UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. Secretary Department of Corrections et al

Filing 498

ORDER ON MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT granting in part and denying in part 442 Motion for Summary Judgment; granting in part and denying in part 443 Motion for Summary Judgment. By May 6, 2015 at 10:00 a.m. the parties shall submit proposed final judgmentsand permanent injunctions in accordance with this Order. All pending motions are denied as moot. This case is closed. Signed by Judge Patricia A. Seitz on 4/30/2015. (wc)

UNI
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
SO UTH ERN DISTRI OF FLORI
CT
DA
CASE N O.1 22958- V- TZ/
2.
Cl SEI TURNOFF
UNI
TED STATES OF AM ERI ,
CA
Pl i if
antf,

SECRETARY,FLORI DEPARTM ENT OF
DA
CORRECTI
ONS,e al,
t .
De e nt.
f nda s
/

ORDER O N M OTI NS FO R SUM M ARY JUDGM ENT
O

THI M ATTER i b f r t eCo r onc o smoin f rsl r u g n . Th
S
s e oe h u t r s - to s o t
mmayj d me tl e
Unie St t s d De e n sal gi vi ai oft Re i ousLa Us and
td aes ue
f nda t le ng ol tons he lgi
nd e
l tt i nai e Pe s Ac of2000, 42U. C. 200 I
nsiuto lz d r ons t
S. j 0cc RLUI Zbe aus Defnda sdi
PAI c e e nt d
nots r kos meast t eprs ne swhos r i ousbele sr quiekos rm e l .
e ve her l o hos io r
e elgi
if e r
he a s

Deenda ss e nty n
f nt ubs que l nnounc t i i e i t pr vi kos rm e l t prs r whos
ed her ntnton o o de he a s o ione s
e
r i ousbei f r quies h m e l ,hr h t i e e ato ofa Re i ousDitPr r
elgi
le s e r uc
a s t oug he mplm nt i n
lgi
e og am

(
RDP) Th Uni dS ae as alg sta c ran ap cso teRDP vilt RLUI A.
. e t tts lo le e h t e ti s e t f h
e
oae
P

l heflngsi udet Unie Stt 'M oto f SummayJ
' ii ncl he td aes
r
in or
r udgment( 443 ,
DE- 1
Dee nt'Rene dM oi frSummayJ me g 442) a t pa tes r pons sa
fnda s
we ton o
r udg nt DE- , nd he ri ' es e nd
r ple ( 449,453,457,4581 l a ton,t pa te ha fld s e ntlme a a
e is DE. n ddii he ris ve ie upplme a mornda t
t Cour' rques ( 485, 6, 1andaJ n Sttme ofUndiputdFa t ( 487)
he
ts e t DE- 48 488
oit ae nt
s e cs DE- .
zr sa ton wa fld pu s ntt 42 U .S. j2000 - 9, c gi st De rme
'hi c i
s ie r ua o
C.
cc2( whih ve he pat nt

o J tc t a to iyt e f r ec mp inc wi j20 0 c 1b a a to frij nci erle
f usie he uh rt o n o c o la e t
h 0 c - y n cin o n u tv eif
o de a a o y r le on be foft Unie Stt swhi h hasa oblga or i e e ti pr e tng
r clr t r e if
hal he t d a e
c
n i t y ntr s n ot c i
t r i i lbe t ofa 1pr s r .
he elg ous i ry
l ione s

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tr he as
ie he ris o
t y n de o gota e e te t
c
t Co tg a e Thepa te we euna et r ac as tlm e t Alhough De e nt a e d t
he ur r nt d.
ri s r
bl o e h ete n . t
f nda s gr e o
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n e vi
he al o ione s f nda s
d
gr e o nty n de di

t tt we e r quied by lw t pr det kos rm e l . The sa wa lfe andt Unie
ha hey r e r
a o ovi he he a s
t y s itd
he t d

S ae s u h ap ei nayij ncino d rn Dee d n st p o d ko he me l t tos
tts o g t rlmi r nu to r ei g fn a t o r vie s r as o h e
p io eswihasnc r r l iusbeiffre t ko he a de j ii e o c me to s meo
rs n r t i ee ei o l o ai s r n n onng nf re n f o f
g
e
ng
Dee d ns p lce i lme tn teRDP.Th Co r g a tdap ei n r ij n to , c
f n a t' oiis mp e nig h
e u t rne r l ay n u cin whih
mi
wa lt rva t by t Elve h Cic t
s a e caed he e nt r ui.

Th Untd Sae n w se d ca ao yrle a dapema e t nu cinr q iig
e ie tt s o e ks e lrt r eif n
r n n ij n to e urn

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f n a t o ev o he as n n onn he mplme tto f hre h le g d
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i e . f nda s n he he nd, e k
tr na i hat
PA
s te r
t t pr vi kos rm e l t p io sa t tt c lenge polc e a evai unde
hem o o de he a s o rs ner nd ha he hal d i i s r ld
r
RLUI 3 I t Cour tndst ta ofDe e nt'polcesvi a eRLUI , i m us t n
PA. f he
ts
ha ny
f nda s i i olt
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t he

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I
PLRAI Be a eDefnda s d nilofkos rme l a t o t c le d RDP polce
. c us e nt' e a
he as nd wo f he halnge
iis
vi ae RLUI a t r quie e soft PLRA ha be n m e , t Unie Stt 's
olt
PA nd he e r m nt he
ve e
t he t d aes umm a y
r

j d me tmo inf rd c aao ya dij di rle i ga tdi pat Be a s t etid
u g n to o e lrt r n nun ve eif s rn e n r. c u e h h r
c aln e RDP p o iind e n t oaeRLUI Dee da t'mo inf rs mmayj d me t
h le g d
r vso o s o vilt
PA, fn n s to o u r u g n
i g a e i pa t
s r nt d n r.

3 fn nsas s e s mmayj d me td cai gt a t eRDP' a t- a trn p lc
Dee da t lo e k u r u g n e lrn h t h
S n ib re ig oiy
i va i TheUnie Stt sdoe notc le t a iba trngpolc a , t r by,c ede is
s ld.
td ae
s
hal nge he nt- re i
iy nd he e
onc s t

v l t.Th s De e d n sa ee tte t s mmayj d me o t sis e
ai y u , fn a t r n ild o u r u g nt n hi su .
di

1 U ndi put d M at i Fac s
.
s e
er al t 4

Dee d n teF o iaDe a t n o Cor ci n (
fn a t h l rd p rme t f re to s FDOC)ic r eae a p o maey
n a c rt s p r xi tl
1 000prs r i ove 60 f iii s Appr xi a ey t pe c ntofFl i prs r a e
00,
ione s n r aclte .
o m t l en r e
orda ione s r

i a ce a e i prvael o r t d f clte . FDOC' 201 201 o r tng budge i $2. bilon
nc r r t d n i t y pe a e a iiis
S 4- 5 pe a i
t s 3 li

a isf o b d e ij s o e $5 milo FDOC rc ie fd rl u dsa di s b e tt
nd t o d u g t s u t v r 4 lin.
e ev s e e a f n n s u j c o
RLU I .
PA

FDOC i a ce a e prs ne swho ha asnc r r lgi ba i f ke pi kos r The
nc r r t s i o r
ve i e e ei ous ss or e ng he .
pa tesa eet tt i biiy t c um eakos rdits tnta l bur nst r lgi
ri gr ha he na lt o ons
he e ubsa ily de he e i ous
e r s ofFl i prs ne swih asnce edesr t kee kos r
xe cie
orda io r t i r
ie o p he .

De ndant ' sor WihKos rMe s
fe
s Hit y t
he al
Prort 200 Def nda sdi notofe akos rdi tt a prs r . l 200
i o 4, e nt d
fr
he e o ny ione s n 4,
De e nt i e nt d akos rm e lpln known a t J wih Dit r Ac om moda i
f nda s mpl me e
he a a
s he e s e a y c
ton

Pr a (DAP)whihofee kos rme l t prs nesi t re nFDOC fdltes Prs r
ogrm J
, c frd he as o io r n hite
a ii . ione s
ei bl t pa tcpa ei J
lgi e o ri i t n DAP we eta f re t oneoft t ree f ii s. I ta l J
r r nse r d o
he hit n adlte nii ly DAP
wm ope onl t J wih prs r , i 2006 i wasope t prs sofalf ihs FD OC
s n y o e s ione s but n
t
ned o ioner
l at .
tr i t d t J
e m na e he DAP pr am i Augus 2007.l Augus 201 , FD OC i tt e a pio kos
ogr n
t
n
t 0
ns iut d
l t her
di tpr r a t Sout Fl r da Rec p i Ce t . Err l e i t piotpr a r nge
e og am t he
h oi
e t on n er tolm nt n he l ogr m a d
f om 8 t 1 prs r .
r
o 8 i one s
W he t s ltga i sare i A ugus 201 , ot t t piotpr a De e ant
n hi ii ton t t d n
t 2 her han he l ogr m, f nd s

ofee onl t eemea optonst mos prs nes ( )manlne ( vega and( t atr tve,
fr d y hr
l i o t io r: 1 i i ; 2) n; 3) he lenai

4 t wihoutr c d cia i c n be f und i t pa te 'J ntSt t me ofU ndipu e
Facs t
e or ttons a
o
n he ris oi a e nt
s td

F csg 4 7 .
a t DE- 8 )

no- e topton t t m anlnee r e. I addii n, Def nda sal o pr de va i usm e ca
m a i o he i i nte n
to
e nt s ovi d r o
di l

a t r pe i dit pr c i d by FDOC pe s nne f a o ma e y 3,500- 600 prs r .
nd he a utc e s es rbe
r o l or ppr xi t l
3,
ione s
None oft s f optonsa ekos r Prs r wih r lgi di tnee ha onl t t ee
he e ood i
r
he . ione s t e i ous e
ds d y he hr

non- e ca di t t choos fo unl st y we e o oft prs r pa i i i i t piot
m di l es o
e rm
es he
r ne he ione s rtcpatng n he l
Pr am .
ogr

On M a ch 22,201 FDOC is ne polc 503.0 6 e tbihigteRDP.( 2 - .
r
3,
s ued w iy
0 , sa ls n h
DE- 9 8)
A tt ttm e FDO C ha a o m a e y 8,500- 700 prs r who s fi iid wih ar i on
ha i ,
d ppr xi t l
8,
ione s
el-dentfe t elgi

t twoul rquieakos rme l ( 68a 46- ) The e fe,t UniedSttsa ndedis
ha
de r
he a. DE- t 47.
r atr he t ae me
t
c
ompli t c l
ant o halengebot t bl tde a ofkos m e st t eprs ner wih asnce e
h he anke nil
her al o hos i o s t i r
r i ousbeleff re tng kos ra s m eofDe e
elgi
i o ai
he nd o
f ndant ne dit l polces (
s' w e ay i i . DE-1 ) On
04.

De e e 6, 01 ,h Co r is e aP ei n r lj n to o d rn De e d n st p o ie
c mb r 2 3 t e u tsu d r l ay nu cin r e ig fn a t o r v d
mi
kos rmeast t e i t swih a snc r r i i belefr quii t m t e kos ran
he
l o hos mna e t i e e elg ous i e rng he o at he d

e j i igtee f re n o f u p o iin o t RDP. ( 1 6. f n a t a pe ld
no nn h n o c me t f o r r v so s fhe
5 DE- 0 )Dee d n s p ae .
( 1 ) OnFe uay27,201 t Elve hCic tde e Dee
DE- 20.
br r
5,he e nt rui nid fndant'a la moo a
s ppea s t nd

v c tdt ePrlmi aylj n to b s do t ij n to sf i r t c mpl wi t e
a ae h ei n r nu cin a e n he nu cin' al e o o y t h
u
h
rq ie n so t ePLRA.( 4 8)
e ur me t f h
DE- 6 .

s cii ly, i a ton t r quii De e ant t pr dekos rm e l , t pr lm i r
spe fcal n ddii o e rng f nd s o ovi
he a s he e i na y

ij tonenoi Def nt fom:( )e ori ani t da waii pei f e e i t
nunci j ned enda s r 1 nf cng ney- y tng rod or ntrng he
RDP;( as ng RDP a iant t ie iys cii r iiusdocrnea pa tofDefnda s
2) ki
pplc s o d ntf pe fc elgo
ti s r
e nt'
snc rt t tng;()e o cng anleknowna t tnpece r e;a ( e or i ar e
i e iy esi 3 nfr i
l
s he e r nt ul nd 4) nf cng ul
known a t ze o t e a er l . De e nt ,i iil r c ni i t ti vi at RLUI ,
s he r olr nc u e
f nda s mplcty e og zng ha t ol es
PA
vol a iy w ihd e t ni t da w a tng pe i d polc f om t RD P, a bot pa te a e no
unt rl t r w he ne y- y ii
ro
i y r he
nd h r i s r
l rpur ui i i t s ltga i .
onge
s ng t n hi ii ton

