Jean et al v. T-N-T Farms, Inc. et al
Filing
76
ORDER granting 63 Motion to Certify Class. Signed by Judge Patricia A. Seitz on 11/15/11. (tp)
UNI
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
SOUTHERN DI
STRI OF FLORI
CT
DA
CASE NO.1 22467. V- TZ/ M ONTON
0CI SEl SI
VERTI J
LE EAN,e J/
/ .
,
Pli if ,
a ntfs
VS.
J
OHN C.TORRESE, tal,
e .
De e nt
f nda s
/
O RD ER G R AN TI G M O TI N FO R C LA SS C ER TI CA TI N
N
O
FI
O
Thi materi be or t Cour o Pl i if 'M oton f De l r ton ofaCl sAc i
s t s f e he
t n antfs
i or c a a i
as ton
( 6 1 De e d n sh ven tûld ar s o eb t a a re t tesiultdfcss p o t g
DE- 3 . fn a t a o e e p ns u h ve g e d o h tp ae a t u p ri
n
t m oton.Thi a ton a ie fom Def nda s alege f iur t pa wage i vi a i oft
he i
s c i rs s r
e nt ' l d al e o y
s n olton he
Mirnta Seaona AgrculurlW or rPr e tonAc ( PA) 29U. C.j 1 1 e s q.
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ke otci
t AW ,
S.
80 , t e ,
a dteF i La o S a d r sAc ( A) 2 U. C. 2 , f e .t a o c re d rn t
n h ar b r tn ad t FLS , 9 S. j 01 e s q ,h t c u rd u ig he
2009- 0 be n ha ve ti s h M i miDa Count Fl i Be aus t Pl i if ha
201 a r s n out a - de
y, orda. c e he antfs ve
s ts d aloft r r m e sofFe r Rul o Ci lPr e e23,t M oton f
a ife 1 he equie nt
de al e f vi oc dur
he
i or
Deca aton ofa Cl sAci n i g ant wih t m odii a i n t tt cls m e be sbe
lr i
as to s r ed, t he
fc to ha he a s m r
wo ke sf nihed by Sa J
r r ur s
n udasTa o Tr ns r,l .
de a po t nc
I@ Fact Backgroundl
ual
Def nda T- - Far s I .ope a e a f m t e pl d t Pl ntf s a ot
e nt N T
m , nc
r t d ar hat m oye he ai i f nd her
mi r ntors s la rc t a wor r .De e
ga
ea ona g i ulur l ke s f ndant ErcSc tTores a J Clnt n
s i ot r e nd ohn i o
l he ef t a eba ed ont alegai i t Amende Compl nt t Stpultonsof
' s acs r s
r
he l tons n he
d
ai , he i a i
Fa tg 63-qfl byt pa te i r ai t t M oto frCl sCe ttc ton,a t
c DE- 1 ied he ris n elton o he in o as rii ai nd he
Afi vi ofAr ndoGua muz( 63- .
fda t
ma
dn
DE- 21
Tores a et c owne sofT- T Fa m s Thi a ton wa br
r e r he or
N- r . s c i
s oughtby 49 s as
e onalf r
am
wor r ,
ke s who wor d a T- T Fa m sdurngt 2009- bea ha v ts a on. The Pli if
ke t N- r
i he
10 n r es e s
antfs
a lge i Coun Ioft Ame d Com pli t t durngt 2009- 0 be n ha ves s s t
le n
t
he
nde
a nt ha , i he
1 a r t ea on,he
De e nt vi a e AW PA by no c
f nda s olt d
t ompl ng wih ispr sonsr ar ng r cor ke pi
yi
t t ovii eg di e d- e ng,
wa sa e e s a pa e ofwa .Pl ntfsal i Count1 oft Amende Compli
ge tt m nt, nd ym nt
ges ai if lege n
1 he
d
ant
t De e nt vi ae t FLSA' mi mum wagepr s o .Pl ntfs Am e d Co pli
hat f nda s ol td he
S ni
ovii ns ai if '
nde
m a nt
s e smo eayd ma e , e lrt r rle , n ij n tv rle .
e k n tr a g s d caao y eif a d n u cie eif
A.Pr vso o h Wo k r ByS nJ d sT d o T a s r
o iin fte r e s a u a a e r npo t
TheAm e d Compl nta l est tDe enda spa dt Pl i if a t put tvecas
nde
ai leg ha f nt i he antfs nd he ai l s
membe sl st n t f r lmi mum wa f rt i wor asbea pi r durngt 2009- 0
r es ha he ede a ni
ge o her k
n cke s i he
1
be n ha ve ts as The moton t ce tf i ntfe 32 oft 49 Pli if ascl s
a r s e on.
i o riy de iis
he
antfs
as
r pr e ai s Thes pr pos cl sr e e ai swe epa tofagr ofove 300 be n
e es nt tve .
