Salgado et al v. Taser International, Inc. et al
Filing
144
ORDER Granting in Part and Denying in Part 113 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by Senior Judge James Lawrence King on 2/4/2015. (jw)
U NI
TED STA TES D I
STR I C O U R T
CT
SO UTH ERN D I
STR I O F FLO RI
CT
DA
M I M I DI I O N
A
V SI
CA SE NO .1 24458- v- l G
2c K N
J
ORGE SALGADO a BARBARA
nd
ALFARO,i vi ly a a Condi dua l nd s
Pe s lRe e e t tvesoft Esaeof
r ona pr s n a i
he t t
Ge ge Sal do,de as
or
ga
ce ed,
Pl n i f ,
ai t f s
CI OF W EST M I I aFl i
TY
AM , orda
M uni i lCor r ton,M YRNA LOPEZ,
cpa
po ai
a RAUL BARON ,
nd
De e nt .
f nda s
/
O RD ER G M N TI G I PAR T A ND D EN Y I I PA RT DE FEN DA N TS'M O TI N S
N N
NG N
O
FO R SU M M A R Y JUD G M EN T
THI CAUSE comesbe or t Cou tu n De e nt M yr Lope a Ra Ba on'
S
f e he
r po
f nda s
na
z nd ul r s
M otonf Summar J
i or
y udgme ( l1 )(hei fc r 'moto 'andt Ciy ofW etM i '
nt DE 3 t s ie s in'
of
)
he t
s amis
Moton f Summay J
i or
r udgme t ( 1 .The motons ae f l bree Pli if,i t i
n DE 04)
i r uly ifd. antfs n her
Co s ld td Repo et b t W etMimisa t eo fc r 'mo in f rs mmayj d me t
n oi ae s ns o oh s a ' nd h fies to s o u r u g n
( 1 )1v 1 naiy d s se terj 1 8 cam a an tte Ciy ( u tX1) Plitfs
DE 31 , o u trl imis d h i 9 3 li g is h t Co n 1. anif'
rmanigCou t ae 1 11 1 V1,a d V1l t e j 1 8 camsa an tBao a Lo e a d
e in
n s r , 1, V, l n 1 h 9 3 li g is r n nd p z n
lPl i if di no com pl w ih Loc Rul 56. 1 i t tt i s a e e ofm at r a f c s doesnot
a ntf s d t
y t
al e
n ha he r t t m nt
eil a t
c r s nd wih t or r a par gr phore po
t he de nd a a numbe i s he e us d by De e nt .Def nda s
rng c m
e
f nda s
e nt
ur t Co t on t tbass aone,t de m De e
ge he ur, ha
i l
o e
f ndan s sa e nt ofma era f c s a te
t ' t t me s
t i l a t dmitd.
The Cour deci t do s al i Pli if 'nonco pla e hasm a t Co tsr viw oft
t lnes o
o, bet antfs
m inc
de he ur' e e
he
i t ntm otonsm o e bur ns e.
ns a
i
r
de om
t Fl i W r ng ulDe t cli a i ta 1r i ng De e nt . I t s O r r t Co t
he orda o f
a h a ms gans l ema ni
f nda s2 n hi de , he ur
a e s Ba o a Lopez' dee eofquaii i miy fom Plitfs j 1 cli a
ddrses r n nd
s fns
lfed mmt t r
anif' 983 ams nd
rs r sr i onPli if'W r ulDe t cai (xc pta t Dee ntLope .
e eve ulng
antfs ongf ah l ms e e s o fnda
z)
=
l
B ackeround
The r e nt undi pu e m a e i l f c s a e as f l s O n A pr l 1 201 l r e
el va
s td
tra a t r
olow .
i 2,
2, s a l
Rod i zwasviii hi find,M art Lopez,f l
rgue
stng s re
iza
or unch a he e fce y a rm e .DE 11
t r fi inc pa t nt
2,
! 1 n2 Ro iu z a s rd a k o k a M aiz ' d o t fn t p o e sa dng o tie
.. drg e n we e
n c t rta s o r o i d wo e pl tn i u sd :
nda za i 3 nd n ntr l
or
l
d e
M a iza s ne - oo nei hbor A m a N a ro, a a e i e y nude J ge Sa gado.4 1 . Se
rt ' xt d r g
,
alo DE 1 4, a 32:
s
32- t 6-8. Sal do, s a i a wih bul ng eyes as d Rodrg
ga
we tng nd t
gi
, ke
i uez f r
o
maiu n o c c ie DE 1 2 4 a 3 1 3 :6 8 Ro rg e se pe o tie co e t d o
r a a r o an .
