Bauer et al v. Wyndham Vacation Resorts, Inc. et al (TV1)

Filing 94

MEMORANDUM AND OPINION as set forth in following order. Signed by District Judge Thomas A Varlan on 3/31/21. (ABF) [Transferred from tned on 4/1/2021.]

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
LINDA BAUER and
TRACY HOOPINGARNER,
Plaintiffs,
v.
WYNDHAM VACATION
RESORTS, INC., and
WYNDHAM VACATION
OWNERSHIP, INC.,
Defendants.

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No.:

3:18-CV-262-TAV-DCP

MEMORANDUM OPINION
This civil action, brought by plaintiffs Linda Bauer and Tracy Hoopingarner, is
before the Court on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the Third Amended Complaint
[Doc. 42] and Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment [Doc. 63]. Plaintiffs
responded in opposition [Docs. 48, 75], and defendants replied [Docs. 51, 87]. This matter
is now ripe for the Court’s review.
For the reasons explained below, defendants’ motion to dismiss [Doc. 42] is
GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, and defendants’ motion for summary judgment
[Doc. 63] is GRANTED in part and DENIED as moot in part. Because this Court does
not have jurisdiction over the remaining claims, the case will be transferred to the Middle
District of Florida.

I.

Background
This cause of action arises out of plaintiffs’ purchase of Vacation Ownership

Interests (“VOI”) from Wyndham Vacation Resorts, Inc. (“WVR”) and its parent company
Wyndham Vacation Ownership, Inc (“WVO”) [Doc. 39 ¶¶ 14, 16]. Plaintiffs purchased
two VOIs, executing a separate contract for each: a 2012 purchase in Sevierville, Tennessee
[Id. ¶¶ 60–71] and a 2015 purchase in Destin, Florida [Id. ¶¶ 72–83]. Plaintiffs brought
this complaint1 containing several claims against defendants, including intentional
misrepresentation, constructive fraud, breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, and
fraudulent concealment, violations of the Tennessee Timeshare Act, T.C.A. § 66-32-101,
and anticipatory breach [See Id.].
Defendants move to dismiss several of plaintiffs’ claims. First, defendants state that
this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over the claims stemming from the Florida VOI and
move for dismissal or transfer of those claims to a proper venue [Doc. 42 ¶ 4, 8]. Second,
defendants state that the fraud-based claims are barred by Tennessee’s three-year statute of
limitations [Id. ¶ 9]. Third, defendants argue that the claims for violation of the Tennessee
Timeshare Act are barred by the four-year statute of repose [Id. ¶ 10]. Fourth, defendants
argue the claim for anticipatory breach fails to state a claim [Id. ¶ 12]. Defendants move
for summary judgment [Doc. 63] for many of the same reasons and additionally argue that
plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim fails because plaintiffs do not, and cannot, point to a
term of the agreement that defendants allegedly breached [Id. ¶ 6].

1

References to the “complaint” indicate the Third Amended Complaint [Doc. 39].
2

II.

Legal Standard
Defendant files its motions under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2),

12(b)(6), and 56. The Court will first analyze plaintiffs’ claims under Rule 12(b) and then
address any remaining claims under Rule 56.
First, defendant moves for dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) for lack of personal
jurisdiction. A federal plaintiff bears the burden of establishing the existence of personal
jurisdiction. Air Prods. & Controls, Inc. v. Safetech Int’l, Inc., 503 F.3d 544, 549 (6th Cir.
2007) (citing Serras v. First Tenn. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 875 F.2d 1212, 1214 (6th Cir. 1989)).
The Court finds it unnecessary to conduct an evidentiary hearing on the basis of personal
jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Court must consider the pleadings and affidavits in a light
most favorable to plaintiff, and dismissal under Rule 12(b)(2) is “proper only if all the
specific facts which [plaintiff] allege[es] collectively fail to state a prima facie case for
jurisdiction.”

CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, 89 F.3d 1257, 1262 (6th Cir. 1996).

However, the Court need not “ignore undisputed factual representations of the defendant
which are consistent with the representations of the plaintiff.” Kerry Steel, Inc. v. Paragon
Indus., Inc., 106 F.3d 147, 153 (6th Cir. 1997). And, once a defendant submits “affirmative
evidence showing that the court lack[s] jurisdiction, mere allegations of jurisdiction are not
enough;” rather, a plaintiff must “set forth, by affidavit or otherwise, specific facts showing
jurisdiction.” Parker v. Winwood, 938 F.3d 833, 839–40 (6th Cir. 2019).
Second, as for Rule 12(b)(6) motions, Rule 8(a)(2) sets out a liberal pleading
standard. Smith v. City of Salem, 378 F.3d 566, 576 n.1 (6th Cir. 2004). Thus, pleadings
3

in federal court need only contain “‘a short and plain statement of the claim showing that
the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the [opposing party] fair notice of what
the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). Detailed factual
allegations are not required, but a party’s “obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his
‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions.” Id. (alterations in
original). “[A] formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do,” nor
will “an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 557).
In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must determine whether the complaint
contains “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550
U.S. at 570; accord Directv, Inc. v. Treesh, 487 F.3d 471, 476 (6th Cir. 2007). This
assumption of factual veracity, however, does not extend to bare assertions of legal
conclusions, Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, nor is the Court “bound to accept as true a legal
conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986).
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim
for relief is ultimately “a context-specific task that requires [the Court] to draw on its
judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. In conducting this inquiry, the Court
“must construe the complaint in a light most favorable to plaintiff[ ], accept all well-pled
4

