Rinker et al v. Carnival Corporation et al
Filing
285
ORDER granting in part and denying in part 207 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge Patricia A. Seitz on 12/21/11. (tp)
UN I ED STA TES D I
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THI M ATTER i be or t Cour on De e ntCar va Co por ton' M oton f
S
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t
f nda
ni l r a i s
i or
S mmayJ d me t( 2 7 .Th sa to aie fo ij re s san db Plitf, a d a
u r u g n DE- 0 ) i ci n rss r m nu is u ti e y anif S n r
Ril r afe s de l d m e ngii a r Def nda Ca ni Cor ' s p a waspr ded
rke , tr he veope
ni ts boa d
e nt r val p.s hi nd
ovi
wih media c r b t s p- r doc ora nur e . Pli ifssx coun Se ond Am e d
t
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t c
nde
Co aitalgest e cli a i tDef ntCani Cor t r val ( )ne i nc ( 1
mpl n le hre ams gans enda r val p. cani l: 1 glge e; 2)
a rntage yf t acsofSus La t s p' nure;a ( a rnta nc f t a t
ppae
nc or he t
an w,he hi s s nd 3) ppae ge y or he cs
o De e ntRa a
f f nda
m mbhaiPa e,t s p' d t . ca et r i no e de t tPl ntf
t l he hi s ocor Be us he e s vi nce ha ai if
d ti nal r le o a yrp e e tto sma eb Ca nv lt emoi f rs mmayj d me t
erme t l eid n n e r sn ain d y r ia,h ton o u r u g n
y
i gr nt d a t bot a r nta ncycl ms
s a e s o h ppa e ge
ai .Them o i i as gr nt ast al ofPli ifs
ton s lo a ed o l
antf'
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glge e l m xc pt o a ntf
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sd
ni l s a l e o i y
e uae Pli tf fom t s p.
vac t a n if r he hi
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rhe ount ar a t ly num be ed 1 1 1 a I ,r pe tvel Fo s e unknow n r as
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r , 1 , nd V es c i y. r om
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a des t t po e ilf c uson,Pli iff l t r num be t c mt whe s fl her
nd pie he t nta or onf i
a ntf aied o e
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Se ond A m e
c
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ai .
1. M at alFact
eri
sz
Pl i ifa he hus
antf nd r bandwe epa s nge sa r Cmmi lss p Spii,i Nove r
r s e r boa d
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2008, n s be m eilon t ls ni toft c uie.Pl i ifs ug team e i t s p'
whe he ca l
he a t gh
he r s
antf o ht r t nt n he hi s
i ima y. Uli t l Pl i ifwast ke fom t s p by a b a t ahos t lwhe e s
nfr r
tma ey, antf
a n r he hi
m ulnce o
pia
r he
wa dignos d wih me ngii , ctr a a oseo yeii.Asa r s tofhe il s Pli if
s a
e t ni ts ba e emi , nd t m lts
e ul
r lnes , antf
wa lf pr o y de fa unde we tc hla i a si bot e r Pl ntf wa a s l t
s e t of undl a nd
r n oc e r mpl nt n h a s. ai if s lo ef
wih ne r ogialpr em swhih m a he una et sa orwak w ihouta ssa e.
t u ol c obl
c
ke r bl o t nd
l t
s it nc
Cons que l Pl i ifhass d Ca ni lf neglge a f t ne i nce oft s p'
e nty, a ntf
ue
r va or
i nce nd or he glge
he hi s
ntr ea s p' doc o unde at y ofa r nta nc
ls nd hi s t r
r heor
ppa e ge y.
Pl n f ' Il esa d T e t n I// Ab a d teS rt
ait fs ln s n r ame t1: e o r h pii
'ï
Bewe 2 a 2: am . t l tnihtoft c us Pl i ifa
t en nd 30 . on he as g
he r ie, antf wokewih at ni e
t e bl
he dac (.Ri De 321:5- 1) Shorl afe,Pli ifshus ndcaldt Pu srs
a he. J nker p. 1 22:.
ty tr antf
ba le he re '
ofiea rquesedt tt docorc t t c nt l a Pli if (d.a 24: 1 ) The
fc nd e t ha he t ome o he abi o ook t antf. 1 t 8- 3.
Pur e ' ofi e c
s rs fc onne t d Pl i ifshus nd t t i im a y a t i im a y i tuc e
c e antf
ba o he nfr r nd he nfr r nsr t d
Pli ifa he hus ndt c t t i i l (d a 24:4- ) Ho r t nurea t
antf nd r ba o ome o he nfnnay. 1 t 1 25. weve,he s t he
i im a y frti tuc e Pli ift tke s eTyl nol whih Pl i ifshus nd obt i d fom
nfr r is nsr t d a ntf o a om
e , c antf ' ba
ane r
t Purersofi e.f a 25: 26:9. W he t Tyl di nothep,Plitf shus nd
he s ' tc (#. t 24- 1 )
n he enol d
l anif
ba
cal t i im a y a i a ot 3: 5 a. . a as d f t doc o t c et t Ri r
led he nfr r gan, r md 1 m , nd ke or he t r o om o he nke s'
2 f t not be ow a e t ke f o t pa te 'r pec i undi put d sat m e sof
The ac s ed l r a n r m he ri s es tve
s e t e nt
f t ,DEac s
207, 2- a D Epp. 7 nd
246,pp. 21 unl sot r s not The Cour hasco i r d
6- , es he wi e ed.
t
ns de e
t f c si t lghtm os f vor bl t Pl i if
he a t n he i
t a a e o a ntf .
3 . Ri rD e r e st t de ii ofJa e Ri ,Pl i i fs hus nd, i e a D EJ nke p. ef r o he poston
m s nker a nt f
ba t l d t
2462.