j
3 - , t 2:4, 5 1 -1 . d iu z tp d u sd , l s d he o r
be nd hi ,a t d Sagado t t he mus g i
hi
m nd ol l
ha
t o ndoor be us he ca
s ca e
nnot be na d o sde.
ke ut i
DE l 2,! ln. Att t Saga atc d Rod i z.Heca d a hi tid t biehi a
1
2. ha, l do ta ke
rgue
lwe t m, re o t m nd
knoc hi t t gr
k m o he ound,t e a hi cot s a gr ppl wih hi 1 Na ro fed.DE 13 4,
or t s l he , nd a ed t m. d. za i l
2a 37: -22. Rodr gue w ho w a 70 ye r o1 a t tm e m a
t 21
i z,
s
a s d t he i , nage t ti Sa ga 5e c pe ba k
d o rp l do, s a
c
i o M a iz s a r m e ,a c l t polc I a 38: 1
nt
rt a' pa t nt nd a l he i e. d t 2 -23,42:
6.
Ofi er Ra Ba on a Se ge ntM yr Lopez of t Ciy of W es M i m iw e e ne r
fc
ul r nd r a
na
he t
t a
r a by.
DE 1 2,! 1 Th y rs o d d a b c - p u is t a ds ac e c l f rM imiDa e Co ny
1
. e e p n e s a k u nt o ip th d al o a - d u t
ofier who we e nota nea t t s e 1 Thedipa c calr pore anake ma be tng
fc s
r
s r o he c ne. d.
s t hed l e td
d n ai
a fm al.I Addii i or ai wasr a t tt na ma a s at c d a t rvi tm
e e d
tonal nf m ton
elyed ha he ked n lo ta ke no he c i
2Al ca esofa ton a ns M im iDa Count a isofi e sha bee dim is .
l us
c i gai t a - de
y nd t fc r ve n s s ed
3Na ai sa d Ma iz ' e fce c a a t n saej i dt g te , e t oac u tadbe id a
z ro' n
rtas fiin y p rme t r one o eh r n x t o ry r hn
hous The e fci nci s a e ac es i e t ough a pa hw a on t sde oft hous D E 1 2- a
e.
f i e e r c s bl hr
t y
he i
he
e.
3 4, t
33:
3-7.
4 Sal ado was wea i a ankl m onio be aus he w a on hous ar es f c e t c r f a .
rng n
e
tr c e
s
e r t or r di a d r ud
g
DE 11 !21.
2,
5i orunael --o f t t y,' Rodrg z s i k know how t de e m ys l a ltl bi.
i
unf t t y
r orunael '
i ue ad, i
l
o f nd
ef ite t'
'
D E 1 4,a 7 24
32- t 2: -25.Slve had a 1 of sr tfght .1w a ch a 1 of boxi Ilke a ton. 1
s'
ot tee i s
t
ot
ng. i c i ' d.
'
a 73: -1
t 9 0.
2
by tyi t bie hi . d.Lopez a r ve a t s e a m e Rodr g
r ng o t m 1
r i d t he c ne nd t
i uez,who ha ve ur d outof
d nt e
M aiz ' a rme onc a n t mee t arii polc ofi r nea t sr t6I .a ! 2.
rta s pa t nt e gai o t he rv ng ie fces r he tee. d t
Lo obs r d r dne sfom Rodrgue sc n down t hi t oa , nd c d s et ough hi t n
pez e ve e s r
i z' hi
o s hr t a oul e hr
s or
cl hi 1 Soo Ba on a rve a Rodrg z ld t t ofi e sdown apahwa on t sde
ot ng. d. n r ri d, nd
i ue e he wo fc r
t y
he i
oft ho et t bac oft pr ry,wheet efce esae.I a ! 3.Hewane t m
he us o he k he ope t
r he f inci r d t
r d he
t tSaga mihtatc 1 a ! 2.The ofi r unholtrd t rt e sast y rac d t
ha l do g ta k. d. t
fces
see hei asr
he e he he
o n doo ofN a ro' a rm e . E 1 4,a 48: -5.
