United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Favorite Farms, Inc.
Filing
110
ORDER denying 75 Motion for Summary Judgment; denying 87 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment; denying 88 Motion for Summary Judgment; denying as moot 103 Motion to Strike. Signed by Judge James S. Moody, Jr on 10/1/2018. (JG)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
TAMPA DIVISION
UNITED STATES EQUAL EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION,
Plaintiff,
&
EULALIA SALAZAR SANTIAGO,
Plaintiff-Intervenor,
v.
Case No. 8:17-cv-1292-T-30AAS
FAVORITE FARMS, INC.,
Defendant.
_____________________________________/
ORDER
THIS CAUSE comes before the Court upon Defendant Favorite Farms, Inc.’s Motions
for Summary Judgment (Dkts. 75, 87) and Plaintiff EEOC’s Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment As to Certain Asserted Defenses (Dkt. 88). The Court, having reviewed the
motions, the responses, and the record evidence, concludes that the motions should be
denied. Summary judgment is inappropriate on any of the claims in this case because the
record contains genuine issues of disputed facts. Accepting the facts in a light most
favorable to Plaintiffs, the non-movants, a jury could return a verdict in their favor on the
retaliation and sexual harassment claims. A jury could also conclude that Favorite Farms is
liable for the assault and battery claims.
DISCUSSION
On May 31, 2017, Plaintiff United States Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (“EEOC”) filed this lawsuit against Defendant Favorite Farms, Inc. under Title
VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Dkt. 1). The
claims are premised on a hostile work environment based on sex (otherwise referred to as
“sexual harassment”) and retaliation by Intervenor-Plaintiff Eulalia Salazar-Santiago’s direct
supervisor and Favorite Farms’ employee, Hector Cruz. The complaint seeks to “provide
appropriate relief to Charging Party [Salazar-Santiago] who was adversely affected by such
practices.” Id. The complaint alleges that Cruz subjected Salazar-Santiago to “unwelcome
sexual comments, forcible physical contact, and rape.” Id.
On November 7, 2017, the Court entered an Order granting Salazar-Santiago’s motion
to intervene (Dkt. 18). Salazar-Santiago’s amended complaint alleges, in relevant part,
claims of assault and battery against Favorite Farms (Dkt. 23).1
With respect to all of the claims in this case, Salazar-Santiago alleges that she worked
for Favorite Farms as a “seasonal worker” conducting field labor. Salazar-Santiago resided
with her two children in housing that Favorite Farms provided and leased to her during her
employment. Cruz, who was Salazar-Santiago’s supervisor, worked as Favorite Farms’ crew
leader. His duties included assigning the field laborers to apartments in the housing units that
Favorite Farms provided.
1
Salazar-Santiago also alleged a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress but this
claim was subsequently dismissed pursuant to the parties’ joint stipulation for voluntary dismissal
(Dkt. 34).
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On November 13, 2015, Cruz visited Salazar-Santiago’s apartment and stated that he
needed to inspect it to determine whether there was room to move additional people into the
apartment. According to Salazar-Santiago, Cruz pushed her into a bedroom and raped her
during the purported inspection. Salazar-Santiago reported the rape to Favorite Farms’
management. She claims that Favorite Farms did not adequately investigate her report and
took no disciplinary action against Cruz.
Favorite Farms moves for summary judgment on all of the EEOC’s and SalazarSantiago’s claims. Its motions lack merit because the ample record in this case is heavily
disputed on genuine issues of fact. And the Court may not decide a genuine factual dispute
at the summary judgment stage. Fernandez v. Bankers Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 906 F.2d 559, 564
(11th Cir. 1990). “[I]f factual issues are present, the Court must deny the motion and proceed
to trial.” Warrior Tombigbee Transp. Co. v. M/V Nan Fung, 695 F.2d 1294, 1296 (11th Cir.
1983). A dispute about a material fact is genuine and summary judgment is inappropriate
if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.
Because it is so clear that a finder of fact must resolve these claims, the Court sees no
reason to discuss the parties’ motions at length. Therefore, the Court will briefly address
some of the main arguments.2
2
The factual disputes discussed in this Order are not the only material disputed facts in the record.
