Boyers v. Secretary, Department of Corrections et al

Filing 14

OPINION AND ORDER. Boyers' petition for the writ of habeas corpus is DENIED. The Clerk is directed to enter a judgment in favor of Respondent and against Boyers and to CLOSE this case. Boyers is not entitled to a certificate of appealability and he is not entitled to appeal in forma pauperis. Signed by Judge Charlene Edwards Honeywell on 6/9/2017. (BGS)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
TAMPA DIVISION
LARRY BOYERS,
Petitioner,
v.

Case No. 8:15-cv-260-T-36MAP

SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT
OF CORRECTIONS,
Respondent.
/

ORDER

Larry Boyers (“Boyers”), a counseled Florida prisoner, filed a petition for writ of
habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. Section 2254 (Doc. 1) and supporting memorandum of
law. (Doc. 2) Boyers challenges his conviction for attempted second degree murder of a
law enforcement officer with a firearm, which was entered by the Circuit Court for the
Twelfth Judicial Circuit for Manatee County, Florida. The Respondent filed a response
and supporting exhibits. (Docs. 6, 8) Boyers’ counsel filed a reply. (Doc. 10) The
Respondent admits the petition is timely. (Doc. 6 at 10) Upon review, Boyers’ petition
must be denied.
I. BACKGROUND1
On January 17, 2007, deputies were dispatched to Boyers’ residence in response
to a call of a suicidal man with a gun. Deputy Robinson arrived and spoke with a woman

1

The summary of the facts derives from Boyers’ initial brief on direct appeal and the trial transcript. (Exs.
3, 6)

who was sitting at a table outside the residence. As the deputy was speaking with a man
who had called 911, the woman started causing a disturbance, banging on the carport
door and yelling. Deputy Robinson attempted to get her to move out of harm’s way.
Another woman exited the front door and advised that there was a man inside with a lot
of guns and that her child was inside. Deputy Robinson and Detective Deluca heard a
shotgun being racked, and seconds later, a shotgun blast. Deputy Robinson saw a white
flash and felt the heat of the blast and the hair move on his head. Seconds later, another
shot was fired, after which the deputy took cover.
SWAT teams responded and extracted a baby from a back bedroom. Negotiators
were in contact with Boyers for approximately three hours. He told them that he had
many guns and that the deputies were going to have to kill him. Boyers repeatedly told
negotiators that he was crazy and drunk, and that he wanted to shoot himself and die.
He stated numerous times that he was going to shoot at and kill the deputies. He also
said that he did not want to kill or hurt anyone. Eventually, Boyers exited the residence
and was taken into custody. A shotgun, SKS rifle, magazine, live round, five shell casings,
two rifles, and a pistol were recovered from the scene.
II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Boyers was charged with attempted murder in the second degree of a law
enforcement officer with a firearm. Prior to his jury trial, Boyers rejected the State’s offer
for him to enter a plea to the offense of aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer
in return for a 10-year sentence. At trial, Boyers presented an insanity defense. The
defense relied on Dr. Eddy Regnier, who testified that Boyers was insane at the time of
the event. The State relied on Dr. James McGovern, who testified that Boyers was legally

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sane at the time. Boyers was found guilty as charged and sentenced to a mandatory
minimum prison term of 20 years. (Ex. 5) 2 The Florida appellate court per curiam affirmed
without a written opinion. Boyers v. State, 18 So. 3d 1043 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009) [table].
In a pro se amended postconviction motion filed pursuant to Rule 3.850 of the
Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure, Boyers raised claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel, which were summarily denied. (Exs. 10, 11)

The Florida appellate court

reversed and remanded for the trial court to allow Boyers to amend his Rule 3.850 motion
with respect to one ground for relief. The summary denial of his other grounds was
affirmed without elaboration. The state court’s opinion provides:
We reverse the order to the extent that it denied the claim raised in
ground one wherein Mr. Boyers alleged that counsel was ineffective for
advising him to reject a favorable plea offer. We affirm the order without
comment to the extent that it denied the remaining claims alleged in the
motion. Mr. Boyers was convicted after jury trial of attempted seconddegree murder of a law enforcement officer with a firearm and was
sentenced to a twenty-year mandatory minimum prison sentence under
section 775.087(2)(a)(2), Florida Statutes (2006). The transcript of a pretrial
hearing that was attached to the postconviction court's order establishes
that the State offered to allow Mr. Boyers to plead to the lesser-included
offense of aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer with the
stipulation that he be sentenced to a ten-year mandatory minimum prison
term under section 775.087(2)(a)(1). The trial court advised Mr. Boyers that
it was his last opportunity to accept the State's offer. Mr. Boyers alleged that
he rejected the plea based on counsel's assurance that if he proceeded to
trial, Mr. Boyers would ultimately obtain a lesser sentence than the ten-year
mandatory minimum prison sentence offered by the State, but that he in fact
received a greater sentence following his conviction at trial. Mr. Boyers
alleged further that but for counsel's deficient performance, he would have
accepted the plea offer. [FN1]
An allegation that counsel was ineffective in advising a defendant to
reject a plea offer premised on assurances that a trial would produce a more
favorable result can be the basis of a cognizable rule 3.850 claim where the
result is ultimately less favorable and the defendant alleges that he would
have accepted the plea had he been properly advised. Morgan v. State,

