Bragg et al v. Marriott International, Inc.
Filing
28
ORDER denying without prejudice 25 the parties' Joint Motion for Approval of FLSA Unpaid Wage Claim Settlement Agreement. The parties may file a renewed motion that addresses the issues set forth in this Order and revised settlement agreements, if amended, on or before December 7, 2022. Signed by Magistrate Judge Embry J. Kidd on 11/18/2022. (RMN)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
ORLANDO DIVISION
CAROLINA BRAGG, JUAN
PEROZO, BORISLAVA
RAYNOVA, CATHERINE
THRONEBURG, and IVAN
MILLAN,
Plaintiffs,
v.
Case No: 6:22-cv-265-WWB-EJK
MARRIOTT INTERNATIONAL,
INC.,
Defendant.
ORDER
This cause comes before the Court on the parties’ Joint Motion for Approval of
FLSA Unpaid Wage Claim Settlement Agreement (the “Motion”), filed September
27, 2022. (Doc. 25.) Upon consideration, the Motion is due to be denied without
prejudice.
I.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs filed their Amended Complaint on January 12, 2022, in the Circuit
Court of the Ninth Judicial Circuit in and for Orange County, Florida. (Doc. 1-1.)
On February 2, 2022, Defendant, Marriott International, Inc. (“Marriott”), removed
the action to this Court. (Doc. 1). Plaintiffs allege they are former employees of
Marriott, who worked at the Orlando World Center Marriott Resort & Convention
Center in Orlando, Florida, as either cocktail servers or bartenders in the Lobby
Lounge. (Doc. 1-1 ¶ 10, 12.) In those roles, they sold food products, including sushi,
to guests; the sushi was prepared in the back of the house by sushi chefs and served
to guests by Plaintiffs. (Id. ¶¶ 13–15.)
Plaintiffs allege that they were tipped employees within the meaning of the
FLSA, 29 U.S.C. § 203(t). (Id. ¶ 16.) Plaintiffs state that Marriott afforded itself a tip
credit under 29 U.S.C. § 203(m)(2)(A)(ii) when compensating Plaintiffs their
minimum wage. (Id. ¶ 17.) On or about June 8, 2019, Marriott implemented a
mandatory policy requiring Plaintiffs to "tip out" the sushi chefs a minimum of 5% of
their sushi sales each night Plaintiffs worked. (Id. ¶ 20.) Plaintiffs allege that the sushi
chefs did not meet the definition of a tipped employee under the FLSA and related
case law. (Id. ¶¶ 22–29.) Thus, Plaintiffs allege that Marriott violated the FLSA when
it improperly required Plaintiffs to share their tips with the sushi chefs. (Id. ¶¶ 19, 29.)
Plaintiffs Millan and Bragg objected to Marriott’s intended tip policy with
respect to the sushi chefs as early as January 10, 2019, and January 13, 2019, when its
implementation was first discussed with the Plaintiffs. (Id. ¶¶ 30, 32.) On December 3,
2021, Marriott placed Plaintiffs Millan and Bragg on suspension. (Id. ¶ 31, 33.) On
December 14, 2021, Marriott terminated Plaintiffs Millan and Bragg. (Id.) Plaintiffs
allege this termination was pretextual due to their prior complaints about the tip
pooling practice. (Id. ¶¶ 30–34.)
The Amended Complaint includes the following six causes of action: Count I –
Unpaid wage claim in violation of the FLSA (brought by all Plaintiffs); Count II –
Unpaid wage claim in violation of the Florida Minimum Wage Act (brought by all
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Plaintiffs); Count III – Retaliation in violation of the FLSA (brought by Plaintiffs
Bragg and Millan); Count IV – Retaliation in violation of the Florida Minimum Wage
Act (brought by Plaintiffs Bragg and Millan); Count V – Retaliation in violation of
Florida’s Whistleblower Act (brought by Plaintiffs Bragg and Millan); and Count VI Wages owed under Florida common law and § 448.08, Fla. Stat. (brought by all
Plaintiffs). (Doc. 1-1.) Plaintiffs and Defendant have negotiated a compromise and
settlement of Plaintiffs’ FLSA wage claim (Count I) and, on September 27, 2022, filed
this Motion pursuant to Lynn’s Food Stores, Inc. v. United States, 679 F.2d 1350, 1354–
55 (11th Cir. 1982). (Docs. 22, 25.) As the parties explain in their Motion, they have
also resolved the remaining claims as follows:
The Parties have also entered into a separate settlement
agreement to fully and finally resolve the non-FLSA wage
claims and the three pending retaliation claims in the
action. The separate settlement agreements provide for
additional monetary compensation to Plaintiffs, for which
Plaintiffs have agreed to release all other pending claims in
this action, to not seek re-hire, and to not make defamatory
statements about Defendant. The separate settlement
agreements require Plaintiffs to keep only the terms and
existence of each the separate settlement agreements
confidential. Pursuant to the terms of the separate
settlement agreements, the confidentiality obligation
explicitly does not apply to the existence or terms of the
FLSA Settlement Agreements that are attached hereto for
the Court’s approval.