The Re i ou D i tPr am
lgi s e ogr

Unde t RDP,t r lgi ditnee ofprs r aeme t oughtleeoptons ( )
r he
he ei ous e ds iones r thr
lr
i :1
t pr vi l ofe e a tr e, non- t refom t manl ; 2)t prvi l oferd
he e ousy- fr d le nat
mea ente r he i i ( he e ousy- f e
ne

veg mea opton;a ( t ne y- frd Ce tfe FoodOpton(
an l i nd 3) he wl ofee riid
i CFO) whihi akos r
, c s
he

f o o to 6( 2 8) Prs n r s e igt p rii t i teCF mu ts b t n
o d pin. DE-9- . io e s e kn o a t pae n h O s u mia
c
a p iain.( 2 - ) W h l t eq e to o t ea pl ainh v c n e d rngt ec u s
p lc to DE- 9 8. ie h u sins n h p i to a e ha g d u i h o re
c
oft sltga i a s m epoi t a i a i i ude t f l ng que to i ntf ç pe fc
hi ii ton, t o
nt he pplc ton ncl d he olowi
si n: de iy t cii
s

lwt)c n e tdt y u b le o fiht a rq ies y ut e t rl o sde. ( 9 - a
a s o n ce o o r eif r at h t e ur t) o o a a ei u it' DE- 9 8 t
gi
'
1 ) W hiet tquesi i notc rntyi l ont a i to Dee nt manti t ti
3.
l ha
ton s ure l ncuded he pplcain, fnda s i an ha t
i avauabl s r ni t a a pe misbl que ton unde t 1w .7 Thus bot pa tes
s l e c ee ng ool nd
r si e si
r he a
h ri '
,

moin f rs mma yj d me ta d e steus o t squ sin.
to s o u r u g n d rs h e f hi eto
The RDP a s i udese or e e pr sons whih al f s pe i a
l o ncl
nf c m nt ovi i , c low or us nson nd
e so fo t RDP.Two pa tc a e or me polcesa e a is , bot ofwhih
xpuli n r m he
riul r nf ce nt i i r t s ue h
c

s cii ly ad e se or e
pe fcal dr s nf c mentoft CFO mea opton.B Thefrtsaest ta d nma e
he
l i
is t t ha n i t
i

6 i naly, t CFO co itdofprpac ge pr esedf
orgi l he
nsse
e ka d oc s oods( 29- 442- a !4)
DE- 8; 2 t
a i ude t hotme sada Ho ver t CFO w a s t ntal modii a now
nd ncl d wo
al
y. we , he
s ubsa i ly
fed nd

c it ofa1c dme l (7 442- at:4,comprsdofpea bute,col cee ,a br a f
onsss 1 ol as 1E- 2 )
ie
nut tr d ral nd e d or
br a a teve y da a ami ofs
e kf s
r y nd
x omeoft f l ng f l h a di reve y da s r nes
he olowi or unc nd nne
r y: a di ,
c bbag be ns c rot , a bute , ea orc ac r , a a occ sonalpi e offui.W hie
a
e, a , a r s pe nut t r br d r ke s nd n a i
ec
r t
l
t r c d i note iey c e r i a
he e or s
ntr l l a , t ppea st tt s th t a 1c d me soc red i l t
r ha he wic o l ol al cu r n ae
sum m er2014.
X es t r m ova oft ques i f om t a i a i , D e enda shave c i d t
D pie e
l he
ton r he pplc ton f
nt
ontnue o
a c st snc rt ofa i a sa t Cha anc Adm i sr t t sii d t taprs rc d
c es he i e iy pplc nt nd he pli y
nitaor e tte ha
ione oul
silbesnc r wihouthavi t tdoc rna knowl dge. (7E- 26at1 125.
tl
i ee t
ng ha
ti l
e
1 44303:- )
F snot earler t Unie St t si no l rpur ui cli sr l tngt t ni t da
A
ed
i , he t d a e s onge
s ng am e ai o he ney- y
w a tng pe i d.
ii
ro

e ole i t CFO whomis stnpe c nt( 0%)ormoeofhe/ sCFO me l wihi amont
nr ld n he
se e re 1
r
rhi
as t n
h

wi b rmo e fo teCF 't tnpec n r ll ( 2 - . Thes c n s p n sa
l e e v d r m h O'( e re t ue . DE- 9 8)
l
he
e o d us e d
prs ne fo t CFO i he i dic r pur ha i , pos es i o cons ng f fo t
io r r m he
f s s ove ed c sng
s sng, r
umi ood r m he

ca t norohe s c t tvi aest rlgi ditr quie nt (hez r t ea r e)
nee
t r oure ha olt he ei ous e e rme s t e o olrnce ulg.

( 2 - . l ap io e festa h h sb e i r p ryr mo e fo teCFO u d rete o
DE- 9 8) f rs n r e l h t e a e n mp o e l e v d r m h
ne i r f
h
t s r es he m a us t pr s s g i va e pr e st s e r ns a e e ea le t w oul
he e ul ,
y e he i on' r e nc oc s o e k ei t t m nt ri r han
d

oh r s b p r te u d rt eRDP.(7 4 2- a 936 1 . rn tegiv n ep o e s
t e wie e emi d n e h
t
1E- 4 6 t :- 0)Du i g h re a c r c s,
w hi h, e e nt r pr e e a or la g e , c n t ke up t t ry da ,t prs rm us e t
c D f nda s e es nt d t a r um nt a a
o hi t ys he i one
ta

fo t ma nlne
r m he i i .

Afe e tyo teP ei n r Ijmcin Dee d n sman an dt t h ij n to
tr nr f h r l ay n t to , fn a t iti e ha t e nu cin
mi
pr ve e t m fom i e e i a y o t RDP' e or me pr so . ( 246.
e ntd he r mplm ntng n f he
S nf ce nt ovii ns DE- )
H owe ,de pie t spos ton, he Cour a t pa tes r cog zngt nee f e o ce nt
ver s t hi
ii t
t nd he r i , e ni i he d or nf r me

pr sons we ea et r a h a a e m e ast s h pr vii t tw o d notvi a et
ovii , r bl o e c n gr e nt o uc o sons ha ul
olt he

tr o teP ei n r Ij n to ( 25 ) Und rtea re e o c me t o iin ,
ems f h r l a y nu cin. DE- 9.
mi
e h g e d nf re n pr vso s a
pr s rw ho vi a est t n pe c ntorz r t e a e r e w ilr ce ve a notc and ha an
i one
ol t he e r e
e o ol r nc ul l e i
ie
ve

oppo t t t e an hi a tonst ac pli be or an s pe i orr m ova c n oc ur
runiy o xpli s ci o ha a n f e y us nson e
la c .

( 25 1. Bas ont prs ne ' e a tont t cha an,t c pli ha t dic ein
DE- 2- ) ed he io rs xplnai o he pli he ha an s he sr to
t s pe t prs rfom orke p t prs ri t RDP. ( 25 1) Th sp o e si v r
o us nd he ione r
e he ione n he
DE- 2- . i r c s s e y

sm ia t t pr s ale y i us by FDOC f t n ry 5,000 prs r on medi la
i lr o he oce s r ad n e
or he ea l
ione s
ca nd

ve ndit.(7E- 3a 99:7- 00: 1E- 4a 22: 25: )
ga es 1 268- t 1 1 8;7 268- t 4- 4.

g fnda so e t t us oft str asmil di a i l
Dee nt bjcto he e hi em
sea ng nd nfammat y. However t
or
, he
pa tesa t Cour havebe n usngt str t oughoutt ltga i . Cons quen l t
ri nd he
t
e i hi e m hr
he ii ton
e
ty, he
Cour wilc i t us t st r t de c i t polc a i s .
t l ontnue o e hi e m o s rbe he iy t s ue

FDOC be n s r ng m e l unde t RDP i J y 201 a asngl i tt in. Si et t
ga e vi
as
r he
n ul
3 t i e nsiuto
nc ha

tme,Def nda sha e e d t RDP t a tona i tt tonsa t i goa wa t h
i
e nt ve xt nde he
o ddii l nsiu i
nd he r l s o
ave i
t
i e ntd i a1sae i tt i nsby t e ofAprl2015. AsofM a c 15 2015, he ewe e
mpl me e n l t t nsiuto
he nd
i
rh ,
t r r
9, prs r a oved f rt CFO o i oft RDP satwi outoft ove 1 000 sa e
543 ione s ppr
o he
pton he
t e de
he r 00
tt
,

prs r .o H o e r pa tcpa i r t a t fvef ciii t tha be n s r ng t RDP f
i one s l w ve , ri i ton a es t he i a ltes ha ve e e vi he
or
a o m a e y one yea ha dr ppe f om 3,232 prs r i Aprl201 t 1031prs r i
ppr xi t l
r ve o d r
ione s n
i
4o ,
i one s n

Fe r r 20l (7 4 3a 5. FDOC ofi il e c t s ede lne a ali tt i afe
b uay 5. 1E-43- t )
tcas xpe t o e ci s t l nsiutons tr
t RDP ha bee i plcef rs etme. (7 4 - a 4 1 - 8:. W h l o eo t eUntd
he
s n n a o om i
1E- 439 t 7:4 4 5) ie n f h ie

Stt s'e rsopi d t he e c spari pa i r t st dr t a ound ar ngeof15% t
a e xpe t ne hat xpe t tci ton a e o op o r
a
.
o

2%,hee r basdhi o ninont e re eoft Fed r lBtr uofPrs (
t xpet e s pi o
he xpe inc he e a lea
ions BOP)a
nd
doesnotappe rt ha consde e whehe BOP' a FDOC' prs ne popul tonshave
a o ve
i rd
t r
s nd
S io r
ai

smia de a csl ( 443- a 1 1 )Noneoft e rscoul pr c how l i
i lr mogrphi .' DE- 17 t 4- 6.
he xpe t d edit
ong t
woul t kef t pa tcpai r t t dr p down t t re
d a or he rii ton ae o o
o hei xpeced lves ( 270- a 1 4t e l. DE- 2 t 85:

1)
7.

En o c me t fteRDP
f re n o h
To ta k ho m a prs r pik up t i m e l , De e
r c w ny ione s e
her a s f ndant ha i t d $86, i
s ve nvese
000 n
elcr ni s am e sand lpt psa r quie aprs rt s an a i ntfc ton c r upon e e i
e to c c l r
a o nd e r
ione o c n de iia i a d
ntrng

l- oughoutt i pa s t pa tesus t t nn RDP t r f rt t CFO opton oft
o
rhr
he r per , he ri
e he e
o e e o he
i
he
RDP. Be us t CFO o i n i t onl r l va o i i t sltga i , t Cour w il e t
ca e he
pto s he y e e nt pton n hi ii ton he
t l us he
t r s i e c nge y.
e m nt r ha abl

lDe og a csa er lva t t a l i be a et y woul i c t how ma
l m r phi r ee nt o he nayss c us he
d ndia e
ny
prs ne sbe ong t a r lgi w ih kno n di t l ne . Fore pl ,a pr s s t m wih a
io r l
o e i on t
w
e a y eds
xam e
i on ys e
t
hi pe c nt ge ofJ s orM usi prs r woul bee
gh r e a
ewih
lm ione s
d
xpec e t haveahi rnumberof
td o
ghe
prs r s e ng akos rdi tt n aprs s t wih fw J wih a M usi prs r .
ione s e ki
he e ha
ion ysem t e e s nd
lm ione s

t f lne.De enda t pur has t s ame sasa wayt e tr t tonl t eprs rs
he ood i
f n s c ed he c l r
o nsze ha y hos ione
a ove f t RDP e fom t RDP. Howe r t s a r a enotus d t pr ve a RDPppr d or he
at r he
ve ,he c nne s r
e o e nt n
e ld prs rfom e tng fom t m anlne De e nt us t s nne sf ta ng
mole ione r
a i r he i i .
f nda s e he ca r or r cki
pa tcpa i i bo h t mai i a t RDP. Bas d on t i onua i gahe e fom t
ri i ton n t he nlne nd he
e
he nf
ton t r d r he

s a r,o FDOC f s r cedie t t tfe t ti onemont , s
c nne s ne
ood e vi r c or esiid ha n
h ome oft 1 2 prs r
he 9 ione s
a ove f t RDP a hi i tt i a e2,6 0n n l pme l.( 4 - a 5 :- 1) Ye,
ppr d or he
t s nsiuton t 0 o -o
as DE-49 1 t 89 1 . t
t s me f s vie die t wa u war ofa i aeswhoha bee r m ove fom t RDP
he a ood er c r c or s na e ny nm t
d n e
d r he

f re tn temani eme l ( 4 9 1a 5 1 - 4.
o aig h i ln a. DE- 4 - t 9:1 1 )
One c pl i t sii d t twhe i aesgi anon-e i ousr as f rwa i t b i
ha an e tfe ha
n nm t ve
r lgi e on o ntng o e n
t RDP he ofe st m r lgi r s nsf wa i t be i t RDP a lt t m choos A
he
f r he ei ous ea o or ntng o n he
nd e s he
e

,

B,C,ora1oft a
1 he bove.(7E- 6a 511 52: ) Tha s mec pli t tfedt thehasnot
1 442- t :0- 6. t a ha an esii ha
do a hi t e or e c nt e pur has vi ai , ie pur ha esofnon- he pr uc s
ne nyt ng o nf c a e n c e ol tons .. c s
kos r od t .

