Sheedy v. Adventist Health System Sunbelt Healthcare Corporation et al
Filing
82
ORDER granting in part and denying in part 62 motion to dismiss. The Defendants' Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 62) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Counts II.A, II.C, and VII are DISMISSED without prejudice to the extent that they includ e AHS as Defendant. Count III is DISMISSED without prejudice for lack of standing. Count X is DISMISSED without prejudice with respect to the Hospital Plan. Counts I, II.A, II.C, IV, and XIII are DISMISSED without prejudice to the extent that they in clude claims against the Retirement Board and the Hospital Plan Committee with respect to the Merged Plan, and to the extent that they include claims against the Merged Plan Committee with respect to the Hospital Plan. Counts VI, VIII, IX, XI, XIII, XIV, and XV are DISMISSED in full, without prejudice. If the Plaintiff wishes to file an amended complaint, she must do so by August 17, 2018. Signed by Judge Gregory A. Presnell on 7/23/2018. (MAF)
-UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
ORLANDO DIVISION
DONNA SHEEDY,
Plaintiff,
v.
Case No: 6:16-cv-1893-Orl-31GJK
ADVENTIST HEALTH SYSTEM
SUNBELT HEALTHCARE
CORPORATION, ADVENTIST
RETIREMENT BOARD, ADVENTIST
RETIREMENT PLAN
ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE and
ADVENTIST HEALTH SYSTEM
BENEFITS ADMINISTRATION
COMMITTEE,
Defendants.
ORDER
This matter comes before the Court without a hearing on the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss
Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint (Doc. 62), the Plaintiff’s Response (Doc. 73), and the Defendant’s
Reply (Doc. 76).
I.
Introduction
The Plaintiff, Donna Sheedy, has filed suit against Adventist Health Systems 1 (“AHS”)
and various affiliated entities (collectively, “Defendants”). Her Amended Complaint (Doc. 47)
asserts fifteen claims: eleven claims based on the Employee Retirement Income Security Act 2
1
AHS is a non-profit healthcare conglomerate with more than 80,000 employees,
operating in numerous states. Doc. 47 ¶ 30.
2
29 U.S.C. § 1001, et seq.
(“ERISA”), one constitutional claim, and three state law claims. These claims involve two distinct
defined-benefit pension plans associated with AHS: the Hospital Plan and the Merged Plan. The
Plaintiff, who is a participant in these plans, contends that they are not “church” plans and are thus
subject to ERISA requirements. Alternatively, she argues that ERISA’s church plan exemption is
unconstitutional under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States
Constitution (Count XII). Finally, she asserts three alternative state law claims: breach of contract
(Count XIII), unjust enrichment (Count XIV), and breach of fiduciary duty (Count XV).
II.
Factual Background
The Plaintiff’s claims all relate to pension plans connected to employment with Adventist
Health Systems. 3 In addition to bringing suit against AHS, the Plaintiff also named the Adventist
Retirement Board (“Retirement Board”), the Adventist Retirement Plan Administrative Committee
(“Hospital Plan Committee”), and the Adventist Health System Benefits Administrative Committee
(“Merged Plan Committee”) as Defendants.
The Amended Complaint groups the pension plans at issue into two categories: the “Old
Plan” and the “Frozen Plans.” 4 Doc. 47 ¶ 46. Because the Plaintiff’s usage of terms describing the
Plans is inconsistent in its Memorandum in Opposition, the Court will use the Defendants’ terms
instead: “Hospital Plan” for the Old Plan and “Merged Plan” for the Frozen Plans. 5
3
The Plaintiff brings a class action suit against the Defendants on behalf of herself and all
others similarly situated, but the class is not at issue here.
4
The “Old Plan” is the Adventist Hospital Retirement Plan Trust, and the “Frozen Plans”
are “the noncontributory defined benefit pension plans that certain of the Company’s entities
sponsored that were frozen in on or about December 2010.” Doc. 47 ¶ 1.
5
Although the Plaintiff refers to the Frozen Plans (plural), it appears that the plan at issue
is the Merged Plan (singular).
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According to the Amended Complaint, both the Hospital Plan and the Merged Plan “were
established and are maintained by [AHS] to provide retirement [benefits] to employees.” Id. ¶ 47.