factual allegations as true, and determine whether plaintiff[ ] undoubtedly can prove no set
of facts in support of those allegations that would entitle [her] to relief.” Bishop v. Lucent
Techs., Inc., 520 F.3d 516, 519 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing Harbin-Bey v. Rutter, 420 F.3d 571,
575 (6th Cir. 2005)).
Third, Rule 56(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “[t]he court
shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” In ruling on
a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of
the nonmoving party. McLean v. 988011 Ontario Ltd., 224 F.3d 797, 800 (6th Cir. 2000).
The moving party bears the burden of establishing that no genuine issues of material fact
exist and may meet this burden by affirmatively proving their case or by highlighting the
absence of support for the nonmoving party’s case. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,
323–25 (1986); Leary v. Daeschner, 349 F.3d 888, 897 (6th Cir. 2003).
Yet, “[o]nce the moving party presents evidence sufficient to support a motion under
Rule 56, the nonmoving party is not entitled to a trial merely on the basis of allegations.”
Curtis Through Curtis v. Universal Match Corp., 778 F. Supp. 1421, 1423 (E.D. Tenn.
1991) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 317). To establish a genuine issue as to the existence of
a particular element, the nonmoving party must point to evidence in the record, including
depositions, documents, affidavits, and other materials, upon which a reasonable finder of
fact could find in its favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); see
also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A). There must be more than a “mere scintilla of evidence”
5

to withstand a motion for summary judgment, Smith Wholesale Co. v. R.J. Reynolds
Tobacco Co., 477 F.3d 854, 861 (6th Cir. 2007), and any genuine issue of fact must also
be material; that is, it must involve facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the
governing law. 477 U.S. at 248. If a reasonable juror could not find for the nonmovant,
the Court must grant summary judgment. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323.
III.

Analysis
A.

Personal Jurisdiction and Venue Transfer

“A federal district court sitting in diversity must apply the law of the forum state to
determine whether it may exercise jurisdiction over the person of a non-resident
defendant.” Theunissen v. Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1459 (6th Cir. 1991). Tennessee
courts are permitted to exercise personal jurisdiction upon “[a]ny basis not
inconsistent with the constitution of this state or of the United States.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 20-2-214(a)(6). The due process requirements of the Tennessee Constitution are “coextensive with those of the United States Constitution.” State v. NV Sumatra Tobacco
Trading Co., 403 S.W.3d 726, 741 (Tenn. 2013) (citation omitted); Bridgeport Music, Inc.
v. Still N The Water Pub., 327 F.3d 472, 477 (6th Cir. 2003) (“The Tennessee long-arm
statute has been interpreted as coterminous with the limits on personal jurisdiction imposed
by the due process clause”). Therefore, if the exercise of personal jurisdiction passes
constitutional muster under the United States Constitution, it is permissible under
Tennessee law. Id. at 740–41.

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Federal “[d]ue process requires that a defendant have ‘minimum contacts . . . with
the forum State . . . such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’”
Schneider v. Hardesty, 669 F.3d 693, 701 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen
Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 291, 297 (1980)). This requirement “ensures that the
exercise of jurisdiction does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
justice.” Id. (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The Court will first analyze personal jurisdiction over defendants WVR and WVO
with regard to a sub-set of plaintiffs’ claims. Because the Court ultimately concludes that
it lacks jurisdiction over these claims, the Court will transfer the matter to a district in
which jurisdiction is proper.
1.

General Jurisdiction

“A court may assert general jurisdiction over foreign (sister-state or
foreign-country) corporations to hear any and all claims against them when their
affiliations with the State are so ‘continuous and systematic’ as to render them essentially
at home in the forum State.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S.
915, 919 (2011) (citing Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 317 (1945)).
Defendants admit they “have some tie to Tennessee in the form of timeshare resorts,
offices, and customer contact” [Doc. 43 p. 6]. The complaint additionally references: (1) at
least four timeshare properties and other resorts in Tennessee, (2) several offices in
Tennessee including in Nashville, Crossville, and Sevierville, (3) large scale marketing and
sales within the state, (4) marketing and sales of services and products using the internet to
7

Tennessee residents, (5) and the maintenance of employees within the state [Doc. 39 ¶ 5].
However, merely doing business in a particular state is not sufficient to establish general
personal jurisdiction. Id. at 139 n.20.
Though the complaint alleges defendants have continuous and systematic contacts
with Tennessee [Doc. 39 ¶ 5(e)], plaintiffs do not address and do not appear to argue for
general jurisdiction over defendants in their response, instead beginning their briefing with
specific jurisdiction. Plaintiffs admit defendants are incorporated in Delaware and have
their principal place of business in Florida [Doc. 39 ¶¶ 2–3] and the Supreme Court has
indicated that a corporation may very rarely be deemed “at home” in a state where it is
not incorporated and does not have its principal place of business. Daimler, 571 U.S. at
138–39. This Court does not, therefore, possess general personal jurisdiction over these
defendants.
2.

Specific Jurisdiction

In contrast to general jurisdiction, “specific jurisdiction is confined to adjudication
of issues deriving from, or connected with, the very controversy that establishes
jurisdiction.” Indah v. S.E.C., 661 F.3d 914, 920 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Goodyear
Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011)) (internal quotation
marks omitted). The Sixth Circuit applies a three-part test for determining whether an
exercise of specific jurisdiction falls within constitutional limits: (1) “the defendant must
purposefully avail himself of the privilege of acting in the forum state;” (2) “the cause of
action must arise from the defendant’s activities there;” and (3) “the acts of the defendant
8