(7 4 2 6a 716 7 8) Heas tsiidt a h wa n v ri tu tdt tkea ya to a an t
1E- 4 - t :- 2:.
lo e tfe h t e s e e nsr ce o a n cin g is
RDP a r d i aeswho e t ma nlnem ea a t hi kno ldgei aeswho e tof t
pp ove nm t
at he i i
l nd o s w e
nm t
a f he

manlneaenots
ii r
upposdt bes pe dfom t RDP.(7 442- a 8 1 21 8 1 24;
e o us nde r he
1E- 6 t 6:8- ) 7:888:8- ) FDOC' Cha anc Admi srt t tfedt thediededc pli a a1RDP1 23.
S pli y
nitaor esii ha
r
ha ans t l
pari pai f c ltesnott r move i aesfom t RDP f rea i of t m a nlne. (
tci tng a iii
o e
nm t r he
o tng f he i i
DE-

443- 0a 11 7- 5. l fc,t Cha anc Admi sr orhadnoknowldgeofan prs r
1 t 3: 1 ) n a t he pli y
nitat
e
y ione
bengr m ove fom t RDP f e tng of t m anlne. ( 443-0 a 1 1 25. A f
i e
d r he
or a i
f he i i DE- 1 t 13:6- )
ood
s r c saf m e
e vi e t f mbera Uni n Corec i ll tt et s ii d t tt c r ofi i tuc edt
t o
r tona nsiut e tfe ha he ental fce nsr t he

sa ft sops pe ngi tsfom t RDP.( 443- a 46:7- ) Thus Deenda sae
tf o t us ndi nmae r he
DE- 23 t 1 24.
, f nt r

no usng t enf r e e pr sonsoft RDP t s pendprs r who vi at t RDP
t i he o c m nt ovii
he
o us
ione s
ol e he
r e.
ul s

T eCo t o heRDP
h ss ft
Thec t as oc aedw ih t RDP i udet c toff , t c tofa tona
os s s i t
t he
ncl he os
ood he os
ddii l
eq pme ,a t c tofa tona safi . Thepa tesag eet t t a f ur cossoft
ui nt nd he os
ddii l t fng
ri r hat he ot l ut e t he

RDP wilbebet e $384, and $1 3 milon pe ye r Thi wi va i i n i duet t
l
we n
400
2. li
r a . s de rato s
o he
pa tes'dif rngesi t oft l tr pa tcpai r t , t Unie St t s'us oft pikri
fe i
tma es he ong-e m rii ton a e he t d a e e he c
up r t t r uc t da l coss Defnda s'i l i oft c t oft equi e us d t
a es o ed e he iy t , e nt nc uson he oss he
pm nt e o
tac pa tcpai n i t RDP a t mai i , a De e
r k ri i to n he
nd he nlne nd f ndan s'i l i ofaddii na safi
t nc uson
to l t fng
c t . De e nt ha a l t d t e iec toft s l r , lpt ,a s r e st t RDP,
oss f nda s ve lote he ntr os he came s a ops nd e v r o he
e nt
ve hough t e pme i a s us d f tac ngm anlnepa tc pa i . I a ii
he qui nt s lo e or r ki
i i
rii ton n ddton,

De e
f ndan sas i ude 100% oft c t f a tonalc anc a f s r i e sa f
t lo ncl
he os s or ddii
hapli y nd ood e v c tf ,
r ga dl s ofwhehert sa fme be sde e 1
e r es
t he t f- m r vot 00% oft i tm et t RDP. D e e nt
he r i o he
f nda s
de c i t rc l ultonsa bas d on t S s c e s e ro'wih va i bl st twilc nge
s rbe hei a c a i
s e
he s t as c na i ' t ra e ha l ha
wor

o e tme ( 4 3 7a 611 - 5)
v r i . DE- 4 - t :2 1 .
Ator la gume ,De e nt as e td t tt dat t ha s nt$3. m ilon
a r
nt f nda s s re ha o e hey ve pe
9 li
i e e i t RDP. Ho
mplm ntng he
weve ,Defnda sdi no pr de abr a
r e nt d t ovi
e kdown oft tnumbe .
ha
r
Def nda sha notpr de c e rnum be sf m a oft cos st a s i t w ih t R DP.
e nt ve
ovi d l a
r or ny he t hey s oc a e t he

Fore mpl,De e nt a s r t tt y ha hie addii lf s r c a c ai y sa f
xa e f nda s s e t ha he ve r d
tona ood e vie nd hapl nc t f
s c fc l f t RDP,butDefnda sha no pr ded als oft tsa fa t cos of
pe iialy or he
e nt ve t ovi
it ha tf nd he t

hii e c pe s n.Nori i c e rwhehe t t$3. milo i l st a t lcos oft RDP
rng a h r o
s t la
t r ha 9 li n ncude he c ua t he
f s r d up untlt ttme. Thus t t t lc t t da er m an s e to c r .
ood e ve
i ha i
, he o a oss o t e i om wha bs u e
9

The ls known c t f t CFO mea i $ 554 perprs rperdaycompar t
at
os s or he
ls 3
ione
ed o
.

$1888pe prs rpe da f t mai i mea Thesecost ar based on a 1
.
r ione r y or he nlne l
s e
00% prs r
ione
.

pa tci ton r t . Ho
ri pa i a e
weve , he satwi a r ge f rpa tci ton on t m anlne i 85 .
r t t e de ve a o ri pa i
he i i s %

( 443- a 19: 8.2 Theavea pa tci tonrt f t CFO mea i 75% (7 442- a
DE- 1 t 7- 1)
rge ri pai ae or he
ls
1E- 3 t
.

23: 11) Asar s tf s r iediecor or rt rf ba e onkno pa tci tonrts
3- .
eul, ood e vc r t s de hei ood s d
wn ri pai ae ,

n t1 0 p riiain.( 4 3 1a 208 1 . M an iec t a eas rdu e b b t e 1
o 0 % a t p to DE- 4 - t :- 4) iln oss r lo e c d y ewe n 0
c
a 1 c nt perda t ough t us o FDOC ' f r pr uc pr n . ( 443- a 1 1 1 )
nd 5 e s
y hr
he e f
S a m od e ogr m DE- 1 t 9: 1-3.

De e nt ha notf cor d i a oft s vi fo t f r pr a t t c toft RDP.
f nda s ve
a t e n ny he a ngs r m he a m ogr m o he os he

( 443- a 5 4- 0. Thecos ofDef nt'mediala t rpe i dit r sfom $200
DE- 9 t 2: 1 )
t
enda s
c nd hea utc es ange r
.

t $3. pe da pe i t f t a oxi ael 3,600prs r o t edit.( 443- a
o 05 r y r nma e or he ppr m t y
iones n hos es DE- 1 t

31:8- 5,35:- .
1 2 - 16)
FDOC ha de ope m e nsf ravoi ngwase a t r by r duc ng f c t . For
s vel d a o
di
t nd he e e i ood os s

e mpl pr pac ged f t ti no c umedca be a i r us d, a kic nspr pa e t
xa e, e- ka
ood ha s t ons
n
nd s e e nd t he
e r he

f basdonprorpa tcpai rt .( 449- a 38:7- 11. Asnot a
ood e
i rii ton aes DE- 1 t 1 41: )
ed bove,oodor r
f
de s
a e a s ba e on prorpa tci ton r t ,no on 1
r lo s d
i ri pa i aes t
00% pa tc pai . ( 443- a 92: 11)
rii ton DE- 1 t 3- .
Asf safi a co di t Alx Ta or Cha anc Se viesAdmi sr orf FDOC,
or t fng, c r ng o e yl , pli y r c
nitat or
FDOC i endst hieat alof58 a tonalc pl i t hep wiht a tonalwo kl d
nt
o r ot
ddii
ha ans o l t he ddii
r oa

cr t byt RDP.( 442-1a 66:0-4. W hieDefnda sha ar a hiedma oft
eaed he
DEt 1 1 ) l e nt ve le dy r
ny he
e r c pl i t dea w ih t RDP w o k, he e i no e de e a t how m uc tm e t
xt a ha a ns o l t he
r t r s
vi nc s o
h i he
c pl i a e s
ha a ns r pendi on t RDP ve s ot rc ai dute . ( 442- a 45: - , 7ng
he
r us he hapl n i s DE- 1 t 2124.
49:
1The pari di nota wa s m i e t r de ii o hemi ta c i s onl sel ed
2
tes d
l ys ub t n ie pos tons r
ng r ns rpt , y ect
exc r s Any cia i t a de ii orhea i ta c i i t t t a c i pa num be , not
e pt .
t ton o
poston
rng r ns r pt s o he r ns rpt ge
r
t CM /
he
ECF pa num be .
ge
r

1
0

One oft newl hie c pl i t sii d t he s ntt e hour pe da de i wiht
he
y r d ha ans e tfe hat pe hr e
s r y alng t he

RDP ( 442- a 29:- 0. Thus a1hi tmei nots ntont RDP, alhough D ef ndant
DE- 6 t 1 1 )
, 1 s i s pe
he
t
e
s
al a1 ofhi s l r t t c toft RDP. The s m ec pli t tfe t tde piebenghie
lot 1
s a ay o he os he
a
ha a n esii d ha s t i
rd

be a eoft RDP, di notl a n oft RDP untla mont afe he washie . (7 442- a
c us
he
he d
er
he
i
h tr
r d 1E- 6 t

3 1 - 37)
2:7 3 :.
Durngt tmet tt RDP ha be n ofe e , FDOC ha nothadt dico i any
i he i ha he
s e fr d
s
o s ntnue

pr a be a eoft RDP' c t.(7E- 3a 1 11 1 1E- 7a 97:5- 9)
ogrms c us he
S oss 1 442- t 08: - 3; 7 443- t 1 1
.

FDOC' Ope ato M a eme Cons tntt tfedt tFDOC i comm it d t pr di
S r i ns nag nt
ula esii ha
s
te o ovi ng
kos rm e sand t tFD OC ha c eup wih awa t tt RDP co d be s t na e (
he al
ha
s om
t
y ha he
ul
usai bl . DE-

443- a 43:4- 1) Furhe ,
6t 1 2.
t r FDOC' Opeai Ma ge i t BurauofContac
S rtons na r n he e
r t
M a ge e a M oniorngi nota r ofa l ofst ha oc ured be aus oft c t
na m nt nd
t i s
wa e ny ay- f hat ve c r
c e he os

o t eRDP.(7 4 - a 1 8 1 - . as tsiidt a h b le e t t h c l me u
fh
1E-42 3 t 0 :620)He lo e tfe h t e eiv s ha t e od n
c r nty i plcef t CFO i C s t na emodel' ( 443- a 67:2- 6. FDOC'
ure l n a or he
s é usai bl
a
. ' DE1t 1 1)
S
Chi Pr r m e Ofi e alo ts iid t tt c r ntkos rditi s t i bl goi f wa d.
ef ocu e nt fc r s e tfe ha he ure
he e s usa na e ng or r

(3 443- a 1 1 1 ) FDOC' desgnae sc iye r t tfeda t pr i nay
1E- 5 t 20:7- 9.
S i td e urt xpe tesii t he elmi r

ij n to h aigt t
nu cin e rn ha FDOC h sd tr n dta i c np o i easae d k s rde pa
a eemi e h t t a r v d ttwie o he it ln
consse twih iss c iy i erss ( 443- a 52.
itn t t e urt nt et. DE- 4 t )
ll. Sum m ary Judgm entSt
andard

S mmayj d me i a p o raewh nCh pla ig . . h w ta t r i n g nun
u r u g nt s p r p it e i e e dn s . s o h t hee s o e ie
t
is ast a ymaei fc a t tt movi paryi e tte t aj
sue o n tral a t nd ha he
ng t s nild o udgmen asamatrof
t
te
l w . Ande s n v. be t Lobb I . 477 U . . 2 2, 4 ( 98 ) s eas HCA He l S r s o
a '
'
r o Li ry
y, nc ,
S 4 2 7 1 6 ; e lo
at e v . f
h
Ga. I .v Empl ye s H e t l . Co.240F.d982, ( 1hCi.
, nc .
o r
alh ns
,
3
991 1 t r 2001 .Onc t movi
)
e he
ng
11

pa t d
ry emonsr t st abs nc ofage ne is ofm a e i f c , t non- ovi pary m ust
ta e he e e
nui s ue
t ral a t he
m ng t
d om ef war wih Cpe fc f c ss
s
c
or d t s cii a t howi t tt r i age ne is f ti l''M atu t
ng ha he e s nui s ue or ra .'
s shia
Elc I .Co.v Ze t Radi Cor ., 475U. 574, 7( 98 ( i Fe R. v. 5 e )
e . ndus
. nih
o p
S. 58 1 6) quotng d. Ci P. 6()
.

The Cour mus vi t r or a dr w alf cua i e e st r r m i t lghtm os
t t ew he ec d nd a l a t l nf r nce he efo n he i
t
fvor bl t t non- ovi pa t a de i whet rttheevi ncepr s nt as fc e t
a a e o he
m ng ry nd cde
he s
t
de
e e s ufi i n

ds g e me t orq ies b sint aj r o wh t e i i s o -ie t a o p rymu t
ia re n t e ur u miso o u y r eh r t s o nesd d h t ne a t s
pr vai asam at roflw.' Ale v T on Food ,I . 1 1F. 642,
e l
te
a '' ln . ys
s nc , 2 3d
6 ( 1hCi.1
46 1 t r 997)

( u tn An es n, 7U.. t2 1 5 ).
q oig d ro 47 S a 5 -2 )

l o p sn amoin frs mmayj d me tt no mo i pat ma no rl s ll
n p o ig to o u r u g n,he n- vng ry y t ey oey
on t pla ngs butmus s
he e di ,
t how b afi vis de ii , we st i e at i s a
y fda t , postons ans r o ntnog ore , nd
a s i t ts c fcf t e s de
dmisons ha pe ii acs xit monsr i a g nei s f ti . Se Fed. R.Ci P.
tatng enui s ue or ral e
v.