The Plaintiff states that neither Plan qualifies as a “church plan” under ERISA because they are not
maintained by a church and the employees covered by the plans are not employed by an entity
controlled or associated with a church. Id. ¶ 9. The Plans allegedly were established and maintained
by AHS, which the Plaintiff claims is a business and not a church or a convention or association of
churches. Id. ¶ 9, 47. According to the Amended Complaint, the underfunding of the Plans violates
ERISA. See id. ¶ 10. The Plaintiff also contends that the Defendants have violated ERISA by failing
to comply with reporting and disclosure requirements, failing to establish the Plans pursuant to a
written instrument, failing to establish a trust as required, and breaching fiduciary duties.
Alternatively, the Plaintiff asserts that even if the Plans are not subject to ERISA, the Defendants
are liable for state law claims of breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, and unjust enrichment
for failing to adequately fund the plans. Id. ¶ 11.
A. The Hospital Plan
The Hospital Plan is a defined-benefit pension plan that was established in 1980, Doc. 63-1
at 7, and suspended in 1992. Doc. 63-5 at 28. The Plan is administered by the Retirement Board and
the Hospital Plan Committee. The Plaintiff alleges that AHS did not make contributions to the
Hospital Plan in 2012 or 2013, resulting in the Hospital Plan being “underfunded by $112 million
as of December 31, 2013.” Doc. 47 ¶ 2-3. However, according to the December 31, 2016 Audited
Consolidated Financial Statements, the Hospital Plan is funded at 100.1% of its benefit obligations.
Doc. 63-5 at 29. 6
6
The Plaintiff cites to this financial statement throughout her Amended Complaint. See,
e.g., Doc. 47 ¶ 2.
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B. The Merged Plan
The Merged Plan, which is also a defined-benefit pension plan, was frozen in 2010. Doc. 47
¶ 73. It is administered by the Merged Plan Committee. Id. ¶ 21. The 2016 Financial Statement
reflects that this Plan is underfunded by $29 Million. Doc. 63-5 at 29.
III.
Legal Standards
In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the Court must view the complaint in the light most
favorable to the Plaintiff, see, e.g., Jackson v. Okaloosa County, Fla., 21 F.3d 1531, 1534 (11th Cir.
1994), and must limit its consideration to the pleadings and any exhibits attached thereto. See Fed.
R. Civ. P. 10(c); see also GSW, Inc. v. Long County, Ga., 999 F.2d 1508, 1510 (11th Cir. 1993).
The Court will liberally construe the complaint's allegations in the Plaintiff's favor. See Jenkins v.
McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). However, “conclusory allegations, unwarranted factual
deductions or legal conclusions masquerading as facts will not prevent dismissal.” Davila v. Delta
Air Lines, Inc., 326 F.3d 1183, 1185 (11th Cir. 2003).
In reviewing a complaint on a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6), “courts must be mindful that the Federal Rules require only that the complaint contain ‘a
short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.’” U.S. v. Baxter
Intern., Inc., 345 F.3d 866, 880 (11th Cir. 2003) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)). This is a liberal
pleading requirement, one that does not require a plaintiff to plead with particularity every element
of a cause of action. Roe v. Aware Woman Ctr. for Choice, Inc., 253 F.3d 678, 683 (11th Cir. 2001).
However, a plaintiff's obligation to provide the grounds for his or her entitlement to relief requires
more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action
will not do. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554–555 (2007). The complaint's factual
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allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level,” id. at 555, and
cross “the line from conceivable to plausible.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 680 (2009).
IV.
Analysis
A. The ERISA Claims
In her first eleven counts, the Plaintiff sues both AHS and the three plan administrative
committees, alleging violations of ERISA because neither plan is entitled to the church plan
exemption.
1. The Church Plan Exemption
ERISA generally applies to any employee benefit plan, if it is established or maintained by
an employer or employee organization engaged in commerce or in any industry or activity affecting
commerce. 29 U.S.C. § 1003(a). However, ERISA contains an exemption for “church plans.”
Church plans are plans “established and maintained . . . for its employees (or their beneficiaries) by
a church or by a convention or association of churches which is exempt from tax under section 501
of Title 26.” 29 U.S.C. § 1002(33)(A). Church plans include plans
maintained by an organization, whether a civil law corporation or otherwise, the
principal purpose or function of which is the administration or funding of a plan or
program for the provision of retirement benefits or welfare benefits, or both, for the
employees of a church or a convention or association of churches, if such
organization is controlled by or associated with a church or a convention or
association of churches.
29 U.S.C. § 1002(33)(C). “[A] plan maintained by a principal-purpose organization therefore
qualifies as a ‘church plan,’ regardless of who established it.” Advocate Health Care Network v.
Stapleton, 137 S. Ct. 1652, 1663 (2017). The Defendants argue that the Plaintiff has failed to
sufficiently allege that the plans in question are not church plans within the definitions laid out in
the statute and in Advocate.
