Mason v. CITY OF MIAMI GARDENS, FLORIDA
Filing
63
ORDER granting 43 Motion for Summary Judgment. All pending motions not otherwise ruled upon are denied as moot. Closing Case. Signed by Judge Patricia A. Seitz on 6/1/2016. (wc) NOTICE: If there are sealed documents in this case, they may be unsealed after 1 year or as directed by Court Order, unless they have been designated to be permanently sealed. See Local Rule 5.4 and Administrative Order 2014-69.
UNI
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
SOUTHERN DI
STRI OF FLORD A
CT
CASE N O.1 23908- SEl TURNOFF
4CV- TZ/
J
EFFREY M ASON,
Pl i if
antf,
THE CI OF M I IGARDENS,
TY
AM
FLORI
DA,
D e e nt
f nda .
/
O RDER GR ANTI M OTI FOR SUM M ARY JUDGM ENT
NG
ON
Thi materi be or t Cour on De enda , t ofM i m iGa de sM oton f
s t s f e he
t
f nt Ciy
a
r n'
i or
S mmayJ g n g 4 ) Dee d n s e ss mma yj dg n o Plitf' t rmanig
u r ud me t DE- 3 . fn a t e k u r u me t n an ifs wo e i n
camslorrcebasdrt iton:( )i vi ai oft Ci lRi sAc of1 42U. C.j
li f a - e ealai 1 n olton he vi ght t 866,
S.
1 81a d4 U. C. 1 3a d( )i v oaino Til V1 o t eCii Rih sAc o 1 6 , 2
9 n 2 S. j 98 n 2 n i lto f te I f h v l g t t f 9 4 4
U. C. 2 0 e e s q, n t Flrd Cii Rih sAc I
S. j 0 0 , t e .a d he o ia vl g t t FCRA , a Sa.j7 .1 Pan if
) Fl. tt 60 1 . litf
b o g t i rtl to camsa trb igtnnnae fom De e d n ' (h Ci s poie
r u h h s eai in li fe en e i td r
a
fn a ts t e t ) lc
y'
de rm e ,whe ehewasa of er Ac r ng t Pl i if hi t r i ton a pro
pa t nt
r
n fc . co di o antf, s em nai nd i r
dicplna yac i we e t r s tofhi s a ng ou wihi t polcede rm e a publcy
s i i r tons r he e ul
s pe ki
t t n he i
pa t nt nd
il
a
boutt polc de rme ' polcist r Bl km e be soft comm uniy.
he ie pa t nts i e owa ds ac
m r
he
t
l lt 201 l a m e abe n r po tng t tt Ciy had apolc ofunl wf l
n a e 3, oc l di ga e ri ha he t
iy
a uly
soppi s a chi a de ani m e r oft c
t ng, e r ng, nd t i ng mbe s he omm uniy bas d ont rr ce.Pl ntf , t
t
e
hei a
ai if wih
hi i ntt di gui e a ar d on one oft ne sbr
s de iy s s d, ppe e
he w oadc t c i m i t e s e e oft
as s onfr ng he xi t nc
he
polcy. A ccor ng t Pl ntf scom pl nthe had been i em aly com pl ni aboutt polcy
i
di o ai i f'
ai
nt
l
ai ng
he i
s nc isi e i Pl ntf m ai t nst ta a r s tofhi i e a c pl i s he bec m e t
i e t nc pton. ai if n ai ha s e ul
s nt m l om a nt
a he
l a n i fpr ous y vol a iy di m i s a 1ot rcl m s.
pl i tf evi l
unt rl s s ed l he ai
s b e to fioo sd s i i r a to sa dta h a d oh rBlc o fc r wh o j ce t te
u j c f rv lu icpl y cin n h t e n t e a k fies o be td o h
na
polci we epunihe f no be ng te pl ye s' Shorl a rt sor br kei t m e a, a
i es r
s d or t i d am a r .
t
'
ty he he t y o n he di
ci lrght l ui wasfld i t sditit Samps v
vi i s aws t
ie n hi src ,
on .
