K & H DEVELOPMENT GROUP INC v. HOWARD et al

Filing 485

MEMORANDUM AND OPINION ON WALTON COUNTY'S SUPERSEDING MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (re 390 )* - An appropriate Order will be entered in accordance with the foregoing memorandum opinion. Signed by MAGISTRATE JUDGE MILES DAVIS on March 27, 2009. (cbj) *Modified on 3/27/2009 (as noted) (cbj).

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA PENSACOLA DIVISION

K & H DEVELOPMENT GROUP, INC, a Florida Corporation, and BLA-LOCK DESTIN DEVELOPMENT, INC., Plaintiffs, vs. KEITH HOWARD; THE HOWARD COMPANY OF THE SOUTHEAST, INC., a Florida Corporation; INTRAWEST SANDESTIN COMPANY, L.L.C., a Foreign Corporation; INTRAWEST RESORTS, a Foreign Corporation; SANDESTIN OWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC., a Florida Non-Profit Corporation; and WALTON COUNTY, FLORIDA, a subdivision of the State of Florida, Defendants. ______________________________________________________________________ MEMORANDUM OPINION ON WALTON COUNTY'S SUPERSEDING MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT Before the court are Defendant Walton County Florida's superseding motion for summary judgment with supporting memorandum of law (doc. 390) and superseding statement of material facts not in dispute (doc. 391) along with plaintiff's response in opposition to the motion (doc. 414), and statement of material facts (doc. 415). The undersigned has jurisdiction by referral after the parties consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by the undersigned magistrate judge. No. 3:06cv494/MD

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Case history and procedural background Plaintiff K&H Development Group, Inc., a Florida corporation ("K&H") filed its original Verified Complaint (Doc. 1) against Keith Howard and The Howard Company of the Southeast, Inc. (collectively, the "Howard Defendants"); Intrawest Sandestin Company, L.L.C., a foreign corporation ("Intrawest")and Intrawest Resorts, a foreign corporation;1 Sandestin Owners Association, Inc., a Florida Non-Profit Corporation ("Sandestin" or "SOA"); and Walton County, Florida, a subdivision of the State of Florida, ("Walton County" or the "County"). Plaintiff alleged generally that, through the collective and individual efforts of the defendants, it had been prevented from developing property it owned on the north side of U.S. Highway 98 within the Sandestin Development of Regional Impact (hereafter, "DRI").2 After initial

responses to that Complaint were filed, K&H sought, and was granted, leave to file a Verified Amended Complaint (Doc. 48, 49, 58). According to the verified amended complaint (henceforth "complaint"),3 K&H obtained a 1.453 acre piece of property by quitclaim deed from a company called Centaworld Holding Corporation on May 9, 2000. The K&H property is located within Parcels 208/308 as designated in the Sandestin DRI, which governs development within the Sandestin Resort. A DRI is defined by statute as "any development which, because of its character, magnitude or location, would have a substantial effect upon the health, safety, or welfare of citizens of more than one county." § 380.06(1), Fla. Stat. 2008. The Master Plan of defendant Walton County, where the property is located, was approved by the County for commercial development. K&H alleges in
I n t ra w e s t Resorts was terminated as a party on August 27, 2007 by agreement of the parties. ( D o c . 180). A development of regional impact is "any development which, becau s e of its cha r a c t e r , m a g n i t u d e , or location, would have substantial effect upon the health, safety, or welfare of citizens o f m o r e than one c o u n t y . " § 380.06(1) Fla. Stat. (2008). T h e allegations are summ a r iz e d as they appear in the complaint, although evidence s u b m i t t e d in support of the m o tio n s fo r sum m a ry judgm en t indicates at least som e minor variations f r o m these facts.
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the complaint that at the time it acquired the property, it owned a proportionate share of commercial development rights. Commercial development rights are generally measured in square feet of allowable development and referred to as "intensity," while residential development is usually measured in units and referred to as "density."4 Plaintiff asserts that there was no reservation or transfer of the allocated density or intensity affecting its property either in the May 9, 2000 transaction by quitclaim deed or in any previous transfer of title. Complaint, ¶¶ 15-20) Defendant Howard has attempted to purchase plaintiff's property to pursue development. Howard also purchased a purported option to purchase land, (Doc. 49,

including the K&H property, and filed suit for specific performance in Walton County when it was unable to acquire the K&H property. (Id., ¶ 22). Walton County Ordinance 2000-03, was approved on February 8, 2000 and modified the prior allocation of development rights. The commercial development allocation to the entire 208/308 parcels was 398,000 square feet of commercial and 40,000 square feet of office development. According to K&H, its proportionate share of the commercial development allocation was 14, 421 square feet of commercial and 1,207 square feet of office development. It asserts that it has never sold or otherwise transferred development rights on ths property, and the development of this property has not been affected by subsequent ordinances. (Id., ¶¶ 23-26). In 2001, K&H was considering selling the property and retained a firm to design a sign that would comply with Sandestin Architectural Design Guidelines. It attempted to place a compliant sign bearing a contact person's name and phone number on the property, but was not permitted to do so, although the Howard Defendants were allowed to place a similar sign on their property. After K&H was told that its sign met the architectural guidelines, the guidelines were intentionally changed so K&H's sign would no longer be acceptable. This was allegedly due to
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T h e w o r d s "d e n s i t y " and "intensity" are o f t e n mistak e n l y interchanged. (¶ 19 n . 1 ) .