or consequences caused by the defendant must have a substantial enough connection with
the forum state to make the exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant reasonable.”
S. Mach. Co. v. Mohasco Indus., Inc., 401 F.2d 374, 381 (6th Cir. 1968); see also Conti v.
Pneumatic Prods. Corp., 977 F.2d 978, 981 (6th Cir. 1992).
The second prong is determinative in this case and is satisfied “if a defendant’s
contacts with the forum state are related to the operative facts of the controversy.”
CompuServe, Inc., 89 F.3d at 1262. “Only when the operative facts of the controversy are
not related to the defendant’s contact with the state can it be said that the cause of action
does not arise from that contract.” Calphalon Corp. v. Rowlette, 228 F.3d 718, 723–24
(6th Cir. 2000). This prong “does not require that the cause of action formally ‘arise from’
defendant’s contacts with the forum” but “only ‘that the cause of action . . . have a
substantial connection with the defendant’s in-state activities.’” Third Nat. Bank in
Nashville v. WEDGE Group Inc., 882 F.2d 1087, 1091 (6th Cir. 1989) (quoting Mohasco
Industries, 401 F.2d at 384 n.27) (emphasis original). Yet, “more than mere but-for
causation is required to support a finding of personal jurisdiction. To the contrary, the
plaintiff’s cause of action must be proximately caused by the defendant’s contacts with the
forum state.” Beydoun v. Wataniya Rests. Holding, Q.S.C., 768 F.3d 499, 507 (6th Cir.
2014). If only but-for causation were required, it would be “vastly overinclusive in its
calculation of a defendant's reciprocal obligations” and would have “no limiting principle;
it literally embraces every event that hindsight can logically identify in the causative

9

chain,” resulting in “no meaningful relationship to the scope of the ‘benefits and protection’
received from the forum.” Id. at 508.
In their briefs, plaintiffs identify two potential connections between the Tennessee
contract and the causes of action relating to the Florida VOI that may establish this prong:
that the points are pooled together and that they were told a second purchase would remedy
problems from the first contract [Doc. 48 p. 4]. The complaint itself does not indicate any
causal relationship between the contracts such that defendants’ acts in Tennessee caused
the Florida purchase.
First, plaintiffs argue there is a connection with Tennessee because points purchased
in the Tennessee contract were pooled with those purchased via the Florida contract [Id.].
Plaintiffs argue the Tennessee points are “effectively now a part of their overall points
including those from Florida” [Id.]. In arguing for a connection between the contracts,
plaintiffs state in their briefing that “each action that happened” in Florida “could not have
possibly happened to them without the Tennessee contract and the acts that occurred in
Tennessee” and that “[h]ad fraud and timeshare act violations not occurred in Tennessee,
further fraud and timeshare act violations would [not] have and could not have happened”
[Id. at pp. 4–5]. However, plaintiffs misconceive the type of causation required for
jurisdiction.

But for the Tennessee misrepresentations, the plaintiffs may not have

purchased the second VOI for a variety of reasons; plaintiffs do not indicate that any
particular misrepresentations caused later purchases in their complaint. Though the
Tennessee contract may be the first in a sequence of events, plaintiffs do not establish a
10

substantial enough connection or sufficient proximate causation. For instance, plaintiffs
do not argue that the fraud of sales agents in Florida was the result of fraud in Tennessee.
Instead, plaintiffs argue that, through a more tenuous and distant series of events, plaintiffs
purchased several VOIs.
While plaintiffs may have fallen victim to the same sales tactics several times, there
is not a connection between the purchases, even if the resulting purchased points are pooled
together. By plaintiffs’ argument, there would be no limiting principle, and personal
jurisdiction would always lie in some state further up the chain of contracts. Tennessee
courts would then have personal jurisdiction over defendants for claims stemming from
any of plaintiffs’ future points purchases. It would “literally embrace[] every event that
hindsight can logically identify in the causative chain” which is precisely what the Sixth
Circuit sought to avoid in Beydoun. 768 F.3d at 507. Accordingly, this theory does not
establish specific personal jurisdiction.
Second, plaintiffs state they purchased in Florida because they were told it would
remedy any problems they may have had with their Tennessee contract [Id. p. 4]. Though
this reference about correcting problems with the previous purchases thinly ties back to the
Tennessee purchase, the operative facts of the misrepresentations made, and the execution
of the contract at issue, did not occur in Tennessee. This vague reference does not establish
a substantial enough connection such that the causes of action based on the Florida VOI
were proximately caused by the defendants’ contacts in Tennessee.

11

Plaintiffs file this complaint as a result of many allegedly misleading statements as
a whole. [Doc. 39 at ¶ 121 (stating that they would not have purchased the timeshares had
the undisclosed information been disclosed)]. The vast majority of the complaint does not
indicate a dependence on the previous contract or causal relationship between the
purchases. Plaintiffs’ briefing states that they were misled to believe that a further purchase
could correct prior problems, but the complaint does not contain any such an allegation.
That plaintiffs may have been lied to or defrauded in two separate places by the same
defendants does not establish a sufficient casual connection.

Additional fabricated

misrepresentations by sales representatives at the second sales pitch, and plaintiffs’
resulting misconceptions, about a prior contract do not retroactively create the causation
necessary to connect these causes of action to Tennessee.
Overall, plaintiffs’ arguments fail to establish specific personal jurisdiction.
Though plaintiffs argue that the contracts are interrelated, they have failed to support their
assertions by providing facts demonstrating jurisdiction. Parker, 938 F.3d at 839–40. That
the events in Tennessee were the first in a chain of similar events does not make it the
proximate cause of such events. Moreover, that the plaintiffs were “impacted in Tennessee
by the Wyndham Defendants’ actions in [Florida] is insufficient to establish that the
operative facts of the [plaintiffs’] claims arose out of Tennessee.” Bobick v. Wyndham
Worldwide Operating, Inc., No. 3:18-CV-00514, 2018 WL 4566804, at *7 (M.D. Tenn.
Sept. 24, 2018). Plaintiffs state that there “is most certainly a causal link,” [Doc. 48 p. 5]

12

but in light of plaintiff’s inability to make a prima facie showing, even viewing the
pleadings and affidavits most favorably to plaintiffs, the Court finds otherwise.
Moreover, on each of plaintiffs’ theories of personal jurisdiction, the Court finds
that the exercise of jurisdiction over these defendants would not be reasonable, in that these
defendants have not had sufficient minimum contacts with the state for the exercise of
personal jurisdiction to “comport with traditional notions of fair play and substantial
justice.” CompuServe, 89 F.3d at 1267–68 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
Defendants, Delaware corporations and Florida residents, cannot be expected to be brought
into court in Tennessee to defend against allegations of allegedly tortious conduct in
Florida. The connections are too tenuous. Plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden in
demonstrating that this Court possesses specific personal jurisdiction over defendants
relating to any causes of action arising from the Florida VOI, and the Court will therefore,
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2), GRANT defendants’ motion [Doc. 42] in part.
3.