Ci o imiGa d n , s No.1 t fM a
y
r e s Ca e
3
2431 by me be soft c
2,
m r he omm uniy who a s redt tt y ha bee t g edbyt polc
t
s e t ha he d n ar et
he ie
de rme ' il ga polc Pl i ifwass
pa t nts le l iy. antf
ubpoe d f ade ii i t Samps ca e a ,
nae or poston n he
on s nd
s rl a trgi ngt si ony c nobo ai t Samps pl n if sc a ms Pli ifwas
ho ty fe vi e tm
o
r tng he
on aitf ' l i , antf
tr i t d. Thi s t a lgi cli sofr i dic i nai n, e ala i n,a wr ul
e m na e
s ui, le ng am
acal s rmi to r t ito nd ongf
t r i ton,f l
e m na i olowed.Pl i ifs e ntydim is d manyoft c am s i l ng t r cil
antf ubs que l s s e
he l i , nc udi he a a
d srmiain cams la igo l t ertlai ncamsu d rj 1 81a d 1 3, teV1, n
ici n to li ,e vn ny h eaito li n e j 9 n 98 Ti l a d
l
t FCR A.
he
Th Ciyman ansta i i e t ldt s
e t i ti h t t s ni e o ummayj d me to t rman n rtl to
t
r u g n n he e ii g eai in
a
c am sbe us Pli if sa tonswhih 1d t t alege rt iton a enotpr t ce a tviy
li
ca e antf c i
c e o he l d eala i r
o e td c i t
unde t saut s Pl i ifc
r he tt e , antf anno esa ih a c us lco c i bew e n a pr t c e aci t
t tbls a a nne ton t e ny o e t d tviy
and a a r ee pl ym e taci ns a Pl i ifc nno de o taet tt Ciy' r as f
ny dve s m o n to , nd antf n t m nsx t ha he t s e ons or
ise o e a tonsar pr t xt l Bec us t a i a e1w2doesnotpr t tm a y of
t mpl ym nt ci
e e e ua . a e he pplc bl a
o ec n
Pli ifsa lgedl pr t t aci te a be us Pli tf hasno de onsr t d t t Ciy'
antf le y o eced tvii s nd ca e a n if
t m ta e hat he t s
p o frdr a o f risa to saep ee t s mma yj g n i g a t da t Plitf s
r fee e s ns o t cin r rtx , u r ud me t s r ne s o an if
r mai ng r t la i cli s
e ni e a iton am .
z antf c et s unde jj 1 1a 1 3,Til V1,a t FCRA.Thus t s
pli if hos o ue
r 98 nd 98 te l nd he
,hi
a ton i lm ie by t pr e tons of e e by t e sa ut s The sa ut do notpr ec a i t
ci s i t d
he ot c i
frd
hos t t e .
t t es
ot t ga ns
ge r ly w r ulors t f a i ; he pr ec onl a i tt e a tonss cii aly s t
ne a l ongf
pie ul ctons t y ot t y ga ns hos c i
pe fc l e
f t i t saut .Cr e v. i eGe ge'Count Mar and,890F. 683,687(t Ci.
orh n he tt es owly Prnc or s
y
yl
3d
4h r
1 .
989)
1
.
UNDI
SPUTED M ATERI FACTS3
AL
l Oc obe 2007, heCiyhie Pli if who i Afi n- e i a , t s r a a Ser a
n t r
t
t r d a ntf,
s rca Am rc n o e ve s
ge nt
i isne y f m e polc de rment i t t t Pli tf ha s ve m or t n 21y r i
n t wl or d ie pa t
.Pror o ha , a n if d er d
e ha
ea s n
t CiyofPhia phi Polc De men , whe ehe r tr d a a Se g nt W he t Ciy'
he t
ldel a ie pm
t
r
e ie s
r ea .
n he t s
polc d rmentbec m eope a i i De ember2007,Pl i ifs r e a aSe gea
ie epa t
a
r tonal n c
antf e v d s
r nt
ove s ei agr ofr d pa r ofk e sa pe f m e a i sr tve a o a i dutes
r e ng oup oa tol t r nd ror d dm nitai nd per tonal i .