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an agreement between the defendants to prevent K&H from selling or developing its property to anyone other than the Howard defendants. (Id., ¶¶ 27-32). On May 6, 2002 K&H notified Sandestin of its intent to proceed with development of the property. On August 6, 2002, Intrawest submitted a Notice of Proposed Change ("NOPC") for the Sandestin Development of Regional Impact ("DRI") which was drafted by and for the joint benefit of the defendants. The purpose of the NOPC was to create a mixed use commercial development on Parcels 208/308, and it suggested transferring densities to Parcels 208/308 and transferring densities and intensities within Parcels 208/308, increasing the intensity and density on the Howard-owned portion of Parcels 208/308. Keith Howard and others

represented that the NOPC would not impact non Howard Group property owners (Id., ¶¶ 33-43). On November 4, 2002, the Walton County Board of County Commissioners considered the NOPC at a Land Use Hearing. Attorney Ken Goldberg, representing K&H, told the Board that there was conflicting information about which property was to be included in the NOPC. He was assured that the NOPC would not affect K&H's property, and no evidence was presented suggesting that K&H's right to develop the property commercially would be affected. The County approved the NOPC and enacted Ordinance 2002-18. (Id., ¶¶44-49). Kelly Finney, an independent consultant working on K&H's behalf to obtain approval for K&H's planned development was variously informed by County employees that "all the density within 208/308 was allocated for the Howard Group," the question of density/intensity was a "civil matter," and that nothing could be built on Parcels 208/308 except by the Howard Group. An employee of Intrawest also told Ms. Finney the same thing. (Id., ¶¶ 50-54, 56). On March 3, 2004, K&H executed a $1,650,000.00 contract for sale of its property to Parish National Bank. Keith Howard met with Stephen Akers, the Vice President of Parish National Bank while the sale was pending and told him that the

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K&H property could not be built upon because there was no density left, and that Parish would only be purchasing an overpriced parking lot. convince Akers to lease property from Howard. Howard tried to

Akers canceled the purchase

agreement on October 29, 2004, citing statements made by Howard as the reason. Howard also interfered with other attempts to sell the property. (Id., ¶¶ 57-60, 65). K&H states that it has not been able to develop its property as the Howard defendants were able to do. It contends that if it is successful in this case and is allowed to develop the property it would be subject to Ordinance No. 2006-02, which will assess new and additional large impact fees that it would not have incurred had it been allowed to develop when it first sought to do so. (Id., ¶¶ 63, 66-68) The eight-count verified amended complaint contained the following claims: Count I­Tortious interference with business relationship against the Howard defendants Count II­Equal protection violation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against all defendants Count III­ Substantive Due process violation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against all defendants Count IV­ Equitable Estoppel against Walton County Count V­Conversion against the Howard defendants Count VI­Fraudulent Misrepresentation against the Howard defendants, Sandestin and Intrawest Count VII­Inverse condemnation under Article X, § 6(a) of the Florida Constitution against Walton County Count VIII­Civil Theft against the Howard defendants. (Doc. 49).

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Plaintiff sought compensatory, special, and punitive damages, pre- and postjudgment interest thereon, attorneys' fees and costs, injunctive relief, and any other relief the court deems just and proper.5 In response to the Verified Amended Complaint, Walton County and the Howard Group Defendants answered (Doc. 64, 69), while the remaining defendants moved to dismiss (Doc. 61, 62). The Howard Defendants also filed a counterclaim against K&H, adding Howard affiliated companies Baytowne Commercial Joint Venture Partners, Baytowne Commercial Joint Venture Partners II, Baytowne Office Plaza Joint Venture Partners and Baytowne Restaurant Sites, Inc., as Counter-Plaintiffs (Doc. 69). Upon denial of the motions to dismiss (Doc. 128), Intrawest and the SOA also answered the Verified Amended Complaint (Doc. 129, 130, 132). The defendants filed motions for summary judgment (doc. 181, 185, 187 & 191) which were pending when, on July 8, 2008, the plaintiff filed a supplemental pleading to join Bla-Lock Destin Development, Inc. ("Bla-Lock") as a plaintiff in this action. (Doc. 350). The Supplemental Pleading addressed the fact that the K&H property had been sold in foreclosure. Roger Murray, Jr. as plaintiff placed the high bid6 for the property and assigned his bid and his rights to Bla-Lock. (Doc. 350 at 3-4). Title to the property thus transferred from K&H to Bla-Lock, who submitted an application to Defendant Walton County for approval of a development order for the property. Because defendant Intrawest did not acknowledge that the property had any development rights, Walton County would neither approve nor deny Bla-Lock's application. (Id. at 4). Plaintiffs sought damages and equitable relief based upon the date of transfer of title, attorney's fees and costs and other relief. (Id. at 5). No new theories of damages were specifically asserted.

5 6

N o t all form s of relief were req u e s t e d with res p e c t to ea c h co u n t o f the com p l a i n t .