2
c bi (d a 27: 15. Thenurei or dPli ifshus ndt tt docorwoul notcome
a n. 1 t 5- )
s nf me antf
ba ha he t
d
t t c bi f t ss 'oft ng a t tPl ntf s ul c et t i im ay. (d.a 27:6o he a n or hi ol hi nd ha ai if ho d om o he nfr r 1 t 1
t
20. Pli ifandhe hus ndwe t t i i yandarvedar 3: a. (t a 27: ) antf
r ba
nt o he nfnnar
ri
ound 30 m.1L t 21
2 1) Ont ewa t t eifr r , anifb c medz ya dl t e b ln ea d i t e
8:.
h y o h n imay Pli t e a iz n os h r aa c n ,n h
f
i imay,Pli ifa rdco us whe t nuretidt s kwihher (d.a 28: 1
nfr r antf ppeae nf ed n he s re o pea t . 1 t 9- 6;
3117. At h i fr r ,h n reg v Plitf a ij cinf rp i Net e Plitf no he
:- ) t e n may t e u s a e an if n n e to o an. ih r an if r r
h b n o j ce t t ij ci n. (d a 3 :5. Afe r c i n teij ci n Plitf
us a d be td o he n e to 1 . t 12 ) tr e evig h ne to , an if
vomied. (d.a 65: 24- 2.
t 1 t 64: 65: )
Ata oxi t l 5: a. .Pl ntf a he hus nd l f t i ima yt r t n t t i
ppr ma ey 00 m , ai if nd r ba et he nfr r o eur o her
c bi (d.a 38: 1 ) W he Pli iflf t i imay,henuret dPl ntf t ts di not
a n. 1 t 8- 2.
n antf e the nfr r t
s ol ai if ha he d
ne d t s adoc oral t ti he c tonedwor e
e o ee
t ld ha f r ondii
s ned,s coul go t o oft l l
he
d
o ne he oca
hos t safe t s pwa i por. (d a 39:- ) Pl ntf wasnoti tuce t rt nt t
pial tr he hi s n t I t 16. ai if
4
nsr td o eur o he
i imay. (d.at63: 1 )I or rt ge Pli ifba kt t i c bi Pl ntf hus nd
nfr r 1
5-2. n de o t antf c o her a n, ai irs ba
bo
nowe awhee c i fom t i imar (d a 40: 7. Ahe Pli ifrt ne t t ca n,
d
l har r he nfr y. 1 t 3- )
r antf eur d o he bi
s beg n vomii (d.a 42:0- ) Pli ifspai as itnsfe s wasdiore ed,a
he a
tng. 1 t 1 18. antf
n lo ne i d, he
s int nd
s wa a tngc usd. (d.a 42:0- 1.
he s ci onf e 1 t 1 1 )
Ata oxi t l 8: a. .Pl ntf shus nd c le t Pur e ' ofi ea t dt m
ppr ma ey 00 m , ai if
ba al d he s r s fc nd ol he
t tPli tf wa i s ver pa n,s ha be n vom ii s wa diore e a s ne ded
ha a n if s n e e i he d e
tng, he s s int d, nd he e
paa di anda a a t tkehe t ahos tl (#.a 42: 437. ThePure ' ofie
rme cs
n mbulnce o a r o
pia. f t 24- )
s rs fc
t dPli ifshus
ol antf
bandt tar ques f a a
ha e t or n mbul nc woul ha t bem a t ough t
a e
d ve o
de hr
he
V hes p a rve i t Po tofSa Di go,Calf ni a ound 7: a. . Sa Digo i t
hi ri d n he r
n e
ior a r
00 m
n e s he
s p' hom epor .
hi s
t
i imay. (d a 43:2- 6. Pli ifshus ndt c a t t i imayt rqueta
nfr r 1 t 1 1 ) antf
ba hen ontced he nfr r o e s n
a b a a t r s t t docorc
m ulnce nd o eque t hat he t omet t ca n t te Pl ntf . (d. t43:8o he bi o r at ai if 1 a 1 25;
44:9- ) Pli ifshus ndwa i or dt tt docorwo dnotc t t c bi a t t
1 2. antf
ba
s nf me ha he t ul
ome o ht a n nd ha
Pli ifwo d ha t c eba k t t i im a y. (d a 4 3 5) Plitf h s n
antf ul ve o om
c o he nfr r 1 . t 5:- . an ifs u ba d
i o me t i sm a yt thewo d nee hep g ti Pl i ifbac t e (d. t45:2- 4.
nf r d he ntr r ha
ul
d l e tng antf
k her . 1 a 1 1 )
Thei m a ydie t d Pl n ifshus nd t t Pur e so fc f hep. (d a 451 - 7)
nfr r r c e aitf
ba o he s r' fi e or l 1 . t :5 1 .
Pli ifshus ndt n cal d t Pur e ' ofi a r ue t d hel getng he t t i im a y.
antf
ba he le he s rs fce nd eq se
p ti
r o he nfr r
(#.a 46: 1 ) Afe t mor phonecal t t Pure ' ofiera a oxi tl a hour
f t 9- 6. tr wo e
ls o he s rs fc nd ppr maey n
a trPli if shus nd Gr tc le f a a bulnc hewasfnal a et obt n awhe c i
fe a ntf
ba
s a ld or n m a e,
i ly bl o ai
el ha r
a hel getng Pli ifi t whe c i a down t t i im a y. Ld. t46:8- 25.
nd p ti
a ntf n he
el har nd
o he nfr r l a 1 49: )
Upo a rva a t i ima y, aitf shus nd e a ne t thew a t onewho ha
n r i l t he nfr r Pl n if
ba xpli d ha
s he
d
rquesedt pa a disa a a e.(d.a 51: 9. I t i imay,Pli ifa her
e t he r me c nd mbulnc I t 6- ) n he nfr r antf nd
hus sw t doco whobeg n a ki quetonsa tPlitf scondii (d.a 5 3- 4.
band a he tr
a s ng si bou anif
ton. I t 4: 1 )
Ats mep it Plitf wa gv na t e ij cin. (d a 5 1 23) W h l Plitf wa i
o on , an if s ie noh r n e to 1 . t 6:9- .