pe
r
za i s pa t nt D 32- t 1
Ba on sood i font of t d wa a Lope sood a i t t wal,hi
r t
n r
he oor y nd
z t
ga ns he
l dden fom
r
Sa g svi w.I a 482 3.Ba on s w t Sa g wasna d,s tng pr us l pacng
l ado' e d t 9-1
r a hat l ado
ke weai
of ey, i
b c a d frh a h g l a iae ;he s oue a d g o e .DE 1 2 ! 3 4;DE 1 ,! 1 .
a k n o t, nd i hy g ttd
h td n r wld
1, ! 31 0
Ba on r pe t dl t d Sa g t c m down,butSal do cha ge atBa on t o h t door y.
r e a e y ol l ado o al
ga
r d
r hr ug he
wa
DE 112, ! 4 .Bao a Lo e d ply d terts r a Sag d i p o emo e f .a ! 87
! -7 r n nd p z e o e h i a e s t la o n r b d . # t .
The pr bes f om Ba on' t e s r k a a t c d t Sal do i hi upper t s cl e t hi
o
r
r s as r t uc nd ta he o ga n s
or o, os o s
h at DE 1 1 ! 1 Lo e ' ts rsr k S la o o hi rg tsd .d S la o g twi n tre
e r.
3 , 4. p zs a e tuc ag d n s ih i e l ag d o t h e
hi
t fv fe o Ba o b f r t ets rp o g sr c . 1 2 !9.
o i e e t f r n eo e h a e r n s tu k DE 1 ,
Sagado fl t t gr nd o sdeoft a rme .1 a ! 1 Afe Bar sfrtfvel
el o he ou uti
he pa t nt d t 0. tr on' is i
s ond t ercy e c ude he dic r d hi t e f m o e tmesi pr mode.Acc di
ec
as
cl oncl d,
s ha ge s as r our r i
n obe
or ng
t t t s rdo oad r por,e c dicha ge c tt ed one fve s c
o he a e wnl
e t a h s r onsiut
i - e ond-ong c e The s c
l
ycl.
e ond
c l beg n t r e s onds a t r t fr t t t r c e be one s cond l t r t f t c e
yc e a h e ec
fe he i s ; he hi d ycl gan
e
a e ; he ourh ycl
beg n t s c
a w0 e onds l tr an t ffh cyce be n 43 s onds a tr t t DE 1 1 Ba o
ae ; d he it
l ga
ec
fe ha .
32- 0. r n
i it t tdurng t f fh di c r o of t t o pr
ns s s ha
i he i t s ha ge, ne he w
ongs ha di l
d s odge f om Sa gado' c t
d r
l
s hes ,
6Saga s w Rodrg za brefy c ed hi , butr te t d whe Rodrg znea ed t sr e .
l do a
i ue nd i l has
m
erae
n
i ue
r he te t
DE 132- at43:
4,
23-25.
7
% ebel , r IIB. ( s rbi t opeain a e fc oft ts ri pr mode.
e ow Pa t I. 1 de ci ng he rto nd fe t he a e n obe
)
-
3
t r by dec e i t e f ctvene soft t e .DE 1 1 a 72-73.Pl i if do notge ney
he e
r asng he fe i s
he as r
32- , t
antfs
nui l
dipu e t s howe r t t s rdownl d r porsdo notditnguih be we n cyceswhe e bot
s t hi;
ve , he a e
oa e t
si s t e
l
r
h
p o g aec n e tdt ap ro a dto ewh r o l o ep o i c n e td. 1 2, 1 n..
r n s r o n ce o e s n n h s ee ny n r ng s o n ce DE 1 ! 0 6
Lope tid t die r he ts r onl o m or tme a t he i ta dt oym e , but i
z re o s ha ge r a e
y ne
e i
fer r niil pl
nt
t
mafncin d.d. t 1 .
lu t e 1 a ! 1
o
Ta n i t lg m os f vo a e t Pli if,Sal do t ne f e down on hi som a h
ke n he i ht t a r bl o antfs ga ur d ac
s t c
whe Ba on t d hi t do s DE 1 4,a 55:2-15.Fr t fr tt s r de oym e s t
n r ol m o
o.