T h e amount of the bid was not stated in the Supplemental Pleading, although it was in excess o f $2,600,000 . 0 0 , wh i c h w a s the final bid p l a c e d by K e i t h Ho w a r d . (Doc. 350 a t 3).
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After the supplemental pleading was filed, Intrawest filed a second motion for summary judgment or to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, along with a statement of facts (doc. 355 & 356). After reviewing that motion, this court denied all pending summary judgment motions without prejudice and directed the parties to file superseding motions for summary judgment based on the newly discovered facts pertaining to the foreclosure sale of the subject property. (Doc. 367). Each of the parties has done so, (doc. 382, 385, 390 & 394), and plaintiffs have responded. (Doc. 404, 405, 408, 409, 414, 415, 416 & 417). Defendant Intrawest argued in its superseding motion for summary judgment, among other things, that judgment should be entered in its favor because K&H and Bla-Lock have no damages in light of the fact that the K&H property was sold at the foreclosure sale for $2,625,000, a sum well in excess of K&H's alleged damages for "lost" development rights as calculated by its own damages expert, appraiser Walter H. Humphrey. K&H served the expert report of appraiser Walter H. Humphrey, its damages expert, on or about August 10, 2007. (Doc. 227-3; appendix 46). The purpose of the appraisal as described on the Summary Appraisal Report itself was: to develop an opinion of the diminution in market value related to the entitlements for commercial improvements of 15,628 square feet (SF) compared to the absence of any future potential for development or structural improvement. (Doc. 227-3 at 8). The appraisal analysis of the property "as vacant" assumed alternatively that the land had no future potential for development or structural improvement and that the land had entitlements to construct 15,628 SF of commercial office and retail improvements. (Id.). Mr. Humphrey opined that the market value of the subject property as of November 14, 2002 with development options was $1,400,000. Without any development potential, the property's value was $12,500, yielding a diminution in value (damages) of $1,387,500. The market value as of September 28, 2006 with development options was $2,000,000 and only
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$12,500 without any development potential, for a total diminution in value (damages) of $1,987,500. (Id. at 15). These figures pertaining to the diminution in market value were the only numbers offered with respect to differential valuation of the property with or without development rights. When defendants deposed Mr. Humphrey on September 19, 2007,7 he stated that he had been tasked by plaintiff's counsel with developing an opinion of market value and any related dimunition of value in the subject property with or without the potential for commercial development or structural improvements. (Doc. 355-4 at 5; Deposition of Walter H. Humphrey, page 13, lines 10-24). Specifically, Humphrey explained he was "asked to prepare an analysis of market value under two separate sets of circumstances on the subject property; one, with a development order; and, two, without; and with the valuation dates of November 14, 2002 and September 28, 2006." (Doc. 249-2 at 7, Humphrey Depo. at 9, l. 6-10). Humphrey was then asked whether he had any opinions that were not reflected in his written report. He stated "nothing of significance." (Doc. 249-2 at 25, Humphrey Depo. at 74). Counsel then asked "what about something of no significance," to which Humphrey responded that he thought the property "would be a good place for an eagle's nest." (Id.) He further stated that he had completed his assignment, and that he had not been asked to do anything in the future to supplement or modify this assignment. (Id. as 25-26, Humphrey Depo. at 74-75). Mr. Humphrey's report and supporting affidavit were filed four days after the discovery cut-off date, on September 25, 2007. (Doc. 227-3). Plaintiffs appended to their response to Intrawest's motion for summary judgment what Intrawest described as "an unsworn, unsubstantiated, never-beforedisclosed letter from Mr. Humphrey dated September 29, 2008, which the plaintiffs euphemistically called an `addendum' to his earlier report." (Doc. 407 at 6).

P u r su a n t to the court's Order Adop t i n g D i s c o v e r y Plan, the deadline for all discovery in the c a s e , inc l u d i n g exp e r t deposition s an d disco v e r y , w a s S e p t e m b e r 21, 2007 . (Do c . 100).
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Humphrey states in the body of the letter that it "appends" the previously prepared appraisal report. In the letter, Mr. Humphrey addressed unspecified "questions" posited to him by plaintiffs' counsel, and discussed improved commercial sales in the area and rental/lease value of improved land. (Doc. 404-11). He assumed a 10,000 square foot ("SF") building or "land condo" on the land and stated that such would have sold for $5,000,000. With respect to rental income, Humphrey calculated that the owner of a 10,000 SF building would gross "$240,000 to $260,000 per year with minimal expenses for vacancy and credit losses, management, legal, accounting and reserves." (Doc. 404-11 at 2). Defendant Intrawest filed a motion to strike and exclude this evidence, as well as the portions of plaintiff's statement of facts and memorandum of law in which "plaintiffs improperly seeks (sic) to change their damages theory in an effort to avoid summary judgment" (doc. 407 at 2). The other defendants joined in this motion. (Doc. 425, 426, 427). The court granted the motion on January 16, 2009, stating that in ruling on the pending motions for summary judgment, the court would not consider evidence presented in the expert's "addendum" or arguments made in reliance thereon. (Doc. 462).

Plaintiff's allegations against the County In the Parties and General allegations of K&H's verified amended complaint, it makes the following allegations with respect to the defendant County: On November 4, 2002, the Walton County board of County Commissioners held a Land Use Hearing at which the Commissioners considered the Sandestin NOPC that had been drafted "by and for the benefit of the Howard Defendants, Sandestin, and the Intrawest defendants." (Doc. 49 ¶ 35, 44). After hearing no evidence that the NOPC would affect the right to commercially develop K&H's property, the County approved the NOPC and enacted Ordinance 2002-18. (¶ 48). Kelly Finney, a consultant working for K&H, had a pre-application meeting with