2

The Respondent’s exhibits (Doc. 8) are referred to by exhibit, volume, and page number as appropriate.
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991 So. 2d 835, 841 (Fla. 2008); Wright v. State, --- So. 3d ---- (Fla. 2d DCA
2012). However, Mr. Boyers' claim is facially insufficient because he failed
to allege a specific deficiency on the part of counsel, such as an assertion
that counsel's assessment of the chances of success at trial was
unreasonable under the facts and circumstances of the case or that counsel
had not investigated or was otherwise unfamiliar with the case. [FN2] See
Morgan, 991 So. 2d at 841; Wright, --- So. 3d ----. Because Mr. Boyers
presented a cognizable but facially insufficient claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel based on counsel's advice to reject a plea offer, we
reverse the postconviction court's order to the extent that it denied the claim
presented in ground one of the motion. On remand, the postconviction court
shall strike this claim with leave to amend to file a facially sufficient claim
within a reasonable time. See Spera v. State, 971 So. 2d 754, 761 (Fla.
2007). In all other respects, we affirm the postconviction court's order.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
[FN] 1 Mr. Boyers' allegation that counsel failed to advise him that,
as part of the plea negotiations, the charged offense would be
reduced to aggravated assault of a law enforcement officer is
conclusively refuted by the transcript of the pretrial hearing.
Furthermore, Mr. Boyers' allegation that the psychotropic
medications he was taking reduced his ability to make an informed
choice regarding the plea offer which he rejected is not a cognizable
rule 3.850 claim.
[FN] 2 To state a facially sufficient claim, such an assertion must be
factually specific, and a conclusory allegation that counsel's
assessment of the chances of success at trial was unreasonable or
that counsel failed to properly investigate would not suffice.

Boyers v. State, 104 So. 3d 1230, 1231–32 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012).
Boyers filed a counseled second amended Rule 3.850 motion in which he
amended his first ground for relief. (Ex. 16) After an evidentiary hearing, the state court
denied relief. (Exs. 17, 18) The state appellate court per curiam affirmed without written
decision. Boyers v. State, 158 So. 3d 573 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) [table].
III. GOVERNING LEGAL PRINCIPLES
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) governs a
state prisoner's federal petition for habeas corpus. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254; Ledford v.
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Warden, Ga. Diagnostic & Classification Prison, 818 F.3d 600, 642 (11th Cir. 2016).
Section 2254(d), which creates a highly deferential standard for federal court review of a
state court adjudication, states:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody
pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect
to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings
unless the adjudication of the claim -(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the
Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination
of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.
In Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412–13 (2000), the Supreme Court interpreted this
deferential standard:
Under the “contrary to” clause, a federal habeas court may grant the
writ if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by this
Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently
than this Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts. Under the
“unreasonable application” clause, a federal habeas court may grant the
writ if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from this
Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the
prisoner’s case.
The phrase “clearly established Federal law” encompasses only the holdings of
the United States Supreme Court “as of the time of the relevant state-court decision.”
Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. at 412. “The focus . . . is on whether the state court’s
application of clearly established federal law is objectively unreasonable, and . . . an
unreasonable application is different from an incorrect one.” Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685,
694 (2002). Accord Brown v. Head, 272 F.3d 1308, 1313 (11th Cir. 2001) (“It is the
objective reasonableness, not the correctness per se, of the state court decision that we

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are to decide.”). “As a condition for obtaining habeas corpus from a federal court, a state
prisoner must show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal
court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and
comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.”
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011).
The purpose of federal review is not to re-try the state case. “The [AEDPA]
modified a federal habeas court’s role in reviewing state prisoner applications in order to
prevent federal habeas ‘retrials’ and to ensure that state-court convictions are given effect
to the extent possible under law.” Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. at 693. Federal courts must
afford due deference to a state court’s decision. “AEDPA prevents defendants --- and
federal courts --- from using federal habeas corpus review as a vehicle to second-guess
the reasonable decisions of state courts.” Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. 766, 779 (2010). See
also Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011) (“This is a ‘difficult to meet,’ . . . and
‘highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings, which demands that statecourt decisions be given the benefit of the doubt’ . . . .”) (citations omitted).
Boyers claims that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to
advise him reasonably as to the State’s plea offer. Before applying AEDPA deference,
the federal habeas court must first identify the last state court decision that evaluated the
claim on the merits. Wilson v. Warden, Ga. Diagnostic Prison, 834 F.3d 1227, 1235 (11th
Cir. 2016) (en banc), cert. granted, Wilson v. Sellers, No. 16-6855, --- S.Ct. ----, 2017 WL
737820 (Feb. 27, 2017). The Florida appellate court per curiam affirmed the denial of
Boyers’ ground after an evidentiary hearing. Consistent with the principles set forth