56c ,( ;s ealoCeotxCor v Catet477U. 31 3 ( 986 .A meet cntla'
() e) e s l e p. . r t,
S. 7, 24 1 )
r t i il'of
s
e de es
vi nc uppori t opposng pa t sposton wilno s fc i t d, t r m us be a
t he
ng
i
ry'
ii
l t ufi e; nsea he e
t

s fce ts wi gt a t ej r c u dr a o a l fn f t a pat An e s n, 7U. a 2 2;
ufiin ho n h t h u y o l e s n by i d or h t ry. d ro 47 S. t 5
se alo Wale v Dary,911F. 1 1 ( 1t Ci.1 )
e s
kr . b
2d 573, 577 1 h r 990 .
1 1 D i c s on
1 . s us i
A.

I s s and Lega St
s ue
l andar
ds

TheUnied St t sa s rst tDe enda s de a ofakos dita t e oft RDP
t
a e s e t ha f nt' ni l
her e nd hr e he
pr so , wn a t t n per e r e,he z r t e anc r e a docrna snc rt t si
ovi ins kno' s he e
c nt ul t e o olr e ul , nd ti l i e iy e tng,
vi a e RLU I . D ef ndant m ai a n t RLU I doe notm a t t tt y pr vi kos r
ol t
PA
e
s nt i hat
PA
s
nda e ha he o de he
m e sbe a e cos c a nm e i a c peli g m m e a i t r s w hi h e us st m f om
al c us
t ont i nt s om lng ove
nt l n e e t c xc e he r

1
2

pr vi ng kos rm e l . De e
o di
he a s f ndant as c e t tt z r t e a er e
s lo ont nd ha he e o olr nc ul , t t pe c t
he en r en
r e,a docrna snc rt t tng dono r a oulo RLUI .
ul nd ti l i e iy esi
t un f
f
PA
U nde R LU I , no gove nm e m a i
r
PA
r nt y mpos as t i bur o aprs r s
e ubsantal den n
ione '

rlgo se ecs u ls teb r e ç 1 i i frh rn eo ac mp li g v r me titrs;
eii u x r ie n e s h u d n d ) s n u tea c f o el o en n n ee t
(
ng
a d()i t ela t e titv me n o f rh rn t a c mp li g v r me tlitrs ' 42
n 2 s h e s r srcie a s f u tei g h t o el o e n n a n ee t'
ng
.

U. C. 2 0 c - () Th b d ni o ted fn a t oe tbiht t t c alng dp lc
S. j 0 0 c 1a. e ur e s n h ee d n t sa ls ha is h l e oiy
e
me t t s r quie e s 4 U .S. j2000c 2( .RLUI rcog ze t tc
e s he e e r m nt . 2
C.
c- b)
PA e ni s ha ompla eS y
inc d
ma
r q r agovemm e t i ure ns si iso ope atonst a d i posng a s tntal
e uie
l nt o nc xpe e n t wn r i o voi m i
ubsa i

bu de o r lgi exe cie' 42 U .S. j20 0 c3 c .
r n n ei ous r s .'
C. 0 c - ()
Ast t ge r ldeni ofkos rm e s bec us neihersdediput st tt f iur t
o he ne a
al
he al, a e t i s e ha he al e o
pr dekos rm e l i pos sas t nta bm de o aprs rsr lgi e r ie, t i s s
ovi
he a s m e ubsa i l
n n
ione ' ei ous xe c s he s ue
be or t Co ta ewhehe de ngs h mea si i f t r nceofacompeli sa ei er s
f e he ur r
t r nyi uc
l s n urhe a
lng t t nt e t
a i t l s r ti ve mea o f rhe i t ti e es. Asf t t e c lenge RDP
nd s he ea t esrdi
ns f u t rng ha ntr t
or he hr e hal d
polces De e
i i , f ndan sha notc ed t tt epolc e i
t ve
onc ed ha hes
ii s mpos as t ntalb de on a
e ubsa i ur n
prs rsr lg ousexe c s Thus t i s ofa s t ta bur n m us be a e s d be or
ione ' ei i
r ie.
, he s ue
ubsan i l de
t ddr s e f e
t is ofc
he s ues ompelng sa ei e e ta t l s r ti tvemea off t rng t i e es.
li t t nt r s nd he ea t esrci
ns urhe i hat nt r t

l Dee d n sa ei v oaino RLUI b f r t eCo r c n is ea ij n to ,h
f fn a t r n i lto f
PA, eo e h u t a su n n u cin te
Co r mu te slet t h ij n tv rle teUntdS ae se me t t er q rme t o te
u t s n t ha t e n u cie eif h i tts e ks es h e uie n s f h
r
e
Prs nLiiainReo m Ac I
io tg to f r t PLRAI Un e t ePLRA, n ij n tv rle :
. drh
a y nu cie eif
s l e e no f t rt n ne s a y t c r c t vi a i oft Fe r r gh ofa
ha l xt nd
urhe ha ce s r o or e t he ol ton he de al i t
pa tc a pl i i forpl i tf s The c ts l notgr ntora ove a pr pec i r le
r i ul r a ntf
a n if.
our ha l
a
ppr
ny os tve e i f
u e st cour fndst ts h r le i na r y dr w n,e e no f t rt n
nl s he
t i ha uc e i f s r owl a
xt nds urhe ha
ne es a y t co r tt vi a i oft Fe r r g ,a i t l a ti t us ve m e ns
c s r o r ec he ol ton he de al i ht nd s he e s n r i
a
ne es a y t co r tt vi a i oft Fe r rght The cour s l gi s t nta
c s r o r ec he ol ton he de al i .
t ha l ve ubs a i l
13

weg t a a s i c onpublcsf yort opertonofaci na j tc
iht o ny dvere mpa t
i aet he ai
rmi l usie
s t m ca e by t r i f
ys e
us d
he ele .

1 U. C.j3626() 1.TheElve h Cic ti eprt t sprvii t rquieadititc r
8 S.
a ()
e nt rui ntr es hi o son o e r src ou t

t ma epat uaie fn igsa t e c ee n o teij n to a dp ro an e o k ri lrz d i dn s o a h lme t f h nu cin n ef nn e d
c
na r ne s i r i ne s a ys st tpr vi s a s pa a e e a ton a t e h e e e . Cas
r ow s -ntus ve s nal i ha o de e r t xpl na i s o ac l m nt
on

v Se kn r 2 F.d7 7 7 5( 1hCi. 0 ) we e, c u t e dn td ti a o ta y
. c ige , 31 3 7 , 8 1 t r 20 0 .Ho v r a o r n e o o hs b u n
f ct orf c o snoti diput . I a 785n.
a s a tr
n s e d t
8.
l dic sngt r uie t oft PLRA , t Supr m eCour ha e aned:
n s us i he eq r men s he
he
e
t s xpl i
Na r t l i r quiesa di' bewe n t r m e se a t m e nsc e t
row aiorng e r
d t' t e he e dy' nds nd he a hos n o
f
ac ompls t e e . Thes o oft r med m us bepr tona t t s
c
ih hos nds
c pe he e y
t
opori l o he copeoft
he
vi ai a t or rmus ex e nof t rt nne es a yt r
olton, nd he de
t t nd
urhe ha c s r o emed t vi ai .
y he ol ton

Th sCo r ha rj ce r me il r e st t n e e s rl ra ho t oi r v p io
i u t s ee td e d a o d r ha u n c sa i e c u t mp o e rs n
y
c tonso he t n t et tvi a et Consiu i n. Butt pr c nt do not
ondii
t r ha hos ha olt he
tt to
he e ede s
s
ugge tt ta na r a o he wiepr rr me f ac tt i lvi a i i i ld
s ha
row nd t r s ope e dy or onsiutona olton s nvai
smpl be a e i wilha c lt r e f t .
i y c us t l ve ola e al fec s

Br v Pl a,1 S. .1 0,1 40( 1 (ntr lciai ,quottonmar ,a
own . at 31 Ct 91 939- 201 ) i ena ttons
ai
ks nd
brc t omitd)
a kes te .
The Cour w ila e sea h oft f ur a l ge RLUI vi a i - t bl nke de a of
t l ddr s c
he o le d
PA ol tons he a t ni l

kos rmea sa t t eec lng RDP polces- s pa ael . Ast e c i wilfr tdic s
he
l nd he hr hale ed
ii
e rt y
o a h, t l is s us
whehe t polc vi aesRLUI a i nec s r wilt n a es whe he t Unie
t r he i y olt
PA nd, f es a y, l he ddr s t r he td

S ae ' e u se ij cierle me t t ePLRA' rq rme t .
tts rq e td nun tv eif es h
S e uie ns

14

B.

The Bl
anke D e alofK os r M e s
t ni
he
al

Th Blnk t nil fKo he M e l ViltsRLUI AI
e a e De a o s r as oa e
P ?
Bot s d r d RLUI t s
h i es ea
PA o uppor t i poston. The Unie St t r dsRIUI t
ther ii
t d aes ea
, PA o
r quieDe e nt t pr dekos rmeast t eprs ne swih asnce er lgi bei ,
e r f nda s o ovi
he
l o hos i o r t i r ei ous lef
whie Def nda sa g t tpr vi ngkos rmeal i apolc de son whi h RLUI gi s
l
e nt r ue ha o di
he
ss
iy cii
c
PA ve
t m t fe
he he r edom t m a f t m s l s The c nnotbot bergh .
o ke or he e ve .
y a
h i t

Be aus net rsdediput st tabl tde a ofkos m e si
c e ihe i
s e ha
anke ni l
her al mpos a s santal
es ub t i
b d o prs r 'r lgi e r ie f t eprs r t tha asnc er lgi usbelef
ur en n ione s ei ous xe c s or hos ione s ha ve i er e i o
i
r quii t m t e tkos r t b d n i on De e nt t de
e rng he o a
he , he ur e s
f nda s o monsr e t tde ng s h
tat ha nyi uc

p io e sk h rme l ()i i frh r n eo ac mp lngsaei tr s a d ()i t ela t
rs n r os e as a s n u tea c f o el tt ne et n b s h e s
i
r ti i me nsofac evi t ti e e t Thr
esrctve a
hi ng ha nt r s .
oughoutt sltgai Def nda sha as e t
hi ii ton, e nt ve s red
t tt yha a c
ha he ve ompeli sae i e e ti cos c a nme a t tnotpr di akos rdi
lng t t ntr s n t onti nt nd ha
ovi ng
he et
i t l as r s r c i m e ofac e ng c tco a nm e . On t r co d be or t Cour,
s he e t e t i tve ans
hi vi os nt i nt
he e r f e he
t

Def nda sha notm e t i bur n.
e nt ve
t her de
W hiet pari sdiput t e tmnoun si ve , a t es mmayj d me t e rn
l he te s e he xac
t nvol d t h u
r u g n h aig
De e nt a g d t tdes t t si s ofm a e i f c , s
f nda s r ue ha pie hi s ue
t ral a t ummayj
r udgme wassil
nt
tl
a o it be us t ge r lr ngeoft c t i ve wa noti dipu e. Thepari do
ppr pra e ca e he ne a a
he oss nvol d s
n s t
tes
no diput t tDefnda sha ar d s nts r lm ilon dolar i pl mentngt RDP a
t s e ha
e nt ve lea y pe eve a li
l sm e
i he
nd

t t RDP wilc ta o ma ey $3. 4 perprs ne pe da , w ih a t alcostr ngi
hat he
l os ppr xi t l 55
i o r r y t ot
a ng
bewe n $38 400 a $1 3 m ilon.Clary,i pur num be st ea ount a enot
t e
4,
nd 2. li
e l n e
r hes m
sr

1 sto t nt ep ei n r ij n to ,h sis ei no mo t d s t Dee d ns
3 e u i h r l ay n u ci n t i su s t o , epie fn a t'
As
mi
i tt i n oft RD P. Se D E- 06 a 1 1
nsiuto
he
e
1 t 4- 5.
15

i i fca .Howe r i a ove al budge ofne ry $ 3 bilon peryear t e am ount ar
nsgnii nt
ve , n n r l
t
a l 2 li
, hes
s e
.

r a i l s l.Eve a s m i De e t 'wor tca es na i ofacos of$1 .3 m ilon per
eltvey ma l
n s u ng f ndan s
s s ce ro
t
2
li

ye r t ta
a,ha mount t a o maeyfveonet usndt ( 005 ofDee nt't albudge
s o ppr xi tl i
ho a hs 0. )
fnda s ot
t
.