(Doc. 25 at 2 n.1; Doc. 27.) The Court now reviews the Settlement Agreements for
each Plaintiff, attached to the Motion as composite Exhibit A. (Doc. 25-1.)
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II.
STANDARD
“The principal congressional purpose in enacting the Fair Labor Standards Act
of 1938 was to protect all covered workers from substandard wages and oppressive
working hours, ‘labor conditions [that are] detrimental to the maintenance of the
minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency and general well-being of
workers.’” Barrentine v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 450 U.S. 728, 739 (1981)
(alteration in original) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 202(a)). “Any employer who violates the
provisions of section 206 or section 207 of [the FLSA] shall be liable to the employee
or employees affected in the amount of their unpaid minimum wages, or their unpaid
overtime compensation, . . . and in an additional equal amount as liquidated
damages.” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). Section 206 establishes the federally mandated
minimum hourly wage, and § 207 prescribes overtime compensation of “one and onehalf times the regular rate” for each hour worked in excess of forty hours during a
given workweek. The provisions of the FLSA are mandatory and “cannot be abridged
by contract or otherwise waived.” Barrentine, 450 U.S. at 740. To permit otherwise
would “‘nullify the purposes’ of the [FLSA] and thwart the legislative policies it was
designed to effectuate.” Id. (quoting Brooklyn Sav. Bank v. O’Neil, 324 U.S. 697, 707
(1945)).
The parties seek judicial review and a determination that their settlement is a
“fair and reasonable resolution of a bona fide dispute” over FLSA issues. See Lynn’s
Food Stores, 679 F.2d at 1354–55. If a settlement is not supervised by the Department
of Labor, the only other route for a compromise of FLSA claims is provided in the
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context of suits brought directly by employees against their employers under § 216(b)
to recover back wages for FLSA violations. Id. at 1353. “When employees bring a
private action for back wages under the FLSA, and present to the district court a
proposed settlement, the district court may enter a stipulated judgment after
scrutinizing the settlement for fairness.” Id.
The Eleventh Circuit has held that “[s]ettlements may be permissible in the
context of a suit brought by employees under the FLSA for back wages because
initiation of the action by the employees provides some assurance of an adversarial
context.” Id. at 1354. In adversarial cases:
The employees are likely to be represented by an attorney
who can protect their rights under the statute. Thus, when
the parties submit a settlement to the court for approval, the
settlement is more likely to reflect a reasonable compromise
of disputed issues than a mere waiver of statutory rights
brought about by an employer’s overreaching. If a
settlement in an employee FLSA suit does reflect a
reasonable compromise over issues, such as FLSA coverage
or computation of back wages, that are actually in dispute;
we allow the district court to approve the settlement in order
to promote the policy of encouraging settlement of
litigation.
Id.
When evaluating an FLSA settlement agreement, the district court considers
whether the settlement is fair and reasonable to the employee, or “internal” factors,
and whether the settlement frustrates the purpose of the FLSA, or “external” factors.
Dees v. Hydradry, Inc., 706 F. Supp. 2d 1227, 1241 (M.D. Fla. 2010); Moreno v. Regions
Bank, 729 F. Supp. 2d 1346, 1350–51 (M.D. Fla. 2010). Factors considered “internal”
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include: “(1) the existence of fraud or collusion behind the settlement; (2) the
complexity, expense, and likely duration of the litigation; (3) the stage of the
proceedings and the amount of discovery completed; (4) the probability of plaintiffs’
success on the merits; (5) the range of possible recovery; and (6) the opinions of the
counsel.” Hamilton v. Frito-Lay, Inc., No. 6:05-CV-592-ORL-22JGG, 2007 WL 328792,
at *2 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 8, 2007). There is a “‘strong presumption’ in favor of finding a
settlement fair.” Id. (quoting Cotton v. Hinton, 559 F.2d 1336, 1331 (5th Cir. 1977)). 1
III.
DISCUSSION
A. Settlement Sum
In the Motion, the parties represent that Defendant has agreed to pay Plaintiffs
the following unpaid wages for work during the relevant time period:
• Plaintiff Bragg - $4,865.90
• Plaintiff Millan – $6,904.94
• Plaintiff Perozo – $3,142.48
• Plaintiff Throneburg – $3,516.31
• Plaintiff Raynova – $5,132.20.
