Hasler et al v. National Air Cargo Holdings, Inc. et al
Filing
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ORDER REMANDING case to the Circuit Court of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, in and for Orange County, Florida. Signed by Judge Roy B. Dalton, Jr. on 12/8/2015. (VMF)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
ORLANDO DIVISION
ELIZABETH A. BROKAW; RAJNIT
VIRDI; GAIL L. COFEY; JANICE D.
WATTS; YELANA HAGAN; and
WILLIAM THOMPSON,
Plaintiffs,
v.
Case No. 6:15-cv-855-Orl-37KRS
NATIONAL AIR CARGO HOLDINGS,
INC.; and NATIONAL AIR CARGO
MIDDLE EAST FZE;
Defendants
________________________________
ROBIN D. HASLER; and WILLIAM J.
HASLER,
Plaintiffs,
v.
Case No. 6:15-cv-906-Orl-37KRS
NATIONAL AIR CARGO HOLDINGS,
INC.; NACH FLORIDA, INC.;
NATIONAL AIR CARGO, INC.;
NATIONAL AIR CARGO MIDDLE EAST
FZE; and THE BOEING COMPANY,
Defendants
________________________________
DEBRA SLONE,
Plaintiff,
v.
THE BOEING COMPANY; WELLS
FARGO BANK NORTHWEST, N.A.;
NATIONAL AIR CARGO HOLDINGS,
Case No. 6:15-cv-1658-Orl-37KRS
INC.; and NATIONAL AIR CARGOMIDDLE EAST FZE,
Defendants.
________________________________
JONAS EDDINS; and SAJID SIDDIQUI,
Plaintiffs,
v.
Case No. 6:15-cv-1908-Orl-37KRS
NATIONAL AIR CARGO GROUP, INC.;
and NATIONAL AIR CARGO MIDDLE
EAST FZE,
Defendants.
________________________________
ORDER
Before the Court is a series of cases that arise out of a deadly plane crash that
occurred on April 29, 2013 (“2013 Crash”), while an aircraft (“Aircraft”) was transporting
military cargo pursuant to a Multimodal Transportation Contract (“MTC”) between
National Air Cargo Group, Inc. (“National Airlines”)—a subsidiary of National Air Cargo
Holdings, Inc. (“NACH”)—and the U.S. Transportation Command. 1 See Brokaw v. Nat’l
Air Cargo Holdings, Inc., 6:15-cv-855 (“Brokaw Action”); Hasler v. Nat’l Air Cargo
Holdings, Inc., 6:15-cv-906 (“Hasler Action”); Slone v. Nat’l Air Cargo Holdings, Inc.,
6:15-cv-1658 (“Slone Action”); Eddins v. Nat’l Air Cargo Grp., Inc., 6:15-cv-1908
(“Eddins Action”). 2 To carry out the MTC—which supported U.S. military objectives and
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NACH is a holding company for: (1) National Airlines, which transports
passengers and cargo; and (2) National Air Cargo, Inc. and its agent, National Air Cargo
Middle East FZE, which are responsible for “load planning, cargo/pallet build up, and
aircraft loading of National Airlines” cargo flights. (Hasler Action, Doc. 2, ¶ 11; Brokaw
Action, Doc. 19-4, p. 25.)
2 Review of the records in all four Actions reveals substantively similar arguments
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Department of Defense (“DOD”) missions—National Airlines engaged National Air Cargo,
Inc. (“NAC”) and National Air Cargo Middle East FZE (“NAC FZE”) to load the cargo,
including several Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles (“Vehicles”). (See Brokaw
Action, Doc. 27-1, ¶¶ 6–8; see also Brokaw Action, Doc. 19-4, pp. 25–43 (detailing how
the Vehicles were loaded).) Due to the alleged negligence of those involved in the loading,
positioning, and securing of the cargo, the Aircraft lost control during takeoff and crashed,
killing all those on board. (Brokaw Action, Doc. 2, ¶¶ 29, 39.)
Plaintiffs—personal representatives of decedents from the 2013 Crash—brought
wrongful death and survival actions against multiple defendants, including, inter alia,
either National Airlines or NACH. (See Brokaw Action, Doc. 2; Hasler Action, Doc. 2;
Slone Action, Doc. 2; Eddins Action, Doc. 2.) NACH removed the Brokaw Action, Hasler
Action, and Slone Action, and National Airlines removed the Eddins Action, asserting that
the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over the actions pursuant to the Federal Officer
Removal Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1) (“FOR Statute”). 3 (See Brokaw Action, Doc. 1;
Hasler Action, Doc. 1; Slone Action, Doc. 1; Eddins Action, Doc. 1.)
The pending issue—which has been raised in a variety of contexts—is whether the
case is properly before this Court under the FOR Statute. 4 In this omnibus Order, the
and evidence, thus far. For efficiency, the Court, therefore, cites to only the record
evidence in the Brokaw Action—the lowest-numbered case.