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above, the state court decision on review in this proceeding is the Florida appellate court’s
silent decision, which warrants deference under Section 2254(d)(1).
The Eleventh Circuit has held that where the last adjudication on the merits is
“‘unaccompanied by an explanation,’ a petitioner's burden under section 2254(d) is to
‘show[ ] there was no reasonable basis for the state court to deny relief.’” Wilson, 834
F.3d at 1235 (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 98). A habeas court must determine what
arguments or theories supported or could have supported, the state court's decision, and
“then it must ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree that those
arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision of the Court.”
Richter, 562 U.S. at 102; see also Wilson, 834 F.3d at 1235. The Eleventh Circuit in
Wilson held that to determine which theories could have supported the state appellate
court's decision, the federal habeas court may look to a previous opinion as one example
of a reasonable application of law or determination of fact; however, the federal habeas
court is not limited to assessing the reasoning of the lower court. Wilson, 834 F.3d at
1239. Even when the opinion of a lower state court contains flawed reasoning, AEDPA
requires that the federal court give the last state court to adjudicate the prisoner's claim
on the merits “the benefit of the doubt,” Wilson, 834 F.3d at 1238 (quoting Renico v. Lett,
449 U.S. at 733), and presume that it “follow[ed] the law,” Wilson, 834 F.3d at 1238
(quoting Woods v. Donald, 135 U.S. 1372, 1376 (2015)).
In this case, the Court’s review is governed by Wilson. It does not matter, however,
to the result here if review under Section 2254(d) is focused on the reasoning of the state
trial court. See Butts v. GDCP Warden, 850 F.3d 1201,1204 (11th Cir. 2017) (“Because
it does not matter to the result, and to avoid any further complications if the United States

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Supreme Court disagrees with our Wilson decision, we have decided this appeal on the
same basis that the district court did: by using the more state-trial-court focused approach
in applying § 2254(d).”).
Review under Section 2254(d)(1) is limited to the record that was before the state
court that adjudicated the claim on the merits. Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 181. The Court
must presume the state court's factual determinations are correct, unless the petitioner
rebuts that presumption with “clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1);
Jones v. Sec'y, Florida Dep't of Corr., 834 F.3d 1299, 1311 (11th Cir. 2016). “When
considering a determination of a mixed question of law and fact, such as a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, the statutory presumption of correctness applies to only
the underlying factual determinations.” Daniel v. Comm'r, Ala. Dep't of Corr., 822 F.3d
1248, 1259 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting Tanzi v. Sec'y, Fla. Dep't of Corr., 772 F.3d 644,
651 (11th Cir. 2014)). Section 2254(d)(2), like Section 2254(d)(1), requires that a federal
court afford substantial deference to a state court’s factual determinations.

If

“[r]easonable minds reviewing the record might disagree about” the state court factfinding
in question, “on habeas review that does not suffice to supersede” the state court's factual
determination. Daniel, 822 F.3d at 1259 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting Rice v. Collins, 546
U.S. 333, 341–42 (2006).
B. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
In Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674
(1984), the Supreme Court set forth a two-part test for analyzing ineffective assistance of
counsel claims. The Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel extends to
the plea bargaining process. Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 132 S. Ct. 1376, 1384

-8-

(2012). To establish a claim for ineffective assistance, the petitioner must demonstrate
both prongs of the test established by Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (2012).
The performance prong of Strickland requires the petitioner show that counsel's
representation during the plea bargaining process fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness.

Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1384.

In considering a claim of ineffective

assistance, a court “must take care to ‘eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight’ when
evaluating an attorney's performance, and evaluate the conduct from counsel's
perspective at the time.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
Secondly, the petitioner must show “there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. In the context of a rejected plea agreement or failed plea
bargaining, the prejudice prong requires that the petitioner show:
but for the ineffective advice of counsel there is a reasonable probability
that the plea offer would have been presented to the court (i.e., that the
defendant would have accepted the plea and the prosecution would not
have withdrawn it in light of intervening circumstances), that the court would
have accepted its terms, and that the conviction or sentence, or both, under
the offer's terms would have been less severe than under the judgment and
sentence that were in fact imposed.
Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1385. If the petitioner fails to establish either prong, the reviewing
court need not address the other prong. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
When viewing a Strickland claim through the lens of Section 2254(d)'s
unreasonableness standard, the pivotal question is whether the state court's application
of the Strickland standard was unreasonable. Richter, 562 U.S. at 101. Sustaining a
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is very difficult because “[t]he standards created
by Strickland and § 2254(d) are both ‘highly deferential,’ and when the two apply in

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tandem, review is ‘doubly’ so.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 105. See also Pinholster, 563 U.S.
at 202 (a petitioner must overcome the “‘doubly deferential’ standard of Strickland and
AEDPA.”), and Johnson v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 643 F.3d 907, 911 (11th Cir. 2011)
(“Double deference is doubly difficult for a petitioner to overcome, and it will be a rare
case in which an ineffective assistance of counsel claim that was denied on the merits in
state court is found to merit relief in a federal habeas proceeding.”). “When § 2254(d)
applies, the question is not whether counsel's actions were reasonable. The question is
whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland's deferential
standard.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 105.
IV. DISCUSSION
Ground One
Boyers contends that he was denied his right to effective assistance of counsel by
his trial counsel’s failure to advise him reasonably as to the State’s plea offer. Boyers
alleges that counsel failed to advise him to accept the plea offer. He also asserts that
counsel advised him to reject the plea offer while failing to inform him of the extent of the
evidence against him and the overwhelming likelihood of conviction. Boyers further
alleges that counsel advised him that he would ultimately receive less than a 10-year
sentence by going to trial.
In the alternative, Boyers claims that counsel performed deficiently by failing to
investigate his case properly and thoroughly. Boyers adds that even assuming that
counsel believed he would be successful at trial, no reasonable attorney would reach