At h s mmayj d me th ai g t eUntdSttsman ane ta , iet c ss
t e u r u g n e rn ,h ie ae iti d h twh l he o t
i ve i pr di kos rm e l a es t tal De e nt ha no s
nvol d n ovi ng he a s r ubsan i , f nda s ve t hown t tt y ha a
ha he ve

c
ompelngsaei ers i c ai ngt epa tc a cossbe a e:( )Dee nt aeale dy
li tt nt et n ont ni hes riulr t c us 1 fnda s r ra
pr di kos rmeasa i uni t a s itdc t;( Def nt havenots
ovi ng he
l nd nc ng he socae oss 2) enda s
hownt t
ha

t eFlrd p io s se i dfee tfo temao i o saep io s se a teFe ea
h o ia rs n y tm s ifrn r m h j rt f tt rs n y tms nd h d r l
y
Bura ofPrs ,whihaeala et ofe kos rmeast prs nesla ( Defnda s
eu
ions c r l bl o fr he
l o io ri4 nd 3) e nt
ha notde
ve
monsr t d t ta di t e c t a t ly f t r ac pe lngs aei e es.
ta e ha voi ng hes oss c ua l urhe s om li t t ntr t
Ha ngconsde e t pa te s
vi
i r d he ris' ubmisonsa a gum e s t Cour a ee wih t Unied
si
nd r
nt, he
t gr s t he t
S a e :De e
t t s f ndan sha nots wn t tt y ha ac
t ve
ho ha he ve ompelng sa ei e es i den ngkos r
li tt ntr t n yi
he
me st prs r wih a snc r r lgi bele r quii t m t e tkos rm e s
al o ione s t i e e ei ous i f e rng he o a
he al.
TheUnie Stt s frta gum e ta
t d a e ' is r
n ppea st c
l o omm o s ns a , whe combi w ih t
n e e nd
n
ned t he
Unie St t s t r a g e ,e t bls t tDe enda sha notmett i bur n. A st
t d a e ' hid r um nt sa ihes ha f nt ve
her de
he
Unied St t c e ,i i ha d t undert nd how De enda sc ha a c
t
aes ont nds t s r o
sa
f nt an ve ompe lng sa e
li tt
i e e ti no s ndi m one t tt y a eale dy vol a iy s ndi on t e tt ng t y
nt r s n t pe ng
y ha he r r a
unt rl pe ng
he xac hi he
cl i t have a i e es i notpr di Se M ou s zade v T x sDe rme o i n l
am o
n nt r t n
ovi ng, e
sa
h . e a pa t nt fcrmi a

Ju tc 7 F. 781, ( t Ci. 2)( di t tt dee ntsc mpeli saei eet
sie, 03 3d
795 5h r 201 hol ng ha he fnda ' o lng tt ntr s
i de ng kos rm e st a pr s r a a pa tc a i tt i w a t pe d' by t f c t t
n nyi
he
al o
i one t r i ul r ns iuton s s
dam ne ' he a t ha

1I f , ot rt n s e lm ie e de e aboutt Fede a Bur a ofPr s ,
4n act he ha om i t d vi nc
he
rl e u
ions
De e nt ha no pr d anycompartvee de er gar ng ot sa eprs s t m s
f nda s ve t ovi ed
ai vi nc e di her t t ion yse .
16

dee ntha be n oferngkos rmeast prs r a a he i tt i f ye r)
fnda d e f i
he
l o iones t not r nsiuton or a s
.

Furhe m or ,notonl a eDe e nt vol a iy s ndi t mone on pr vi ng kos rm e l,
t r e
y r f nda s untrl pe ng he
y
o di
he a s
t y ha r pe t dl r pr s t t tt y a eco mit t pr di kos rmea sandt tt
he ve e a e y e e en ed ha he r m ted o ovi ng he
l
ha he
c r ntRDP i S usanabl 'bot monetrl a s c iy- s . Thus D e e
ure
s d t i e,' h
s
a iy nd e urt wie
, f ndant 'c pe lng
s om li
sa ei e e tar um e i s t i l da pe d by isvol a y de son t pr de kos r
tt nt r s g nt s ubsantaly m ne
t untr cii o ovi
he
m ea s
l.

M or ove ,a t Unie S a e a gue ,Def nda shavenots
e r s he t d t t s r s
e nt
hown how c ani t
ont i ng he
cossas oc ae wih t RDP a t ly f t r a c
t s it d t he
c ua l urhe s ny ompeli sae i e e t De e nt,who
lng t t nt r s . f nda s
be rt bur n ofpr on t sis , ha nots n t tt c t oft R DP ar s o r
a he de
oof hi s ue ve
how ha he os s he
e o ne ous
t tt y ha ha a e f ton D e e
ha he ve d n f ec
f ndant o r tons l f t De e nt havenotpr e e
s' pe a i . n ac, f nda s
es nt d

a e de e i c i t tt RDP' cossha a f ctd prs oper tonsi anywa ,1 The e
ny vi nc ndiatng ha he
S t ve fe e ion
ai n
y 5 r
i no e de et tanypr r m sha be c , t ta y sa fha be n cut ort tt r ha bee
s vi nc ha
og a
ve en ut ha n t f s e
, ha he e s n
a ha m t a y a pec ofDe enda s ope a i ns Ad iin l a t s mmayj d me t
ny r o n s t
f nt ' r to .
dto al the u r u g n
y,
hea i t Unie St t not d,a De e
rng, he td aes e nd f ndant di notr ut , t tsnc t i tt i oft
s d
ef e ha i e he nsiuton he
RDP,FDOC e pl esha r c vedr s sa t va a y r t f va i posto ha
m oye
ve e ei aie nd he c nc a es or rous ii ns ve

lDef nt ciet t unpubls de ii nsfom t El ve h Cic t fi han v.
' enda s t o wo
ihed c so r he e nt r ui, ne

Cr b 346F. x471( 1hCi.
osy,
App'
1 t r 2009) a Muhamma v Sa 388F.App' 892( 1h
, nd
d . pp,
x
1t
Ci.201 ) a onepubls dc e, tnelv Du r,81 F. 1 ( 1hCi.1 ) f t
r 0 , nd
ihe as Mari li . gge 7 2d 499 1 t r 987 ,or he
p o o i o t a tec s o p o ii r lgo me l i ac mp l n saeitrs t a j siisa
r p st n h t h o t f r vdng eiius as s o el g tt n ee t h t u tfe
i
i

rfsloprvd arlgo sde.l boho teu p bih dc ssteganif/ rsn r
eu a t o ie eiiu it n t fh n u ls e a e h litfs pio es

a ar d pr s a t r co d be or t c ta a s t ha be n qule lm ie . Furher or
ppe e o e nd he e r f e he our ppe r o ve e
t i td
t m e,
unde t Elvent Cic tsr e ,un bls d decsonst r notc i r d bi ng pr e nt''
r he e h r ui' ul s pu ihe
ii s e
a
onsde e ndi
ec de .
11 h Ci . .3 2. The publs d de i i M ar i l, w asde de unde a di f e s a r
t r R 6i he c s on, tneli
ci d
r fer nt t nda d
t n t one r quie by RLU I . Se H ar i v Cha
ha he
e rd
PA
e
rs .
pman,97F. 499,5 ( lhCi.1 96
3d
03 1 t r 9 )

(ec nii t tRFRA c ng t sa r rle oni Martneli.
r og zng ha
ha ed he tndad eid n
i l)
17

f le The e or , De e nt ha no s wn how s vi t c t a s i ed wih t RDP
a l n.
r f e f nda s ve t ho
a ng he oss s ocat
t he

woul f t ra c
d urhe ny ompe lng sa ei e es.
li tt nt r t
De e nt i itt tt l sai hit r ofRLUI ma sc e rt ts ndi
f nda s nss ha he egil tve so y
PA ke l a ha pe ng
de ii nsa et be lf t t dic e i ofsaepolc m a r a , t ,me ey be a e
c so r o e t o he s r ton t t i y ke s nd hus r l c us
De c nt ha c r n l c e t pr dekos rm e l doesno mea t tRLUI mandat
f nda s ve ur e ty hos n o ovi
he a s
t n ha
PA
es

t tDef nda spr det m .W hie Congr sdi r ogni t ti d xpec st tc t wil
ha
e nt ovi he
l
es d ec ze ha t s
e
t ha ours l

g v d ed fr n et tee p re c a de p rieo p io a dj i a miitao si
i e u ee e c o h x ein e n x e t f rs n n al d n sr tr n
s
e tbls ng ne s a yr a i a pr e zest mai ai good or r s c iy a dici i ,
sa ihi
ce s r egultons nd oc dtr o nt n
de , e urt nd s plne
c it ntwih c i r to ofc t a lm ie r our es' Cong es we on t sa et t
onsse
t onsde ai n
oss nd i t d es c , '
r s nt o tt ha
4i de t l f mult d prs r gultonsandpolc esgr unde on m e e s c a i ,
' qua ey or a e ion e a i
na
ii o
d
r pe ulton
e gge aedf r ,orpos- r tona iaton wilnots t et m e tt a tsr quie e s''
xa rt ea s
thoc a i lz i
l
ufk o e he c ' e r m nt .

l Cong.Rec.1
46
6698,1 9( i S.Rep.No.1 111a 1 (1 ) Furhemor
669 quotng
03- t 0 993). t r e,
RLUI is l r ogni st ti d a r quie agove nm e t i ure ns i isown
PA t ef ec ze ha t s y e r
m
r nt o nc xpe es n t
ope a i nst a d i posng as t nta bur n on r lgi e cs .' 42 U. C. 20 r to o voi m i
ubsa il de
e i ous xer ie '
S. j 00cc

3() Cons que l Defnda s i e eain oft lgiltvehit yc l ber c ie
c.
e nty, e nt'ntmrtto he e sai sor amot e oncld
wih t lngua o t s au e, c m a sce rt tRIU I m a ove rdes esa efs a
t he a
ge f he t t t whi h ke la ha , PA y ri om t t ic l

po iy de ii .Se Bu welv. b Lobb St e ,I .,
lc c sons e r l Hob y
y or s nc

-

U . -,134 S. .2751 2781
S.
Ct
,

( 01 )(ee t t ev e ta RF c n n v rr q r teg ve n t s ndmo e a
2 4 rj ci h iw h t RA a e e e uie h o mme t o pe
ng
n y nd
e i il sai t tRFRA a RLUI m a r quiet g r e t e nd a to l
xplcty t tng ha
nd
PA y e r he ove nm nt o xpe ddii na

f t ac ommodaectz ns'rlgi beif) Thelw i cea t tunde ce ti
unds o c
t iie ei ous les.
a s l r ha
r ran
cic sa esRLUI m a m a t s ndi andt r by r m ovet s ndi de ii n fo
r um t nc
PA y nda e pe ng
he e e
he pe ng c so r m
polc m a r . G i n t tDef nt 'polc a r ha a r dy de i d t i
i y ke s ve ha
enda s
i ym ke s ve lea
c de o ncurt cos s
he t

as o a e wih t RDP a t tRLUI c n m a t t tcossb i ur e , i i difc tt
s cit d t he
nd ha
PA a
nda e ha t e nc r d t s fi ul o
s how D e e nt c a gue t tt y ha a c pe lng s a e i e es nott i urt c t of
ee
f nda s an r
ha he ve om li t t nt r t
o nc he os s
t RDP.
he

Furhe ,De e nt ma n a nt t a apolc m at r t mus beabl t dico i t
t r f nda s i t i ha , s
iy te , hey
t
e o s ntnue he
RDP i afs a c ii oc ur .Thi ar m e , howe ,i ba e on s culton a tf ur
f i c l rss c s
s gu nt
ver s s d
pe a i bou ut e
pos i lte . Suc s ulton ca
sbiii s
h pec a i
nnotc e t ac
r ae ompelng sa ei e e t Ri h v Se e ar
li t t nt r s . c . cr t y,

Flrd De rme to r e to s 71 F.d5 5 5 3 ( lh Ci. 01 )(ttn t t ol is
o ia pa t n fco r cin , 6 3 2 , 3 1 t r 2 3 saig ha p i e
c
g o n e o mees e uainwi n t u fc t me t
r u d d n r p c lto l o s fie o e RLUI Srq ie ns;1 6Co g Rec.
l
PA' e u rme t) 4 n
.

1
6698,1
6699( i S. p. 1 111at1 ( 993)(ç ii gounde onmee
quotng Re No. 0301
s ces r
pol
d
r
s ulton ... l nots fcet me tt ac' rquieme sl) M oeove ,fafsalcii, or
pec ai
wil ufi o e he ts e r nt' . r r i ic rss
anyt ng e s i plc tng acompe lng s aei e es, wer t occ not ng woul pr ven
hi le m ia i
li t t ntr t
e o ur hi
d e t

Dee a t fo s e i t mo iya yp r n n ij ncin e tr d Addii ly,asaleady
fnd ns r m e kng o d f n ema e t nu to ne e .
tona l
r
notd, f nda t ha r pe t dl sa e t tt RDP i Ss t i bl .'' Co eque l
e De e n s ve e a e y tt d ha he
s çus ana e
ns
nty,
Def nt ha no me t rbur n ofesa ihi ac
enda s ve t t hei de
t bls ng ompeli sae i e es i c ani t
lng t t nt r t n ont i ng he
cos sas oc a e w ih t R DP.
t s i t d t he

Th Unt dS ae as ponso tt tt eF d r l r a o Prs n a dmo tmao
e ie tts lo it u ha h e ea Bu e u f io s n s j r
prs s t m si t Unie St t sofe kos rmea st prs ne sa De e nt ha f ie t
ion yse n he t d ae f r he
l o i o r nd f nda s ve al d o
pr s a e de e a t why FDOC i difr ntt n t s o he prs s t m s I H ol v
e ent ny vi nc s o
s fe e ha he e t r ion yse . n
t.