32- t 1
om he is a e pl
nt o
Ba o s ffh dic r , Sal do bec m e i apa tt d durng t t s dic ge a t
r n' it s ha ge
ga
a
nc cia e
i he a er s har s nd hen
m ove a ai He c
d g n.
onvul ed,hi hi hea ag ns t g ound,r l d a ound,a c aw l d a f r a
s
t s d ai t he r
ole r
nd r e s a s
fo one c ne oft out
rm
or r he doorc t r t t ot r DE 1 4,a 55,1 1 Bar s ed
ourya d o he he .
32- t
06, 28. on hout
f t rc
urhe omma a Sal do(oke psilt puthi amsbehi hi bac t noa l
nds t ga t e tl,o
sr
nd s k) o vai.
U p t t s poi , Rod i z obs ve e r hi t t has be n des i d. Then t
o hi
nt
wo
rgue
er d ve yt ng ha
e
crbe 8
M im iDa polceofi e sand t W e tM im ipolceofs e sa rve 1 a 57:4-25.One of
a - de i fc r
wo s a
i lc r r i d. d. t 2
t ofi r 1 Rodrgue awa Rodrgue net r s nor he r a f t r us s of f c
he fce s ed
i z
y.
i z ihe aw
a d ny urhe e
or e
a ns Saga f at8l.
gai t l do. J.
W ih t o he ofi r a rve a Rodrgue gone Ba on move i t ha uf Sa ga
t he t r fce s ri d nd
i z
, r
d n o ndc f l do.
DE 1 2 ! 1 Bu S la o,wh a ti pon h d b e ts d i p o mo e a la tfv t s
1 , 6. t ag d
o t h s it a e n a e n r be d t e s ie i
me
ar dy,sood up,f e M i miDade of rDiz,a c r d a hi .I Ba on de oye hi
lea
t
ac d a fce a nd ha ge t m d r
pl d s
t e a Sag i pr mode(ort sxt tme butmis d.I MimiDa ofie M orls
asr t lado n obe
f he i h i )
se d a - de fc r ae
de oye hi tsri pr modeandhi Sag who f lbeor herac d Di .f a ! 1
pl d s ae n obe
t lado,
el f e e he az #. t 7.
8I Rodrguez' opi on, Sa ga coul haveea iy be n ha
n
i
s ni
l do
d
sl e ndcufe l a 108.Eve as umi
f d. d t
n s ng
t tt sopi o woul beadmisbl a til(heei ape ngmoi t e l i) i doe not
ha hi nin
d
si e t ra t r s ndi
ton o xcude t,t s
a l t a l i he e n or c ea e a ge ne i s ofm a e i lf t The f tt t i R od i z'
ler he na ys s r i
r t
nui s ue
t r a ac .
ac ha , n
r gue s
opi o Ba on a Lope c d ha ea iy ha
ni n, r
nd
z oul
ve s l
ndcuf e Sal do does no be r o t
fd
ga
t a n he
ra o a ln s o t efr et a Ba o a dLo e u e , c i me s r do j ci ey.
e s n b e e s f h o c h t r n n p z s d whih s a u e b e tv l
4
As Sal do f l Ba on punc d a ki ke hi .I W ih Saga on t gr
ga el, r
he nd c d m d
t l do
he ound ag n,Bar
ai
on
a ot r ofies sr e t ha uf Sagado.1 t ! 1 Ofier M or e r pe e y
nd he fc r tuggld o ndc f l
d.a
9. fc
als e atdl
ds h r e h s ts r - ih tme (t fv -e o d c ce e c ) i j t o e t miu e ,
ic ag d i a e-- g t i s a i es c n y ls a h n us v r wo n ts
e
a c di t t do nl d r por .D E 1 1
c or ng o he w oa e t
32- 0.Sa ga r l d on t gr
l do ole
he ound and ti t bie
red o t
Bao slg. 1 2 ! 1 . ma g dt sa d u a an a dwa a an tk n d wn. 1 2-,
r n' e DE 1 , 8 He na e o tn p g i n s g i a e o DE 3 1
a 8 18
t 5: -86: 9.Ba on ti t t s Sal do a s nt e gh h a ni h tm e, hes tm e i drve
1
r red o a e ga
eve h, i t nd nt i t e i s n i
sun m ode.1 Ba on bele s t tt s ls tle us ofhi t e di no ma c a twih
t
d. r
i ve ha he e a t l e es
r
s as r d t ke ont c t
Sa ga be aus Saga wa r lng a avoi ng t t s rsrke .I ButPl ntfs e r,Dr
l do c e l do s oli nd
di he a e ti s d
ai if ' xpe t .