Venue Transfer

Upon a finding that this Court lacks personal jurisdiction, defendants request
dismissal of these claims, or in the alternative, transfer to a judicial district in which one or
more of the defendants is subject to personal jurisdiction [Doc. 43 p. 12] and plaintiffs
request transfer of the case “to the appropriate court” [Doc. 48 p. 7].

13

When a Court finds a lack of jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 16312 authorizes transfer “in
the interest of justice” to a court “in which the action . . . could have been brought at the
time it was filed.” See Roman v. Ashcroft, 340 F.3d 314, 328 (6th Cir. 2003) (holding that
§ 1631 “applies to federal courts identifying any jurisdictional defect, regardless of whether
it involves personal or subject matter jurisdiction.”). Though defendants request dismissal
of the claims for which this Court lacks personal jurisdiction, the Court does not find
dismissal to be appropriate, as it has not reached the merits. This is particularly true when
the outcome of several claims may depend on the statute of limitations. Jackson v. L & F
Martin Landscape, 421 F. App'x 482, 484 (6th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he reasons for transferring a
case to a proper forum rather than dismissing are especially compelling if the statute of
limitations has run since the commencement of the action, so that dismissal might prevent
the institution of a new suit by the plaintiff and a resolution on the merits.”); Roman, 340
F.3d at 328 (Section 1631 may “protect a plaintiff against either additional expense or the
expiration of a relevant statute of limitations in the event that the plaintiff makes an error
in trying to select the proper court within the complex federal court system.”). Under
section 1631, the action “shall proceed as if it had been filed in or noticed for the Court to

Plaintiffs do not identify under which venue transfer statute they seek relief. Defendants’
brief mentions 28 U.S.C. § 1406 which authorizes transfer “in the interest of justice” if a case is
filed in the incorrect venue. However, the Court recognizes its authority to transfer the case sua
sponte and finds transfer under 28 U.S.C. § 1631 more appropriate to address the specific issues
of this case regarding personal jurisdiction. Flynn v. Greg Anthony Constr. Co., 95 F. App'x 726,
738 (6th Cir. 2003) (“Congress has enacted a number of statutes that give federal courts the power
to transfer cases sua sponte;” and noting that the Supreme Court has not recognized lack of
personal jurisdiction alone as sufficient to invoke a § 1406 transfer).
2

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which it is transferred on the date upon which it was actually filed in or noticed for the
court from which it is transferred.” Accordingly, the Court finds it in the interests of justice
to transfer the case pursuant to § 1631 to cure want of jurisdiction.
Plaintiffs do not identify a court in which the case may have been brought originally
or to which district they would prefer the case be transferred. Defendants stated that they
“were, at all relevant times, located exclusively in Orlando, Florida, which is in the Middle
District of Florida” [Doc. 43 p. 12]. As previously mentioned, defendants have their
principal place of business in Orlando, Florida [Doc. 39 ¶¶ 2–3]. The Middle District of
Florida therefore has general personal jurisdiction over the defendants who may be deemed
to have continuous and systematic affiliations with the state to render them at home.
28 U.S.C. § 89 (establishing that the Middle District of Florida encompasses the city of
Orlando); Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 919; Daimler, 571 U.S. at 138–39. This also satisfies the
venue statute, as both defendants reside at the same address within that district [Id.].
18 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1) (“a civil action may be brought in a judicial district in which any
defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is
located”), § 1391(c)(2) (“an entity . . . shall be deemed to reside, if a defendant, in any
judicial district in which such defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with
respect to the civil action in question.”). All claims relating to the Tennessee VOI are
dismissed in the remainder of this opinion as discussed below. Therefore, the only
remaining claims in this case are those relating to Florida VOI. Accordingly, the Court
will transfer the remainder of the case to the Middle District of Florida.
15

B.