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In simple English, a church plan includes: a plan maintained by an organization (1) which is
controlled by or associated with a church, and (2) whose principal purpose is to administer or fund
a retirement plan for church employees. The Plaintiff claims that these plans are maintained by AHS,
whose purpose is to operate health care facilities. The Defendants contend that they are maintained
by the designated administrative committees who are associated with the Seventh-Day Adventist
Church.
The primary issue here is whether AHS can properly be said to “maintain” the plans in
question within the meaning of the statute. The Defendants argue that administration of a pension
plan satisfies the maintenance requirement, and that the plans are administered, and thus maintained,
by the Retirement Board, the Hospital Plan Committee, and the Merged Plan Committee. Doc. 62
at 23. The Plaintiff alleges both plans are maintained by AHS, and that the principal purpose of AHS
is to provide healthcare services. Doc. 47 at ¶ 88-90. The Defendants claim that the “Plaintiff is
wrong as a matter of law that AHS maintains either of the Plans.” Doc. 62 at 21. However, whether
an entity maintains a pension plan is a fact-intensive inquiry 7, and it cannot be said at this point that
AHS does or does not maintain the Plans as a matter of law. All of the Plaintiff’s factual allegations
are taken as true at this stage, and the Plaintiff has plausibly alleged that AHS is the entity that
maintains the Plans. Whether a different entity—such as one of the administrating organizations
named by the Defendants—in fact maintains the Plans is a question that cannot be resolved at this
early stage. Because the Plaintiff has plausibly alleged that the Plans do not meet the first element
of the Church Plan definition, the Court need not address the remaining elements.
7
Although “maintain” is not defined within the statutory scheme, the ordinary meaning of
the maintain in this context would be to ““care[] for the plan for purposes of operational
productivity.” Medina v. Catholic Health Initiatives, 877 F.3d 1213, 1226 (10th Cir. 2017) (citing
Black’s Law Dictionary 1039 (9th ed. 2009)).
-6-
2. The Plaintiff’s Standing
The Defendants first contend that the Plaintiff has failed to establish standing for her claims
of insufficient funding. Doc. 62 at 12. To have standing under Article III of the Constitution, a
plaintiff must satisfy three elements: First, the plaintiff must have suffered an “injury in fact”—an
invasion of a legally protected interest that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or
imminent, rather than conjectural or hypothetical. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560
(1992). Allegations of future injury can establish standing if the threat of injury is “certainly
impending” or if there exists a “‘substantial risk’ that harm will occur.” Susan B. Anthony List v.
Driehaus, 134 S. Ct. 2334, 2341 (2014) (quoting Clapper v. Amnesty Int'l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 414
n.5 (2013)). Second, there must be a causal connection between the injury and the conduct
complained of; that is, the injury must be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant
rather than the result of independent action of a third party. Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560. And it must be
likely, rather than merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision. Id.
at 561. The party invoking the jurisdiction of the federal courts has the burden of establishing each
element. Id. The Defendants argue that, not only did the Plaintiff fail to adequately plead
underfunding of the Plans, but that underfunding alone is insufficient to establish standing. Doc. 62
at 17.
The Defendants state that any risk of receiving pension payments lower than those proposed
is “speculative” and does not constitute a concrete, particularized, actual, or imminent injury. Doc.
62 at 17. The Eleventh Circuit has not yet addressed the question of whether a plaintiff can establish
constitutional standing based only upon allegations that a defined benefit plan is underfunded. Here,
the Plaintiff alleges that she faces a future injury, stating that, as a result of the underfunding, she
“faces substantial risk of her pension being lost or severely reduced.” Doc. 47 ¶ 124.
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i. Hospital Plan
According to the December 31, 2016 Audited Consolidated Financial Statements, the
Hospital Plan is funded at 100.1% of its benefit obligations. Doc. 63-5 at 29. If the very document
cited by the Plaintiff in the Amended Complaint shows that the Hospital Plan is overfunded, she
cannot possibly establish a substantial risk of future injury based on underfunding. Accordingly, the
Plaintiff does not have standing to bring Count III with respect to the Hospital Plan.
ii. Merged Plan
The Plaintiff does not explain why, even if the Merged Plan is presently underfunded, she
faces a “substantial risk of her pension being lost or severely reduced.” See Doc. 47 ¶ 124. She does
not explain what benefit she is entitled to under the Merged Plan, or when that benefit is due. She
does not indicate whether the Merged Plan has ever failed to make a required payment, nor does she
indicate when the Merged Plan will need additional funding in order to meet its payment obligations.