J M a r cc ni i ii s one d i sun m a ki on Sa g
ohn r a i , dentf e
r ve t
r ng
l ado' l g. E 1 5,a 49'D E 1 2,
s e D 32- t ,
08at8.9
W ih muli eofie ssnl i a hol ng Sal do down (ncudi Lope who hed
t tpl fc r t gglng nd di
ga
i l ng
z,
l
Saga slgs,MimiDadeofi rCaioma ge t putSaga i handc f. l 2, ! 1
l do' e ) a tce r na d o
l do n
ufs DE 1 ! 9-
2 I a dto t sr g l ,Saga o s i a d s o td ic h r nl .1 .a ! 2 .M imiDa e
0. n d i n o tu gi
i
ng l d pt n h ue n o e e ty d t 0 a - d
ofi r pl e 1g r tant on hi a eme ge y medi lpe s me ta pore hi t La ki
fce s ac d e esr i s
m nd
r nc
ca r or l r ns td m o r n
Co nt Ho pi l 1 .a ! 2 -2 TheeSag d r g se e afve a h g a 1 5 d g e s
mmu i s t . d t ! 0 2. r l a o e itrd e r s ih s 0 e re .
y
a
1 a !22.Hedidt ne momi a a oxi tl 5: a. .a
d. t
e he xt
ng t ppr maey 30 m , bout1 hour a t Baon a
5 s fer r nd
Lope s i ta t s rde oym e s 1
z' nii l a e pl
nt . d.
1
St
andar on M otonf Summar Judament
d
i or
v
S mmayj d me ti a p o raewh r t p e d n sa d s p o t gmaeil e tbih
u r u g n s p r p it e e he la i g n u p ri
n tras sa ls
t tt r i no ge ne is a t a m ae i lf cta t tt m ovi pary i e il t
ha he e s
nui s ue s o ny tra a nd ha he
ng t s ntted o
j
udgmen asamatroflw. eFe R.Ci P.56;Ceotx Cor v Catet 477U. 31 322
t
te a Se d.
v.
le
p. . r t,
S. 7,
( 986) A fc i i tral'i i i ma deemi t outomeundert a ia es t i
1 . a t s k ei ' f t s y tr ne he c
ma
he pplc bl ubsantve
9 'he e a e pe ng m otons t e ude M a r cc ni s opi on, butD e e nt do nota t ck t s
r r r ndi
i
o xcl
ra i '
ni
f nda s
ta hi
fndi ofhi
i ng
s.
5
l An ron v fiery Lobb nc. 477 U. 242,248 ( 98 .The nonmovi pa t mus
aw. des . b t
y,f ,
S.
1 6)
ng ry t
s w s cfc f c s t s
ho pe ii a t o uppor t t t r i a ge ne diput 1 a
t ha he e s
nui
s e. d. t256.On a moton f
i or
s mma yj d me t t ec u t s ve t ee ie c a r s l ealifr n e i t l h mo t
u r u g n , h o r mu t iw h vd n e nd e o v l n ee c s n he i t s
g
f vor e t t no
a abl o he nmovi pa t 1 at255.l r vi ng t r c d e de ,t Cour m a
ng ry. d.
n e ewi he e or vi nce he
t y
n t u d ra t e j r s fnci n o weg i te e d n e o u etkn ce i ii
o n etke h u y' u to f ihng h vie c r nd ra ig rd blt
y
dee nains fatmerv. i To ,l .60lF. 1 1 ( 1h Ci. 0 .
tnui to . i
Roarng yz nc,
3d 224, 237 1 t r 201 )
11 .