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such conclusion or offer such advice. These allegations were raised in Boyers’ second
amended Rule 3.850 motion and on postconviction appeal.3
The state trial court held as follows:
At the Evidentiary Hearing, the Defendant and his trial counsel, Mr.
Christopher Pratt, Esq., testified. The Defendant testified that Mr. Pratt
notified him of the State's plea offer of 10 years in the Department of
Corrections. However, he claims that he "got the impression" from his
attorney that he could win the case and that "the 10-year mandatory ...offered
was nothing short of a death sentence." The Defendant also admits that he
was aware that his defense of insanity was a difficult defense to prove, but
he asserts that Mr. Pratt made him believe that they could win his case. The
Defendant further claims that because he was on psychotropic medication
he relied heavily on counsel's advice, which was to decline the plea offer and
proceed.
On the contrary, Mr. Pratt testified that a reduced charge of
Aggravated Assault on a Law Enforcement Officer, with a 10-year sentence
was offered to the Defendant. Mr. Pratt stated that he does not advise clients
whether or not to take plea offers because the client is the one doing the time.
He testified that he absolutely did not advise the Defendant to reject the plea
offer, yet instead told the Defendant that the offer was reasonable given the
strength of the State's case, but the ultimate decision was the Defendant's.
At most, Mr. Pratt would have advised the Defendant that he had a "colorable
defense," but even the insanity defense was weak given the State's evidence
against the Defendant. In addition, Mr. Pratt testified that he was obviously
aware of the Defendant's mental health issues given the insanity defense,
but that all times the Defendant seemed normal, functional, oriented, and
cognizant of the case.
Counsel for the Defendant argued that it was ineffective assistance of
counsel for Mr. Pratt to fail to advise the Defendant affirmatively to accept the
State's plea offer of 10 years. The Court finds that the law does not support
this contention; counsel has no obligation to advise a defendant to take a
plea offer. Rather, Mr. Pratt's practice of allowing his client to make the
ultimate decision is proper.
Also, counsel argued that if the Defendant had a full and fair
understanding and assessment of the case, that he would have accepted the

3

Boyers also alleges in his habeas memorandum that it was unreasonable for his counsel to fail to advise
him of the weakness of his defense of insanity. (Doc. 2 at 10) Although Boyers In his second amended
postconviction motion did not specifically claim that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not
advising him of the weakness of his defense, the parties reach the claim, which is addressed infra.
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10-year plea offer. The Court finds from the evidence presented that Mr.
Pratt acted reasonably and provided sound, proper advice.
Further, the Court finds Mr. Pratt's testimony credible in that he
testified that he would have explained the strengths and weaknesses of the
case to the Defendant and explained the plea offer, yet would have left the
ultimate decision for the Defendant to make. Also, the Defendant has failed
to convince the Court that Mr. Pratt misadvised the Defendant or provided
ineffective assistance under the Strickland standard of review. The
Defendant [sic] motion for his judgment and sentence to be vacated and for
the Court to direct the State to re-offer the 10-year plea offer that was
previously extended is hereby denied.
(Ex. 18)
A. Strickland’s Performance Prong
The silent affirmance of the state trial court’s ruling is entitled to deference under
Section 2254(d), and the Court applies the Richter test to determine which arguments or
theories could have supported the state appellate court's decision. Wilson, 834 F.3d at
1235. Boyers must show that there was no reasonable basis for the state court to deny
relief on this ground, a burden he fails to meet. The trial court’s ruling and the record
provide a reasonable basis on which to deny relief on Strickland’s performance prong.
1. Counsel’s alleged failure to advise Boyers to accept the plea offer
Boyers contends that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not advising
him to accept the State’s plea offer.4 (Doc. 1-1 at 6) Boyers claims that in light of the
overwhelming nature of the evidence against him, counsel had an affirmative duty to

4

Boyers does not allege in the instant petition that his counsel performed deficiently by not accurately
conveying the terms of the State’s plea offer to him. Although Boyers testified at the postconviction hearing
that he was unaware that the State’s offer was for him to plead guilty to aggravated assault on a law
enforcement officer (Ex. 17, T 10), the petition does not raise a claim that his counsel failed to give him
accurate advice as to the offense contemplated by the plea offer. Boyers alleges that his trial counsel
advised him that in exchange for his guilty plea to aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer, he
would receive a mandatory minimum 10-year sentence (Doc. 1-1 at 3), but he also refers to the sentence
offered as a 10-year sentence and does not raise a claim that counsel misadvised him as to the prison term
offered.
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advise him that acceptance of the plea offer was in Boyers’ best interest. (Doc. 2 at 5)
The testimony of his counsel established that Boyers’ decision to reject the plea offer was
made with an awareness of the strengths of the State’s case and with advice that the
State’s offer was reasonable under the circumstances.
Christopher Pratt, Boyers’ experienced trial counsel,5 testified that he discussed
discovery materials thoroughly with Boyers and advised him that the State had a good
case, which included Boyers’ taped statements to officers during the stand-off, such as
Boyers’ statement to the effect, “I know you wear body armor, so I’m going to shoot for
the head.” (Ex. 17, T 32) Attorney Pratt informed Boyers that he saw very little, if any,
weaknesses in the State’s case,6 and in the course of extensive discussions with Boyers
about the State’s plea offer, counsel advised Boyers that the offer was reasonable under
the circumstances. (Ex. 17, T 32-35) Boyers’ position, however, was that “even 10 years
was basically a life sentence for him.” (Ex. 17, T 34-35) Counsel recalled:
In fact, I think he used the phrase, I’m going to come out horizontal. He was
very worried.
(Ex. 17, T 34) His attorney had significant discussions with Boyers about his concern
over the healthcare available in the Department of Corrections for a person of his age.7
(Ex. 17, T 34-35) Although counsel did not recall a discussion about the minimum