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Walton County Staff in an unsuccessful attempt to obtain approval for K&H's planned development. (¶ 50). She was later told by County employees that "all the density within 208/308 was allocated for the Howard Group" and that matter of density/intensity on the property was a "civil matter." (¶¶ 51 - 52, 54). After K&H's repeated requests for land use determinations, in November of 2006, the County determined that the approved use for K&H's land is "Coastal Center." (¶55). The County did not allow K&H to proceed with any development on its property. (¶62) The County is named in four counts of the complaint. In count II, K&H alleges that the County violated plaintiff's rights to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The County allegedly discriminated against K&H by denying it the use and enjoyment of its property while allowing owners of similarly situated properties, specifically the Howard defendants, to develop their land. The remaining defendants allegedly acted either jointly with or through the County to deprive K&H of its property rights. In Count III, K&H alleges that the County violated its rights to substantive due process through the County's arbitrary and capricious actions, and again that the other defendants acted jointly with or through County officials. Count IV is a claim for equitable estoppel against the County alone. K&H essentially contends that it relied on representations of the County with respect to its development rights prior to purchasing the subject property, and also that it relied on similar representations made at the November 2002 land use hearing. Count VII is a claim for inverse condemnation under Article x §6(a) of the Florida Constitution. K&H contends that the County's actions which deprived K&H of its property rights resulted in a substantial deprivation of the beneficial use of its real property and constituted a de facto taking of its property. In its motion for summary judgment, the County contends that neither plaintiff can prevail on its equal protection claim because they are not similarly situation to a chosen comparator, and no County ordinances have been applied in a

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discriminatory manner. The county next asserts that as to count III, plaintiffs have failed to show a deprivation of a federally protected right. With respect to count IV, the County asserts that equitable estoppel is not a viable cause of action, but rather a defense, and that even if it is considered a cause of action no claim lies. Finally, the County states that plaintiffs' inverse condemnation claim is not ripe.

Summary Judgment Standard A motion for summary judgment should be granted when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Rule 56(c), Fed.R.Civ.P. "[T]he plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265, 273 (1986); see also Morisky v. Broward County, 80 F.3d 445, 447 (11th Cir. 1996). However, summary judgment is improper "if a reasonable fact finder evaluating the evidence could draw more than one inference from the facts, and if that inference introduces a genuine issue of material fact." Jeffery v. Sarasota White Sox, Inc., 64 F.3d 590, 594 (11th Cir. 1995). An issue of fact is "material" if it might affect the outcome of the case under the governing law. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202, 211 (1986). It is "genuine" if the record taken as a whole could lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party. See id.; see also Matsushita Electric Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 1356, 89 L.Ed.2d 538, 552 (1986). If reasonable minds could differ on the inferences arising from undisputed facts, then a court should deny summary decisionmaking. Miranda v. B&B Cash Grocery Store,

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Inc., 975 F.2d 1518, 1534 (11th Cir. 1992) (citing Mercantile Bank & Trust Co. v. Fidelity and Deposit Co., 750 F.2d 838, 841 (11th Cir. 1985)). Conclusory allegations based on subjective beliefs are insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact. See Leigh v. Warner Bros., Inc., 212 F.3d 1210, 1217 (11th Cir. 2000); Ramsey v. Leath, 706 F.2d 1166, 1170 (11th Cir. 1983). On a summary judgment motion, the record and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from it must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Whatley v. CNA Ins. Cos., 189 F.3d 1310, 1313 (11th Cir. 1999). The court is not obliged to deny summary judgment for the moving party when the evidence favoring the nonmoving party is "merely colorable or is not significantly probative." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50, 106 S.Ct. at 2511. And, it is improper for the district court to make credibility determinations, such as between contradictory affidavits, on a motion for summary judgment. Miller v. Harget, 458 F.3d 1251, 1256 (11th Cir. 2006); Bischoff v. Osceola County, 222 F.3d 874, 876 (11th Cir. 2000); Harris v. Ostrout, 65 F.3d 912, 916-17 (11th Cir. 1995); Perry v. Thompson, 786 F.2d 1093, 1095 (11th Cir. 1986); Rollins v. TechSouth, Inc., 833 F.2d 1525, 1531 (11th Cir. 1987). This is because at the summary judgment stage, a court's function is not to weigh the evidence to determine the truth of the matter, but to determine whether a genuine issue of fact exists for trial. See Anderson, 477 U.S. 249. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2513, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) ( "Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge, whether he is ruling on a motion for summary judgment or for a directed verdict.")

A. Equal Protection Claim In Count II of the Verified Amended Complaint (henceforth "complaint"), plaintiff claims that the County violated the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by denying K&H, and later Bla-Lock, the ability to develop

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its property while allowing similarly situated property owners to develop their property. The County contends that K&H cannot prevail on this claim as K&H can show neither that it is similarly situated to its chosen comparator nor that the County applied its ordinances to K&H in a discriminatory manner. A "local government `may only be held liable under Section 1983 if action pursuant to official ... policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort.' " Campbell v. Rainbow City, Ala., 434 F.3d 1306, 1312 (11th Cir. 2006) (quoting Matthews v. Columbia County, 294 F.3d 1294, 1297 (11th Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (quoting Church v. City of Huntsville, 30 F.3d 1332, 1342 (11th Cir. 1994))). Further, only municipal officers or groups who have final policymaking authority may subject the municipality to § 1983 liability. Id. In Count II of the complaint, plaintiffs claim that the Howard defendants acted in concert with the County and the other defendants to violate the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. They allegedly did this by denying K&H, and later Bla-Lock, the ability to develop the K&H property while allowing similarly situated property owners to develop their property. Section 1983 proscribes conduct that deprives a person of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48, 108 S.Ct. 2250, 2254-55, 101 L.Ed.2d 40 (1988) (citations omitted); Holmes v. Crosby, 418 F.3d 1256, 1258 (11th Cir. 2005). Its scope is limited, however. The Eleventh Circuit has noted that "federal courts should be disinclined to sit as a zoning board of review, and as a general rule, zoning decisions will not usually be found by a federal court to implicate constitutional guarantees." Campbell v. Rainbow City, 434 F.3d 1306,1313 (11th Cir. 2006) (quoting Greenbriar Village, L.L.C. v. Mountain Brook, City, 345 F.3d 1258, 1262 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (internal quotations omitted)). Still, the Equal Protection Clause requires

government entities to treat similarly situated individuals alike, and this protection is not limited to members of a vulnerable class. Id. A plaintiff may raise what is