e o ed as epr s nt tve r r
oup
r
a
pike ss i d t Def nt du i t 2009 1 bea ha ves by Sa Ju sTa Tr ns t
c r upple o enda s rng he
-0 n r t
n da deo a por,
I .Th mao i o wo k r pr vd dt De e d n sb Sa J d sTa e Tr n po t r
nc e j rt f r es o i e o fn a t y n u a d o a s r wee
y
e oy ha ha ve tng be .Howe r s eoft wor r pr de by Sa J
mpl ed nd- r si
ans
ve , om
he ke s ovi d
n udasTa o
de
Trns o t r e a iu g r, wh s o d te weet weg teb x so b a sfle b te
a p r wo k d s s g es' o ej b u is r o ih h o e f e n i d y h
l
'
l
piker . TheCour a s e t tt s venten Pl i if notname ascl sr pr e a i we e
c s
t s um s ha he e e
antfs
d
as e es nttves r
e t rl
ihe ugger ordo notwih t becls rpr s nt i .
s
s o
a s e e e atves
Durng t 2009- 0 ha ve ts as Sa J
i he
1 r s e on, n udasTa o Tr ns r pr de tans ra i t
de a po t ovi d r po tton o
s m e, notal,oft wo ker who we ee pl ye aspike sand l r s eoft wo ke s
o but
l he r s
r m o d
c r
ugge s; om
he r r
r c uie by Sa J
e r td
n udasTade Tr ns tpr vi d t i o ta pora i t t te d orma
o a por o de her wn r ns tton o he i l
de
t i own a r ng m e sf rta pora i Onc t wor e i biiy ofwor r r c uie by San
her
ra e nt o r ns tton.
e he k lgi lt
ke s e r t d
J
udasTa o Tr ns r wa e t bls d,he wor r wer pl e on T- - Fa m s pa ol a
de a po t s sa ihe t
ke s e ac d
N T r ' yr l s
e oy sofT- T Fa m s Al oft wor r who we eplce on pa ol we epai wih Tmpl ee
N- r . l he ke s
r a d
yr l r d t NT Fa m s c cks
r he .
B.M eho o lua ig Pa n
t d fca c ltn yme t
Thebea pi r f nihe t T- T Fa m sby Sa J sTa o Tr ns twe epad on
n cke s ur s d o N- r
n uda de a por r i
api er t ba i f t rwor a ar t of$3. pe box.T- T Fa m sc
ec a e s s or hei k, t ae
65 r
N- r omputd t we kl
e he e y
e r ngsoft piker bas on daa c lc e by Ar a Gua m uz, n e oye ofT- T
a ni
he c s ed
t ole t d
m ndo
da
a mpl e
NFa m s T- T Fa m spr de Gua
r . N- r
ovi d
damuzwih f m son whih he e e e daa s
t or
c
nt r d t howi t
ng he
i vi ua bea pi r 'picer t pr uc i whih i t numbe ofboxesha ve t d, t
ndi d l n cke s e ae od ton, c s he
r
r se and he
ho swor d by e chpi rdurng t pa r lperod.Gua muzwasa s s
ur
ke
a
cke
i he y ol i
da
lo uppos d t r co d
e o e r
t a t lsa tng a soppi tm e ofe c pike , hedi notdo s Theda ar co de b
he c ua t ri nd t ng i s a h c r but
d
o.
t e r d y
Gua muz wase e e i o T- T Fa m s pay ol s t r pr a whih c l ul t e c
da
nt r d nt N- r ' r l ofwa e ogr m, c a c aed a h
wor rse ni a wilhol ngs A1 ofT- T Fa m s wa cacultonsf t wor s
ke ' ar ngs nd tl di . 1
N- r ' ge l a i or he ker
pr de by San J sTa Tr ns twe em a ba e on t daapr ded by Gua
ovi d
uda deo a por r de s d he t ovi
damuz.
Fora be n pikerwhos we kl pice r e e ni di note e t m i mum wa
ny a c
e e y e -at ar ngs d
xc ed he ni
ge
of$7. pe hourf t hou swor d,asr co de by Guada
25 r
or he r
ke
e r d
muz,T- T Fa m s s t r
N- r ' ofwa e
pr a wo d a oma ialy s pplm e t wor rsgr spi e-at e r ngss t hi o he
ogr m ul ut tc l u e nt he ke ' os ec r e a ni
o hat s r r
we kl g os wa spad woul e lt m i m u wa T- - Far s'r co dsc nfr t t
e y r s ge i
d qua he ni m ge. N T m e r o im ha
t num be ofboxe Gua m uzr po td t ha bee piked e e t numbe ofboxes
he
r
s
da
e re o ve n c
quald he
r
r eve i T- T Fa m s wa e e.
ec i d n N- r ' r hous
Guad uz di nota t ly kee ta oft hour w or by t pi r . l t a
am
d
c ua l
p r ck he
s ked he cke s ns e d,
Guada uz us a f m ul t ca c a e t pi ker 'hour . The f m ul as um ed t te c pi ke
m
ed or a o l ul t he c s
s
or a s
ha a h c r
3
pikedt bo sa hour
c
wo xe n
.Gua m uzobt i dt num be ofboxe piked byea h wor rfom
da
ane he
r
s c
c
ke r
e o esofSanJ sTa o Tr ns r,who r co ded t num be ofboxe pikedpe wor r
mpl ye
uda de a po t
e r
he
r
s c
r ke .