1
W he he Bar and Lope areEntted t O ualfe l m univ1
t r on
z
il o
ii d m
t 0
Ba on a Lope as e t t t t a e e il t qua iid i uniy fom Pl ntfs
r nd
z s r ha hey r ntted o
lfe mm t r
ai if '
j1 cams To r ol t s t Cour mus c i r t f l ng t que tons Fis,
983 li . es ve hi, he
t t onsde he olowi wo si : rt
tta e i t lg tmo t a o a l t t p ry a s rigt eij r , ot efcsalg ds o te
' lk n n he ih s f v rbe o he a t se t h n u y d h a t l e h w h
l
n
e
ofie ' c
fc rs onduc vi ae a c tttonalrght' Saucir v Kat,533 U. 1 201 ( )
t oltd onsiui
i ?'
e . z
S. 94,
2001.
Se ond,a s i a c tt i l vi aton,or i a c tt i lvi a i i s
c
s um ng onsiutona ol i
f onsiutona olton s hown,di t
d he
ofi e ' c
fc r s onduc vi ae cea l esa ihed lw?1 1
t ol t l ry t bls
a d.1
Pli if c end t t f c Ba on and Lo z us wa e e sve unde t Fourh
a ntfs ont
hat he or e r
pe ed s xc s i
r he
t
Am e
ndm e , S c gua ant s cii e t r ght ço be s cur i t i pe s
nt i h
whi
r ee tz ns he i
t
e e n he r r ons . . aga ns
.
i t
unras bl ..s i e 'oft pes n. Gr
e ona e . ezurs he ro ' aham v.Connor 490 U. 386,394 ( 989) lg-he
'
,
S.
1 .t-q
l
t s Of r a ona e s unde he Fou t Amendment i not c pa e of pr c s de i ton or
et
e s bl ne s
rt
rh
s
a bl
e ie fnii
me haniala i ton. 1 a 396.Rat r i l e r a c r ulbalncng of dhe naur a
c c pplcai ' d. t
'
he , t ç quies a ef
r
a i
t
t e nd
q iy of t i r i on t i vi l s Fourh A m e en i t r s s a ns t
ualt
he nt us on
he ndi dua '
t
ndm t n e e t ' gai t he
1 w he he t ofi r 'us of f c a ns Sal do, i l ng po e i l 1 t s di c r s
0
t r he fce s es or e gai t ga
nc udi
t ntaly 9 a er s ha ge
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SuprmeCour rco nds Se Pe s v.Calahan,555U. 223,23 ( )
e
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6 2009 .
c untr ii gove ntli eessa sa '1 ( i Tenne s ev Gar r 471U. 1 8
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ve y
h
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ae e m l c say n h e c f ud e' h mbes' o s n . ik 48
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t
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m us embody a l
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t
evol ng- a utt n o off c t ti ne es a y i apa tc a st ton.
vi
bo he m unt or e ha s c s r n
riulr iua i
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d a 6 9 Th n ur l n be t n : h u sin s eh r h sc r ' cins r
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g
t t i u r yi i e orm otva i ' I a 397.
o he r nde l ng nt nt
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t
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gr
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t ef e t i. 1 a 396.The undiput d f c s s
o f c t' d. t
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or e gai t
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s
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ga hage o r r nd r n; nd 2) he l lado' egs s he fces
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v.Re d ,369 F. 1
ynols
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z s ntte o lfed mm t 2
B. D e endantR aulBar
f
on
Pl ntfsHa Sufk inty Shown aConsiu i na Vi ai
ai if ve t e l
tt to l ol ton
The go r
ve nmen ali e t t a sa i t sca e a e oft hi s i ra . They a e
t nt r ss t t ke n hi s r
he ghe t mpo tnce
r
no ls t n t i e e t i s f gua di cii e a ofi r ai fom vi e a da r us
e s ha he ntr ss n a e r ng tz n nd tce lke r
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te
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g m tnc oo r
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t
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unr a ona e s z esofhi pe s n.Pl i if ha s
e s bl eiur
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r he oncuson
t tt na ur a qua iy oft i tusons i o t e i t r t we e dipr tona e y s r
ha he t e nd lt
he n r i nt hos n e ess r s opori t l eve e.