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referred to as a "class of one claim" where the plaintiff alleges that it "has been intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment." Id. (quoting Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564, 120 S.Ct. 1073, 145 L.Ed.2d 1060 (2000) (per curiam)). At the crux of a successful equal protection claim is the similarity of the two comparators. Different treatment of dissimilarly situated persons does not offend the Equal Protection Clause. Campbell, 434 F.3d at 1314 (citing E&T Realty v. Strickland, 830 F.2d 1107, 1112 (11th Cir. 1987)). Equal protection plaintiffs must provide specific details in making their claims so the court may determine whether the proposed comparator was similarly situated in "all relevant respects." Campbell, 434 F.3d at 1314 (citing Strickland v. Alderman, 74 F.3d at 264-65; Racine Charter One, Inc. v. Racine Unified School Dist., 424 F.3d 677, 680 (7 th Cir. 2005) (finding that "[t]o be considered `similarly situated,' comparators must be prima facie identical in all relevant respects")); Griffin Industries, Inc., v. Irvin, 496 F.3d 1189 (11th Cir. 2007); Knight v. Baptist Hosp. of Miami, Inc., 330 F.3d 1313, 1316-19 (11th Cir. 2003); Maulding Development, L.L.C. v. City of Springfield, Ill., 453 F.3d 967 (7th Cir. 2006). This is a heavy burden, and "when plaintiffs in `class of one' cases challenge the outcome of complex, multi-factored government decisionmaking processes, similarly situated entities `must be very similar indeed.'" Griffin Industries, 496 F.3d at 1205 (citing McDonald v. Vill. Of Winnetka, 371 F.3d 992, 1002 (7 th Cir. 2004)). Although whether individuals are similarly situated is generally a factual question, "a court may properly grant summary judgment where it is clear that no reasonable jury could find that the similarly situated requirement has been met." McDonald v. Village of Winnetka, 371 F.3d 992, 1002 (7 th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). The Campbell case provides relevant guidance with respect to the nature of the differences that can render comparators dissimilar for purposes of equal protection analysis. The Campbell plaintiffs were real estate developers who sued Rainbow City after it denied their application for tentative approval of a proposed

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building project,8 claiming violations of their rights to free speech and equal protection. After a jury verdict in favor of the developers, the trial court denied the City's motion for judgment as a matter of law. The Eleventh Circuit reversed, finding that the comparators identified by the plaintiffs were not sufficiently similar to state an equal protection claim. It found that some of the comparators were inadequate simply because there was no record evidence that they had ever applied for a tentative approval, as had the plaintiffs. Plaintiffs were faulted for their failure to show what documentation other proposed comparators had brought before the Planning Commission in seeking tentative approval for their projects. 434 F.3d at 1315. Finally, several development projects that sought and received tentative approval were distinguished on factors including the kind and number of variances sought, whether the projects met density requirements, the documentation provided to the Planning Commission, the developers' compliance with Planning Commission requirements, and the size of the developments. Id. at 1316-1317. Because plaintiffs failed to present evidence of the City's different treatment of a development that was similarly situated to their proposed development in size, impact, and in type of approval sought from the city, among other things, they did not meet their burden of establishing an equal protection claim. The Eleventh Circuit found that on the record before it, there was therefore no factual basis for a reasonable jury to find for the plaintiffs on an equal protection claim and the motion for judgment as a matter of law should have been granted. Id. at 1317. Additional illustration of the stringent nature of the "similarly situated" requirement is found in Griffin Industries Inc. v. Irwin. In that case, the plaintiff was a chicken rendering plant that claimed it had been singled out for punitive action, while other similarly situated plants were not subjected to similar regulation. 496

T h e Cam pb ell plaintiffs applied for permission to build an apartment com p l e x that would exceed de ns ity, setback and other requirem e n t s in the city's ordinances. The City's Planning Com m i s s i o n denied the r e q u e s t for tentative approval, and it was this denial that provided the basis for the alleged damages. 434 F.3d a t 1315.
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F.3d at 1202. Defendant state officials successfully moved to dismiss the plaintiff's due process claims, and appealed the denial of the motion to dismiss equal protection and conspiracy claims. In analyzing plaintiff's claims, the Eleventh Circuit noted that the government's challenged regulatory action was "undeniably multi-dimensional, involving varied decision-making criteria applied in a series of discretionary decisions made over an extended period of time." 496 F.3d at 1203. However, it found that plaintiff's own complaint showed that it was not similarly situated to its chosen comparator, another chicken rendering plant, in several critical respects. Unlike its comparator, plaintiff had recently increased the volume of its rendering activity. There was a coinciding increase in citizen complaints, and plaintiff was also under political pressure as a result of unhappy citizens. Most critical, however, was that the comparator self-reported potential pollution problems, while the plaintiff did not. 496 at 1206. All of these factors together led the court to conclude that the plaintiff failed to state a claim for a "class of one" equal protection violation because it had failed to identify a similarly situated comparator. 496 F.3d at 1207. In the case at bar, plaintiffs' expert appraiser Walter Humphrey testified at his deposition that he has previously been qualified as an expert witness in the Northern District of Florida to issue opinions on whether properties were similarly situated. (Doc. 235-4 at 76). He opined after looking at developed properties near the K&H property that they were "quite similar." (Doc. 235-4 at 76-77). Specifically, he found that: they're both on the north side of Highway 98. They're both within the Sandestin general market area. In terms of access, they do have a road that goes between them so their access would be a little bit better, but neither one has direct access from Highway 98. It's from the side street which I believe goes to the back gates at Sandestin also. (Id. at 77). Plaintiffs assert that the Howard property is an appropriate comparator because the Howard and K&H properties are both within the Sandestin DRI, both are