5

When courts are examining the performance of an experienced trial counsel, the presumption that his
conduct was reasonable is even stronger. Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1316 (11th Cir. 2000)
(en banc). Boyers’ counsel had practiced criminal law for approximately 29 years as of the postconviction
hearing, and his experience included approximately six to nine cases involving murder or attempted murder
as lead counsel or co-counsel. (Ex. 17, T 30-31)
6

From counsel’s perspective at the time, the only weakness in the State’s case was that witnesses had not
seen Boyers pull the trigger. (Ex. 17, T 32)
7

Boyers states that he was 61 years of age at the time. (Doc. 1-1 at 3)
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sentence Boyers would accept, counsel recalled what was not acceptable to Boyers,
stating:
I know 10 years was not in his game plan, with or without a minimum
mandatory.
(Ex. 17, T 43)
Boyers focuses on the extent of the State’s evidence against him in asserting that
his trial counsel performed deficiently by not advising him to accept the State’s plea offer.
(Doc. 1-1 at 6, 7) Boyers does not, however, suggest that the Supreme Court has held
that counsel must make a recommendation as to whether to accept a plea offer in a case
where there is strong evidence of guilt and counsel is presented with other factors, such
as Boyers’ concerns as to the impact of the offered sentence on his life. Indeed, he
acknowledges that the Supreme Court has not held that counsel has an affirmative duty
to advise his client as to whether acceptance of a plea offer is in his best interest. (Doc.
10 at 2) Boyers contends that the state court decision, nonetheless, constitutes an
unreasonable application of Strickland to his case. (Doc. 10 at 3)
According to Boyers, his counsel had a duty to advise him to accept the plea offer,
and he characterizes as “mistaken” the state trial court’s legal conclusions that counsel
had no such duty and that counsel acted reasonably. (Doc. 2 at 5) Here, the state court’s
conclusions constitute a reasonable application of Strickland. Given counsel’s testimony
that Boyers’ position that a 10-year sentence was tantamount to a life sentence for him,
it is reasonable to conclude that counsel had no affirmative duty to recommend Boyers’
acceptance of the plea offer.
Boyers contends that it was unreasonable for his trial counsel to give him no advice
as to which plea to enter in light of his mental health problems, which he asserts were
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known to counsel. (Doc. 2 at 8) His petition does not, however, claim that he was mentally
incompetent to proceed when he discussed the State’s plea offer with his attorney or
when he was tried. Moreover, his counsel’s testimony showed that counsel had no
reason to believe Boyers was other than competent, and had counsel believed that
Boyers was not aware of what was going on, counsel would have brought the matter to
the trial judge’s attention. (Ex. 17, T 40, 43, 46) To the extent that Boyers is claiming that
notwithstanding his ability to understand the strengths of the State’s case and the
reasonableness of the plea offer, counsel should have advised, given his alleged mental
issues, that he should take the plea offer, Boyers fails to show that his mental issues
required counsel to tell him to take the offer in order for counsel to be reasonably effective.
.

Boyers assails the state trial court’s determination that his counsel advised him of

strengths and weaknesses of his case.

He asserts that the state court’s factual

determination is not entitled to deference. (Doc. 2 at 9) The thrust of his attack on the
state court’s credibility finding is that his counsel did not advise him as to the strengths
and weaknesses of his insanity defense. As a result, he claims, it cannot be said that
counsel advised him as to the strengths and weaknesses of his case “as a whole.”
According to Boyers, his counsel declined to explain that his defense was exceptionally
weak and doomed to fail. (Doc. 2 at 9, 10)
Counsel’s testimony showed that Boyers knew “very well” that the case against
him was very strong, that counsel had informed him based on his experience that an
insanity defense was very difficult, and that at most, he would have informed Boyers that
an insanity defense in his case was colorable. (Ex. 17, T 35, 36, 42, 44) In summarizing
counsel’s testimony, the state trial court stated, among other things, that trial counsel, at

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most, would have advised Boyers that he had a “colorable defense” but even the insanity
defense was weak given the State’s evidence against Boyers. The state court addressed
Boyers’ claim and found credible counsel’s testimony that counsel would have explained
the strengths and weaknesses of the case to Boyers. (Ex. 18, V 2, pgs. 321-22)8
To the extent Boyers asserts that counsel did not testify that he told Boyers that
his claim of insanity was weak or doomed to fail, he is correct. Nonetheless, the state
court’s credibility finding can be reasonably interpreted as a finding that counsel had
discussed the strengths and weaknesses of the State’s case with Boyers, which is a
reasonable finding in light of counsel’s testimony. As such, deference is afforded to the
state court’s finding as to counsel’s advice concerning the State’s case. Deference is
also due to the state court’s implicit finding that counsel testified credibly that he would
have advised Boyers that his insanity defense was colorable. (Ex. 17, T 35 to 36) This
finding is also reasonable in light of counsel’s testimony.
2. Counsel’s alleged failure to advise Boyers of the weakness of his
insanity defense
Boyers asserts that in his postconviction motion, he raised a claim that his counsel
performed deficiently by failing to advise him of the weakness of his insanity defense and
of the overwhelming likelihood of conviction, and that acceptance of the plea offer was in
his best interest. (Doc. 2 at 4) Although he faulted his counsel for not advising him that
the acceptance of the offer was in his best interest, Boyers did not specifically allege in
his second amended Rule 3.850 motion that his counsel failed to inform him of the
weakness of his insanity defense. (Ex. 16) When he raised the claim on postconviction