3 The Brokaw Action, Hasler Action, and Slone Action were originally filed in the
Circuit Court of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, in and for Orange County, Florida. (Brokaw
Action, Doc. 2; Hasler Action, Doc. 2; Slone Action, Doc. 2.) The Eddins Action was
originally filed in the Circuit Court of the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, in and for Palm Beach
County, Florida, and was removed to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of
Florida. (Eddins Action, Docs. 1, 1-2.) District Judge Donald M. Middlebrooks
subsequently transferred the case to this district. (Id., Docs. 28, 29.)
4 The Brokaw Action Plaintiffs filed a motion to remand, arguing that the Court does
not have jurisdiction under the FOR Statute. (Docs. 18, 19.) The Court heard argument
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Court concludes that the FOR Statute does not provide the Court with jurisdiction; thus,
the actions are due to be remanded to state court.
STANDARDS
The four elements for removal under the FOR Statute are: (1) the removing party
is a “person” under the statute; (2) the removing party was “acting under” the federal
Government or one of its officers; (3) there is a causal nexus between the federal authority
and the conduct challenged in the lawsuit; and (4) the removing party has a colorable
defense to the plaintiff’s claim. 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1); McMahon v. Presidential Airways,
Inc., 410 F. Supp. 2d 1189, 1196 (11th Cir. 2006). While removal provisions are usually
construed narrowly, see McMahon, 410 F. Supp. 2d at 1196, the FOR Statute must be
“liberally construed,” Watson v. Philip Morris Cos., Inc., 551 US. 142, 147 (2007) (citation
omitted).
DISCUSSION
The Plaintiffs aver that federal officer jurisdiction does not exist because National
Airlines and NACH (collectively, the “Removing Defendants”) were not “acting under”
federal authority, cannot establish a causal nexus, and do not have a colorable federal
defense. (Brokaw Action, Docs. 18, 19; Slone Action, Docs. 32, 33; Eddins Action,
Doc. 27.) The Removing Defendants counter that federal officer jurisdiction is proper
because: (1) the 2013 Crash occurred while National Airlines was “carrying out duties
pursuant to a contract with the United States Government”; (2) the U.S. military had direct
on the issue from the Brokaw Action and Hasler Action parties at a status conference on
October 15, 2015. (See Brokaw Action, Docs. 45, 62; Hasler Action, Docs. 47, 53.) In the
Slone Action and Eddins Action, the issue is before the Court by way of orders to show
cause why the actions should not be remanded for want of subject matter jurisdiction.
(See Slone Action, Docs. 26, 28, 32, 33; Eddins Action, Docs. 20, 25, 27.)
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control over the details of the operation that caused the 2013 Crash; and (3) they have
colorable federal defenses under the Defense Base Act, the political question doctrine,
and the combatant activities doctrine. (Brokaw Action, Doc. 27; Slone Action, Doc. 28;
Eddins Action, Doc. 25.) The Court concludes that Removing Defendants are “persons”
under the FOR Statute and were “acting under” federal authority, but agrees with Plaintiffs
that there is no causal nexus between the federal authority and the challenged conduct
in the lawsuit. Thus, the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction and the actions are due to
be remanded.
First, “a corporation constitutes a person for the purposes of determining whether
federal officer removal jurisdiction exists.” Assocs. Rehab. Recovery, Inc. v. Humana
Med. Plan, Inc., 76 F. Supp. 3d 1388, 1391 (S.D. Fla. 2014). It is undisputed that the
Removing Defendants are “persons” under the statute.
As to the second element, a removing defendant must show that “the acts that
form the basis for the . . . [law]suit were performed pursuant to an officer’s direct orders
or to comprehensive and detailed regulations.” McMahon, 410 F. Supp. 2d at 1196
(emphasis added). Construing this element broadly, see Watson v. Philip Morris Cos.,
Inc., 551 U.S. 142, 147 (2001); McMahon, 410 F. Supp. 2d at 1196, “‘[a]cting under’
covers situations . . . where the federal government uses a private corporation to achieve
an end it would have otherwise used its own agents to complete.” Ruppel v. CBS Corp.,
701 F.3d 1176, 1181 (7th Cir. 2012). The Government must have had some sort of
“subjection, guidance, or control” over the removing defendant, and the removing
defendant must have made “an effort to assist, or to help carry out, the duties or tasks of
the” Government. Watson, 551 U.S. at 151–52.
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McMahon—another aircraft accident case—is factually similar to the cases before
this Court. The McMahon plaintiffs brought a wrongful death action against Presidential
Airways, Inc. (“PAWS”) for its alleged negligence in failing to: (1) use reasonable care in
hiring the flight crew; (2) conduct a formal route study; (3) establish a proper flight plan
route; (4) supervise route planning; (5) equip the aircraft with adequate safety equipment;
and (6) and warn of the unsafe condition of the aircraft. 410 F. Supp. 2d at 1192–93.
PAWS removed the action pursuant to, inter alia, the FOR Statute on the basis that it had
contracted with the Government to “provide air transportation and operation support
services to the” DOD in Afghanistan (“McMahon Contract”). Id. at 1192. The court
concluded that PAWS was “acting under” federal authority because: (1) DOD personnel
determined the subject aircraft’s routes; and (2) the McMahon Contract included crew
qualifications and equipment specifications and contained provisions permitting the
Government to control PAWS’s contract performance. Id. at 1196–97.