Statute of Limitations

Defendants move to dismiss plaintiffs’ intentional misrepresentation, constructive
fraud, negligent misrepresentation and fraudulent concealment claims, pursuant to Rule
12(b)(6) as barred by the statute of limitations [Doc. 42 p. 4]. Defendants state Tenn. Code
Ann. Section 28-3-105 creates a three-year statute of limitations for these fraud-based
claims. Under Tennessee law, “[a] defense predicated on the statute of limitations triggers
the consideration of three components—the length of the limitations period, the accrual of
the cause of action, and the applicability of any relevant tolling doctrines.” Redwing v.
Catholic Bishop for Diocese of Memphis, 363 S.W.3d 436, 457 (Tenn. 2012).
The applicable consideration here is the date on which the plaintiffs’ claims accrued,
or when the applicable statute of limitations began to run. Under the discovery rule, the
cause of action accrues when plaintiff has actual knowledge of a claim or is put on
constructive or inquiry notice, meaning plaintiffs have “actual knowledge of facts
sufficient to put a reasonable person on notice that he [or she] has suffered an injury as a
result of wrongful conduct.” Id. at 459. “[I]nquiry notice charges a plaintiff with
knowledge of those facts that a reasonable investigation would have disclosed” meaning
that once a plaintiff “gains information sufficient to alert a reasonable person of the need
to investigate the injury, the limitation period begins to run.” Id. (citations omitted).
Addressing the third consideration, the statute of limitations “is tolled only during
the period when the plaintiff has no knowledge that a wrong occurred, and, as a
reasonable person is not put on inquiry.” Graham v. Lake Park Condo-Signal View,
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Nos. E2011–02739–COA–R3–CV, E2012–00434–COA–R3–CV, 2013 WL 5974921
at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 8, 2013). Accordingly, the discovery rule “does not delay the
accrual of a cause of action . . . until the plaintiff knows the full extent of the damages” or
“discovery of all the facts that affect the merits of his or her claim” Id.; see also Cagle v.
Hybner, No. M2006-02073-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 2649643 at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App.
July 3, 2008) (“a plaintiff is not permitted to delay filing suit until all the injurious effects
or consequences of the alleged tortious conduct are fully known.”). The Tennessee
Supreme Court has held “that there is no requirement that the plaintiff actually know the
specific type of legal claim he or she has, or that the injury constituted a breach of the
appropriate legal standard.” Citicorp Mortgage Inc. v. Roberts, No. 02S019712CH00109,
1998 WL 690839 at *3 (Tenn. Oct. 5, 1998). To determine whether the statute of
limitations is tolled,
the issue of whether the plaintiff exercised reasonable care and diligence in
discovering the injury or wrong is usually a fact question. Where, however,
the undisputed facts demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could
conclude that the plaintiff did not know, or in the exercise of reasonable care
and diligence should have known, that he sustained an injury as a result of
the defendant’s wrongful conduct, dismissal of the complaint is appropriate.
Cagle, 2008 WL 2649643 at *14.
Defendants argue that in invoking the discovery rule at the dismissal stage, plaintiffs
have not met their burden to allege “any facts or events which tend to suggest [p]laintiff
did not know or had no reason to know of the alleged events...” because their allegations
are conclusory and vague [Doc. 43 p. 15–17]. Phillips v. Nationstar Mortgage, LLC,
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No. 3:13-cv-01414, 2016 WL 2866164, at *6 (M.D. Tenn. May 17, 2016). Plaintiffs allege
in the complaint that they “did not discover some or all and the full extent of this fraud,
until they [sic] on or around November 2016” [Doc. 39 ¶ 71]. Only upon contacting
counsel were they “able to investigate and discover the extent of the fraud” [Doc. 48 p. 8].
Plaintiffs’ state that they did not discover the harm done until a later date as a result of
defendants concealing various facts, including that the timeshare was not an investment, it
could not be rented, the return rate was lower than stated, there was no after-market value,
reservations were difficult to come by, and the rooms were being rented on their website
for a lower cost thereby, decreasing exclusivity of timeshare ownership [Doc. 48 p. 8].3
Contrary to plaintiffs’ allegations, they need not know the full extent of the fraud
for the statute of limitations to begin to run, as previously discussed. Redwing, 363 S.W.3d
at 459. They only need be aware of facts that put them on notice such that, had plaintiffs
exercised reasonable care and diligence, the injury should have been discovered. Plaintiffs’
action in seeking counsel tends to indicate some prior knowledge of an injury requiring
legal advice or assistance in filing a suit. The point at which plaintiffs were injured by
being unable to obtain a reservation, rent their unit, or receive the desired investment return,
is when plaintiffs became aware of their injury or had gained actual knowledge of facts
sufficient to put a reasonable person on notice that they have suffered an injury.

3

As discussed below, at least one of the claims was not concealed as evidenced by the
contract’s terms.
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Plaintiffs do not indicate when they first became aware of these various injuries.
The parties entered into a tolling agreement dated January 11, 2017, and defendants state
that the agreement provides that claims already barred as of the effective date of the
agreement remain barred [Doc. 43 p. 15].4 Accordingly, if claims were preserved as of
January 2017, claims would accrue and statute of limitations would begin to run in
January 2014. Paragraph 154(c) of the complaint indicates that plaintiffs were told that an
upgrade would increase their reservation power “but Plaintiffs found that that [sic] they
could not, and they did not have any better success in getting reservations, which was
already poor.” This indicates that plaintiffs had already experienced the alleged injury of
difficulty with obtaining reservations. However, because no specific allegations have been
made in the complaint to determine conclusively from which date the discovery rule
applies, the Court turns to the contract at issue.
Defendants argue that plaintiffs entered into the Tennessee VOI on December 9,
2012 [Doc. 42-1], and that contract contains provisions stating that no representations
outside of the purchase agreement would be binding on the parties [Doc. 42-1 ¶ 12 (“This
Agreement will supersede any and all understandings and agreements between the parties
hereto, and . . . represents the entire agreement between the parties hereto, and no
representations or inducements prior hereto, which are not included in and embodied in the
agreement, shall be of any force and effect.”)]. Defendants argue that, because plaintiffs

4

Neither party provided a copy of the agreement, but its effect is of no consequence here
as the statute of limitations had already run.
19

are presumed to have understood and consented to the language in the agreement, this
means that plaintiffs should be aware that any oral representations would not be included
in the agreement and plaintiffs would have been on notice of written terms that directly
refuted the alleged oral misrepresentations at the time of signing the purchase agreement
[Doc. 43 pp. 14–15]; Church v. Perales, 39 S.W.3d 149, 161 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (“[T]he
law presumes that persons who sign documents, having been given an opportunity to read
them, are bound by their signatures.”); see also Giles v. Allstate Ins. Co., 871 S.W.2d 154,
157 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993) (“It will not do, for a man to enter into a contract, and, when
called upon to respond to its obligations, to say that he did not read it when he signed, or
did not know what it contained.”). Accordingly, defendants argue, these claims should
have been filed no later than December 9, 2015.
Plaintiffs were on notice of their fraud-based claims as of the date of execution of
the contract.

The written provisions of the contract directly contradict the oral

representations of the sales representatives. For example, the complaint states that the
Tennessee Wyndham sales representative “told the Plaintiffs that they could rent their
timeshare and easily make a profit doing so, even though he knew this was not true”
[Doc. 39 ¶ 64] while the contract stated, in a section entitled Buyer’s Acknowledgements,
“BUYER does further acknowledge, agree and warrant that the purchase of this VOI is
made for BUYER’S personal use with no expectation of deriving any profit or tax
advantage therefrom whether through rental, appreciation or otherwise.” [Doc. 42-1 ¶ 4)].