Ba ed on t num be ofboxespi ke perwor rand t a s
s
he
r
c d
ke
he s umpto t te h wor rpike
i n ha ac
ke c d
t boxe pe hour Gua m uzwoul r cor t hour wor d a c e t s a tng a soppi
wo
s r
, da
d e d he
s ke nd r a e t ri nd t ng
tm est m a c t hour . Thus a pi ke w ho pi ke l s t n t o bo s a ho w oul ha
i
o t h he
s
, c r
c d es ha w
xe n ur
d ve
ls tm er c dedt n heors a t ly wor d. Gua m uzus d t sf mul t e tm ae t
e s i e or
ha
he c ual
ke z
da
e hi or a o si t he
tme wo ke f aloft pike se e t ve y f tpike swho pike m a boxe i one da
i
r d or l he c r xc pt he r as c r
c d ny
sn
y
be a eusng t f mul wo d r ul i t ewor r bei r c ded a ha ng wor d a
c us i he or a ul es t n hos
ke s ng e or
s vi
ke n
unr s bl hi num be ofhour
ea ona y gh
r
s.
Gua m uzalo r co de t hour wor d by t l r pr de by Sa J sTa o
da
s e r d he
s ke
he ugge s ovi d
n uda de
Tr ns ta t tdat wasus d by T- T Far t cacult t wage f t l r .The
a por nd ha a
e
Nms o l a e he
s or he ugge s
l r f nihe t T- T Fa by Sa J
ugge s ur s d o N- nns
n udasTade Tr ns twe epai a t r t of$8.
o a por r d t he ae
00
p hou . Guada
er r
muz r c de t acualsa tng a s o ng tm e f t l
e or d he t tri nd t ppi i s or he ugger a t tdaa
s nd ha t
wasi
nputi o T- T Far s t r pr am,whih c c a e e c l r spa and
nt Nms' ofwa e ogr
c alult d a h ugge ' y
wihhol ngs
t di .
Acc di t Guada
or ng o
muz, os pi ke swor dappr m a ey t s m enumbe ofhou s
m t c r
ke
oxi t l he a
r
r
t tt l ge swor d.The e or t pi ke s'tuehou swor d coul be r a ona y
ha he ug r
ke
r f e, he c r r
r
ke
d
e s bl
e tm aed b l ki a t num be ofhour wo ked byt l ge s l s a tm et tl ge s
si t y oo ng t he
r
s r
he ug r , e s ny i ha ug r
we epad f rdrvi t bus st t fe d.
r i o i ng he e o he i l
2 e m pl i awor ronl pi ke one box a hourf ei hour , damuzwoul
For xa e, f
ke
y c d
n
or ght
s Gua
d
rc dt t pike hadwor f f rhour ( boxesdi de b 2bo spe hour f t
e or hathat c r
ked or ou
s8
vi d y xe r ) or he
da
y.
4
C. The L ii i
tgaton
Pl ntfss k t c riyt f l ng cas
ai if ee o e tf he olowi l s:
A1 mi a a s s lag iulur lwor r ,asde i d by t AW PA,
1 gr nt nd ea ona rc t a
ke s
fne
he
who we e
r
empl yed a be n pi ke son t o r tonsoft De e nt a a tme durng t
o
s a c r
he pe a i
he f nda s t ny i
i he
2009- 0 M i miDadeCount bea ha ve t extndi fo a o m a eyNove r 1
1
a y n r s , e ng r m ppr xi t l
mbe 5,
2009t oug M a 1 201 a who we e pa d f rt sl
hr h y 5, 0, nd
r i o hi aborby c ksdr wn o t
hec
a
n he
ac
c ountofT- - Fa m s l
N T r , nc.
Pli if s k t ha 32 oft 49 na
antfs ee o ve
he
med Pl i if de i t d c a sr e e a i s nn ey:
antfs sgna e l s epr s nt tve , m l
Ve tl J n,Ar M a l i Anea, i t n Anius Fr nc s M a i Be ie,M a i J an
rie ea
ne de ene
l Prnso
l , a oie re auz l
re e ne
Coa Ca e, ai M a t Ca e, lnd Cao Coo , se eAra eCait, ai J e
ls d tM re rhe d tYra e j u ln Gy ln in lx e M re ose
Calxt,Ca
i e deusChaeus J l neChe el ,Daesi Che e a ,Sior Conte r M a i 1
l , usai
r us l tn
r nf nt f t
r ke , re .