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I.
Favorite Farms’ Argument that Salazar-Santiago Did Not “Experience” Any
Retaliation
Favorite Farms’ sole argument regarding the retaliation claims is that the “undisputed”
facts demonstrate that Salazar-Santiago did not experience an adverse employment action
following her November 13, 2015 report of Cruz’s alleged rape. The record reflects
otherwise. The record reflects that on December 2, 2015, Favorite Farms suspended
Salazar-Santiago without pay, which caused her physical and emotional hardship. She
earned approximately $5,000 a year and supported her two young daughters. The record
reflects that even a few days without pay was a hardship for her and her family. A jury could
find that this is tangible harm despite the fact that Favorite Farms later decided to reimburse
her for some of the unpaid time. And Favorite Farms’ arguments to the contrary are
unconvincing. Indeed, the Supreme Court noted in Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway
Company, 548 U.S. 53, 73 (2006) that a reasonable employee facing the choice between
retaining her paycheck and filing a discrimination complaint “might well choose the former”
even if she eventually received back pay.
Since Burlington, courts have agreed with this sound logic. For example, in Crawford
v. Carroll, 529 F.3d 961, 972 (11th Cir. 2008), the Eleventh Circuit noted that employers
should not be permitted to “escape” liability by correcting the retaliatory act after the fact.
A jury could find that even a one-day suspension without pay could arguably deter a
reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. See Alhallaq v.
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Radha Soami Trading, LLC, No. 1:11-CV-0700-RGW, 2011 WL 13176334, at *7 (N.D. Ga.
Oct. 13, 2011).
Favorite Farms’ arguments with respect to the March 8, 2016 written warning and
Salazar-Santiago’s March 28, 2016 termination similarly fail. With respect to the written
warning, there is a dispute over whether Salazar-Santiago also was not paid for the
strawberries she harvested that day. With respect to Salazar-Santiago’s termination, the
record reflects that her employment ended while other farm workers were permitted to work.
There is also a dispute about whether Favorite Farms evicted her from her housing unit, even
though it had never previously required its workers to move out during the off-season.
In sum, a jury could find that these actions were materially adverse because they could
have deterred a reasonable employee from engaging in the protective activity. Accordingly,
Favorite Farms’ motion is denied with respect to Plaintiffs’ retaliation claims.
II.
Favorite Farms’ Argument that There Is No Basis to Find It Liable for Cruz’s
Actions
Favorite Farms argues that it is entitled to the Faragher/Ellerth affirmative defense
as to Plaintiffs’ allegations of sexual harassment. In Faragher and Ellerth, the Supreme
Court applied common law agency principles to clarify under what circumstances an
employer can be held vicariously liable for the hostile work environment created by a
supervisor. See Madray v. Publix Supermarkets, 208 F.3d 1290, 1296 (11th Cir. 2000). The
employer is liable when the supervisor has immediate or successively higher authority over
the employee. Id. However, where the employee suffered no adverse tangible employment
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action as a result of the harassment, the employer has access to an affirmative defense, which
it can successfully interpose where it can show “(a) that the employer exercised reasonable
care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior, and (b) that the
plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or corrective
opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise.” Id. at 1296–97 (internal
quotation omitted).
The record is abundant with disputed facts related to Favorite Farms’ entitlement to
the Faragher/Ellerth defense. For example, it is entirely unclear whether Salazar-Santiago
received Favorite Farms’ anti-harassment policy. Also, Salazar-Santiago—and 65% of
Favorite Farms’ workers—speak only Mixteco, an indigenous language of Mexico. Yet the
record reflects that Favorite Farms never translated its policies into Mixteco. This casts
doubt on whether Favorite Farms exercised reasonable care in the dissemination of its
policies. The record also contains facts that Favorite Farms had prior knowledge of a prior
sexual harassment complaint against Cruz but failed to adequately investigate the complaint.
Also, even assuming the Court concluded that Favorite Farms exercised reasonable
care to prevent and promptly correct harassing behavior, it is undisputed that SalazarSantiago reported Cruz’s alleged rape to management immediately after it occurred.