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within the area designated as a single area for development by Walton County as Parcel 208/308, and the properties are of similar size and topography and are suitable for similar uses. As illustrated by the case law summarized above, however, mere geographic comparison is insufficient. The County distinguishes the K&H property from that owned by the Howard Group not based on geography, but on how the proposed development on each was treated. It posits that the property of the Howard Group is different from the K&H property in two significant respects. First, the Howard Group participated with the Sandestin DRI declarant9 in applying for a modification to the DRI Development Order through the 2002 NOPC. Plaintiff has never submitted an application for a development order or for a change in the DRI. (Doc. 188-2, Blackshear Affidavit ¶ 16). And, plaintiffs have not identified any property owner who was allowed to develop its property within the Sandestin DRI without applying for a modification to the DRI Development Order or applying for a separate development order. Thus, in this respect there is no similarly situated property owner. The second distinction between the Howard Group and the plaintiffs is that the Howard Group demonstrated to the County through the NOPC process that it had development rights. K&H, on the other hand was never able to provide any documentation of its development rights, despite assistance from County staff in attempting to ascertain proof of such rights. (Doc. 188, exh. Q, Bradley Deposition, exh. 99-104). K&H obtained its property through a quitclaim deed that made no reference to development rights. Its claim to development rights is based on the conclusory assertion that the K&H property should receive a pro rata share of the development rights allocated to Parcel 208. Conversely, the Purchase Agreement and Agreement Regarding Amendment of Development Order though which the

T h e declarant of the Sandestin DRI is designated in the Sandestin Declaration of Covenants, C o n d i ti o n s and Restrictions or in the supplemental declarations. The declarant, currently Intrawest S a n d e s t i n Com p a n y , L.L.C., has changed at least four times in the 30 year existence of the DRI. (Doc. 1 8 8 - 2 , Black s h e a r Affidavit ¶ 8).
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Howard defendants acquired their property specifically identified the development rights being sold and detailed how and for how much additional development rights might be obtained. (Doc. 188-17, Pelham deposition, exh. 87 at 16). While plaintiffs are correct that there is no precise formula to determine whether individuals are similarly situated, they have not attempted to rebut these specific distinctions, instead stating simply that there "are no distinguishing factors herein between the Defendant Howard's properties and the K&H property." (Doc. 414 at 8). Their claim that the question of whether the properties are similarly situated should be determined only based on circumstances prior to the 2002 adoption of the NOPC is not supported by the case law. Based on the foregoing, plaintiffs have not met their heavy burden of showing that they were similarly situated to their chosen comparator, "in light of all the factors that would be relevant to an objectively reasonably governmental decisionmaker." Griffin Industries, 496 F.3d at 1207. They also have not established that the defendants' actions were irrational and arbitrary. As such, the record does not support a claim for an equal protection violation.

Substantive Due Process Claim In Count III, plaintiffs assert that the County arbitrarily and capriciously denied their substantive due process rights by not permitting development of the K&H property. A substantive due process claim originates in the Fourteenth Amendment provision stating that "No state shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. . ." U.S. Const. amend XIV, § 1. The Due

Process clause incorporates a guarantee to both substantive and procedural due process. See Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 125, 110 S.Ct. 975, 983, 108 L.Ed.2d 100 (1990). "Substantive due process" includes protection against "certain

arbitrary, wrongful government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them." Id. (quoting Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331, 106

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S.C.t 662, 665, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986)); Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125, 112 S.Ct. 1061, 1068, 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992). The right asserted in this case is plaintiffs' right to develop their property. It is well-accepted that property interests are not created by the Constitution, but are created and defined "by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law," and they arise only where the plaintiff demonstrates a "legitimate claim of entitlement. " Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 2709, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972)); Town of Castle Rock, Colo. v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 756, 125 S.Ct. 2796, 2803, 162 L.Ed.2d 658 (2005); Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 709, 96 S.Ct. 1155, 1164, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976); DeKalb Stone, Inc. v. County of DeKalb, GA, 106 F.3d 956, 959 (11th Cir. 1997) ("It is well established that land use rights, as property rights generally, are state-created rights." (citing Roth, 408 U.S. at 577, 92 S.Ct. at 2709)); Key West Harbour Development Corp. v. City of Key West, Fla., 987 F.2d 723, 727 (11th Cir. 1993); Spence v. Zimmerman, 873 F.2d 256, 258 (11th Cir. 1989)). Thus, the property rights claimed by plaintiffs in this case are state-created rights. DeKalb Stone, 106 F.3d at 959. Areas in which substantive rights are created only by state law are not subject to substantive due process protection under the Due Process Clause because "substantive due process rights are created only by the Constitution." McKinney v. Pate, 20 F.3d 1550, 1556 (11th Cir. 1994) (quoting Regents of Univ. of Mich. v. Ewing, 474 U.S. 214, 229, 106 S.Ct. 507, 515, 88 L.Ed.2d 523 (1985)); Greenbriar Village, L.L.C. v. Mountain Brook City, 345 F.3d 1258, 1262 (11th Cir. 2003) ("[T]o the extent that Greenbriar predicates it sub sta ntive due process claim directly on the denial of its state-granted and ­defined property right in the permit, no substantive due process claim is viable."). As in DeKalb Stone, the question in this case is whether plaintiffs may bring a cause of action for a substantive due process violation, which purported to deprive them of a state-created property right. 106 F.3d at 959. The DeKalb Stone court found generally that no substantive due process violation lies where there is an