ie an if s n
t i imay,s be nhavi adifc ttmehe i (d a 58: - 59: 22. Ar
he nfr r he ga
ng fiul i
arng. 1 t 2123; 6- ) ound
11: a. .mor t n t ho sa trPl ntf a he hus nd ha r t nedt t i im a y,
30 m , e ha wo ur fe ai if nd r ba
d e ur
o he nfr r
paa disarve i t i imayt ge Pli if (d.a 56:- ) W he t paa di
rme c ri d n he nfr r o t antf. 1 t 14.
n he rme cs
arve Pli ifwa no r ponsvet t i queto . (d.a 68: 17. Pli ifwas
ri d, antf s t es i o her sins 1 t 13- ) antf
ta pore t ahos t lwhe e s w a di g ed wih m e ngts ba e emi ,a
r ns td o
pia
r he s a nos
t
ni ii, ctr a nd
ose
t omye ii .Asar ul ofhe il s ,Pli ifwa r nde ed p of undl de a s f r fo
lts
es t
r lne s antf s e r r o y af nd ufe s r m
sve ene ol c lpr e t tma he una et wakorsa wihouta ssa
e r ur ogia oblms ha ke r bl o l tnd t
s itnce.(.
J
Ri rAf. t! ) W hiePli ifwasnoteva uae fom t s puntlhour a tria rve i
nke f a 4.
l antf
c td r he hi i
s fe t ri d n
4
por,t ot rpa s r we ee uaed fo t s p f rm ed c lr s a a oxi t l
t wo he s enge s r vac t r m he hi o
i a ea ons t ppr ma ey
7:5a. ( antf sEx.9.
1 m. Pli if
)
Ca nv 'Re e e tto st Pli f n He Hu b n
r ial pr s na in o antfa d r s a d
s
Prort b r ng Pli ifr eved t t r sa c tonsofhe Tike Contac .
i o oa di
antf ec i he e m nd ondii
r c t
r t
( meoAf a ! . W hi Plitf ds ue ta s ewa p o ie wi t tr a d
Ro r Es t 6) l anif ip ts h t h s r vd d t he ems n
e
h
condiins s
to , omeo onbe fofPli it c ee herboo ngonlnea ac owl ed
ne,
hal
antfl ompltd
ki
i nd kn edg
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an ifs c e tn e f h ems n o d to s Ro r
t 7) e ems n
condii oft Ti ke Contac con an t f l ng lnguage:
tons he c t
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a
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rns tton,
l he hi s
physc a a on boa d c es i ... r et rope a e by ora e i pe nt
ii n, nd
r onc sons a e ihe
rtd
r nde nde
c r c or . Eve t ug Cani s lbe e il d t colec a f eand e l apr i fom
onta t s
n ho h r val hal
ntte o l t e
a'
n
oft r
t tcke i ors l ofs h s r c sby s pe s o e ii ,Ca ni lnet r
he i tng ae uc e vi e
uch r ons r nttes r va ihe
s r i e norcontol t i a tons norm a sa r pr s nt ton eihe expr so
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r s her c i ,
ke ny e e e a i t r
es r
i id ast t i s t biiy. r va ,i a r ngi f t s r c cal d f byt
mple
o her uia lt Ca ni l n ra ng or he e vies le or he
physc a ornur e ...
ii n
s
doess onl a ac
o y s onveninc f t Gue ta Guessa ef e t
e e or he
s nd
t r re o
us orno us t s s r c s.Gue ta ee t tCa ni a s m esno r po i lt doe
e
t e he e e vie
s gr s ha r val s u
es nsbiiy, s
notg r nt pe f r a eand i no eve s l bela ef a neglge ori e i l
ua a ee r o m nc
n
nt ha l ibl or ny
i nt nt ntona
a t o o s in ,o s d ma e ij r . .nc n cinwi s i s r ie . ssus
cs r miso s ls, a g ,nu y . i o ne to t ad e vc s Guet e
h
s e o Af . ef r t t Afi vi ofM a i Rom e o,acli sr pr e a i i
Rom r f r e s o he fda t
ro
r
am e es nt tve n
Ca ni ls Los Pr ven i D e pr m e ,fl a D E-207- .
r va '
s e ton a t nt ied t
1
5
t s r c s ofa li pe ntc r t r a t Gues ' s e r s I pe ent
he e vi e
1 nde nde ontac o s t he
t s ol i k. nde nd
c r cor a e e il t m a apr rc r ef ranys r i epe f med wih r s c t
onta t s r ntted o kt ope ha g o
e v c ror
t e pe t o
a G ues
t.
(
Rome oAf.Ex.1) W hiePl ntf di no co eet onlnebooki s di r evea
r f,
.
l ai if d t mplt he i
ng, he d ec i
pa ke ofi or tona t c uie, c s û anc t ough.'( ai ifDe 61 3- 6.
c t nf mai bout he r s whih he s ed hr ' Pl ntf p. 05: 1 )
gl
Pli ifr m e r r di t tt s p ha m e ca s r c onboa d butdoe notr m be
antf e mbe s ea ng ha he hi d di l e vi es
r
s
eme r
wha ot i or ton abou t me c ls r c we e i l d i t pa tofi onna i
t her nf ma i
t he di a e vies r ncude n he cke
nf
ton.
(d a 1 3- )
1 t 06: 20.
Onceonboa d t s p,on t s ond ni oft c uie Pli ifa he hus nd
r he hi
he ec
ght he r s , antf nd r ba
aknde t Ca an' Pary.(. nke Af.a :7. t Ca ai sPat t Ca ai
t d he pti s t J Ri r f t )At he pt n' ry,he pt n
ito u e t es i so fc r,n l dn tes i sd co , . ae.(d a ! - . Dr Pae
nr d c d h hp' fies icu ig h hp' o t r Dr P t l 1 t 57 8) . tl
wor t s meunior ands Cani lnametga t ot rs p' ofies.(d.a :8.