8

The order denying Boyers’ second amended Rule 3.850 motion bears the volume and page number of the
postconviction record on appeal.
- 16 -

appeal, the State did not raise a procedural bar, and Respondent does not raise a
procedural default argument to the claim.9 In his second amended Rule 3.850 motion,
Boyers alleged that counsel failed to advise him, in conjunction with the State’s plea offer,
that it was all but certain the jury would find that he committed the crime alleged and that
by proceeding to trial, he was essentially taking a “long shot” chance that the jury would
relieve him of liability based on defense-offered testimony that was in conflict with the
testimony of the State’s expert. (Ex. 16 at pgs. 8-9) Boyers also alleged that it was
unreasonable for his counsel to fail to advise him to accept the plea offer in light of the
overwhelming evidence against him. (Ex. 16 at p. 9) It appears that the parties have
construed his allegations as raising a claim that counsel failed to advise him of the
weakness of his defense, and the claim is reached. Boyers does not demonstrate any
deficiency in counsel’s advice as to his insanity defense.
Counsel’s testimony showed that Boyers was not interested in the plea offer and
that they had to come up with a defense and decided on a defense of insanity. (Ex. 17, T
33) According to Boyers, counsel should have known that his defense was weak to the
point that he stood no chance at trial (Doc. 2 at 4; Doc. 10 at 3, 4), and Boyers contends
that in light of his mental health problems, it was unreasonable for counsel to fail to advise
him of the weakness of his defense. (Doc. 2 at 1) Boyers does not, however, demonstrate
that counsel overlooked a specific weakness in his insanity defense. Counsel discussed
with Boyers that the State was relying on a doctor who would testify contrary to Dr.

9

In Florida, an appellate court will not consider a claim raised for the first time on appeal. See Connor v.
State, 979 So. 2d 852, 866 (Fla. 2007) (“This ... issue was not raised at the trial level and was not raised in
the 3.851 motion. Because the issue may not be heard for the first time on appeal of a post-conviction
motion, we deny relief on this issue.”).
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Regnier’s testimony, and Boyers did not give counsel any reason to believe that Boyers
was unable to understand what counsel discussed with him (Ex. 17, T 37-38, 46)
Boyers contends that his defense was doomed to fail and that it was unreasonable
for counsel not to tell him that he was taking a “long shot” chance that the jury would
relieve him of liability based on the defense’s expert testimony (Doc.1-1 at 7) Boyers
improperly second-guesses counsel’s assessment that the insanity defense was
colorable in his case. Reviewing courts must make “every effort ... to eliminate the
distorting effects of hindsight” and apply a “heavy measure of deference to counsel's
judgments.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 691. Moreover, trial counsel's decisions about
which defenses to pursue are decisions of strategy, Stanley v. Zant, 697 F.2d 955, 964
(11th Cir. 1983), and the Court presumes that strategic decisions are reasonable,
Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1314 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). The Court
must avoid the second-guessing of counsel's assistance, “[as] it is all too easy for a court,
examining counsel's defense after it has proved unsuccessful, to conclude that a
particular act or omission of counsel was unreasonable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Dr.
Regnier’s evaluation of Boyers for purposes of an insanity defense provided support for
the chosen defense, and given such, there is a reasonable basis on which to find
counsel’s advice concerning the defense satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard.
3. Counsel’s alleged advice to reject plea offer and that Boyers would
receive less than 10 years in prison by going to trial; counsel’s alleged failure
to advise him of extent of evidence against him and overwhelming likelihood
of conviction
Boyers alleges that counsel told him to reject the State’s plea offer “while
simultaneously failing to advise” Boyers as to the extent of the evidence against him and
overwhelming likelihood of conviction. (Doc. 1-1 at 6) According to Boyers, his counsel
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performed deficiently in his assessment of Boyers’ chances of success at trial, and he
claims that counsel erroneously advised Boyers that he would receive a sentence of less
than 10 years if he proceeded to trial. (Doc. 1-1 at 6) There is a reasonable basis on
which to deny relief on each of Boyers’ claims on Strickland’s performance prong.
Boyers did not establish that there was any assurance or guarantee by counsel
that by going to trial, Boyers would receive a sentence less than the prison term offered
by the State. Boyers did not testify that his counsel had advised him that he would receive
a sentence of less than 10 years by going to trial. Boyers testified that his counsel never
gave him affirmative advice to accept the 10-year sentence, stating:
No, he -- we -- he wanted to go to trial and I didn’t want to -- I thought by his
advice, by going to trial, I was going to get something a lot better.
(Ex. 17, T 28) Boyers was asked if it was his testimony that counsel told him not to take
the plea offer, and he responded:
In so many word [sic], yes, that’s about what he said. He said it was
tantamount to a death sentence for me at my age to accept a 10-year
sentence. He said that more than once. He said it a couple [sic] three
times, that if I went with this plea deal that I was being offered, that it was
just like a death sentence at my age.
(Ex. 17, T 15) As to his allegation that counsel performed deficiently in his assessment
of Boyers’ chances of success, Boyers testified that it was his impression that counsel
thought that he could win the case for Boyers. (Ex. 17, T 5) Boyers maintained that “more
than a couple” of times, counsel stated “I think we can win this thing.” (Ex. 17, T 17)
Counsel testified that he did not advise Boyers to reject the State’s plea offer. (Ex.
17, T 35) Counsel also made clear that he had not given Boyers any assurances as to a
successful outcome. When asked if in the course of the discussions about the plea offer,
he had given Boyers an impression that counsel could win at trial, counsel responded:
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No. Well, the only thing I would have said was, since we had filed
our notice of intent to rely on insanity and we did have a doctor who was
going to say that he was insane at the time of the event, the only thing I
would have said was, you have a colorable defense. That’s the most I would
have said. I never would have told him he was going to win because that
wasn’t particularly strong either. If you listen to the tape, and the tape is not
good for the Defense, he doesn’t in any way sound insane. I don’t know
what an insane person -- but he sounds very normal, although it does sound
like, as the tape gets longer, because the tape is an hour and a half or so,
he appears to be getting more and more intoxicated, but he doesn’t sound
what a normal person would believe to be insane.
So I would have told him that he had a colorable defense. I would
certainly never have said he had a good defense in the insanity aspect of it.
(Ex. 17, T 35-36)
Counsel further testified:
I told him that -- what I always -- the State has a very good case, there are
certainly no guarantees of success in this, and I am not making any to you.
And I certainly would never tell him, I think you’re going to win. Ever [sic]
have I ever told anybody that.
(Ex. 17, T 36) Having listened to the testimony and observed the demeanor of Boyers
and his trial counsel, the state trial court concluded that Boyers failed to convince the
state court that counsel had misadvised Boyers or provided ineffective assistance under
Strickland. Boyers did not credibly establish that his counsel advised him to reject the
plea or that counsel gave him any impression that there would be a successful outcome
at trial. “Determining the credibility of witnesses is the province and function of the state
courts, not a federal court engaging in habeas review.” Nejad v. Attorney Gen., State of
Georgia, 830 F.3d 1280, 1292 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting Consalvo v. Sec'y for Dep't of
Corr., 664 F.3d 842, 845 (11th Cir. 2011). Boyers does not overcome the correctness of
the state court’s credibility determinations by clear and convincing evidence. Giving
deference to the state court’s findings, it is reasonable to conclude that Boyers failed to