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exe cutive deprivation of a state-created right. DeKalb Stone, 106 F.3d at 960 (citing McKinney v. Pate, 20 F.3d 1550 (11th Cir. 1994) (employment rights after challenge to termination); C.B. ex rel. Breeding v. Driscoll, 82 F.3d 383 (11th Cir. 1996)(state education rights after student challenges to suspensions)); In Count II of the complaint, plaintiff claims that the Howard defendants acted in concert with the County and the other defendants to violate the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by denying K&H, and later Bla-Lock, the ability to develop the K&H property while allowing similarly situated property owners to develop their property. Property rights are state created rights, and enforcement of existing zoning regulations is an executive, rather than legislative act. Id. (Citing Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1485 (11th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted)). Therefore no cause of action for a substantive due process violation will lie where an executive actor deprives the plaintiff of his state created property right. DeKalb Stone, 106 F.3d at 959-960 (citing McKinney, Driscoll, and Boatman v. Town of Oakland, 76 F.3d 341, 346 (11th Cir. 1996)(no federal substantive due process claim arose where property owner alleged that town executives arbitrarily and capriciously refused to issue certificate of occupancy)); see also Kauth v. Hartford Ins. Co. of Ill., 852 F.2d 951, 956-58 (7th Cir. 1988)); Roberts v. City of Orange Beach, 2001 WL 530696 (S.D. Ala. 2001) (following DeKalb Stone). The different between "legislative" acts and acts that are "non-legislative" or "executive" is critical to the inquiry. McKinney v. Pate, 20 F.3d at 1557 n.9 (citing Greenholtz v. Inmates of Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, 442 U.S. 1, 7, 99 S.Ct. 2100, 2104, 60 L.Ed.2d 668 (1979)). "Ex ecu tive acts characteristically apply to a limited number of persons (and often to only one person)" and they "typically arise from the ministerial or administrative activities of members of the executive branch." McKinney, 20 F.3d at 1557 n. 9.

Leg isl ati ve acts generally apply to a larger segment of, if not all of, society. Id.; DeKalb Stone, 106 F.3d at 959 (a "legislative act involves policy-making rather than mere administrative application of existing policies.") (citing Crymes v. DeKalb

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County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1485 (11th Cir. 1991)(citations omitted)); Nicholas v. Pennsylvania State Univ., 227 F.3d 133, 139 n.1 (3rd Cir. 2000) (Executive acts . . . typically apply to one person or to a limited number of persons, while legislative acts, generally laws and broad executive regulations, apply to large segments of society."). Non-legislative deprivations of state-created rights, which would include land-use rights, cannot support a substantive due process claim, not even if the plaintiff alleges that the government acted arbitrarily and irrationally. Greenbriar, 345 F.3d at 1263 (citing McKinney, 20 F.3d at 1559). The Florida Supreme Court has held that enactments of original zoning ordinances "have always been considered legislative."10 Board of County Com'rs of Brevard County v. Snyder, 627 So.2d 469 (Fla. 1993) (citing Gulf & Easter Development. Corp. v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 354 So.2d 57 (Fla. 1978); County of Pasco v. J.Dico, Inc., 343 So.2d 83 (Fla. 2nd DCA 1977)). The Snyder court referenced cases where a comprehensive amendment to a zoning ordinance, and two instances of board action on specific rezoning applications of individual property owners were considered legislative acts. 627 So.2d at 474 (citing Schauer v. City of Miami Beach, 112 So. 2d 838, 839 (Fla. 1959); City of Jacksonville Beach v. Grubbs, 461 So.2d 160, 163 (Fla. 1st DCA 1984); Palm Beach County v. Tinnerman, 517 So.2d 699, 700 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987)). It noted that the character of the hearing determines whether the board action is legislative or quasi-judicial. Legislative action results in the

formulation of a general rule of policy, whereas judicial action results in the application of a general rule of policy. Id. (citations omitted). Although

comprehensive rezonings that affect a large portion of the public are legislative in nature, the court stated:

W h e t h e r an action is legislative or quasi-judicial determines the level of review it receives u n d e r Florida law. A board's legislative action is subject to attack in circuit court under a deferential " f a i r l y debatable" standa r d of review , while rulings of a bo a r d acting in its qua s i - j u d i c i a l capa c i t y are s u b j e c t to review by certiorari and will be upheld only if they are supported by substantial competent e v i d e n c e . Snyder, 627 So.2d at 474; Coastal Develo p m e n t of N o r t h Florida, Inc. v. City of Jack s o n v i l l e B e a c h , 788 So.2d 204 (Fla. 2001).
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[R]ezoning actions which have an impact on a limited number of persons or property owners, on identifiable parties and interests, where the decision is contingent on a fact or facts arrived at from distinct alternatives presented at a hearing, and where the decision can be functionally viewed as policy application, rather than policy setting, are in the nature of ... quasi-judicial action.... 627 So.2d at 474. It later held in another case, however, that the decision to amend a comprehensive land use plan is a legislative decision, even if the amendment affects only a single parcel of property. Martin County v. Yusem, 690 So.2d 1288, 1293-1295 (Fla. 1997); D.R. Horton, Inc.­Jacksonville v. Peyton, 959 So.2d 390, 399 (Fla. 1st DCA 2007). It explained the lengthy process by which such an amendment may be adopted, and stated that there is no reason to treat a county's decision with respect to a modification of a previously adopted land use plan as any less leg isl ati ve in nature than the decision initially adopting the plan. 690 So.2d at 1294. Finally, in yet another case, the Supreme Court of Florida held that the denial of a proposed small-scale development amendment to a City's comprehensive plan was leg isl ati ve in nature because it implicated changes to the future land use element of the plan, and therefore a policy decision. Coastal Development of North Florida, Inc. v. City of Jacksonville Beach, 788 So.2d 204, 205-208 (Fla. 2001); D.R. Horton, Inc.­Jacksonville, 959 So.2d at 400. The court noted in passing that there are adm ini str ati ve remedies available to aggrieved parties in the small-scale development amendment context that are not available in the zoning context. 788 So. 2d at 209. Plaintiffs assert that the County's adoption of the 2002 and 2004 NOPCs were legislative acts that were used by the defendants to keep K&H from developing its property.11 But the facts prove otherwise. All plaintiffs have been able to show is that their inability to develop the K&H property stems from the County's

I f this is true, under the case law cited herein K&H could have immediately filed an original a c ti o n in the appropriate circuit court challenging the decision under the "fairly-debatable" standard.
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enforcement of zoning regulations against a single property owner, which is an exe cutive act that does not support a substantive due process claim. See DeKalb Stone, 106 F.3d at 959; cf. Everett v. City of Tallahassee, 840 F.Supp. 1528, 1546 (N.D. Fla. 1992) (ad hoc application of uncodified and unconstitutional policy to deny plaintiff's rezoning request violates plaintiff's substantive due process rights). The adoption of the NOPC took place after an August 7, 2002 application which was considered at a single hearing. (Doc. 49 ¶¶ 43-48). Plaintiffs themselves

characterized the Land-Use hearing as a "quasi-judicial" hearing. (Doc. 415 at 13). Even if it was a legislative act, the adoption of the NOPC is just one aspect of the plaintiffs' case. And, K&H President Roger Murray testified on July 18, 2007 that the 2002 NOPC had no effect on his density rights. (Doc. 240-10 at 143-144). Finally, in plaintiffs' complaint they allege that they were granted certain DRI density/intensity rights under Walton County Ordinance 2000-03 and that "no subsequent ordinance has affected K&H's property rights as it pertains to this piece of property." (Doc. 49 at ¶¶ 23, 26, 49). In other words, plaintiffs own characterization of the NOPCs and ordinances undercut their claims. As such, the record does not support a claim for a substantive due process violation. Supplemental Jurisdiction over State Law Claims In Counts IV and VII of the verified amended complaint, K&H asserts state law claims for equitable estoppel and inverse condemnation under the Florida Constitution, respectively. Plaintiff brings these claims pursuant to the court's supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. It is well-established that once a plaintiff's federal claims are dismissed, there remains no independent federal jurisdiction to support the court's exercise of supplemental jurisdiction over the state claims against defendants. See Baggett v. First National Bank of Gainesville, 117 F.3d 1342, 1352 (11th Cir. 1997). Title 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) provides that the district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over claims after it has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction. See also United

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Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725-26, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 1138-39, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966). Where § 1367(c) applies, considerations of judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity may influence the court's discretion to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. Baggett, 117 F.3d at 1353 (citing Palmer v. Hospital Authority of Randolph County, 22 F.3d 1559, 1569 (11th Cir. 1994); Executive Software N. Am. v. United States Dist. Court, 15 F.3d 1484, 1493 (9th Cir. 1994); New England Co. v. Bank of Gwinnett County, 891 F.Supp. 1569, 1578 (N.D.Ga.1995); Fallin v. Mindis Metals, Inc., 865 F.Supp. 834, 841 (N.D.Ga.1994)); see also Rowe v. City of Ft. Lauderdale, 279 F.3d 1271, 1288 (11th Cir. 2002). "Both comity and economy are served when issues of state law are resolved by state courts." Rowe, 279 F.3d at 1288. The argument for dismissing the state law claims in order to allow state courts to resolve issues of state law is even stronger in a situation such as this when the federal claims have been dismissed prior to trial. Id. While it would be convenient for the plaintiffs to continue litigating this case in their chosen forum, the discretion on whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction is vested in the sound discretion of the district court. Rowe, 279 F.3d at 1288. The court is not inclined to exercise its jurisdiction under the circumstances of this case, as doing so would require this court to address important issues of substantive state law, including state constitutional law. Therefore, Counts IV and VII of the complaint will be dismissed.

An appropriate Order will be entered in accordance with the foregoing memorandum opinion. At Pensacola, Florida this 27th day of March, 2009.

/s/

Miles Davis
MILES DAVIS UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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