e he a
fm
ame r va
a s he he hi s fc r 1 t )
W he Pl ntf a he hus nd we t t i im a y, . t a Nur eDonne we e
n ai if nd r ba
nt o he nfr r Dr Pael nd
s
hl r
we rngt s m eunionn a na et asPl n ifand he hus nd had s e ot rofi er
a i he a
f
nd m ags
aitf
r ba
e n he fc s
we rn dui gt ec us .1 a :1 . Att ifr r , an ifa he h s a das o e v d
a ig rn h r ie (d t 1) he n imay Plitf nd r u b n lo bsr e
Nu s La we rn tes mena tga teoh rs i so fc r. (#. t 3) I teifr r ,
re w a ig h a
me a s h t e hp' fies f a !1 . n h n imay
Pli ifshus nd wa gi n af r t tl outwhih ha t Ca i ll on i a s i I S
a ntf
ba
s ve o m o il
c d he m va ogo t nd a d S
M
Ca ia S ii -M e ia De rme t' (# a : 3) Th f nn whc Plitf sh b n fl d
m v l prt
dc l pat n . f . t 1 . e o , ih anif us a d il
'
e
outand Pl i ifs gne s a e 1 A UTH ORI M ED I
a ntf i d, t t d,$
l
ZE
CAL TREA TM EN T AN D FOR A LL
EXPENSESTO BE CHARGES TO MY SAI & SI ACCOUNT. (2) TheSai a Sin
L
GN
' f
'
l nd g
a co wa a a ountPl ntf a he hus nd had e t bls d wih Ca ni l
c unt s n cc
ai if nd r ba
sa ihe t r va .
N ow he e on t f m ,i t i im a y, el e he e on t s p w e e t r i ca i t tt
r
he or n he nfr r or s w r
he hi r he e ndi tons ha he
T l ntf De r e st t de ii ofPli if fld a 1 246- 246- a 2 8.
ai if p. ef r o he poston
antf, ie t 3E- 6, 7, nd 466
s p' me ca saf weei pe ntofCa ni l (d a ! 2-4,1 ) Asar ul,Pl ntf
hi s di l t f r nde nde
r va. 1 t 51 1 7.
es t ai if
a dh rh b n b l ve ta tes i sme ia sa f r e l y e o Cania. (d a !1 .
n e us a d ei d h t h hp' dc l tf wee mp o e s f r v l 1 . t 8)
e
Ac r ng t Pl ntf hus nd,i heha known t t s p' media sa fwa
co di o ai ifs ba f
d
hat he hi s
c l tf s
i pende ofCa ni l he i oul ha go t a hol oft s p' Ca a n a w oul ha
nde
nt
r va , s d ve ten
w
d he hi s pt i nd
d ve
rq e tdh m t g t wieof o t s p' (d a ! 9 J Rik rDe a 23 : - .
e u se i o e my f f f he hi. 1 . t 1 ; . n e p. t 5614)
'
Ho ver Pl i ifshus nd a s t tfedt thewoul ha t ke hi wiet t i i y
we , antf
ba lo esii ha
d ve a n s f o he nfnuar
r ga dl sofwhehe o nothekne t t media sa fwe eno Ca ni le pl yee b aus
e r es
t r r
w hat he
c l t f r t r va m o s ec e
hi wiene edte ment (.Ri rDe a 20 1 1 )Pli ifshus ndt he t t
s f ed rat . J nke p. t 2:0- 5. antf
ba ook r o he
i imays eybe us Pli ifnee dme c cae (d a 228: 1 229: 230: 1 238:
nfr r oll ca e antf de dial r. 1 t 9- 4; 20- 1 ; 31)
9.
Ca nia 'HiigPr c s f rteS7 'Me c l '. '
r v ls rn o es o h /r s dia 5 1/
f
/J
W hen Ca ni hie m e ca pe s
r val r s di l r onnel i unde tkesa i tga i i o t
,t
ra
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qualfc tonsoft medi lpe s lt de e mi i t y a eftt s veonboa d Car va '
ii ai
he
ca r onne o t r ne f he r i o er
r
ni ls
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hp . Br d er f t 6)
7
r o h t r c s, mi l o ims ha e c p i n h s
c
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ci
ca i e e, r va nt viws a h pplc nt e r ng her lfcai ns nd
t i i e pe s ls ls a Ca i lr quiesea h a iantt pr de t e pr e sona
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r e e eswhihar veiidbyCani lsmedialde t nt (d) Ast t me c saf
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c e rfe
r va'
c parme . 1
o he dial tf
i ve i Pl i ifste me ,Dr Patlwaslc ed i Sout Afia,Nure La wa lce ed
nvol d n antf r at nt . e
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h rc
s w s i ns
i Ausr l , n Nu s Do me l slc n e i S uh Afia (d a ! . Cn av l lov rfe
n tai a d re r h wa ie s d n o t rc . 1 t 7) n ia as eiid
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Br dbe r f e e s o he fi vi ol adbe M D. r va ' dia
Di e t , hi h i fl d a D E- 5.
r c or w c s i e t 207-
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o ev n o r
r i l hp. 1 t 8)
I . Sum m ar Judgm e St
I
y
nt andar
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S mmayj dg n i a p o raewh nlhepe dn s. .ho t a teei nog n ie
u r u me t s p r p it e s la ig . s w h t h r s e un
t
is ea t a ymaeil a t n t a t emo i gpa t i e tte t a u g n a amatrof
su s o n tra f c a d h t h v n ry s n ild o j d me t s te
lw. An ro v Ldlr fo b , n .47 U. 2 2 2 7( 9 6 ;
a ' des n . l r b y I c, 7 S. 4 , 4 1 8 ) HCA He t S rs o , n .
'
py
al e v . fGa.I c
h
v.Emplyer He t I s Co, F. 98 991( 1hCi. ) Onc t mo ngpa t
o s alh n . .240 3d 2,
1 t r 2001. e he vi ry
de
monsr t st abs nc ofa g ui i s ofm a e ilf c ,t no m ovi pa t mus S
ta e he e e
en ne s ue
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tt
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f wa d wih Spectcf c ss
or r t s is a t howi t tt r i age nei s f ti .' M at s t El .
ng ha he e s nui s ue or ral''
su hia ec
l s Co.v ZenihRa oCor ,475U. 574,587( 98 ( i Fe R.Ci P.56().The
ndu . . t di p.
S.