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or ng o ke a
e ntr tona, nc i
Tas '
)
e poston esi
De e nt r l t Tas rX 26 us d by Ba on and Lopez i a sngl s tdevie.DE 1 6,a
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: 7.3
n n fc r i s
n l c rc pa k aus s
t nir n c ps es t pr l t o p obe out a d a ei - e a e .I a 2 1 23
wo toge a ul o ope w r s w r t ghtdegr e ngl s d t : -22: ,
1
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7. f he o
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s l hi
d
3
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ct d o he a e
hi ns a e
r d t
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1
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n i t, aey,
ope t ' a. a.
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Th r f r,Lo e i e tte t s mma yj d me o Co n I o P an if 'Se o d Ame e
e eo e p z s nild o u r u g nt n u t V f litfs c n
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tb lc h n e y a e r o tiu e o e t r e iu nu y. d a .
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t comes cl r t tPl ntfs ha s
ea ha ai if ve hown e
nough f c s whi h, i c e t d by t
at
c f r die
he
f c fnde ,woul s
a ti r
d uppor a c uson t tt f c Ba o us d was unr as bl .Fis,t
t oncl i ha he or e r n e
e ona e r t he
d s ue fcs o ti c s b ig it s ap rle Gr h mb c mma d ta çth c luuso
ip td a t f h s a e rn no h r eif a a s o n h t i l e ac l f
l
r as bl ne smus e body alowa f t f tt tpolc of e sa e ofe f ce t ma
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pl s c n ud me t- n ic msa e ha r e e u c ran a a i l v l n - b u
t
t amountoff c t ti ne esar i apa tc a st ton. Gr
he
or e ha s c s y n
riulr iua i ' aham v Connor 490 U. 38
'
.
,
S. 6,
396 (98 .Fo i t sca e Baon' de ii t ts Sal do t s c t r andf t
-97 1 9) r n hi s , r s csons o a e ga he e ond, hid,
ourh
tm e we eea h ma i s co . r sde son t t s Sa ga t t r tme wa m a i a
i s r c
de n e nds Ba on' cii o a e l do he hid i
s de n
lt r ls i s c
ie a plt e ond.
Eve gr ntng Ba on t sd l nce't ne -nsan a ousr - s har bet e e c
n a i
r hi k owa ,'he ari t t ne
al
e dic ges we n a h
of Ba on' fr tf c l s c e t s a ge ne dipu e ove t r as bl ne s of t di c r .
r s i s our yc e r a e
nui
s t
r he e ona e s
he s ha ges
Ba on cl m s t t ea h di c r wa i r pons t Saga s r f alt f l a tona
r
ai ha c s ha ge s n es e o l do' e us o olow ddii l
c
omma gi n i t i er l bewe dic r s DE 1 1 a 40:7-1 (l h a to l
nds ve n he nt vas t en s ha ge .
32- , t 1 9 k
Eac ddiina
de oyme ofmyt e wa ars tofnotf l ngvebalc
pl nt
asr s e ul
olowi r omma ' . ealo i a 39: nds' Se s d t 23
)
40: (1 alowe Sag t r c rfom t fve s c cyce ofea h tsng,1is d hi
1 ûl l d lado o e ove r he i e ond l
c ai
sue m
veba c
r l omma .Sal
nds gado wo d notrs
ul
epond t my vebalcomma .) Thets rdownlad
o
r
nds' .
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o
r por c r c st sand s
e t ontadit hi
uppo t t i e enc t tBa on' s c t oug f urh dic r s
rs he nf r e ha r s e ond hr h o t s ha ge
1
0
w e e un o
r pr voke by nonc pla e w ih o de s Thi w e ghs a ns Ba o e pe i ly i lg
d
om i nc t x r . s i
gai t r n, s c a l n i ht
o t r c d de ope i t s c e a t how s ve e a i r i t t s r dic r s a e
f he e or vel d n hi as s o
e r n ntuson he a e s ha ge r -
pa tc a l gi n t pr s pr miy t Sal do' he r,t exc s of 1 s onds of
ri ulry ve he obe ' oxi t o
ga s a t he
es
5 ee
dic ge a Saga s e de t
s har , nd l do' vi nt t i ogialy orm e a i aly c pr ie 'sa e a 1of
physol c l
t bolc l om om s d' tt , l
w hi h we e f c or Ba on kne t i r as t r s ofdea h.