- 20 -

demonstrate that his counsel advised him to reject the plea or gave him any assurance
of success at trial or gave him erroneous advice that he would receive a sentence less
than 10 years by going to trial. Accordingly, the state court’s rejection of Boyer’s claim
that his counsel misadvised him constituted a reasonable application of Strickland.
Boyers contends that his counsel failed to advise him of the extent of the evidence
against him and the overwhelming likelihood of conviction. In view of counsel’s testimony
which showed that counsel discussed the State’s discovery thoroughly with Boyers and
advised him that the State had a very good case (Ex. 17, T 36), there is a reasonable
argument that counsel’s advice as to the extent of the evidence against Boyers satisfied
Strickland. Given also that Boyers’ insanity defense was supported by the defense’s
psychologist, Boyers fails to show that counsel was constitutionally required to advise him
that there was an overwhelming likelihood of conviction in his case.
4. Counsel’s alleged failure to conduct a proper and thorough
investigation prior to trial
Boyers argues, in the alternative, that assuming that his counsel was not aware of
the evidence that would be presented against Boyers, his counsel performed deficiently
by failing to investigate his case properly and thoroughly before trial, as discovery
provided by the State made clear what the evidence would be at trial. (Doc. 1-1 at 7)
Counsel’s testimony established that he conducted an investigation of the evidence.10
Although Boyers claims that his counsel was ineffective for not thoroughly and properly
investigating his case, he does not lay out any specific line of investigation that his counsel

10

Pursuing the deputy’s statement that he felt air pass by his head during the shooting, Boyers’ counsel
sent an investigator to the scene to place strings through a bullet hole to where bullets struck the roof.
Counsel determined through his investigation that the strings were very close to where the officer said he
had been at the time. (Ex. 17, T 32, 33)
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overlooked. The claim is conclusory, failing to set forth facts which would show an
entitlement to relief. See Tejada v. Dugger, 941 F.2d 1551, 1559 (11th Cir. 1991) (vague,
conclusory, or unsupported allegations cannot support an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim). The failure-to-investigate component of this ground appears to constitute
no more than a claim that counsel should have advised Boyers to accept the State’s plea
offer based on the extent of the evidence of guilt which was ascertainable from discovery
provided by the State. Boyers fails to show that there was any failure on counsel’s part
to ascertain the extent and import of the State’s evidence of Boyers’ guilt. Boyers
contends that even assuming his counsel believed that he would be successful, no
reasonable attorney would reach such conclusion. (Doc. 2 at 10) Counsel‘s testimony
established that counsel did not advise Boyers that counsel thought he would win at trial.
Deference is due to the state court’s acceptance of counsel’s testimony in
concluding that counsel acted reasonably. Counsel’s testimony furnishes a reasonable
basis on which to conclude that there was no deficiency in counsel’s advice as to the
evidence, Boyers’ defense, or the plea offer. Boyers had the advice needed to make an
intelligent decision as to the State’s plea offer. Boyers knew what he faced if convicted
at trial (Ex. 17, T 45), and he had the benefit of experienced counsel’s assessment that
the State’s case against him was strong and the plea offer was reasonable under the
circumstances. Boyers was informed that the insanity defense was colorable in his case,
but he was given no guarantee of an outcome by proceeding to trial. Also, given counsel’s
testimony which showed that Boyers equated a 10-year sentence to a life sentence for
him, it is reasonable to conclude that counsel had no affirmative duty to advise Boyers to
accept the State’s plea offer.