1 6) quotng d. v.
e)
Co tmus vi t r cor a a1 f c ua i e e e t r r i t lghtm os f vor bl t t
ur
t ew he e d nd l a t l nf r nc s he efom n he i
t a a e o he
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nng ry nd c de
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e ur u miso o ur r eh r t s o n -i e h t n a t s p e i a
t
e
of1w.' Ale v T s nFo d , n . 1 F.d6 2, 4 ( 1h Ci. 9 7 (uoigAn ro 47
a '' ln . y o o s I c, 21 3 4 6 6 1 t r 1 9 ) q t
n des n, 7
U. at25152).
S.
- )
I o p sn amoinf rs mmayj d me t ten n- vn p ryma n trl s ll
n p o ig
to o u r u g n ,h o mo ig a t y o ey oey
on t pl di ,butm us s
he ea ngs
t how by a tdav t,de ii ,a we st i e r t is a
fi is postons ns r o nt rogaore , nd
admisonst ts ii f c se s de onsr tng age nei s f til Se Fed.R.Ci P.
s i ha pectc a t xit m ta i
nui s ue or ra . e
v.
5 () () s eas Ceoe Cop. . tet47 U. 31 , 24( 9 6 .A meeS cn il'of
6 c , e; e lo ltx r v Car t 7 S. 7 3 1 8 )
,
r E itla'
s
evi nc s ppori t opposngpa t sposto wilnots fc i t d,t r mus b a
de e u
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i
ry' ii n l
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te
s fiin s o n t thej r c u dr a o a l fndf rt a pat.An e s n, 7U.. t 2;
u fce t h wig ha t u y o l e s n by i o h t ry d r o 47 S a 25
se alo Wale v Dary 911F. 1 1 ( 1hCi.1 .
e s
kr . b
2d 573, 577 1 t r 990)
8
11 Di si
1. scus on
Canv l ve f rs mmayj d me to al li a ans i.Cania s e ss mmay
r ia mo s o u r u g n n 1 cams g i tt r v l e k u r
j d me to t en gie c c u t ag igta Plitf ha ete fie t prs n e ie c t
u g n n h e l n e o n , r un h t anif s i r ald o e e t vd n e o
g
h
s
uppor t c am o f ie t esa ih t tCa ni ha adut t Pli if Addii l
t he l i r a ld o t bls ha r val d
y o a ntf .
tonaly,
Ca ni la g t tPli ifha f l dt esabls ca ai n f an oft ne i nc cli s
r va r ues ha a ntf s aie o t ih us to or y he glge e am .
Ca v l los e s mmayj d me to tea pae ta e c c u t a g igt ts c acam
mia as e ks u r u g n n h p rn g n y o n s r un ha u h li
i notr c ni edi t sCic ta a s ar ui t tPli ifhasf ld t esa ih t elme s
s
e og z n hi r ui nd lo g ng ha a ntf
aie o t bls he e nt
ofs h a cl i .
uc
am
A. Ne i nce
glge
Count1oft Se
he cond Am e d Co ai i bas on ne i enc The Se
nde
mpl nt s ed
glg e.
cond
Am e d Compl nts t f t ni wa i whi h Ca ni lwasaleg y ne i nt' Ca ni l
nde
ai e s orh ne ys n c r va
l edl glge . r va
s e ss mmayj d me ta t a1 ie Plitf h sfie t a d e sCa v lsag me t a t
e k u r u g n s o 1 nn . an if a ald o d r s mia ' r u ns s o
s ve a ofPli ifsba e f he ne i nc cai , pecfc l Pl ntf hasf iedt a es
e rl
antf
s s or r glge e l m s iialy ai if
a l o ddr s
Can v lsmo inf rs mmayj d me ta t t camsrie i p r g a h 2 ( ) ( ( ) a d
r i a' to o u r u g n s o he li as d n aa r p s 0 b , 9, g , n
( .Pli ifsf l et a es t s is si he rs ei g oundsfrfndi t tt
h) antf aiur o ddr s he e sue n r epons s r
o i ng ha he
F' ni t ofnegi nceaestou i paa a 20()()oft Se
'he ne ypes
I
lge r e t n rgrphs a-i he condAme d
nde
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mpan . y r :a al r o i l v c t an if () al e o r v d anif t
u
p o , r p rme ia c r ; c fiu et h r p o ryq aiids i sd co sa dn re ; d
r mptp o e d c l ae () alr o ie rpel u l e hp' o t r n u s s ( )
f
f iur t dicos t pasenge st tt s p' docor andnure weenotpr l quai ()
al e o s l e o s r ha he hi s t s
ss r
opery lied; e
neglge rla eo t me ca opi onsoft s p' docor ( ne i nta nitaton of
i nt einc n he di l ni
he hi s t ; 9 glge dmi sr i
me cai ;( fiur t us r s bl c r t pr deandmai ai a ade t s p'
di tons g) al e o e ea ona e ae o ovi
nt n n quae hi s
me ca f iiy;h)f l et pr deme c lsafwihras na ehour ofe o nt a ()
di l aclt ( aiur o ovi
dia tf t e o bl
s mplyme ; nd i
f iur t ha an a qua enum be ofmediale oye . Pli ifha a ndo dt cli i
al e o ve
de t
r
c mpl es a ntf s ba ne he a ms n
p rg a h ( ) ( ( )a d( ) Th Co r a d e s sp r ga ()i s cin IIA..paa rp s
aa rp s b , 9, g n h . e u t d r se aa rph a n e to I. 1, rg a h
() ( ) a d()i s cinIIA..a dpaa rp ()i s cinll 3.
c, d , n e n e to I. Z, n rg a h i n e to l.
A.