Desuis u,St Ge usDufes J quei Exie,M areJ i Fl i Pir eN .Fl uro,
r sea
. l
r ne, ac lne l
i olna euro, e r
e i
J annet Fr nci e, i Ge i J a M ihe J une,Ch it J e M e anc aJ e Anie
e
te a m Norus ln, e n c l e
zson os ph, r i os ph, t
La ous e,Ede J e M a r Ant i teOge i,J a Fe i Phii ,J a mi Pi re, iaca
br s
l os ph ya d, onet
rs e n lx lus e r de e r M r i
Al xi Se ve,Se niudeRo e Ti ,Ni l sZi ra Vil ndi rZi r
e s r
r t
m us ma co a do nd la e do .
Durng t 2009 1 bea ha v ts s n,T- T Fa msha c ewswor ng t fedst
i he
- 0 n r es ea o
N- r
d r
ki he i l hat
we enotpr de by San J sTa Tr ns t Pl i if havenotpr vi a i onuai n
r
ovi d
uda deo a por. antfs
o ded ny nf
to
r r ng how t wor snotpr vi d by Sa J sTa Tr ns twer c pe a e
ega di
he ker
o de
n uda deo a por
e om ns t d.
Thes i vi l a enoti ude i t cl s
e ndi duas r
ncl d n he as .
I A nal s
I.
ysi
A . Pl ntf s Ha St ndi t Pu s t A W PA Cl m
ai i f ve a ng o r ue he
ai
Prort de e ni wheherapr e c a sm e t t r quie e sofFe a Rul of
i o t nni ng
t
opos d l s e s he e r m nt
der l e
Ci lPr dur 23, diti cou tmus fr tdee mi whet rt c as r pr e a i has
vi oce e a srct r
t is tr ne
he he l s e es nttve
Ar i e 11s a ng t r i e t c as c ai s Ve r T- obie USA,I . 564 F. 1
tcl 1 t ndi o a s he l s l m . ga . M l
nc s
3d 256,1
265
( 1hCi. 09) Pr st nmanc r lPr v Bu h,221F. 1 1 ( 1hCi. )
1 t r 20 ; ado- ei
x e. ado . s
3d 266, 279 1 t r 2000 .
Th s ( p an ifmus alg a ds o t a h p ro al s fr dij r . Gr nv Du ge ,
u ,t litf t l e n h w h t e e s n l ufe e n u y' @ . g r
a
e
y
'
823F. 1 1 2( t Ci.1 )
2d 476, 48 11h r 987 .
Hee t eei n q e to t a teb a pc e Pli tfss fee t esmeij r a te
r ,h r s o u si n h t h e n ik r anif u frd h a nu y s h
pr e cl s Thehour f a1 oft piker we ec l ul e usng a2 box perho f r a,
opos d as .
s or 1 he c s r a c atd i
ur o mul
r r es oft ac ua num be ofhour wor
ega dl s he t l
r
s ked. Furhe mor o pe s Ar
t r e, ne r on, mando Gua muz,
da
wasr ponsbl f r c di t tme ofa1oft bea pike spr ded t De enda sby Sa
es i e or e or ng he i
1 he n c r ovi o f nt
n
J sTade Tr por.A sar s t t s
uda
o ans t
e ul,he ame f r ul oft bo sa hourwasus d t c
o m a wo xe n
e o omput
e
t hour wor d f a1oft b n pike spr de by Sa J sTa a Tr ns t i l di
he
s ke or 1 he ea c r ovi d
n uda de a por, nc u ng
t pr e c a sr pr s nt i esandt put tvec a sm e be s Thus t Pli if ha
he opos d l s e e e atv
he ai l s m r .
, he a ntfs ve
s fee t es meij r a t ep o o e ca sme e swh weep o d dt Dee d n sb Tu fr d h a n u y s h r p s d ls mb r o r r vie o fn a t y
N - Fa m sa ha sa ng t brngt sa i n.
T r nd ve t ndi o i hi cto
Thepr e ca s howe r i ude albe n piker a T- T Fa m sdu i t 2009opos d ls ,
ve , ncl s l a c s t N- r
rng he
1 ha v s s as t tw o d i udet ebe n pi ke spr de b Sa J sTa Tr ns t
0 r e t e on; ha ul ncl hos a c r ovi d y n uda deo a por
pl o he be n pike s Howe r Pl ntfsha notpr de a evi ncer ga di t
us t r a c r .
ve , ai if ve
ovi d ny de
e r ng he
m eho f cacultng t pa ntofbe n pike snotpr de by Sa J
t d or l a i he yme
a c r
ovi d
n udasTa o Tr ns r.
de a po t
Thus t r i no e de et tt ot rbe n pi ke swe ecompe a e i t s m ame .