Hobbs -U. -,1 S.Ct
, S. 35
.853,8 ( ) t Supr Cour,tndi t tapolc vi ae
66 2015 ,he eme
t i ng ha
iy oltd
RLUI saed,' n s ma prs ofe a a om moda i , a pr s n m us , a m i m um ,
PA, t t ç
whe o ny ions f r n ce
ton
io
t at
ni
of e pe s s ve r a onsw hy i be i vest ti m us t a di f r ntc s , a t D e t e
f r r ua i e s
t le
ha t t ake f e e our e nd he parm nt

f ied t m a t s
al o ke hat howi he e. Thes m eha ha ned i t sm at r W hieDe e
ng r '
'
a
s ppe
n hi te .
l f ndant
s

ha r pea e y a gue t tbudge ay is su ri t rde son t haveno pr s nt any
ve e t dl r d ha
t l s ue nde le hei cii hey
t e e ed
,
evi ncea t how t rbudge is woul dif fo t ef e by ot rpr s s t m s I
de
so
hei
t s ues
d fer r m hos ac d
he i on yse . n
f c ,t evi ncepr s nt d ha no e n cea l e aned e c l how t budge pr e s
a t he de
e e e s t ve l ry xpl i
xa ty
he
t oc s
wor ,ltaoneho i dif sfom o he prs s t m s Thus De e
ks e l
w t fer r
t r ion yse .
, f ndant ha f ie t
s ve al d o
e an whyt y é us t ke adif r ntc s ' whe i co e t pr di kos rm e sf
xpl i
he s t a
m
fe e our e' n t m s o ovi ng he al or
t i prs r .
her ione s
Eve i De e nt had e t bls d t c tconti ntunde t s c r um sa e we e
n f f nda s
sa ihe hat os
a nme
r he e ic t nc s r
ac
ompelng sa ei e e t t havenots
li t t ntr s, hey
hown t ta outi htde a ofkos me si t
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ni l
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l a tr ti tvemea ofa hi vi t tgoa . Ast Sup e Co thashe d:
e s esrci
ns c e ng ha
l
he r me ur
l

The las-e titve- e nssa d i e eptonal de a ng, a i r quiest
e tr src i m a tndar s xc i ly m ndi nd t e r he
go r ntt s
ve mne o how t ti l c ot rm e nsofac e ng isdesr d goa wihout
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hivi t ie
l t

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mp i u tnil u d n n he xecs r l o he b e tn a t f e s
g
r titvem e nsi a l ef t Go r ntt ac e isgoal, t Gove nm e
esrc i
a s vaiabl or he venme o hive t
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r nt
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1 a 86 (nena cttons quottonmaks a brckesomitd) Defnda sha notme
d. t 4 itr l iai , ai
r , nd a t te . e nt ve
t
t sbur n be us t yha nots
hi de ca e he ve
hown t tt y l c ot rmea ofpr di kos rm e si
ha he a k he
ns
ovi ng he al n
awa t tc t nscoss De enda sha sm pl a gue t tt l a tr titve me nsofcos
y ha on ai
t . f nt ve i y r d ha he e s esrc i
a
t
c a nme i noti uri t c t I s
onti nt s
nc rng he os . n uppor oft spr ii Def nda sr l on Kni v.
t hi oposton, e nt ey
ght

Thomps 723F. 1 ( 1h Ci.201 ;howe r Kni wa va ae a rma d,1 S.
on,
3d 275 1 t r 3)
ve, ght s c td nd e nde 35

Ct 11 ( 5 ,i lg oft SuprmeCour' hol ngi Hol.
. 73 201 ) n iht he e
ts di n t
Def nda sf t rm'uet talt y ha t do i ofe apl usbl e a ton f rt i
e nt urhe g ha 1 he ve o
s f r a i e xplnai o her
c e polc t ti s
hos n i y ha s uppor e by w ha e revi nce i a iabl t t . H ow e r D e e n s
td
t ve
de
s va l e o hem
ve , f nda t

ha notdonet s W hie De enda sha ofe e a e a to f rt rbl tde a of
ve
hi .
l f nt ve f r d n xplnai n o hei anke nil
kos rm e l , he ha notof e e e de e t s
he
a s t y ve
f r d vi nc o uppo tt i polc . A snot d above de pie t
r he r i y
e
, s t he
20

aleg budg tc ii , enda sha be pr di kos meast prs ner , ha notha
l ed
e rss Def nt ve gun ovi ng her l o i o s ve
d
t c a pr a s ha gi n r i e t t i e pl e ,a have fle m or vac ntpostons.
o ut ny ogr m , ve ve a s s o he r m oye s nd
il d
e a
ii

M or r De e nt c d co a ncoss a l as t a e e ,i De e n swo d
eove , f nda s oul nt i
t , t e t o n xt nt f f nda t ul
a ly us t t sa ia et t m t r duc RDP pa tci ton r t s. Thee de ei caes
dual e he ool val bl o he o e e
ri pa i a e
vi nc ndi t
t tDe e nt a e no s r e ng outRDP a i a swho do notha a snc r r lgi bei
ha f nda s r t c e ni
pplc nt
ve i e e ei ous lef

r quii t m t ea kos rm e l .Thi i il ta e by t t tmony ofa c pli who sa e
e rng he o t he a s
s s lusr t d he esi
ha an
tt d
t t i a i nt do notg vear lgi usr s f wa i t pa tc pa ei t RDP, heofe s
ha , f pplca s
i
e i o ea on or ntng o rii t n he
fr
t m m uli er lgi r as t c os f om . Fur he ,t e de e cl a l i c t st t
he
tpl e i ous e ons o ho e r
t r he vi nc e r y ndi a e ha

Def n sa e no a tvel a c it ty e or ngt RDP polcest tc n r s ti
enda t r t c i y nd onssen l nf ci he
i i ha a e ul n
s pe i ore son oft eprs swho de
us nson xpuli
hos ioner
monsr t alck ofsnc rt by e tng or
tae a
i e iy
ai

pur ha i n kos f
c sng on- her oodson ar g a bass ie.he c r e ver i oft t n pe e nta
e ulr i , . t u r nt sons he e r e nd
z r t e anc r e whi h we eag e d upon byt pa tesa t Cour durngt c s of
e o olr e uls c
r re
he ri nd he
t i he our e
t sltg to l , De e ant c e c ai ngt RDP' c t we e s h ac pe lng
hi ii a i n. f as f nd s ont nd, ont ni he
S oss r uc
om li
i e e t De e nt woul bedoi e yt ng i t i po rt e or e t RDP polc e t
ntr s, f nda s
d
ng ver hi n her we o nf c he
ii s o
e ur t tonl snc r prs ne spa tci t a woul t r by r duc t c t as oca e wih
ns e ha y i e e io r ri pa e nd
d he e e e he oss s it d t
t R DP. Thus D e e nt ha a t rdi pos la a t r tve m e ns t c ai cos sw iho
he
, f nda s ve t hei s a n le na i
a o ont n t t ut

bur ni t r lgi use r i eo t eprs r wih a snc r r i ousbei fr quii t m
de ng he e i o xe c s f hos ione s t i e e elgi
le e rng he
t ke kos r To da e howe r De e
o ep he .
t,
ve , f ndan sha aci l c e nott us t eat m a i
t ve tvey hos n
o e hes le tve
c tr duc i m ehodsl Norha De e nt s wn t taci l usng t s t swoul no
os e ton t
.
6
ve f nda s ho ha tvey i he e ool
d t
r duc orco r pa tci ton r t s a t ,t cos s i ur ed. Cons que l , D e e nt
e e
nt ol r i pa i a e nd, hus he t nc r
e nty f nda s
ll oni ly, ele r i t rm oto Def nt def nd t us oft t n per e a
6r ca l s whe e n hei
in, enda s e he e he e
c nt nd
ze o t er nc r e a ne es a y t e ur t tonl snc r prs ne spa tc pa e i t RDP a
r ol a e ul s s c s r o ns e ha
y i e e i o r r i i t n he
nd
t t r by c r t RD P' cos s
o he e ontol he
S t.
21

ha nots
ve
hownt tabl l tdenilofkos m easi t l as r titve me nsofa hi ng
ha
ar
ke
a
her l s he e t esrc i
a
c evi
t rc pe lng i e es .
hei om li nt r t

Pl i t i Entte t aPema nt n un to Re urn De nd nst
ant s i d o r ne Ij cin q ii g fe a t o
l
Provi K osher M eal
de
s

TheUnied St t ha s ts d t r quie e t oft PLRA a i, t r or e ild t
t
aes s a ife he e r m n s he
nd s he ef e, ntte o

apema e tij n to rq ii gDee d n st p o d k s e me l t tos p io e swiha
r n n n u cin e urn fn a t o r vie o h r as o h e rs n r t
snc er lgi be ifr rng kos rmea s Ass tou a
i er e i ous le equii
he
l.
e t bove, he e i anee f t
t r s
d or he

ij n to b c u eDee a t ' e r-o g ba ke d nil fk h rme l t tos p io e s
nu cin e a s fnd ns y asln , ln t e a o os e as o h e rs n r
wih asnc r r lgi be ifr quii t m t ea kos rvi aesRLUI . Fur he ,
t i e e ei ous le e rng he o t he olt
PA
t r
t o ho t sltg i Def nt havem ai ai d t RLU I doesno r qui e t m t
hr ug ut hi ii aton, enda s
nt ne hat
PA
t e r he o

pr dekos rm e l a t r f r t y ca sop doi s a a i e r ga dl s ofw he he
ovi
he a s nd, he e o e, he n t
ng o t nytm , e r e s
t r

t eei ac a eo cru tn e o j s ac n eo h a t M o e v r De e d n sh ved n
h r s h ng f ic msa c s r u t ha g f e r. r o e , f n a t a o e
j s t a i t pat h v n ds o tn e t i p irko h rme l p o r m, DAP, g is t e
u t h t n he s, a i g ic ni u d her ro s e as r g a J
a an t h
a c oft i ow n s udy gr up. Se D E- 2 a 5. Thus t r i anee f t r quese
dvi e he r
t
o
e
49- t
d or he e t d
, he e s

ij n to .
nu cin
Si pl r qui i D e e
m y e rng f ndan st pr de kos rm e st t e pr s r w hos snce e
t o ovi
he
al o hos ione s
e i r

r lg o belef r uiet m i t mos na r y dr wn wa ofa hi vi t tgoa . I lm ist
ei i us i s eq r he s he
t rowl a
y c e ng ha
l ti t o
whom De e
f ndant mus pr det me sa doesnota tm ptt a compls a hi o he
s
t ovi he al nd
te
o c
ih nyt ng t r
t n t r m e t RLUI vi a i I poran l i lave Def nt feet cr f t i own
ha o e dy he
PA olton. m t ty, t e s enda s r o a t her
polc esr a ed t pr di kos rm e sc i t ntw ih RLU I . Be a s s c a ij ncin
i i el t o ovi ng he al onss e
t
PA
c u e u h n nu t
o

woul la aloft pm i a st De enda t ,i woul a s bet l a ti r i me nsof
d e ve l he
culr o f n s t
d lo he e s ntusve a

a c ihi t goa.Thus s h a ij to wo dra nof t rt nnec s r t
c ompls ng he l
, uc n nuncin ul e ch uxhe ha esay o

22

c r c t RLU I vi a i Furhe , t r i no e de i t r cor a no a g e shave
or e t he
PA ol ton. t r he e s
vi nce n he e d, nd
r um nt

b e ma ,h ts c a ij n to wo l h v a y efc o pu lcs ft o t eo e ain o
e n de t a u h n n u cin u d a e n fe t n bi aey r h p r to f
FDOC.Co s q e ty a ij n to rq ii Dee d n st p o d k h rme l t al
n e u n l, n n u ci n e urng f n a t o r vie os e as o 1
prs r wih asnce er i ousbele f e i kos rm e t t ne na r
ione s t i r elgi
if or atng he e s he ed- rownes s
i nli ne sr r m e soft PLRA.
nt sve s equie nt he
C . The Ze o T o e nce Rul
r
l ra
e

1
.