9
camsh v b e a a d n d. s eCo iinf rt Ab lto o rj a aPr h bto v Ci
li a e e n b n o e g e al o o he o iin fMa tu n o i iin . t
t
y
o lna, 9F.d 1 01 1 2 ( 1h Ci. 0 0 a dc s sctdt e en.Ac o dn l, u r
fAta t 21 3 3 , 3 6 1 t r 2 0 ) n a e i h r i c r igy s mma y
e
j d me ti a p o raeo te ecams Ast t erman n cams Cania ag e ta
u g n s p r p it n h s li . o h e ii g li , r v l r u s h t
Pli ifca
antf nnotesabls t tCn ni lbr a hed a dut t he and,e n i i di Pl i if
t ih ha r va e c
ny y o r
ve f t d, antf
c nnote t bls c us ton.
a
sa i h a a i
Ne l n eBa e o Fai r t TmeyEv c a ePl it
g i c s d n l e o i l a u t an t
ge
u
Canv l r u st ti i e tte t s mmayj d me to Pli tf scam, e o ti
r ia ag e ha t s n i d o u r u g n n anif li s t u n
l
paa a 20()o t Se ndAmende Compli ,t tCani lwa ne i nti f lngt
rgrph a f he co
d
ant ha r va s glge n aii o
tm ey e uae Pli if r va as e t t toncePli ifplc he s l i t c r oft
i l vac t antf.Ca ni l s rs ha
a ntf a ed r ef n he a e he
s p' medialpe s me ,Ca ni di no ha t a hort t ove r et doct ' de i i
hi s
c
r or l r val d t ve he ut iy o rul he
ors c son
a t r i no e de et tt docorr omm e d t tPl i ifbee c t d a y ea le t n
nd he e s
vi nc ha he t ec
nde ha antf
va uae n ri r ha
s wa Ho ve ,a 8: a. . n Pl i ifshus nd e i il a ke t s p' Pur e t
he s. we r t 00 m whe antf
ba xplcty s d he hi s s r o
ha Pli ifeva ua e Pl ntf wasnoti t c r oft s p' me c pe s
ve antf
c t d, ai if
n he a e he hi s dial r onnel Pli if
. antf
hadbe n r e s d fom t i c r du i t ni hta onl r - n er d t rca ea trt Pur e ,
e ela e r he r a e rng he g nd y e e t e hei r fe he s r
i t a ofcalng a a
nse d
li n mbulnce r f re Pl i ift t s p' medialpe s
a , e e r d antf o he hi s
c
r onnel Thus
.
,
Pli ifar uest tCa ni br ac d isS ut t e r ier a ona ec r t f r s s h ad
a ntf g
ha r val e he t l y o xe c s e s bl a e o u nih uc i
d
a as itnc asor na iy pr de pe s woul r runde sm ia c r um sa es' Se
nd ssa e
di rl u nt r ons
d ende
r i l r ic t nc . e
'
g n i Pl ntf ha nota ndone t s c am s t ei no e de et s
Eve f ai if s
ba
d he e l i ,her s vi nc o uppor t m or
t he
no dut t tCa ni lowe The ei no e de e i t r c d t tCar vala i se e a
y ha r va
d. r s vi nc n he e or ha
ni dm nit r d ny
me iain t Plitf, salg di paa rp 2 ( noe ie c t theme ia sa f r e
dc to s o anif a le e n rg a h 0 9; vd n e ha t
dc l tf wo k d
unras bl hour,a ale di paa a 20h) a noe de et tCani lf l t
e ona e s s lge n rgrph ( ; nd vi nc ha r va aied o
pr deandmaiti a a uaes p' me ca f clt a ale i pa a a 20( .Cani l
ovi
nan n deq t hi s di l a iiy, s lged n r grph g) r va
di nothave a dut t pr de pr p , ope and a qua e m e ca ca e, a l ge i par gr ph
d
y o ovi
om t pr r
de t
di l r as le d n a a
2 ( ) Th s e e i Plitf h sn t b n o e t e ecams s mmayj dg n wo l be
0 b . u , v n f an if a o a a d n d h s li , u r u me t ud
a opra e.
ppr i t
Bar tav SSBemu St ,8 F. 1 1 ( h Ci.1 .
bet . / r da ar 48 2d 364, 371 5t r 988)
Ca ni rle o Wa t v Oc aCr s s l .2O11W L 465340,*3( D.Fl Fe
r val eis n jnsat . eani uie, nc,
S. a. b.
4,2011,ort pr ii t tonc Pli ifplce he sl i t c r ofCani lsme c
)f he oposton ha e antf a d ref n he a e
r va' dial
sa f t s p' mase c d nothav ma a i pe ntde ii t eva uat Pl i if
tf, he hi s t r oul
e de n nde nde
c son o c e antf
be a ea s p' m a trdoesnotha t a ho iy t overul a s p' doc o ' m e ca
c us hi s se
ve he ut rt o
r e hi s t rs di l
de ii .Howe r i Wa satt c ts cii lynotdt neihe t Pl ntf norhi
csons
ve,n jn t he our pe fcal e hat t r he ai if
s
docorr quese t Pl ntf bee ua e e rirt n Pli ifwase c e Tha i nott
t e
td hat ai if vac t d a le ha a ntf
va uatd. t s
he
c eher Pli ifshus nd e iil r quese t tPl ntf be e cua e hour be or s
as e. antf '
ba xplc ty e t d ha ai if va t d
s f e he
wa ac u l e ua e
s t aly vac t d.Furhe m o e a t tme Pli ifshus
t r r , t he i
antf
band r quese t n
e t d he mbul nc a
a e t
82 a. . i woul a a t tPl i ifwa no l runde t c eoft medialsaf;
00 m , t
d ppe r ha antf s onge
r he ar
he
c tf
Pli ifhad be n s ntba k t he c i a a o m ael 5: a. .a t r i no e de t
antf
e e
c o r abn t ppr xi t y 00 m nd he e s
vi nce hat
s wa i tuc e t r t n t t i imay orot r s f l up wih t m e ca s a f Thus
he s nsr t d o e ur o he nfr l
he wie olowt he di l t f.
,
Wan t i n ta pl a l.Th s t eq e to o fc f rtej r t d tr n i wh t e te
j sats o p i be u ,h u sin f a t o h u y o eemi e s eh r h
c
Pur e ' r pons t Pli ifshus nd' r ue tf a a bulnc co tt e Sr a ona ec r
s rs es e o antf
ba s eq s or n m a e nsiutd çe s bl a e
t f nih s a da a ssa a or na iy pr ntpe s woul r nderunde sm ia
o ur s uch i nd s it nce s di rl ude
r ons
d e
r i lr
cic sa es' Cons nty,her i a g nui i s ofm a e i f c a t whe he Ca ni ls
r um t nc .