, he e s
vi nc ha he he a c r r
ns t d n he ame l r
Th rf r ,t so yce rta Pli if h v s fee tesmeij r a tos b a p c esta
eeo e ii nl la h t antfs a e u fr d h n n u y s h e e n ik r h t
Sa J sTa Tr ns t ovi d.A c or ngl t pr e cls mus bem odii d as
n uda deo a por pr de
c di y, he opos d a s
t
fe
f l s
olow
Al mi r ta s s na ag iulur lwor r ,asde i d by t AW PA,
l g an nd ea o l rc t a
ke s
fne
he
who we :
r
f r ih dt De n a t b J nJ d sT d o T a s r, n .wh we ee o e a b a
u ns e o # d ns y a u a a e r npo tI c, o r mply d s e n
pike so t ope ai oft De e nt a a tmedurng t 2009- 0 M im iDa
c r n he r tons he f nda s t ny i
i he
1
a - de
6
Coun y be n har s , xt ndi f o a oxi a e y N ove be 15,
t a
ve t e e ng r m ppr m t l
m r 2009 t ough M a 15,
hr
y
201 a who wer pa d f t sl borbyche ksdr on t a ountofT- - Fa ms
0, nd
e i or hi a
c
awn
he cc
N T r ,
I
nc.
Thus t be n pikerPli if ha sa ng t brng t saci on be foft r dei d
, he a c
antf s ve t ndi o i hi ton
hal he e fne
put tve cl s .
ai a s
B.TheRe r m e sofRul 23( )HaveBe n M e
quie nt
e a
e
t
Purua t Rul 23() prort ce tfc i ofaca s f l pr e st mus beme .
s nt o e a, i o riiaton
ls ,otr erquiies t
t
The a e:
y r
( )t eca si s n me o st a j id ro al mb r i i r cia l;
1 h ls s o u r u h t on e f 1me es s mp a tc be
( )t eeaeq eto so 1w o fc c mmo t teca s
2 h r r u sin f a r a t o n o h ls;
( t camso defns soft rpr s nttvepate aet c oft camsor
3) he li r e e he e e e ai ris r ypial he li
def ns oft cl s a
e es he as ; nd
( t r prs nttvepa teswilfil anda qu el pr e tt i ee t oft cas
4) he e e e ai ri l ary
de at y otc he ntrss he l s.
Fe R. v.P. a.Asstou i mo edealbeo t s prrquiieshavebee me.
d Ci 23()
e t n r ti lw,hee ee st
n t
N umerosiy
t
Rue2 ()1 rq rsta teca ssz b s c ta j nd ro a1 mbesi
l 3 a( ) e uie h t h ls ie e u h h t oi e f 1me r s
i pr c i abl Ge a l t es t n t
m a tc e. ner ly, i s ha went one i i de t ,m or t f t a
l
ys na qua e
e han ory dequa e,wih
t
t
numbesbewe nvari a c di t ot rfco s' Co v Amerc Cas lon'f Co.784
r t e yng c or ng o he a tr .' x .
ian t r p: ,
F. 1 1 ( 1h Ci.1 (iain o ted) He e t pate ha si aedt tSan
2d 546, 553 1 t r 986) ctto mit . r ,he ris ve tpult ha
J sTade Tr por pr ded Def nda si exc sof300 be n pike sdurng t 2009- 0
uda
o ans t ovi
e nt n es
a c r
i he
1
ha ve ts s Furhe m o e t cam soft i vi lm e be sa er l tve y s ala m a
r s ea on. t r r , he li
he ndi dua m r r e a i l m l nd ny
do nots k Engls tue l m a ng i unlkel t tt y w oul f l i vi ls t a i t
pea
ih l nty ki t i y ha he
d ie ndi dua uis ga ns
Dee
f ndan s Thus t num e ost r r m e hasbee m e .
t.
, he
r iy equie nt
n t
7
Co n Qu sin o J o Fa t
mmo e to s fL w r c
Rul 2 a ( rq ie t a t eeb c mmo is e o fc o lw.Ther l, o ve,
e 3()2) e ur s h t h r e o n s u s f a t r a
ue h we r
doe no r quiet ta 1oft que to of1 w o f c r ie becomm on. Co 784F. a
s t e r ha 1 he si ns a r a t as d
x,
2d t
1
557. l t a c
ns e d, omm onalt r uie t tt a ton i nvol is t tar s ce i et c a s
iy eq r s ha he ci s ve s ues ha e us ptbl o l s i
wi pr . Mura v Au l r 2 F. 807,811(11hCi. ) Her,c
de oof'
' ry . sande , 44 3d
t r 2001. e ommon
q tonsoff c e s be a e Pl i if al get tDe e nt f ie t a
uesi
a t xit c us antfs le ha f nda s a ld o dequa ey r co d
tl e r
Pl i if 'wor nghour .A1 ofPli if 'hour we e r c de bya sngl pe s usng t
antfs
ki
s 1
antfs
s r e or d
i e r on i he
s me me hod. Thus t ea e c
n
t
, her r omm on is esoff c r r ng a lPl ntfsa a1 pu a i
su
a t ega di l ai if nd 1 t tve
cas me be s Pli tfsa s as e t ha ,a l as one c
l s m r . a n if lo s r t t t e t
omm on is ofl w e ss ast Cour
s ue a xit , he
t
wilha t de e m i whe he De e nt 'AW PA vi ai we ei e i unde t saut
l ve o t r ne
t r f nda s
oltons r nt ntonal
r he t t e.