- 22 -

B. Strickland’s Prejudice Prong
Boyers contends that had his counsel advised him of the overwhelming nature of
the evidence against him and that it was in his best interest to accept the State’s plea
offer, he would have done so and received a substantially lower sentence than the
sentence imposed. (Doc. 1-1 at 8) Although he asserts that there is no prejudice finding
on which to defer as the trial court made no ruling on Strickland’s prejudice prong (Doc.
10 at 5), the state appellate court’s unelaborated affirmance is the state court decision on
review. The state appellate court had a reasonable basis on which to deny relief on the
performance prong of Strickland without addressing the prejudice prong. However, even
if review under the prejudice prong of Strickland is undertaken de novo, Boyers fails to
meet his burden of Strickland prejudice.
Boyers asserts that there is nothing to demonstrate that the State would have
withdrawn the offer and the state court would not have accepted it. (Doc. 2 at 11) The
absence of evidence will not support a prejudice finding, as Boyers has the burden of
proof to show that the state court would have accepted the terms of the plea offer. Lafler,
132 S. Ct. at 1385. At the hearing held July 9, 2008, Boyers confirmed his understanding
of the State’s plea offer for him to enter a plea to aggravated assault on a law enforcement
officer in return for a 10-year sentence. (Ex. 16, Ex. A, T 2-3) The state court asked
Boyers if he understood that it was the last day for the state court to commit that it would
accept a negotiated plea and that should he wish to enter a plea at a later date, the state
court would not commit to acceptance of a negotiated plea. Boyers was also asked if he
understood that after that date, if the State did not agree to his entering a plea to a lesser
included offense, he would have to enter a plea “straight up” to the court. Boyers

- 23 -

confirmed his understanding of the state court’s remarks (Ex. 16, Ex. A, T 3), and based
on such, it appears that the State would not have withdrawn the offer and the state judge
would have accepted it as of that date. Nonetheless, Boyers failed to meet his burden of
demonstrating that there was a reasonable probability that he would have accepted the
plea offer at that time.
Boyers testified at the state evidentiary hearing that his counsel coached him to
tell the state judge that he understood what was stated by the state court because he was
under the influence of psychotropic drugs at the time of the hearing. (Ex. 17, T 9-10)
Boyers does not, however, allege in his federal petition that he was incompetent to
proceed when he rejected the State’s plea offer. Moreover, counsel’s testimony showed
that Boyers never appeared to be incompetent and that counsel did not coach Boyers as
to how to respond to the state judge’s questions. (Ex. 17, T 42-43) Counsel’s testimony
further established that Boyers was not interested in the plea offer, that Boyers’ position
was that a 10-year sentence was tantamount to a life sentence, and that the offered
sentence was not an option for Boyers. (Ex. 17, T 32-33, 43) Given also that Boyers did
not deny that he had expressed concern to his counsel that he was “going to come out
horizontal” (Ex. 17, T 34), Boyers fails to demonstrate that there was any reasonable
probability that he would have accepted the State’s plea offer had his counsel advised
him advised him to accept the plea offer. Boyers fails to meet his burden to show
Strickland prejudice. Accordingly, Boyers’ ground warrants no relief.
Any claims for relief not specifically addressed herein have been determined to be
without merit.

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V. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth supra, Boyers’ petition for the writ of habeas corpus is
DENIED. The Clerk is directed to enter a judgment in favor of Respondent and against
Boyers and to CLOSE this case.
DENIAL OF A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
AND LEAVE TO APPEAL IN FORMA PAUPERIS
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Boyers is not entitled to a certificate of
appealability. A petitioner does not have absolute entitlement to appeal a district court’s
denial of his habeas petition. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1). A district court must first issue a
COA. Id. “A [COA] may issue . . . only if the applicant has made a substantial showing
of the denial of a constitutional right.” Id. at § 2253(c)(2). To make such a showing,
Boyers “must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s
assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong,” Tennard v. Dretke, 542 U.S.
274, 282 (2004) (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)), or that “the issues
presented were ‘adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.’” Miller-El v.
Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 335-36 (2003) (quoting Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893 n.
4 (1983)). Boyers cannot make this showing. Finally, because Boyers is not entitled to
a COA, he is not entitled to appeal in forma pauperis.
DONE AND ORDERED in Tampa, Florida, on June 9, 2017.

Copies furnished to:
Counsel of record
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