'
eque l t e s e ne s ue
t ral a t s o
t r r va '
f iur t c
al e o ompl wih Pl ntf' hus nd' r
y t ai if s ba s eques f eva ua i wa r s bl u rt
t or c ton s ea ona e nde he
cic sa es es i l gi n t tt ot rpa s nge swe eeva ua e f m e ca r a ons
r um t nc , pecaly ve ha wo he s e r r
c t d or di l e s
s tyafe t s p a rve i por.
horl tr he hi ri d n t
J Ne l n Hiig, gl n eBa e o Ca nv ' Fal r t No?
. g i t rn Ne i c s d n r ials iu e o t
ge
ge
Pa s n r t a teS i 'Doco sa dNu s sWe eNo Prpe l Qu l 4 a d
se ge s h th hp s tr n r e r t o ry a se n
Ne i n Rein eo teM e ia O nin o nI o ry Qu l dShp '
gl t l c n h d c l pi o s fa mpr pe l ase i s
ge
a
D oct
or
Pl i ifsunde l ng ba i f a lt e oft eneglg ncec am si t tCa ni ldi not
antf
ryi
ss or l hr e hes
ie
l i s ha r va d
hr pr p ryq aiids p sd do sa dn re .Canva mo e frs mmayj dg n o t i
ie o el u lfe hi' o r n u s s r i l v s o u r u me t n hs
cli a gui t tt ei no e de et tCa ni ldi notus pr rca ei s e ngis
am r ng ha her s vi nc ha r va d
e ope r n eldi t
medialsa f Ca ni lf t ra guest tde e mi ng whe he t m e c sa fwe epr ry
c t f . r va urhe r
ha t r ni
t r he di al t f r ope l
qua ii r quiesa e r wine s whi Pl i tf di notpr f r l r pons Pl i ifha
lted e r n xpe t t s
ch a n i f d
of e . n es
e, a ntf s
pr f r d t A fi vi ofoneofhe e r wine s ,Dr Ge ad E.St zyns . Howe ,a a
ofe e he fda t
r xpe t t s es . r l
opc ki
ver s
rs tofaspart motonfldb Car va,t Co tha src t Afi vi ( 281 .
eul
e ae i ie y ni l he ur s tiken he fda t DE- 1
Thus Pli ifhasf ie t pr s ntan e de t tPaelort nur eswe enotpr l
, antf
a ld o e e
y vi nce ha t
he s
r
opery
qua ii d. A c or ngl Pl i ifhasnotm e he bur n t s
lfe
c di y, a ntf
t r de o how G ha s cii f c sexi t
t t pe f c a t
t
s
de
monsr tng a g nui is f rtil'r ga di Pa e ' ort nur e qua ii tons Thus i
ta i
e ne s ue o ra ' e r ng t ls he s s lfca i .
,f
t r i no is a t whehe Pa e a t nu s swe epr ry quaiid, he e i no ba i f ra
he e s s ue s o
t r t l nd he r e r ope l
lfe t r s
ss o
ne i nthii cli ane i ntf iur t notf c am ,o ane i ntr la e cai .
glge rng a m, glge a l e o iy l i r glge ei nc l m
Ac o d n l, u r ud me t sg a tda t t e et ecamssto tn p rg a s2 ( ) ()
c r i gy s mmayj g n i rn e s o h s h li e u i aa rph 0 c,d ,
a ()oft Se ndAme dCompl n .
nd e he co
nde
ait
J Ne lg n eBa e o Ca n v lsFal r t Ha ea Ad qu eNu e o
. g ie c s d n r ia ' iu e o v n e at mb r f
M e c Empl ye s
dial
o e
Canva mo sfrs mmayj d me o t scam, e o t npaa rp 2 ()o te
r i l ve o u r u g nt n hi li st u i r ga h 0 i f h
Se ond Am e d Com pl i , be a e i hasno dut t m a nt i a c t n num berofm e c l
c
nde
a nt c us t
y o i a n erai
di a
pe s
r onne onboa d. Furhe ,Ca ni la guest tPl i ifha f ie t pr s nta evi nce t
l
r
t r r va r
ha a ntf s a l d o e e ny de
hat
Ca ni di notha an a qua enumbe ofme c lsa fonboa d. Pl i ifhasnotr s
r val d
ve
de t
r
di a t f
r
antf
e ponde
d
12
t Ca ni ls a gum en t ti ha no dut t ha a c rai num berofm e ca pe s w l
o r va ' r
t ha t d
y o ve e t n
di l r om
onboa d. Ast sCour haspr vi l not d,aca e doe no ha adut t f nih adoc or
r
hi
t
e ousy e
ni r s t ve
y o ur s
t
f rispa s ng s'us SeeBar ta,8 F. a 1 . Howe r i aca e c
o t s e er e.
be t 48 2d t 371
ve , f ni r hoos st pr de
e o ovi
adoc o , tm us pr deonet ti c
tr i
t ovi
ha s ompe e a qua ii d.I Ca i lha no o he dut
t nt nd lte d
m va s
t r y
r ga di t pr son ofm e c ca e Thus i Ca ni di notha a dut t f nih a
e r ng he ovii
dial r .
, f r val d
ve
y o ur s ny
docor i c d notha adut t f nih C n a quaent be 'ofdoct sa nures
t , t oul
ve
y o ur s ç de t l r'
a
m
or nd s .