(Doc. 25 at 5.) The parties then state in a footnote that “during the negotiations
between the parties, Plaintiffs conceded Defendant had a viable good faith defense,
1
See Bonner v. City of Prichard, Ala., 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (holding all
decisions from the Fifth Circuit handed down prior to October 1, 1981, are binding on
the Eleventh Circuit).
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which is why there is no liquidated damages component of the FLSA unpaid wages
settlement.” (Doc. 25 at 5 n.2) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 259).
However, the Settlement Agreements further break down these totals as follows:
• Plaintiff Bragg - $3,406.13 in unpaid wages; $1,459.77 in liquidated damages
• Plaintiff Millan - $4,833.45 in unpaid wages; $2,071.49 in liquidated damages
• Plaintiff Perozo - $2,199.73 in unpaid wages; $942.65 in liquidated damages
• Plaintiff Throneburg -$2,461.41 in unpaid wages; $1,054.90 in liquidated
damages
• Plaintiff Raynova – $3,592.44 in unpaid wages; $1,539.76 in liquidated damages
(Doc. 25-1 at 3, 8, 13, 18, 23.) The Motion does not address this discrepancy.
In their answers to the Court’s interrogatories, Plaintiffs claimed they were
entitled to considerably more wages than they are receiving in the settlements, set forth
as follows:
• Plaintiff Bragg - $14,401.35
• Plaintiff Millan - $14,401.35
• Plaintiff Perozo - $9,576.40
• Plaintiff Throneburg -$7,115.25
• Plaintiff Raynova – $15,194.40
(Docs. 9–13.) However, the Motion informs that Plaintiffs conceded during
negotiations that they had “overestimated the amount initially demanded as unpaid
wages under the FLSA.” (Doc. 25 at 5 n.2.)
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Under 29 U.S.C. § 216(b), an employee damaged by a violation of the FLSA
is entitled to unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation, plus an
additional, equal amount, as liquidated damages. The parties are correct that a good faith
defense to liquidated damages exists, “which gives the court discretion to reduce or
deny an award of liquidated damages ‘if the employer shows to the satisfaction of the
court that the act or omission giving rise to such action was in good faith and that he
had reasonable grounds for believing that his act or omission was not a violation of
the [FLSA].’” Alvarez Perez v. Sanford-Orlando Kennel Club, Inc., 515 F.3d 1150, 1163
(11th Cir. 2008) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 260). “The employer bears the burden of
establishing both the subjective and objective components of that good faith defense
against liquidated damages.” Id.
The undersigned cannot recommend approval of the settlement sum, based on
the current briefing, for two reasons. First, the Motion states that Plaintiffs have agreed
to forgo their claim to liquidated damages, whereas the Settlement Agreements
provide for a reduced amount of liquidated damages. Even if the undersigned were to
defer to the Settlement Agreements, Defendant has not proffered facts or case law to
demonstrate that it is entitled to the benefit of the good faith defense, despite the
concession by Plaintiffs. Therefore, the undersigned finds the Motion is due to be
denied without prejudice on this basis.
B. Release
Next, the parties have agreed to a release for all Plaintiffs in a form similar to
the one below, taken from Plaintiff Bragg’s Settlement Agreement:
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(Doc. 25-1 at 4) (the “Release”).
The Release is not limited to Defendant and its heirs and assigns. Rather, the
Release extends to various unidentified non-parties. The undersigned cannot approve
a release to a “host of individuals and entities” including “unnamed past and present
employees, agents, affiliated and subsidiary companies . . .” Correa v. House of Glass,
Inc., No. 6:17-cv-676-Orl-28TBS, 2017 WL 8794847, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 19, 2017)
(“I wonder whether Plaintiff actually knows who he is releasing or why all of these
individuals and entities should enjoy the benefit of his release.”). The parties have not
explained to the Court why so many unnamed parties are being released here, nor have
they provided case law to support such a release. Thus, at this juncture and without
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the benefit of briefing by the parties, the undersigned will not recommend that the
Release be approved in its current form.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Upon consideration of the foregoing, the parties’ Joint Motion for Approval of
FLSA Unpaid Wage Claim Settlement Agreement (Doc. 25) is DENIED WITHOUT
PREJUDICE. The parties may file a renewed motion that addresses the issues set
forth in this Order and revised settlement agreements, if amended, on or before
December 7, 2022. 2
DONE and ORDERED in Orlando, Florida on November 16, 2022.
2
Upon resubmission, the parties should also state whether the consideration for the
separate agreements was greater than $250 for each plaintiff and whether acceptance
of the FLSA agreements was conditioned upon acceptance of the separate agreements.
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