Here, similar to McMahon, “the United States military determined the time frame,
origin, and ultimate destination of [the flight], identified the military cargo to be transported,
and provided certain facilities and equipment necessary to carry out the cargo transport
operations.” (See Brokaw Action, Doc. 27-1, ¶ 8.) Indeed, in a related case, Judge Ruben
Castillo of the U.S. district court for the Northern District of Illinois concluded that NAC—
the removing defendant in that action—was “acting under” federal law because it was
“engaged in a task that was furthering the goals of the federal government: moving
equipment for use by the US military.” Brokaw v. The Boeing Co., No. 15-c-4727, 2015
WL 5915996, at *7 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 5, 2015). In carrying out the MTC, National Airlines
assisted the DOD in transporting its military cargo, a task the DOD otherwise would have
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used its own agents to complete. See Watson, 551 U.S. at 151–52; Ruppel, 701 F.3d at
1181. Thus, construing the statute broadly, the Court finds that the National Airlines—a
subsidiary of NACH—was “acting under” federal authority.
To satisfy the “causal nexus” element, the Removing Defendants must establish
that Plaintiffs’ lawsuits arose “‘out of the acts done by [them] under color of federal
authority and in enforcement of federal law.’” Brokaw, 2015 WL 5915996, at *7 (quoting
Mesa v. California, 489 U.S. 121, 131–32 (1989)). They must demonstrate that the
decisions that led to the conduct complained of were “performed pursuant to the direct
and detailed control of an officer of the United States.” See Kennedy v. Health Options,
Inc., 329 F. Supp. 2d 1314, 1318 (S.D. Fla. 2004) (emphasis added). “Asserting that a
defendant’s conduct is performed at the general direction of a federal agency does not
rise to the level of removal based on [Section] 1442(a)(1),” and a contractual relationship
between a private party and a governmental agency in itself is not sufficient. Id. In
McMahon, the court found that a causal nexus existed because plaintiffs’ claims against
PAWS were centered on matters that were specifically governed by the McMahon
Contract or were decided at meetings with DOD personnel. Id. at 1199; see also Freiberg
v. Swinerton & Walberg Prop. Servs., Inc., 245 F. Supp. 2d 1144, 1152 (D. Colo. 2002)
(explaining that private defendants seeking to invoke jurisdiction under the FOR Statute
must establish that “the government authority under which they worked required them to
act as they did”).
Removing Defendants fail to establish a causal nexus. Here, unlike in McMahon,
the government did not control National Airlines’ performance of the contract and, thus,
did not have “direct or detailed control” over the decisions that led to the allegedly
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negligent conduct. See Kennedy, 329 F. Supp. at 1318. The record fails to show that the
U.S. military directed or had any involvement in the decision to ship the Vehicles on
palettes, to ship all of the Vehicles on the same flight, or to secure the Vehicles in the
manner in which they were secured. Indeed, the record shows just the opposite—that
National Airlines had significant discretion in deciding how to perform its duties under the
MTC and that the NAC and NAC FZE employees made and carried out the decisions that
form the basis of Plaintiffs’ claims. (See Brokaw Action, Doc. 19-8, p. 2 (explaining that
the National Airlines loadmaster was responsible for weight and balance); Doc. 19-11
(explaining the loadmaster’s responsibilities, with no reference of the military or
Government oversight or direction); Doc. 19-13 (explaining that NAC used only the
military’s assistance in loading and stating that “[t]he military is typically not a part of the
pallet building or loading of the [Vehicles]”); Doc. 32-3 (requiring National Airlines to have
personnel and equipment to ship and load the DOD cargo); Doc. 32-5 (explaining that
NAC asked the military to assist by lending some of its equipment to help the loading
process).)
Absent a causal nexus, the Court’s inquiry is complete. The Removing Defendants
have not satisfied all four elements for jurisdiction under the FOR Statute.
Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Brokaw v. Nat’l Air
Cargo Holdings, Inc., 6:15-cv-855, Hasler v. Nat’l Air Cargo Holdings, Inc., 6:15-cv-906,
and Slone v. Nat’l Air Cargo Holdings, Inc., 6:15-cv-1658 are REMANDED to the Circuit
Court of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, in and for Orange County, Florida, and Eddins v. Nat’l
Air Cargo Grp., Inc., 6:15-cv-1908 is REMANDED to the Circuit Court of the Fifteenth
Judicial Circuit, in and for Palm Beach County, Florida. The Clerk is DIRECTED to enter
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this Order in each of the aforementioned case files, terminate all pending motions and
deadlines, and close the files.
DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers in Orlando, Florida, on December 8, 2015.
Copies:
Counsel of Record
Clerk of Court for the Circuit Court of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, in and for Orange County,
Florida
Clerk of Court for the Circuit Court of the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, in and for Palm Beach
County, Florida
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