Thus t c
, he omm ona iyr r m e hasbe n me .
lt equie nt
e
t
T pi alt
y c i
y
Unde Rul 23()3) t cli oft rpr s nttvepa te mus bet c loft cli
r e a( ,he ams he e e e ai ris t ypia he ams
oft membe soft c a s Thus t pi a iy r f r t t i vi lc r ctrsi oft name
he
r
he l s .
, y c lt e e s o he ndi dua ha a e itcs he
d
pli ifi r lton t t cls . Ve 56 F. a 1
antf n ea i o he a s ga, 4 3d t 275.TheEl nt Cic thasdes i d
eve h r ui
crbe
t pi alt asa
y c iy
a ne bew e n t c a sr pr e ai sc am sordef ns sa t c mon q tons
xus t e he l s e es nt tve' l i
e e nd he om
uesi
o f c orl w whi h uniet c a s A s fc e ne i e t bls d i t cai sor
f at a
c
t he l s . uf i nt xus s sa ihe f he l m
de e esoft c a sa t cl s r pr s nt tve a i e f om t s m e eve orpa t r or
f ns
he l s nd he a s e e e a i r s r he a
nt
te n
pr tc and a eba ed on t s m el lt or Ty caiy,
aci e
r s
he a ega he y. pi lt howeve ,doesnotr quie
r
e r
i ntc c am sorde e e .A f t va i ton wilno r nde ac a sr pr s nt tve'
de ial l i
f ns s acual rai
l t e r l s e e e ai s
cl m a y c unl s t f c ua poston oft r pr e a i m a kedl dif r fom t t
ai t pial e s he a t l ii
he e es nt tve r y fe s r ha
ofot rm e be s oft cl s
he
m r
he as .
Ko nb r v Car v CruieLi s I . 7 F. 1 1 ( 1hCi.1 4) s ealoPr
r e g . nial s ne, nc, 41 2d 332, 337 1 t r 98 ; e s adoSt nman, 1 F. a 1 n. 4. ThePl i if c a m sa t cl s c a m s a e al ba e on t
ei
22 3d t 279 1
a ntf s' l i nd he as l i r l s d
he
8
D e e nt 'tm e e ng pr c i es i l ng Ar a G ua m uz' tm e e ng m et .
f nda s i ke pi
a tc , nc udi
m ndo
da
s i ke pi
hods
Thus t ba i oft named Pl i if 'c am si t s me a t bassoft cas c am s Bot
,he ss he
antfs l i s he a
s he i
he l s l i . h
t na
he medPl i if 'a t c a sm e r 'cli sa ebas o t s m e c
antfs nd he l s mbe s am r
ed n he a
onduc o
tf
De e nt and Gua muz- i pr rtme e ng.Cons que ty, antfsha e t bls d
f nda s
da
m ope i ke pi
e n l Pl i if ve sa ihe
t ca iy.
ypi lt
Ad qu yo oe t o a sl tr ss
e ac fpr tci fcls ne e t
on
Thels prr quiieofRul 23( i t tt cas rpr enttvesf rya a quaey
a t e e st
e a) s ha he l s e es ai ail nd de tl
pr t tt i er ssoft ca . The a qua y ofr pr e a i a l i r quie t i re .
o ec he nt e t
he lss
de c
e es ntton nayss e r s wo nquiis'
i 1 wheheranys tnta co lcsofi e ete s bewe t rpr s nttve a t cas ;
$) t
(
ubsa il nfit ntr s xit t en he e e e ai s nd he l s
a ( whehe t rpr s nai wila uael pr ec et a ton. Vale Dr g Co.v
nd 2) t r he e e e ttves l deq t y os ut he ci ' ly u
'
.
Ge v Ph mac tcal,I .350F. 11 ,11 ( 1hCi.2003) A f me a c lc of
ne a ar eui s nc,
3d 81 89 1 t r
. unda ntl ontit
i e es e sswhe e s ecls m e r cl me t beha m e by t s
ntr t xit
r om a s mbe s ai d o
r d he ame c
onduc t t
t ha
be ist cl sr pr e ai .I He e no s h c lc e ss A1 member oft c a s
neft he as e es nt tves d
r , uc onfit xit . l
s he l s
wilbene i fom Pli tfs pr e uton oft sa ton. Al m e r oft cas aswe last
l
ft r
a n if ' os c i
hi c i
1 mbe s he l s,
l he
c a sr pr e a i s, l be i fom t r lefs
l s e es nt tve wil neft r he e i oughtby r evi dn a sf AW PA
ec i ng m ge or
vi atons.Pl ntf sa Pl i if c
ol i
ai if nd antfs' ouns lwilade t y pr ec et sac i Pl ntfs
e l quael os ut hi ton. ai if '
c elhasr pr entd m i a wor si nume ousm at r ,i l ng cl sa tons. Thus t
ouns
e es e gr nt ker n
r
te s nc udi as c i 3
, he
l tpr r st t brngi acls a ton ha be n m e .
