” and “creat[ing] ‘load files’” that contain relevant production information. See
Procaps, 2016 WL 411017, at *12-13. Both of the cases cited by Plaintiff in support of his
argument that e-discovery costs are not recoverable are inapposite to this case. The prevailing party
in each cited case was held to have failed to adequately support its request to recover costs for
printing electronic discovery. See Gray, 2012 WL 3886026, at *2, Maronda Homes, 2015 WL
6468191, at *4. Moreover, Plaintiff’s argument fails to fully reflect the advent of electronic filing
systems and the widespread production of discovery as electronically stored information.
IV.

Conclusion & Summary of Calculations

The Court accepts the Bill of Cost amounts as revised by Defendant in its Response to
Plaintiff’s Motion to Review Bill of Costs. See Doc. 86.
Defendant’s Bill
(Doc. 81)

Fees of the Clerk
Fees for Service (< $65)
Transcripts
Printing
Copies (e-discovery)
Postage/shipping23
Total
50% reduction

Plaintiff’s
Proposed
Reductions
(Doc. 84)21

Amounts
withdrawn22 by
Defendant
(Doc. 86)

Court’s Taxation of
Costs

$450.00
$44.86
$2,154.49
$423.06
$258.81
$181.21
$3,512.43
--

$450.00
$248.67
$388.83
$423.06
$258.81
$181.21
$1,950.58
--

$450.00
$38.67
$26.90
$0.00
$0.00
$181.21
$696.78
--

$0.00
$6.19
$2,127.59
$423.06
$258.81
$0.00
$2,815.65
$1,407.82

21

Plaintiff’s table on the last substantive page of his Motion to Review Bill of Costs (Doc. 84 at 21)
contains a different number for reduction to service costs ($248.67) than the figure suggested in the text ($44.86$6.19 = $38.67). See Doc. 84 at 12.
22
Defendant revised its request for certain costs on November 17, 2016, following Plaintiff’s Motion to
Review the Bill of Costs. Doc. 86 at 18.
23
Defendant has withdrawn its request for postage and shipping costs, which the Court generally regards as
overhead.

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Therefore, it is ORDERED as follows:
1.

Defendant’s objections to the Report and Recommendation filed February 2, 2017

(Doc. 90), are sustained in part and overruled in part as set forth herein.
2.

Plaintiff's Motion to Review Clerk's Action On Bill Of Costs (Doc. 84), is hereby

GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
3.

The Clerk is DIRECTED to enter a cost judgment providing that Defendant Walt

Disney Parks and Resorts US, Inc., recover from Plaintiff L.T.T., by and through L.J.T., as Next
Friend, Parent and Natural Guardian costs in the amount of $1,407.82.
DONE and ORDERED in Orlando, Florida on July 19, 2017.

Copies furnished to:
Counsel of Record
Unrepresented Parties

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