TheZer Tolr eRul Vi ats RLUI
o e anc
e ol e
PA

Tur ng t t s cik RDP pr sons t Unie Stt as e t t tt ze o t e a
ni o he pe t
ovii ,he td aes s rs ha he r ol r nce

r ei pos a s t n i bur n on prs ne swih asnc r r lgi beleff ke pi kos r
ul m es ubs a tal de
i o r t i e e e i ous i or e ng he
be us t r e a om a i ly r m ove a pr s rf om t RD P upon a s ngl aleg d i r c i .
ca e he ul ut tca l e
s i one r he
i e l e nf a ton

Undert r e a trr mova aprs rm us us t prs sg i va pr s t s k
he ul , fe e
l ione
t e he ion' re nce oce s o ee
r i tt men .Durng t g iva pr es ,whih ca l tu t t ry da , t pr s rm us
ensa e t
i he re nce oc s
c n as p o hit ys he i one
t
ea fom t m anlne. Def nda sr pond t tt r i no s t nta bur n on prs r '
t r he i i
e nt es
ha he e s ubsa i l de
ione s
r i ouse r iebec us prs ne swho a ei ope l s pe
elgi
xe c s
a e io r
r mpr ry us ndedfom t RDP wilbe
r he
l
r i tt i t y fl a g i va e Furhe mor , e nt m ant i t tapr
ensaed f he ie re nc . t r e Def nda s i an ha
omptpost
s pe i greva e p oc s i a ce t bl unde t l w .
us ns on i nc r es s c p a e
r he a

Sus nson bef r a opport t f aprs rt e an hi poston a t t al ge
pe i
oe n
tmiy or ione o xpl i s ii s o he le d

vi a i oft RDP r esdoesi
olton he
ul
mpos a s tntalb de on t prs rsr i o e r ie,
e ubsa i ur n he ione ' elgi us xe c s
pa tc a l t eprs r who a er
riul ry hos ione s
r emove i e r .Thi polc f c aprs r durng t
d n ror
s iy or es ione , i he
gre ncepr es ,t choos bet envi a i hi r i ousbele sornote tng. Thi
iva
oc s o
e we
oltng s elgi
if
ai
s

c n tttsas b tn ilb d no r l iu e e cs .S eT o sv Re iw Bo r o n in
o si e u sa ta ur e n ei o s x rie e h ma . ve a d fl da a
u
g
EmplymentSe i Di son,450U. 707,71 ( 981 ( rFr eExecs ca e a
o
curt vii
y
S.
8 1 ) unde e
rie lus ,

s t n i lbur n exit whe s t nta pr s e i pu on a adhe e t m odiy hi be vi r
ubsa ta de
s s n ubsa i l es ur s t n
r nt o
f s ha o

a dt v oaehsrlgo sb les; e aloM ir s S ph r iI . .Fl o rîd s 6
n o i lt i eiiu eif) s e s d a h e a d, nc v t fsuf ie 3 6
wa
F. 1 1 1 ( 1h Ci.2004)(ttngt ta i vi lsr iiuse r s hasbee
3d 2 4, 227 1 t r
sai ha n ndi dua ' elgo xecie
n
s t ntal bur ne i aS e a i compl t y pr ve st i vi lfom e agi i
ubsa i ly de d f ' gulton
r
eel e nt he ndi dua r
ng ng n
r lgi l ma td a tviy, i t r gul tonr quie pari pa i i a a tviy pr bie
e i ousy ndae ci t or f he e ai e r s tci ton n n c i t ohi t d

byr i on')Nes v. ilr 570F.d 8 (t Ci.
elgi '; lon M le ,
3 68 7h r 2009)( di t tde a ofnon- a
hol ng ha nil
me t
de durngf t da ofLe c tt edas tnta bur n) fov l ev.Le 47 F. 1
it i ory ys
nt onsiut ubsa il de ; eac
e, 2 3d 74,
18 ( hCi. )(na lt t obs r Rn da byda tmef tnga atndi prye
8 4t r 2006 i biiy o eve ma n
y-i asi nd te ng a r
s viesf t t o oft ryda s tntal bur nedrlgi e r ie .Theoneca e
er c or wenpf ur hit ys ubsa ily de ei ous xecs)
s
De e nt r l upon t s
f nda s ey
o uppor t rpolc Unie St e v Kaly, 79F. 1
t hei iy, td ats .
e 5 3d 246,1 4( 1h
25 1 t

Ci.2009) i i ppost be us i di noti veRLUI orr ii execie.M orove ,n
r
,s na ie ca e t d nvol
PA elgous r s
e ri
t St t m e ofUndi put d Fa t , he pa te bot ag ee t t i biiy t cons e a kos r
he a e nt
s e cs t
r i s h r hat he na lt o
um
he

dits t ntal bur nst r i ouse r ieofFl i prs r wih asnc r de iet ke p
e ubsa i ly de he elgi
xe cs
orda ione s t i e e sr o e

kos r SeeDE- a !4.Thus Dee nt i iil rcog z t tt a omai s pe i
he .
487 t
, fnda s mplcty e nie ha he ut tc us nson
bef r i tga i pori oft sr l c e t as t nta bu den on aprs ne ' r lgi
o e nvesi ton ton hi ue r a es ubsa il r
i o rs ei ous

e r ie.Fort s m er s a a oma i s pe i t r quie t r move prs rt
xe c s
he a ea ons, ny ut tc us nson hat e r s he e
d ione o
gre a trt s penson c eaesa s tntalbu de on aprs ne ' r lg ouse x ie.
ive fe he us i r t
ubsa i r n
io r s ei i
xe c s
Thebur n no s fst Def nda st s w t tt z r t e a epolc a t pos
de w hit o e nt o ho ha he e o olr nc
iy nd he t
s pe i greva e pr es a e t l as r s rctve m ea f rac e ng a com peli s a e
us ns on i nc oc s z he e t e t i i
ns o hi vi
lng t t
i e es . D e e nt ha no done t s Def nda ss m pl a gue t tt y ha a c pe lng
nt r t f nda s ve t
hi .
e nt i y r
ha he ve om li

sa ei e es i c tc anm e a t tt y l c t m a
tt nt r t n os ont i nt nd ha he a k he npowe t pr de pr - us nson
r o ovi
e s pe i
he rngs Howeve ,De e nt ha ofe edno e de s ppori t eas e to . The e i
ai .
r f nda s ve f r
vi nce u
tng hes s ri ns
r s

no r co d e de i c tng how muc m o y i s ve by i e at y s pe ng vi aor at
e r vi nce ndia i
h ne s a d mm di el us ndi ol t s
,

las s
e t ome ofwhom wilber nsaed i o t RDP afe goi t ough t g ivanc pr s .
l
ei t t nt he
tr ng hr
he re
e oce s
Nori t r a e de ei c tng how muc m or m a
s he e ny vi nc ndia i
h
e npowe w o d beus by apr r ul
ed
e
s pe i i si i ve s t ma we us i t pos-us nson gre nc pr es .
us nson nve tgaton rus he npo r ed n he ts pe i
i va e oc s
Thus De e nt ha nots
, f nda s ve
hown t tt y a t ly ha aco li sa e i e e tt ti
ha he cual ve mpe lng tt ntr s ha s
a hive by t spolc M or ove , De enda spr s nty c
c e d hi iy.
e r f nt e e l onduc pr - us i co elng/
t e s penson uns i
i si to f t nea l 5, prs r o me c la ve n dit . Thus D e e nt have
nve tgai n or he ry 000 ione s n di a nd ga e s
, f nda s
ale dy s
r a hown t tt y ha a l sr srci m e ofac e ng a c tcon ai nt
ha he ve es e titve ans
hivi ny os
t nme .
Cons que l t ze o t e a r ea a r et tr s t i i medit s pe i be o e
e nty, he r olr nce ul nd ny ul ha e uls n m
a e us nson f r
i s i t o vi a esRLU I .
nve tga i n ol t
PA

2
.

Pli i sEntt dt aPe ma e I j ncin En oni gEn o c me o h
antf
fi il o r n nt n u to j i n f r e nt ft e
e

Zer Tol r e R ul
o e anc
e

An ij n to e j i n tee fr e n o t ez r t lr n er ewo l me tte
nu cin nonig h n o c me t f h e o oe a c ul u d e h
rq ie n so teP
e urme t f h LRA.Th r i an e f rteij ncinbe a et er l v oae RL PA.
ee s e d o h nu to c us h ue i lts UI
En on n e f re n o t er l i an ro yd a rs lto o teis .I o l p e e t
j ii g n o e me t f h ue s ar wl rwn e ou in f h sue t ny rv ns
D e e nt f om e or i a s ngl r e.I l vesD e e nt f e t fnd ot rm e hods t
f nda s r
nf c ng i e ul t ea
f nda s r e o i
he
t
o

e or t RDP,c it ntwih RLUI . Si y e j i igter l d e no d caet
nf ce he
onsse
t
PA
mpl no nn h ue o s t itt o
De e n swha t y mus do;i t d,tsmpl f e l esonem ehod ofe urngt to y
f nda t
t he
t
nsea i i y or c os
t
ns i ha nl
s nc r prs r a e e ole i t RDP . I l vesD e e
i e e i one s r nr l d n he
t ea
f ndant wi l tt t f hi ot r
s de a iude o as on he

me hodsofe urng t tonl snc r prs r pa t i t RDP. Th s s ha ij n to i
t
ns i ha y i e e ione s rake n he
u , uc n nu cin s
na
nowl dr a i t la ti r i m eho ofi urngt tt Def nda s RDP doe not
y awn nd s he e s ntusve t d ns i ha he e nt '
s
vi ae prs r rght unde RLUI
olt ione s' i s
r
PA.

25

D. T he T en PercentR ul ?
el

1
.

The Te Pe c ntR ul Vi at s RL UI
n re
e ol e
PA

The Unied St t as e t t tt t n pe c tr e c e t s a s t nta bur n on a
t
a es s r s ha he e r en ul r a e ubs a i l de

prs rsrlgi e r ief t r s ns ()irmove prs r fom t RDPba e ona
ione ' ei ous xees or wo ea o : 1 t e
s iones r he
sd n
a te yabirr numbe ofme smis ddurngt c s ofamont a ( lket z r
dmitdl r tay
r
al se i he oure
h nd 2) i he eo
t e a e polc i r m ove pr s ne s f om t RDP a t n r quie prs r w ho w ih t
ol r nc
i y, t e
s i o r r he
nd he e r s i one s
s o

r mai i t RDP t g ivet i r
e n n he
o re her emova,l vi prs r who ha asnc r r lgi usbe if
l ea ng ione s
ve i e e e i o
le
f kee ngkos rt de i bewee vi ai t i belef ornotha ngt i f ne dsme .
or pi
he o c de t n oltng her i s
vi he r ood e
t
De e nt do nota g i t rpa r t tt t n pe c ntr e doe notc ea e a s t ntal
f nda s
r ue n hei pe s ha he e r e ul
s
r t ubs a i

bur n on ap ione ' r lgi e r s Thus i a
de
rs rs e i ous xe cie.
, t ppea st tDe enda sha i i ty
r ha f nt ve mplcil
co de t spoi . Howe r e n i t y ha no ,f t s m er as t tt ze o t e a e
nce d hi nt
ve , ve f he ve t or he n e ons ha he r ol r nc
r e c e t sas t nta bur on r lgi e r s ,t tn pe ce r ealo c e esa
ul r a e ubsa il den
ei ous xe cie he e r nt ul s r at
s t nta bur
ubs a i l den,r ga dl s oft a bir rnes oft t n per e c of .
e r e s he r t a i s he e
c nt ut f
D e e nt m a nt i t tt t n pe c tr e s r s a c pe lng s a e i e es - c t
f nda s i a n ha he e r en ul e ve om li t t nt r t os
c t nm e . H o e r a i D e e nt ha f ie t pr vi a e de e i c tng ho
on ai nt
w ve , ga n f nda s ve a l d o o de ny vi nc ndi a i
w

m uc wa t i avoi a ho m uc m o y i s ve byt e or m e toft sr e.Thus al
h se s
ded nd w
h ne s a d he nf ce n
hi ul
,1
De e
f ndan sha done i s yt m a cwor - c tc anm e - wihouta evi nc t
t ve
s a he gi
ds os ont i nt t
ny de e o
s
uppor t i cl i s Fur he ,t e i no e de e i t r or i c tng w hy t n pe c nti a
t he r a m . t r her s
vi nc n he ec d ndi a i
e re s

betrc c t nfvepec torffe npec ora yot rnumber Att s
te hoie ha i ren ite rent n he
. he umma yj
r udgme
nt
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7n hei upplme al morndum g 486J Dee nt sat t tt $ 1no
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wi
l r s ek t e or t 1 pe c ntr e' a t tt y w ilco i t pr de pr - us ns on
onge e o nf ce he 0 r e ul ' nd ha he l ntnue o ovi
e s pe i
notc t pr s ne s How e r De enda t ha nota e t tt polc a i s vi a e
i e o io r .
ve , f
n s ve
gr ed ha he i y t s ue ol t s
RLUI orc e ed t e r ofa o derpr ve i r i t t m e oft t n pe c ntr e. Thus
PA
ons nt o nty
n r
e ntng e ns a e nt he e r e ul
,

f t smeras s touti t prlmi r ij ton,t eis ar notmoot
or he a e ons e
n he ei nay n unci hes sues e
.

he r ng, ef nt a s a s r e t tt sr e s r esa s urt i e es be aus a 1ot r s ci
a i D enda s l o s e t d ha hi ul e v
ec iy nt r t c e l he pe al

dit a s haveat n pe ce r l a teai prs r on s i di sdif r nty c d l d t
e s lo
e r nt u e nd r tng ione s pecal et f e e l oul ea o
s c iy is . Howe r t r i no r cor e de et s
e urt s ues
ve , he e s e d vi nc o uppo ta gum e .
r r
nt
De e nt a s a g t tt Unie St t s dbet t pe ' r c l i t
f nda s lo r ue ha he t d aes houl
' op d'fom haleng ng he
es

t pec ntr ebe a et Fe r Bu e uofPrs (
en re ul c us he deal r a
ions BOP)ha asmia mis me polc
s i lr sed al iy.
Und t BOP' polc mi sng sx sr i htm e l ma r s ti aco ula i wih ac pli
er he
s iy, s i i ta g
a s y e ul n
ns t ton t ha a n.
How e r t BO P polc unlke t t n pe c ntr e, snotr s ti i m edi t s pe i
ve , he
i y, i he e r e ul doe
e ul n m
a e us ns on

fom as c a m e l pr n . I f d,heBOP polc i a i bl t a 1prs s r r es of
r
pe i l a s ogr m n a t
iy s pplca e o l ioner , ega dl s
wha t ofmea t yea .Furhe ,De e nt ha pr vi d no lgala hort t s
t ype
l he t
t r f nda s ve o de
e
ut iy o uppor t r
t hei
es oppelar ent
t
gum .