as e equiie o i ng a s ci
s e
t
3 s c esi l Mor e- arov.F d Ypi Staw,I .350F. 11 ( 1h
' e as ncude: ant Nav r
rhe
: ne r nc,
3d 63 1 t
Ci.
r 2003) Na e - ciav Pe oFami Far ,LLC,2009W L 1
; polsAr l . r
l ms
y
585970( D.Fl J 4,
S. a. une
2009) Mor no- pi s v. dr Pr t,l .247F. D.686( D. a 2007) Siv
; e Es no a J JAg oducs nc,
R.
S. Fl.
; laAr i v Te Ex es l . 222F. D 684( . Fl.2004)
raga . xas pr s, nc,
R.
M D. a
.
9
C.TheRe r m e sofRul 23( ( Ha Be M e
guie nt
e b)3) ve en t
I or rt o ai c a sc tfc ton, pli ifm us s
n de o bt n l s erii a i a antf
t how t tt pr r st ss touti
ha he e equiie e
n
Rul 23()ha be nme a t toneoft atr tverquie nt ofRul 23( ha bee
e a ve e t nd ha
he lenai e rme s
e b) ve n
me.Pik t v l waBefpr es r , 0 F.d 1 6 1 7 ( 1hCi. 0 0 .l ti c s ,
t c et . o
e oc so s 2 9 3 27 , 2 9 1 t r 2 0 ) n h s ae
Pl ntfsmovef cls c riiai unde Rul 23( ( , c sae t tacl sa tonma be
ai if
or a s e tfc ton
r e b)3)whih tts ha as ci
y
m a nt i i :
i a ned f
t c tfndst tt que tonsofl orf tco mon t cas m e r pr domi t
he our i ha he si
aw
ac m
o l s mbe s e
nae
ove a q si afeci o y i vi lm e
r ny ue tons f tng nl ndi dua mber ,a t ta cas a i i s ror
s nd ha l s cton s upe i
t oh ra albemeh d f rfil a de fce t a j d c tn tec nr ves The
o t e v ia l t o s o ary n fiin l du iai g h o to ry.
y
m at r pe tne t t efndi i ude:
te s ri nt o hes i ngs ncl
( t cas me r'ntr t i i vi lyc r lngt pr e utonor
A) he l s mbe si eess n ndi dual ontoli he osc i
def ns ofs pa a ea i ;
e e e r t ctons
( t e e a naur ofa ltgai co eni t co r s ara
B) he xtnt nd t e ny ii ton nc r ng he ntovery le dy
beg b orag ns cl sme be s
un y
ai t as m r ;
( t d srb lyo u d sr bl yo c n e rtn t l i to o t ecamsi
C) he e ia ii r n e ia it f o c ntaig he i gain f h li n
t
i
t
t pa tc a f um ;a
he riulr or
nd
( t lkeydifc te i ma gi aca saci
D) he i l fiulis n na ng ls ton.
Fe R. v.P. b)3 .Asdic s di mo edealbeow,Pl ntfsha me t r uie nt
d. Ci 23( ( )
s us e n r ti l
ai if ve t he eq r me s
ofRul 23( ( .
e b)3)
Co nQu sin o J a dFa t e o n t
mmo e t s fL w n c Pr d miae
o
Un e Rul 2 ( )3 ,th is e i t ca sa to t a aes b e tt g n rlz dprof
d r e 3 b ( ) d e su s n he ls cin h t r u j c o e eaie o ,
t
a dtu a pia l t t eca sa awhoe mu t e o n t o e t s is e ta aes be t
n h s p lc b e o h ls s
l, s prd miae v r ho e s u s h t r u j c
o yt i vi lz pr .'Jackv v Mot 6Muli pos,l . 1 F.d 999,1 ( 1h
nl o ndi duaied oof'
on . el
tpur e nc, 30 3
005 1 t
Ci.1 (iai omitd) deemi i a is prdomi ts ac tmus c i rwha
r 997) ctton te .To tr ne f n sue e nae , our t onsde
t
vauet r ol i oft cls - deis wilha i e c cas me be ' unde l ng c e of
l he es uton he a swi s ue l ve n a h l s m r s
ryi aus
a ton.Rutti v Avi Re - carS tms I .211F.d 1 1 ( 1hCi.