The Plaintiff has not adequately pleaded that she faces a substantial, rather than merely speculative,
risk of future injury. Thus, the Plaintiff lacks standing to bring Count III with respect to the Merged
Plan.
3. Counts II.A, II.C, VI, and VII: Whether AHS is a Proper Defendant Despite Not
Being “Administrator” of the Plans
The Defendants argue that, because AHS is not the administrator of the Plans, AHS is not
the proper defendant in Counts II.A, II.C, VI, and VII 8 of the Amended Complaint. Doc. 62 at 27.
“Only plan administrators can be sued for violations of ERISA’s notice and reporting requirements.”
8
Count II.A alleges a failure to file Annual Reports, in violation of ERISA; Count II.C
alleges failure to provide funding notices, in violation of ERISA; Count VI seeks a clarification of
future benefits under ERISA; and Count VII seeks a civil money penalty for failing to meet notice
requirements, in violation of ERISA.
-8-
Adair v. Johnston, 221 F.R.D. 573, 580 (M.D. Ala. 2004); see also 29 U.S.C. §§ 1021–1031. The
Plaintiff does not dispute this. Instead, the Plaintiff alleges that AHS is the “de facto administrator”
of the Plans. Doc. 73 at 38. However, the Plaintiff clearly admits that entities other than AHS are
the named administrators of the Plans. Furthermore, the Plaintiff cites the very statutory section
dedicated to defining administrators for purposes of ERISA in those same paragraphs. Doc. 47 ¶ 60,
76. The statutory language is clear that the designated administrators are those who are responsible
for disclosure violations. See 29 U.S.C. § 1002(16)(A). The Plaintiff argues that AHS should be
liable as the plan sponsor, but the statute indicates that the plan sponsor is only considered an
administrator in the absence of a designated administrator. See id. The Amended Complaint asserts
that the Plans do indeed have named administrators, so there is no basis for the plan sponsor to be
deemed the administrator in this case. Doc. 47 ¶ 60, 76. Accordingly, Counts II.A, II.C, and VII will
be dismissed to the extent that they include AHS as a Defendant, and Count VI will be dismissed in
full.
4. Counts VIII, IX, X, and XI: Breach of Fiduciary Duty and Prohibited
Transactions under ERISA
The Defendants argue that Counts VIII, IX, and XI, against all Defendants, are insufficiently
pled insofar as they fail to put the Defendants on notice of the claims against them. Doc. 62 at 2930. Counts VIII, IX, and XI combine all Defendants together and fail to distinguish between actions
taken by individual Defendants. Those three Counts also do not differentiate between violations
with respect to the different Plans. Accordingly, Counts VIII, IX, and XI are all inadequately pled
and will be dismissed without prejudice.
As for Count X, the Defendants aver that the Plaintiff has failed to adequately allege that (1)
AHS is a fiduciary for the Hospital Plan and that (2) AHS had a duty to monitor. Doc. 62 at 30-32.
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The Plaintiff’s allegations relating to AHS as a fiduciary are conclusory assertions that do little more
than restate the statutory elements. See Doc. 47 ¶ 58, 78. Count X does not adequately plead breach
of fiduciary duty with respect to the Hospital Plan, and thus, it should be dismissed with respect to
the Hospital Plan. 9
5. Counts I, II.A, II.C, IV, VIII, IX, XI, and XIII: The Retirement Board, the
Hospital Plan Committee, and the Merged Plan Committee as Defendants
The Plaintiff asserts several claims against the Retirement Board and the Hospital Plan
Committee with respect to the Merged Plan, and several claims against the Merged Plan Committee
with respect to the Hospital Plan, even though the Retirement Board and Hospital Plan Committee
had nothing to do with the Merged Plans and the Merged Plan Committee had nothing to do with
the Hospital Plan. Doc. 62 at 32-33. The Plaintiff concedes this, stating that claims against certain
Defendants for certain Plans “should not be included” in the Amended Complaint. See Doc. 73 at 27
n.7. Accordingly, Counts I, II.A, II.C, III, IV, and XIII will be dismissed to the extent that they
include claims against the Retirement Board and the Hospital Plan Committee with respect to the
Merged Plans, and to the extent that they include claims against the Merged Plan Committee with
respect to the Hospital Plan. Counts VIII, IX, and XI need not be addressed here, as they are already
due to be dismissed in full because of the inadequate pleading discussed above in Subsection A(4).