20

This contradiction should have placed the plaintiffs on notice of the questionable nature of
the representations regarding investment potential and plaintiffs’ potential profits.5
Plaintiffs cite the Court’s ruling in Burgess v. Bluegreen Vacations Unlimited
[Doc. 33, 3:18-cv-119-HSM-DCP] as support that the contract does not put the plaintiff on
notice of the harm done to them per se [Doc. 48 p. 8]. However, plaintiffs misinterpret the
arguments made in that case and its application here. The Court did not hold that a contract
does not necessarily put the plaintiffs on notice of the harm; defendants in that case did not
raise arguments about the terms of the contract itself. Instead, the defendants argued that
the statute of limitations began on the date the misrepresentations were made. The Court
therein noted that the claims did not accrue on the date of the misrepresentations and
discussed the discovery rule. The Court held that a plaintiff’s specific allegation that
“shortly after the purchase, but not more than three years ago, Plaintiff discovered the full
extent of the falsity of these representations and the true intent of the Defendant” was “too
conclusory and lack[ed] a factual predicate from which the discovery rule can be applied,”
so the Court looked to the pleadings in their entirety, including the contracts at issue. The
Court did not reference terms of the contract in its order, instead analyzing the oral
representations of the sales agents. In that case, plaintiff had been led to believe she could

5

Defendants additionally cite an order from the Chancery Court for Davidson County,
Tennessee, Boy v. Wyndham et al., 18-839-III, which stated “[t]he Court further finds that the
discovery rule did not toll the statute of limitations for Plaintiff's’ fraud-related claims because the
terms of the sales contract put the plaintiffs on notice of the alleged wrongs or contradictions that
form the basis of these claims.” The Court includes this reference as further support of its approach
here.
21

use membership points to make reservations and sublease them, so the Court held that
plaintiff may not have known of the falsity of the sales person’s representations until
plaintiff attempted to make a reservation some time before the points’ expiration. Because
the expiration date was one year after the purchase, the Court held under the discovery rule,
such was the date that the statute of limitations began to run. Accordingly, one year after
the date of the misrepresentations is representative of the latest point at which plaintiffs
may first have been injured or on notice to investigate their injury as it relates to the
misrepresentations regarding reservation capabilities.
Using such considerations here, and applying the discovery rule from December 9,
2013, one year after the contract was executed,6 plaintiffs’ claims are still not within the
statute of limitations, as this action was filed in 2018 with the tolling agreement effective
January 2017. Nevertheless, application of Burgess is not even necessary in this case, as
here the contract’s plain terms create a contradiction.
Whether analyzed under the allegation plaintiffs make regarding their injury (too
vague as to when plaintiffs knew of injury or facts to put them on notice), the pleadings as
a whole and applying Burgess at plaintiffs’ behest (December 9, 2016), or analyzing the
terms of the contract (December 9, 2015), the claims accrued and statute of limitations had
run by the time plaintiffs entered into the tolling agreement. The Court finds that no

6

The parties do not clarify if the points expire at the end of one year like in Burgess.
However, the Court takes the parties’ arguments for the applicability of this case to indicate the
same applies in the present contract. Additionally, since the applicability of the Burgess case is
not determinative of this issue, the Court does not find it critical to determine the expiration policy
of these points for purposes of this analysis.
22

reasonable trier of fact could conclude that plaintiffs did not know, or in the exercise of
reasonable care and diligence should not have known, that they sustained an injury before
January 2014, and therefore dismissal is appropriate. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ fraud-related
claims, Counts I, II, IV, and V, are barred by the applicable statute of limitations, and to
the extent that they relate to the Tennessee VOI, such claims are DISMISSED pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.
C.

Tennessee Timeshare Act

Defendants move to dismiss the plaintiffs’ Tennessee Timeshare Act (“TTSA”)
claim, Count VI, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) as untimely and barred by the four-year statute
of repose [Doc. 42 p. 5]. Defendant states the Tennessee legislature created a statute of
repose which reads:
A judicial proceeding where the accuracy of the public offering statement or
validity of any contract of purchase is in issue and a rescission of the contract
or damages is sought must be commenced within four (4) years after the date
of the contract of purchase, notwithstanding that the purchaser’s terms of
payments may extend beyond the period of limitation.
Tenn. Code. Ann. § 66-32-119. Defendants therefore state that the action must have been
filed within four years of the date of execution of the contract, which was executed on
July 2, 2011. Defendants again assert that the tolling agreement does not protect claims
already barred as of its effective date [Doc. 43 p. 18].
Plaintiffs respond that the TTSA does not create a statute of repose, as the section
defendants reference is titled “statute of limitations.” Plaintiffs argue neither the text itself
nor the defendants’ briefing contains any evidence that it was intended to be a statute of
23

repose. A statute of repose, plaintiffs contend, includes two “telltale signs:” “two dates
[one for limitations, one for repose] or language such as ‘notwithstanding any exceptions
to these provisions [the action] must be brought within . . . ’; ‘in no event’; or ‘in any
event’” [Doc. 48 p. 10]. Plaintiffs therefore argue that they have properly pled this claim
under the discovery rule, the merits of which are addressed in the previous section of this
opinion.
The Court previously addressed these arguments shortly after the parties completed
their briefing in Moore v. Westgate Resorts, Ltd., L.P. No. 3:18-CV-00410-DCLC,
2020 WL 6814666, at *10 (E.D. Tenn. Nov. 18, 2020). There, the parties made the same
arguments as here regarding the nature of this statute. The Court therein stated “[i]n the
ordinary course . . . a statute of limitations creates a time limit for suing in a civil case,
based on the date when the claim accrued” and that a “statute of repose, on the other hand,
puts an outer limit on the right to bring a civil action, which is measured not from the date
on which the claim accrues but instead from the date of the last culpable act or omission of
the defendant.” Id. at *11 (citing Stein v. Regions Morgan Keegan Select High Income
Fund, Inc., 821 F.3d 780, 786 (6th Cir. 2016)). For instance, a statute of limitations runs
from the period of plaintiff’s discovery of a wrongful act, whereas the statute of repose
runs from the event itself, here, the date of contract.