ci
sen . s ntA- yse nc,
3 228, 234 1 t r 2000) I t s
. n hi
c s ,c mon que tonsoflw a f tpr dom i e.Pl ntfsar t tDe enda sus d t
a e om
si
a nd ac e
nat ai if gue ha f nt e he
s metm e e ng me hod f al oft c a sm e
a i ke pi
t
or 1 he l s mber a i f c , e t s m epe s t
s nd, n a t us d he a
r on o
r co dt tmef ralo t cl sm e r . Thus t r s uto ofa l li s i l ng
e r he i o 1 f he as mbe s
, he e ol i n
ny ega s ues nvo vi
t stme e ngpr e ewilbe e c l t s m ef a1 oft m e
hi i ke pi
oc dur l
xa ty he a or 1 he mber oft cls . The
s he a s
r s uto oft sis wilbe ftaloft m e r oft c a seq ly. The e o e t c a s
e ol i n hi s ue l nei l he mbe s he l s ual
r f r , he l s
l alis ss ume t i vi lonesand r s uton oft cas is wilr ol t
eg s ue ubs
he ndi dua
e ol i
he l s s ues l es ve he
i vi lis .Addii l Pli tfspoi outt tt s me mehod m a beus d t
ndi dua s ues
tonaly, a n if nt
ha he a
t
y
e o
c l ult t wa unde - y e sofa 1oft me be soft cas .Furhe
a c a e he ge
rpa m nt
1 he m r
he l s
t nuor Pl i if
e, antfs
s k s a ut y dn age unde A W PA w ih r ga d t t r cor ke pi a w age s a e e
ee t t or m s
r
t e r o he e d- e ng nd
t t m nt
c am s Cons que l Pli if ha e tbls d t tc mon quesi ofl w a f c
li .
e nty, antfs ve sa ihe ha om
tons a nd a t
pr dom i e.
e
nat
Cls Acini S pe irt Ote Meh d o
a s to s ' ro o h r to s fAWu ia in
u
d c to
I ode t c tf acl sunde Rul 23( ( ,ac tmus fndt t$ cas a i i
n r r o eriy as
r e b)3) our t i ha $ l s cton s
a
s p ro t oh ra albemeh dsf rtefi a d etce ta j d c to o t ec nto es . I
u e ir o te v i l to o h ar n fi in du iain f h o r v ry' n
a
'
ma ngt sde e mi ton,ac r s d c i rt non- xcus vef ct ss outi t r e;
ki hi t r nai
ou t houl onsde he
e l i a or et
n he ul
()t ca sme er'i e e t i i vi lyc r lngt pr e i ordee eofspart
1 he ls mb s ntr ss n ndi dual ontoli he oscuton
fns e ae
a tons ( t e e a nat eofa ltgai c er ngt c r ryar dyb
ci ; 2) he xtnt nd ur ny ii ton onc ni he ontoves lea egunbyo
r
a i tcl sme r;( t de iabiiyo unde ia lt ofco e rtngt ltgatonoft
gans as mbes 3) he sr lt r srbiiy
nc ntai he ii i
he
cai i t pa tc a f um;a ( t lkeydifc te i ma gi acls a ton.
l ms n he riulr or nd 4) he i l fiulis n na ng a s ci
Co i rng t s f ct sladst t concus o t ta cas aci n i t s rorm ehod of
nsde i he e a or e
o he
l i n ha l s to s he upe i
t
a j diain.
du c to
The fr tf c orwei i f vorofcl s c r ii ato Gi n t tm os oft c a s
is a t
ghs n a
a s e ttc i n. ve ha
t he l s
me be sa enotpr i i i Engls a a ei ge ,a t tt i vi r co i wilbe
m r r
ofcent n
ih nd r ndi nt nd ha he ndi dual e veres l
r l tve y s a l i s e sunlkel t tt c as m e be s woul w a t m uc l sc d, c r
e ai l m l,t e m
i y ha he l s m r
d nt o,
h es oul ontol
t rown a ton.Thes ond f c ora s we g i f vorofc a sc rik ai Ther ha be n
hei
ci
ec
a t lo i hs n a
l s e tt ton.
e ve e
no ot rlws t fl d by me be soft put tvec a s
he a uis ie
m r
he ai l s .Thet r f ct we g i f vorofc a s
hid a or i hs n a
ls
teame be us t Def nda sar l t i t sd src ,t evi nc i l at i t s
r t nt ca e he e nt e ocaed n hi itit he de e s oc ed n hi
diti t a m a oft Pli if a el a e i t sditi t Thel tf c ordoesnotdif vor
src, nd ny he antfs r oc t d n hi src .
as a t
sa
c a stea m e . N o pos i e a i s r tve i s ha be n pr ent d a t Cour do no
l s r t nt
s bl dm nit a i s ues ve e es e nd he
t es t
f r s ea t woul ca ea r aldifc t Furher or r s vi t l ali s i t s
o e e ny hat
d us ny e fiuly. t m e, e ol ng he eg s ues n hi
mat raspm'ofac as a ton wo d l d t e onom isoftme efo t a e ns f t
te
t
l s ci
ul ea o c
e
i , f r , nd xpe e or he
pa tes a t Cour .Thus t s rort r r m e ha be n m e .
ri nd he
t
, he upe i iy equie nt s e
t
Acc di y,ti he e
or ngl i s r by
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he
w
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f nihed t De e an sb J n J asTa Tr ns t I ,
ur s
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