B. Count XII: The Church Plan Exemption Violates the Establishment Clause
The Plaintiff alleges that extension of the Church Plan exemption to AHS would violate the
Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Defendants
move to dismiss this claim, and the United States filed a Memorandum in Support of the
9
The Defendants do not argue that Count X should be dismissed with respect to the
Merged Plan, even though the Plaintiff pled that AHS breached its fiduciary duties with respect to
both Plans. See Doc. 47 ¶ 167; Doc. 62 at 30-32.
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Constitutionality of the ERISA Church Plan Exemption (Doc. 77). However, because the Court has
not yet determined whether the Plans qualify as Church Plans, the Constitutional claim is premature.
C. Counts XIII, XIV, and XV: State Law Claims
1. Count XIII: Breach of Contract
The Defendants argue that the Plaintiff’s state law claim for breach of contract fails to state
a viable claim. First, the Defendants note that Count XIII is against all Defendants, but only makes
allegations against AHS. Doc. 62 at 37. In the Response, the Plaintiff concedes that the contract
claim is only against AHS. 10 Doc. 73 at 22 n.5. But the flaws in Count XIII do not end with a failure
to distinguish between the Defendants; Count XIII also fails to differentiate between the Plans and
their respective contractual provisions. With only references to “promises,” “obligations,” and
“good faith,” the Amended Complaint is not specific enough to state a claim for breach of at least
two different contracts. Count XIII will be dismissed for failure to state a claim.
2. Unjust Enrichment: Count XIV
The Plaintiff pleads unjust enrichment as an alternative to the breach of contract claim. Doc.
73 at 25. The elements of a claim for unjust enrichment under Florida law are: (1) the plaintiff
conferred a benefit on the defendant, who had knowledge of the benefit; (2) the defendant accepted
and retained the benefit; and (3) under the circumstances it would be inequitable for the defendant
to retain the benefit without paying for it. Duncan v. Kasim, Inc., 810 So.2d 968, 971 (Fla. 5th DCA
2002). The Plaintiff claims that the benefits conferred on AHS included (1) tens of millions of
dollars saved by not contributing to the Plans; (2) contributions of the Plaintiff and other class
members made during the course of their employment, such as time, labor, and experience; and (3)
10
This is the second time the Plaintiff has attempted to amend the Amended Complaint by
footnote in her Response in Opposition.
- 11 -
avoidance of costs associated with higher employee turnover. But, in reality, the only benefit
conferred on the Defendant by the Plaintiff was her labor and services, for which she received
compensation by means of a salary or wages. Any money saved by underfunding these plans would
not be a benefit conferred on AHS by the Plaintiff. There is simply no equitable claim here, so Count
XIV will be dismissed.
3. Breach of Fiduciary Duty: Count XV
The Defendants contend that Count XV fails to distinguish between individual Defendants
in its allegation that the Defendants breached fiduciary duties owed Plaintiff and the other class
members. Doc. 62 at 38. The Court agrees. The Plaintiff’s footnote, found in the Memorandum in
Opposition, summarily stating that claims against the Retirement Board and the Hospital Plan
Committee with respect to the Merged Plans, and claims against the Merged Plan Committee with
respect to the Hospital Plan, should not be included in Count XV, is insufficient to cure the pleading
deficiency. Accordingly, Count XV does not put each Defendant on fair notice of the claims against
it, and it should be dismissed as inadequately pled. Cf. Oginsky v. Paragon Properties of Costa Rica
LLC, 784 F. Supp. 2d 1353, 1377 (S.D. Fla. 2011) (dismissing breach of fiduciary duty claim where
unspecific allegations did not make clear which of the defendants was alleged to be liable for what
conduct).
V.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 62) is GRANTED IN
PART and DENIED IN PART. Counts II.A, II.C, and VII are DISMISSED without prejudice to
the extent that they include AHS as Defendant. Count III is DISMISSED without prejudice for lack
of standing. Count X is DISMISSED without prejudice with respect to the Hospital Plan. Counts I,
II.A, II.C, IV, and XIII are DISMISSED without prejudice to the extent that they include claims
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against the Retirement Board and the Hospital Plan Committee with respect to the Merged Plan, and
to the extent that they include claims against the Merged Plan Committee with respect to the
Hospital Plan. Counts VI, VIII, IX, XI, XIII, XIV, and XV are DISMISSED in full, without
prejudice. If the Plaintiff wishes to file an amended complaint, she must do so by August 17, 2018.
DONE and ORDERED in Chambers, Orlando, Florida on July 23, 2018.
Copies furnished to:
Counsel of Record
Unrepresented Party
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