c
r at s r
w o nc e e he i k
t
Se ond,Rod i z' des rpton of Sal do' beha or m ae i l contadit Ba on' .
c
rgue s c i i
ga s
vi
traly
r cs r s
Ac or ng t Rod i z,Sal do c
c di o
rgue
ga omple wih Ba on' comm a t go û l down. DE 1
id t r s
nd o
ç y
bel
'
'
324,a 55:2-15.Rodrg z a knowldge t t Sal do t
t 1
iue c
e d ha
ga ' d c
woul ompl one mom e a t n
y
nt nd he
m ove'and t he m ove al t gr und,a f asfom one end oft c t r t t ot r
'
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d ong he o
s ar r
he ourya d o he he .
1 a 1 21
d. t 28: -22.ButRodrgue s ae t tSa ga s move e swe e S a r sve,'i a
i z t td ha l do'
m nt r l gg es i ' d t
not
5 1 -1 , n ta d e ( ag d ldin ttyt sa d u a a y mo n . .'I a 1 6 1 -1
8:0 3 a d h t û S la o d ' r o tn p t n me t . . d t 0 :5 9.
h
'
Thi t s i ony c e es a ge ne di put ove whe he s h s gnii a i r i a t e
s e tm
r at
nui
s e
r
t r uc i f c nt nt us ons s hr e
s c sve t s r dicha g i pr mode wer r s
uc es i a e s r es n obe
e ea onabl pr tonat t t t e tofha m
y opori e o he hr a
r
Saga posd k tt e mome t' Gr
l do e : h
a
n . aham v Connor 490 U. 386,396 ( 989)1 Gi n t
'
.
,
S.
1 .5 ve he
ge ne y dipu e f c s r r ng Sa ga sbeha o a gi n t s ve e and pot nta l f t
nui l s t d a t ega di
l do'
vi r nd ve he e r
e i ly a al
i r i oft t s rdi c r s d c tt tonalvi a i co d be f
ntuson he a e s ha ge , 1 ons iu i
a
ol ton ul
ound. Sauci r v K at 533
'
'
e . z,
U. 1 207( )
S. 94,
2001.
l. Thei e ry Esa ihe 'l r
.
s a l tbls d' nguiy
cl
Alhoug Pl ntfsha s
t h ai if ve hown e ug f t t s
no h acs o uppor a co tt tonalvi aton,Bar n
t nsiu i
ol i
o
woul silbe e il t qualfed i uniy i hi c
d tl
ntted o
ii mm t f s onduc di notvi at cea l e t bls d l w.
t d
ol e l ry sa ihe a
1 a 201.The S alentque ton' t a k i t S e ry es a i hed' i r i w he he t s a e
d. t
é i
s
s i ' o s n he l a l t bls ' nqui y s
cl
t r he t t
of t l w a t tm e of t i i nt g ve Ef i w a ni ' t t t a l ge c
he a t he i
he nc de
a la r r ng' ha he le d onduc was
t
1 The undipu e f tt t Sal do l t r s ood up a c ge a a he of i e does not a t r
5
s t d ac ha
ga a e t
nd har d t not r f c r
le
t sco l i The pr bii a i tvi w i t f c s i hi i m us cu bot w ays
hi nc us on.
ohi t on ga ns e ng he a t n nds ght
t t h
.
u nsiutonal Ho v Pez r 536 U. 7 7 (
nco tt i . pe . le ,
S. 30, 41 2002) Sill r a ce r wani '
. ilkai nd la r ng''
pr vi d by pror c elw i is fcintt pr cl t de e e ofqua ii i uniy att
o de
i as a s çufi e o e ude he f ns
lfed mm t
he
s mma yj d me sa e'l a 7 6 F rlw t b û lal e tb ihe , te fcso p e o s
u r u g nt tg . d t 4 . o a o e t e ry sa ls d' h a t f rviu
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c
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c s s do notnee t be i m a e i ly s m ia ''t t e a i s i t c s be or i .f a 741
ae
d o
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û
Se al i a 742( sppr ngofali d,over la eonfct smiaiy' .Sg fiil ca
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