Accordingly, “a statute

of repose limits the time within which [an] action may be brought” and is “entirely
unrelated to the accrual of a cause of action.” Id. A statute may contain both a statute of

24

limitations and a statute of repose, and “courts have been known to characterize the same
provision as both a statute of limitations and a statute of repose.” Id.
Having discussed the general differences between the two types of statutes, this
Court determined that
[t]he time limitation provision in the Time Share Act tracks most closely with
a statute of repose. The four-year time limit begins on the date “of the
contract of purchase,” and has no relation to plaintiff's discovery of a
purported unlawful act. Tenn. Code Ann. § 66-32-119. The legislative
choice to name this provision “Statute of Limitations” does not change the
nature of the provision as a statute of repose, as Plaintiffs claim [Doc. 104,
pg. 17]. Thus, the limitations period in this cause of action, for claims
brought under the Act, began to run at the point of purchase for each Plaintiff.
Id.

Applying the same analysis, plaintiffs here purchased their Tennessee VOI on

December 9, 2011. The statute of repose therefore had run by December 9, 2015. The
tolling agreement did not come into effect until 2017 and does not save plaintiffs’ claim.
Accordingly, this action was brought after the statute of repose had run, fails to state a
claim as to the Tennessee VOI, and this claim therefore is DISMISSED pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6) and Section 66-32-119 of the Tennessee Time Share Act.
D.

Summary Judgment: Breach of Contract

Defendants move for summary judgment on plaintiffs’ breach of contract claims
[Doc. 63 p. 3], arguing that plaintiffs do not, and cannot, point to a specific term of the
agreement that defendants breached. In the complaint, the only specific contractual
provision mentioned is that defendants “violated section 5 of the Purchase Agreement and
Promissory Note, entitled ‘Use and Occupancy’ which outlines Plaintiffs’ use, occupancy

25

and possessory rights in their Vacation Ownership Interests” [Doc. 39 ¶ 133]. However,
no such provision exists in the Tennessee VOI agreement.
Plaintiffs respond [Doc. 75 p. 8] stating that defendants violated paragraph three
entitled “Use and Occupancy” which plaintiffs claim gives them the “right to be able to
obtain reasonable accommodations and reservations within a reasonable period prior to the
reservation dates.” The provision states that the buyer shall be assigned points, which are
“symbolic and are to be used by BUYER in reserving occupancy pursuant to the Governing
Documents. A reservation for occupancy of a VOI unit . . . shall be confirmed pursuant to
the Reservation System Rules and Regulations of the Plan” [Doc. 42-1]. Plaintiffs argue
that they were unable to book where and when they wanted to and that they were denied
reservations. Plaintiffs state that they were told by sales representatives multiple times that
they would be able to get rentals “anywhere and at any time and that because they would
be Platinum members, they would go first, have priority, and would be able to get rentals
almost any time and any place” [Doc. 75 p. 9].

The Court notes that any oral

representations of the sales staff are not included in the contract, as discussed above, and
therefore defendants cannot be held liable for breach of contract on this basis.
Plaintiffs allege that reservation availability was limited because defendants only
set aside a portion of the units for timeshare owners, thereby “den[ying] access to the
properties and benefits to which they are entitled under the terms of the contract” [Doc. 75
p. 10]. Plaintiffs allege defendants restricted the number of available units but do not cite

26

a term that defendants have breached; no provision guarantees or requires that a certain
number or proportion of a resort’s total rooms be made available to owners.
Regarding denial of reservations, plaintiffs state they were unable to book in
Yellowstone National Park after at tempting approximately six times, attempting to book
even thirteen months in advance; they were also unable to book in Nashville after
attempting between eight and ten times [Doc. 75-4 pp. 23–25]. Plaintiffs have not
established that the ability to book a reservation when and where they wanted
was guaranteed by any term of their purchase agreement. In a statement of understanding,
plaintiffs initialed a paragraph that states “I understand that I may request
reservations . . . up to ten (10) months in advance. I also understand that all reservations
are confirmed on a space available basis. In order to have the best opportunity to receive
a confirmed reservation, I should request my reservation as soon as possible”7 and “I also
understand that I am not guaranteed a reservation for a specific date, season or unit” [Doc.
63-1 p. 23]. Plaintiffs’ evidence does not establish that plaintiffs were denied reservations,
rather simply that those particular reservations were not confirmed because they were not
available.
Plaintiff Hoopingarner testified that she “made a lot of reservations” in 2014 and
2015 [Doc. 63-9 p. 6] that their points were used via a third party to make reservations

7

Plaintiffs argue they were not able to make reservations by calling sometimes two to four
months in advance for Yellowstone and attempting between a few days and six months in advance
for Nashville locations [Doc. 75-4 p. 23–24]. That the reservations open up ten (10) months in
advance could indicate that the reservations may have been available prior to their inquiry and may
have been already confirmed and taken by other Wyndham owners.
27

approximately four hundred times [Doc. 63-8 pp. 78–80; Doc. 63-3]. Plaintiffs fail to
demonstrate how access to the properties was denied to them, as they used their timeshare
interest to book vacations for themselves and to rent their properties. They admitted that
they were not guaranteed any particular time or location and the reservations were
confirmed on a space available basis. They used such space when available and have failed
to support their claim that defendants breached the Use and Ownership clause of the
contract.
Plaintiffs further state defendants breached their contract by alerting plaintiffs that
their accounts would be frozen and violated the covenant of good faith and fair dealing by
telling plaintiffs that they could not use their timeshare [Doc. 75 p. 9]. To the extent that
plaintiffs base their claim on the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, this argument
fails. This duty is not a clause in a contract and “does not . . . create new contractual rights
or obligations, nor can it be used to circumvent or alter the specific terms of the parties’
agreement.” Lamar Advertising v. By-Pass Partners, 313 S.W.3d 779, 791 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2009).
Defendant makes various additional arguments regarding the general grievances
plaintiffs lodge against defendants in the complaint.8 The Court does not find it necessary
to address the merits of these arguments, as they do not relate to any particular provision