Ac o dn l , r v li e t ldt s mmayj d me tO t i cam.
c r ig y Cania s ni e o u r u g n n h s li
t
4. Cau aton
s i
Can v l loag e ta i e tt dt s mmayj d me to a1 fPlitf' ne l e e
r i a as r u s h t s n ie o u r u g n n l o anifs gi nc
l
g
cli sbec us Pli ifha notesabls t tCar va ' ale d f iur t tmel e c t he
am
a e a ntf s
t ihed ha
ni ls l ge a l e o i y va ua e r
fom t s p r ule i Pl i ifshe rngl sa neur ogi lpr e s Cani a s rst t
r he hi es t d n antf
a i os nd
ol ca obl m . r val s e t ha
Pl i ifse r, . pma co d notgi a opi on wihi ar as bl de e ofm e ca
antf xpe tDr Li n ul
ve n ni
t n e ona e gr e
di l
p o a it be a eDr Li ma tsi e ta i wa p s il t a Plitf sij re c udh v
r b bl y c us . p n ett d h t t s o sbe h t an if n u is o l a e
i
i
be n a de ha s r eve te t
e voi d d he ec i d r a ments
oone ,nott ti wasmor lkey t n not Pl ntf
r
ha t
e i l ha
. ai if
rs
e pondsby ctng t pa tc a pori ofDr Li a sr por a de ii n.Se DEii o ri ulr tons
. pm n' e t nd posto
e
246,pp.
1 1 ctng Li a De a 99- 02,11 W hieDr Li a di notawa us t wor
4- 5 ii
ppm n p. t 1
3.
l . pm n d
l ys e he ds
t e lkel t n not'hedi us t t m t y lkey. t r lkel ' notssgniia l
s
mor i y ha
r
'
d e he er t
ver i l ' % y i y'de e i fc nty
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, he
t
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eque l Ca i i not
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n i d o u r u g n s o he s u f a ai
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B. u r J d n i Gr ne o Plit 'A pa e t n y Cli
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a I 1 a gui t s h c am sa ec r r t we ls tld l w a ctng Bar ta v S/
nd V,0 r ng hat uc l i r onta y o l- ete a nd ii
bet . S
Be mu St ,8 F. 1 ( h Ci.1 .TheCour ha prvi l r e t tcai ba e
r da ar 48 2d 364 5t r 988)
t s e ousy uld ha l ms s d
o a r nta nc a epe mi sbl unde co r lng lw .SeeDE- a 7. The Co twilno
n ppa e ge y r r s i e
r ntoli a
38 t
ur l t
a d e st slg l r u n a an. we r Cn nva as s e ss mmayj g n o
d rs hi e a ag me t g i l
1Ho ve, r i l lo e k u r ud me t n
Pl i if sa r ntage y c am sbec us Pli tf c nnotesa ih t elm e sofa a r nt
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ge
li
Appae a nc i esabls dwhe t1 t alge prnci ma ss s t
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net he i i l2) ha uc i
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a t d on s h be ift hi derme . Doonan v Car v Cor ,40 F.Supp. 1367,1371
ce
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lcoun IIalege a r nta nc r ga di Nur eLaw and CountI a lge t s
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r a dl s o t na ur oft a t lr l tons p. Thus t la lt a i esf om t r a i hi
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14
Conta y t C a ni ' as e tons Pl i ifhaspr e e e de ofm aniesato m ade
r r o r vals s r i , a ntf
es nt d vi nce
f t i ns
by Ca i whih c dha ca e Pl ntf t be ivet tDr Pa e andNur e La we e
m val c oul ve us d ai if o le ha . t l
s w r
ag nt o Car va .The ei l i r
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fc r , e r ng he
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ba
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t whehe Car va ma ma f sa i c usng a t r pa t t be ive t Dr Patla Nu s
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t r ni l de nie ttons a i
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La ha a ho iy t a f Ca ni l
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r
r vals ge s e inc n he
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ts
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ter a
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pr s nt a evi ncea t t t r eeme - derme a r i e.Pl i ifas e t t the
e e ed ny de
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s r alh r oxy e id
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rses.
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n de o t bls e inc Pl i if ei
n fda t ie
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s x c td n ve e 9, 01 , fe r v l a ie t to o ummayj d me t
r u g n.
I t afi vi,Pli ifshus nd sa e :
n he fda t antf
ba tt s
l lhad lnownt tt s p' doc o and medialsa fwe ei pe ntofCar vala
f
t
ha he hi s t r
c t f r nde nde
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we enota tng unde t a ho iy ofCa ni lwhe pr di m e c lca et
r
ci
r he ut rt
r va
n ovi ng di a r o
pa e r ,Iwoul ha g t n ahol oft s p' Ca ai a woul ha r uese
ss nge s
d ve ote
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d ve eq t d
hi t ge my wieof t s p ... s h, de rmen a l r le on t f egoi
m o t
f f he hi
As uc I ti t ly e id
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ng upe vs d
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r ci
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r val n
pr di m e ca ca et pa s ng s i l ng my wie.
ovi ng di l r o s e er , ncudi
f
DE- 4 ,51 - .l trsi l , an ifsh b ndd e no saeta , a hek o tedo t r
2 6 j 920 n ee t y Plitf us a o s t tt h t h d n wn h co
ng
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nd s s e nde nde ontacor ,
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f
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te
t t r ga dl soft e o e r ai hi be we n Ca ni la t m edia pe s l he
ha , e r es
he mpl ym nt eltons p t e r va nd he
c l r onne ,
wo l h v s u h me ia h l f rhswiefo t es i sme ia p rome .Fial,ian
u d a e o g t dc l ep o i f r m h hp' d c l e s r l n l ç l
y g
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fi vi y be seg r d s ha
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ry s ve lar ns r o m guous
que to whi ne t t e se ofa ge neis ofmaeilf t..(ndt tpa t
sins ch gae he xitnce ny nui sue
tra ac . a ha ry
atmps tee he g lc e t s c a is ewi a afd vit a meeyc nr dcs wih u
te t) h r a r t rae u h n su t n fia t h t r l o ta it, t o t
o
h
e a ton, e ousy gi n ce rt si ony.'Ti nsv Cel e Cor ,8 F. 949,
xplnai pr vi l ve la e tm
' ppe . otx, p. 05 2d
954
( 1hCi.1 6)(ntr lquo ai omit a brc t i orgi l.Thus noge neis of
1 t r 98 i ena ttons ted nd a kes n i na)
, nui sue
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