Finally, Favorite Farms’ argument that it took prompt remedial action is highly
disputed. The record reflects that Salazar-Santiago sought court-ordered protection against
Cruz and received a restraining order against Cruz because she did not want to continue
working in the same field near Cruz after the sexual assault. The record also shows that
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Favorite Farms did not make a written report of Salazar-Santiago’s complaints and did not
fully investigate the alleged rape until nearly one year later in response to the EEOC’s
investigation.
In sum, a jury could find that Favorite Farms is not entitled to the Faragher/Ellerth
defense. Accordingly, Favorite Farms’ motion is denied with respect to Plaintiffs’ sexual
harassment claims.
III.
Favorite Farms’ Argument that Cruz’s Actions Were Outside the Scope of
Employment
Favorite Farms argues that it cannot be vicariously liable for the assault and battery
claims because the record is undisputed that Cruz acted outside the scope of employment
when he allegedly raped Salazar-Santiago. The record reflects genuine disputes of material
facts on this issue. As the Court stated when it denied Favorite Farms’ motion to dismiss on
the issue of its liability for these claims: “Although, generally speaking, a sexual assault
typically falls outside the scope of an employee’s service to the employer, the inquiry is factintensive and Florida recognizes an exception to the general rule if the employee/tortfeasor
accomplished the tort by virtue of the employer/employee relationship.” (Dkt. 35) (citing
Doe v. St. John’s Episcopal Par. Day Sch., Inc., 997 F. Supp. 2d 1279, 1288-89 (M.D. Fla.
2014); DK v. School Bd. Of Manatee Cnty, Fla., No. 8:14-cv-2329-T-33TBM, 2014 WL
5473578, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 28, 2014) (emphasis added)).
The record reflects that Cruz was Salazar-Santiago’s supervisor. Accepting the facts
in a light most favorable to Salazar-Santiago, a jury could find that Cruz used his authority
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as her supervisor and as Favorite Farms’ foreman and crew leader to gain access to her
apartment in order to sexually assault her. Notably, it is undisputed that Cruz oversaw
inspections of Favorite Farms’ housing units and was empowered to enter the units and
assign the field workers to the units.
The record also reflects that Favorite Farms was aware of a previous complaint of
sexual harassment against Cruz. Specifically, Florentina Lopez, another field worker, had
reported to Favorite Farms’ management that Cruz sexually harassed her—which included
an incident where he came to her housing unit and threatened her.
In sum, a jury could find that Cruz accomplished the alleged rape by virtue of the
employer/employee relationship.
Accordingly, Favorite Farms’ motion for summary
judgment is denied with respect to this issue.
IV.
EEOC’S Motion for Judgment As to Certain Asserted Defenses
The EEOC has moved for summary judgment on a number of defenses Favorite Farms
asserted in its answer. The motion is curious to the extent that the EEOC acknowledges that
these defenses “are not defenses at all; rather they are denials of the allegations in [the]
EEOC’s Complaint.” (Dkt. 88). Yet—in fourteen pages—the EEOC argues why the Court
should enter judgment on these defenses. The motion is denied. The Court sees no reason
to enter judgment on a defense that is not really an affirmative defense. The EEOC could
have raised these concerns much earlier in this proceeding in a motion to strike.3
3
The Court agrees with Favorite Farms that its affirmative defense related to SalazarSantiago’s failure to mitigate is moot in light of her stipulation that she is not seeking back pay.
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It is therefore ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that:
1.
Defendant Favorite Farms, Inc.’s Motions for Summary Judgment (Dkts. 75,
87) are denied.
2.
Plaintiff EEOC’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment As to Certain
Asserted Defenses (Dkts. 88) is denied.
3.
Defendant’s Motion to Strike (Dkt. 103) is denied as moot. The Court did not
rely on Caroline Maimone’s Declaration, or consider it in any way, because
the record was heavily disputed irrespective of Maimone’s Declaration.
DONE and ORDERED in Tampa, Florida on October 1, 2018.
Copies furnished to:
Counsel/Parties of Record
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