8

Defendants state that plaintiffs generally assert that they were unable to book vacations
when and where they preferred, defendants failed to provide incidental services to the timeshare
ownership, defendants’ personnel were unavailable to assist with booking reservations, defendants
eliminated unspecified benefits provided in the Public Offering Statement, and defendants did not
disclose the number of points needed to book reservations [Doc. 63 p. 3].
28

in the contract after the Court’s review of the document. After defendants met their burden,
plaintiffs did not point to evidence in the record to allow a jury to find in its favor, and
plaintiffs may not proceed to trial merely on the basis of the pleadings. Universal Match
Corp., 778 F. Supp. at 1423.
In sum, plaintiffs state that “the entire idea was to purchase timeshare [sic] so that
reservations could be made for vacations. When the Defendants unreasonable [sic] restrict
the reservations, they have breached the contracts” [Doc. 75 p. 10]. However, the parties
are not bound by ideas. They are bound by the terms of the contract, and plaintiffs have
not identified how defendants breached said contract. The Court concludes that no genuine
issue of material fact exists regarding plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim, Count III, as it
relates to the Tennessee VOI. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is on this claim
is therefore GRANTED in part and that claim will be DISMISSED.
E.

Anticipatory Breach

Defendants move to dismiss plaintiffs’ claim for anticipatory breach, Count VII,
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. On February 9, 2017, defendants sent
plaintiffs a letter stating their intent to freeze plaintiffs’ accounts, cease automatic
withdrawals for outstanding loans or maintenance payments and fees, cancel all existing
reservations, and revoke plaintiffs’ ability to book accommodations using points [Doc. 391 p. 2]. The final line of the letter states: “If, despite allegations that these purchases were
fraudulently induced, an owner you represent wishes to continue to travel and use his or
her points, please let me know so that we may discuss this request” [Id.]. Plaintiffs allege
29

that defendants therefore voluntarily repudiated said contracts upon sending this letter
[Doc. 39 ¶ 192].
Defendants state that to state this claim, plaintiffs must show that defendants
repudiated the agreement before the contract required them to perform. UT Med. Grp.,
Inc. v. Vogt, 235 S.W.3d 110, 120 (Tenn. 2007). A repudiation occurs, as relevant here,
when “the words and conduct of the contracting party . . . amount to a total and unqualified
refusal to perform the contract.” Id. However, “an indication that more negotiations are
sought is not a total and unqualified refusal to perform.” Id. Defendants argue that the final
line of the letter “constitutes an express and clear willingness on the part of the Defendants
to continue acting under the contract” [Doc. 43 p. 19]. In support, defendants cite an order
from the Chancery Court for Davidson County, Tennessee, Boy v. Wyndham et al., No. 18839-III. There, plaintiffs received the same letter as here, and the court ruled that the last
line “indicates that further discussions, negotiations, are to take place.” [Doc. 42-4].9
Therefore, defendants argue, plaintiffs cannot establish their claim, and it should be
dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6).
In response to defendants’ letter, plaintiffs stated they did not want their contracts
frozen [Doc. 39-2], indicating their desire to discuss the February letter and engage in
negotiations.

Because defendants never responded plaintiffs state that “[a]ll things

9

Defendants cite an additional order from the Chancery Court for Sevier County,
Tennessee, Stoddard v. Wyndham et. al., 18-7-191, which additionally held the letter did
not constitute “unequivocal and unqualified refusal to perform” [Doc. 42-5].
30

reasonable considered, the correspondence and lack of communication, the reasonable
conclusion is repudiation” [Doc. 48 p. 11].
While the letter itself may not have constituted repudiation, the allegations that
defendants failed to actually conduct such discussions or attempt to engage in further
communications with plaintiffs do state a claim for anticipatory breach, when construing
the pleadings most favorably to plaintiff. Therefore, defendants’ motion to dismiss [Doc.
42] is DENIED in part.
Ultimately, the claim is still dismissed under defendant’s motion for partial
summary judgment [Doc. 63]. Plaintiffs testified that they stopped making the required
payments to defendants in December 2016 [Doc. 63-9 p. 16]. According to the terms of
the agreement which state “[u]pon BUYER’S breach of any term or condition of this
Agreement . . . neither party shall have any further rights or obligations thereunder”
[Doc. 63-1 ¶ 5], defendants no longer had contractual obligations to plaintiffs. Therefore
defendants could not have breached the contract by sending the February 2017 letter since
plaintiffs were already in breach. Plaintiffs do not respond to this argument. Defendants
therefore demonstrate no genuine dispute of material fact and are entitled to partial
summary judgment on this claim pursuant to Rule 56; the motion [Doc 63] is GRANTED
in part and that claim will be DISMISSED.
IV.

Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, defendants’ motion to dismiss [Doc. 42] will be

GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Additionally, defendants’ motion for summary
31

judgment [Doc. 63] will be GRANTED in part. To the extent the arguments presented in
the motion for summary judgment are duplicative of the issues or claims handled at the
dismissal staged, the motion is DENIED as moot in part. The Clerk will be DIRECTED
to TRANSFER the remainder of this action to the Middle District of Florida and to
CLOSE this Court’s file.
An appropriate order will enter.

s/ Thomas A. Varlan
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

32