Eve i t Cou twe et ac e c tco aim e a ac pelng sa ei e es,
n f he
r r o c pt os nt n nt s om li tt ntr t
D e e nt ha no s n t te or e e oft s r ei t l a tr t i tve m e o
f nda s ve t how ha nf c m nt hi ul s he e s es rc i
ans f

a h e igta itr s.Attes mmayj d me th ai g teUntd Sae p i e o tta
c ivn h tn ee t h u r u g n e rn ,h ie tt s ontd u h t
Dee
f ndant a r dy us o he m e hodst a d w a t - t a ki m e pa tci ton r t s a
s lea
e t r t
o voi s e r c ng al r i pa i a e nd
pl nni a or ngl pr r s ve pr pa a i ofm e l ;a r us ng m e lc pone s t ta e
a ng cc di y; og es i
e r ton
a s nd e i
a om
nt ha r

unus d.A1 o t s s vi m e s e c n hel c an cossa a d wasewiho i
e
l f he e a ngs a ur s a
p ont i
t nd voi
t t ut mposng
i
a bur n on a pr s ne ' r i i us e r i e. Be a e D e e n sha no s n how t e
ny de
i o r s elg o xe c s
c us f nda t ve t how
hes
c t s vi m ea ur s a e l s ef e tve, note f c i t y c nno s
os - a ng
s e r e s f c i or
f e tve, he n t how t tt t n pe c
ha he e r ent
r e i t l s r s r c i m ea o a hi vi a c pe lng s a e i t r t Cons que l t t n
ul s he ea t e ti tve
ns f c e ng om li t t n e es .
e nty, he e
pe c ntr e vi a e RIU I .
r e ul ol t s , PA

2
.

Pli t i En ild t aPe ma e t n u to En oni gEn o c me to he
ant s tte o r n n I j ncin j i n f r e n ft
Ten PercentR ul
e

Anij ci ne j ii tee f re n of h tnp re t uewo dme t h
nun to n onng h n o c me t t e e ec n r l ul e t e
rq ie nsof h PLRA.Th r i an e f t eij n to b c u et r l vo ae RLUI A.
e u rme t t e
e e s e d or h n u cin e a s he ue ilt s
P
Enoiige f r e n o ter l i anar wl d a r s lto o t eis e I o l p e e t
j nn n o c me t f h ue s ro y r wn e ouin f h su . t ny rv n s
Deenda sfom e or i a sngl r l I l ve De e nt feet fnd ot me hodst
f nt r
nf cng i e u e. t ea s f nda s r o l
her t
o

e f ret RDPa t fn wa st mii z c ss mpl ej i igter l do sno dcae
n o c he
nd o i d y o nmie o t.Si y no nn h ue e t itt
t Def nda swha t y mus do;i tad,i sm pl f e os o me hod ofe o c m e t I
o e nt
t he
t
nse t i y or cl es ne t
nf r e n . t
la De e nt wi l tt t f s on ot rm e hodsofe urngt twa t i lm ied.
e ves f nda s de a iude o a hi he t
ns i ha se s i t

Th , u ha ij n to i narwl d a a i t ela tn r sv meho o i u i t the
us s c n nu cin s ro y rwn nd s h e s itu ie t d f ns rng ha t
De e nt 'RDP doesnotvi a eprs r 'rg sunde RLUI
f nda s
olt ione s i ht
r
PA.
E.

si
nceriy Tes i '
t
t ngl

De ndant' ti Si e iy Te tng Do sNotVi at RLUI
fe
s Docrnal nc rt si
e
ol e
PA

TheUni dS ae s e ss mmayj d me t e lrn ta aq e to o t a p iain
t tts e k u r u g n d ca ig h t u sin n he p lc to
e
f rpari pa i i t RD P vi a esRLU I . The s ik que ton as applca st i ntf
o
tci ton n he
ol t
PA
pec t
si
ks
i nt o de iy

d p cfclwt)c n e tdt yo rb l fo f i t a r q ie s y ut e t rlgo sde'(h
t e ii a s o n ce o u ei r at h t e ur t) o o a a ei iu it'te
s
e
h
Queton) TheUnie Stt a srst tt Que to vi aesRLUI bec us i goe be
si .
td aes se t ha he sin olt
PA a e t s yond

1 tes mmayj d me th ai gt eCo r a ke t ep rist tyt rs let i is e
8 h u r u g n e rn h u t s d h a te o r o e ov hs su
At
on t rown.Thepa tesi c t d t tt yt
hei
ri ndia e ha he houghtt ywoul bea et r s vet is
he
d
bl o e ol he s ue.

Theeatr i iss eme a me r ndum g 48 ,Dee nt sae t tt ywo dno
r fe ,n t uppl ntl mo a
DE- 6) fnda s ttd ha he ul
l rus t s c fc ques i a i s How e r t y di notr e e t tt be i ve t
onge e he pe ii
ton t s ue.
ve , he d
epr s nt ha hey le d he
que t o vi a e RI, I a el e he e i t i m e or ndum sat d t tt y s d notbe
s i n ol t d U PA nd s w r n he r m a
t e ha he houl

e j i dfo usn t q e to .F rhe,h Un td Sae ' e l a g e ta teDe e d n s
none r m ig he u si n u t r te ie tt s rp y r u s h t h fn a t'
s a e e sdo notm a t i s m oot Thus t pa te ha nota t ly r s ved t i s
t t m nt
ke he s ue
.
, he r i s ve
c ua l e ol
he s ue.

F rt s mer a o sto ti t ep ei n r ij n t n, fn a t'sae n a o t eo
o he a e s ns e u n h r l ay nu ci Dee d n s ttme t b u us f
mi
o

t quesi doe notm oott i s
he
ton s
he s ue.

28

t l lofper s i ei r a f t r no c
he eve
misbl nquiy nd urhe s ompe lng sa ei t r t Furhe mor , havi
li tt n e es. t r e
ng

so pe t eQu sin' us g a re tyo t ep ei n r ij n to , fn n sh vear a y
tp d h e to s a e he nr f h r l ay n u cin Dee da t a le d
mi
f undt tt y c n s r n prs r 'snc rt i a ls r src i wa De enda sas e t ha
o
ha he a c ee ione s i e iy n e s e titve y. f nt s r t t

us oft Quesi i pe misbl be a et a we t t Queto aonei notdeenni tve
e he
ton s r s i e c us he ns r o he sin l s
t nai
ofaprs r sac e a i ot IDP a t ,doe no bm dent prs ne ' r lgi
ione ' c pt nce nt he L
nd, hus
s t
he io rs ei ous
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xe c s
RLUI d i S e i ous e r i e' asi udi da exe ci e ofr i o w he he or
PA efnes l lgi
r
xe c s ' ncl ng i ny r s
elgi n, t r

no c
t ompele b orce r lt as tm ofr i ousbeif' 42U. C.j2000cc5( ( .Thus
ld y, nta o, yse
elgi
le .
'
S.
- 7)A)
,
RLUI co ansabr ddei tonofr lgouse r s
PA nti
oa tnii
eii xecie.Furhe ,dplionc pli ma no
t r Cg rs ha ans y t
d t r i whi h r i o o e va e a e per i s bl be a e o t
e e m ne c elgi us bs r nc s r
m s i e c us r hodox. G r ys v. Sc er
' a on
'
hul ,

6 F. 450,455(t Ci.201 .Thus RLUI r uie c iertonoft snc rt oft
66 3d
7h r 2)
,
PA eq rs onsd ai
he i e iy he
prs rsbei f notwhe he apa tc a belefi s
ione ' le ,
t r riulr i s uppore by s ii r i o 1w ordocrne
td
pecfc elgi us a
ti .

TheUnie Stt c l st Que ton a sri t ti i i r s i ebec us i
td aes halenge he si se tng ha t s mpemisbl a e t
devesi o is soforhodoxy.Howe , he c s 1w t Unied St t sr le on doesnots y
l nt sue
t
ver t a e a he t
a e e is
a
t tprs n o fc asc nnotus s aquesi a pa toft i snce iy deer nai n;i t d,
ha i o fi i l a
e uch
ton s r her i rt t mi to nsea
t c eswa n a i tc t getngt ngl dup i is soforhodoxy whe snee iy i t
he as
r ga ns ours ti a e
n s ue
t
n i rt s he

is W hieprs ofiil ma no bepr bie fom usngt Quesi i t yc et
sue. l ion fcas y t
ohi td r
i he
ton,f he hoos o
r i t t isus t y wilbewal ngatnelnet t i c os e will vet m m a ng
ensae t e, he l
ki
i i ha , f r s d, l ea he
ki
orhodoxy de e m i tons whi h t 1 w c e ry pr bis t m f om m a ng.
t
t r na i , c he a l a l ohi t he r
ki

Re r e sofwhehe Dee nt choos t r nsaeus oft Quesi t Unied
gadls
t r fnda s
e o ei tt e he
ton,he t
Sttsha nots
ae s
hownhow t Que to a o pa toft RDP' a i tona snc rt
he sin, s ne r he
S pplcai nd i eiy
t tng, e t sa bur n,1talneas t nta bu de on aprs nersr lgi e r ie
esi cr a e ny de e o
ubsa il r n,
i o ' ei ous xe cs ,
29

epe ilybec us t r i noe de t taprs rsa lt t a we t sQuesi i a a1
s cal a e hee s vi nce ha ione ' biiy o ns r hi
ton s t l
d e m i tvei Def nda s decson t a taprs
etr na i n e nt ' ii o dmi
ionert t RDP. TheUnie St t sha not
o he
td ae s

prs nt a e de ede
e e ed ny vi nc monsrtngt a ki t Quesi ont RDP a iai
tai hat s ng he
ton he
pplc ton
c
omplt ypr ve saprs ne fo e
eel e nt
i o r r m ngagng i r lgi l ma t a tviy orf c a
i n e i ousy ndaed c i t
or es
,
prs rt pa tcpat i a a i t pr bie byhi o he r lgi . Thus t Unie Stt shas
ione o ri i e n n ctviy ohi t d
s r r e i on
, he t d a e

n t tt b r e o e tbihn ta t u eo t eQu sin s bsa tal bu d n rlgo s
o me is u d n f sa ls ig h the s f h e to u tnil r e s eiiu
y

e rie S eS t v Gov r o f rAlb ma 5 2F. p' 8 6 81 ( 1hCi 201 ( ione
xecs . e mi . e n r o a a , 6 Ap x 0 , 3 1 t r 4) prs r
h
.

f ie t de
a ld o monsr t t as ng f a t iai s c i s
ta e hat ki or u hort tve our es n uppor ofr quessf r i ous
t e t or elgi
ie c tt ed as t nta btr n whe t f iur t na as ur edi notm a t t tt
t ms onsiut
ubsa i l lde
n he a l e o me o c d
nda e ha he

r uetbede e .Cons que l t Co t edno rac t is ofwhet rt us oft
eq s
nid)
e nty,he ur ne t e h he sue
he he e he
Quetoni t l s i r i me nsofa hi ngac
si s he eat ntusve a
c evi
ompeli sat i e et
lng t e ntr s.

Pli W i No Entte t aPema nt n unci Pr v ntn Us o crn
a nt s t i d o r ne Ij t
l
on e e ig e fDo tial
Si iy Testng
ncer t
i

Be us t Unie St eshasnotesa ihed avi a i ofRLUI , i i notenttedt
ca e he td at
t bls
olton
PA t s
il o

e tyo ap r n n ij n to e j nn teus o teQu si n we e ,feru tn e
nr f ema e t n u ci n noiig h e f h e to .Ho v r i ic msa c s
we et c
r o hang a e de e i caedt tDef nda swe eusng aprs rsdoc rnal
e nd vi nc ndi t ha
e nt r i
ione '
ti
know l e a t de e m i ntf a it e i t t RD P , t Unied St t s woul be fe t
edg s he t r na or dm tanc n o he
he t
ae
d
re o

s e mo iiaino t sOr e a da yp r n n ij ncine tr d
e k d fc to f hi d r n n ema e t nu t nee .
o
Acc di y,i i
or ngl t s
O RDERED t :
hat

Th Untd S ae ' oin frS mmayJ d me t( 4 3 i GRANTED i
e ie tt s M to o u r u g n DE- 4 ) s
n
pa ta DEN I i pa t
r nd
ED n r :

a.

The M oton i G RAN TED a t D e e nt 'bl nke de a ofkos r
i s
s o f nda s a t ni l
he
m e s t t n pe c ntr e a t z o t er nc r e.
al , he e r e ul , nd he er ol a e ul

TheM oton i DEN I ast docrna snce iy t si
i s
ED
o ti l i rt e tng.

Dee d n s Re we M oinf rS
f n a t' ne d to o ummayJ d me t(7 44 1i GRANTED i
r u g n 1E- 2 s
n
pa ta D EN I i pa t
r nd
ED n r :

a.

TheM oton i GRANTED a t t docrna snc rt t tng a t a i
i s
s o he ti l i e iy esi nd he ntbarerng polcy.
ti
i

b.

3
.

The M oton i DENI i a lot rr pec s
i s
ED n l he es t .

ByM a 6 2 5a 1 0 am.h pat ss al u mi p o osdfn l u g n s
y , 01 t 0:0 - te ri h ls b t r p e a j d me t
e

a dp r n n ij nci n i a c r a c wi ti Or e .Th Co r e c u a e t ep rist
n ema e t nu to s n c o d n e t h s d r e u t n o rg s h a t o
h
e
me ta dc nfri o d rt s mi aj itp o o e fn lu me t n p r n n ij ci n
e n o e n r e o ub t on r p s d ia j dg n a d ema e t nun to .
4.

A1 pe ng m otons a e D EN I asm oot
l ndi
i
r
ED
.
Thi cas i CLO SED .
s es

e

DO adOR E E iMi ,lr ati YD dy f r,05
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