TheCiy' Polcne Polc e and Pl i ipsRts
t s ii
ii s
a ntf
pons
e
Begi ngi 2008, Pl ntf ma nti t tt Ciy' polceofk e swt et d t tt y
nni n
4 ai if i a ns ha he t s i t r r ol ha he
woul beevauae bas d on t ra
d
l td e
hei mountof( e fi ta e 'a tviy, ch i ude ha ng
t l-niit d' ci t whi ncl d vi
s
fed i t r e wiho t r r d r s bl s pi i orpr bl ca e. ( 5320a 2.
l l n e viws t ut he equie ea ona e us con
oba e us DE- - t )
Thus ofkeswoul bee uae ba e ont nu rofsopst ymade(heQuot Polc .
, f r
d val td s d he mbe t he
t
a iy)
( 5 - 0a 2. Plitf s o o t g is t sp a tc a as p r s r' ei .( 5 - 0a
DE- 3 2 t ) an if p ke u a an thi r cie t u evio s me tng DE- 32 t
2. Bewe n2008and201 Plitf c i t s a outa t sprctc andalge t t
) t e
2, anif ontnued o pe k
bout hi a ie
le s ha ,
a ars l, ewa s be t ofio o sd s iln .( 5 - 0a 2) I 2 2 Pli tf alg st a
s e ut h s u j c t rv l u icpi e DE- 3 2 t . n 01 , anif le e h t
ofie sweei tuce t sopBl kmal bewee t a sof1 a 30wihi t Ciy.(
fc r r nsr td o t ac
es t n he ge
5 nd
t n he t DE53- at2. Pl ntf sc
20 ) ai if ommandi ofie t dhi t Pl ntf sc la f tt tPl ntf
ng fc r ol m hat ai if ole gues el ha ai if
wa n taSe m pa e 'b c u eh o p s dt sr ca p o iga t eQu t Poiy ( 5 s o l a ly r e a s e p o e hi a il r sln nd h o a lc . DE- 32
t
'
3 r or ct tonsa ei l
No ec d iai
r ncudedwhe ePl i ifa t Ciy a e on t f c s
r antf nd he t gr e he a t .
4 fct i t spaa a r gadi t Ciy' QuoaPolc a polci t tc we e
The a s n hi rgrph e r ng he t s t iy nd i ng acis r
teu eligb sso teS mps ns i.Afe teg a tn of ril u r j g n bu
h nd ryn a i f h a o ut tr h r ni g pata s mmay ud me t t
be or til t Samps c es tl Thus ma oft f c sr mai diput d.Howe r
f e ra , he
on as e ted.
, ny he a t e n s e
ve ,
Pl i ifm ai ai t thi a tons i r a i t t Ciy' polc ng polc esar i e a t
a ntf
nt ns ha s c i n el ton o he t s i i
i i e nt gr l o
unde sa ng t Ciy' aci nst war Pl ntf. Cons nty,t f t a ei ude he e
rt ndi he t s to o ds ai if
eque l he ac s r ncl d r .
The r i l i her doe noti ca e t tt Cour ha m a a fndi a t t i ver c t .
i nc uson e s
ndi t ha he
t s de ny i ng s o he r a iy
a !1 . Plitf c n iu dt tkeasa a ans te ep lcngtcisa d a ar s l,h
t 3) an if o tn e o a
tnd g i t h s o ii a tc n , s e u tte
dicplneco i
s i i ntnued.( 53- a 2.
DE- 20 t )
l m i 201 Pl ntf and ot rm i iy ofi e sf edt i
n d- 3, ai if
he nort fc r oe
he l er d Bl c Polc
conc ne a k i e
Of t' As o ito ' ( 5 - a ! 3) OnM a 2 , 01 , anifa do h rBlc o fc r
t rs s cain. DE- 32 t 2 .
k
'
y 8 2 3 Plitf n t e a k fies
me wihAsitn Ci M a a e Nes nt d sus teCi sQu t Poiy p lcngtcis
t t ssa t t n g r lo o ic s h t
y
y' o a lc , oii a tc
ame a t Bl k c
i d t he ac omm uniy, te t ntofBlck polc of e swihi t polce
t and r a me
a
i e fc r t n he i
d pa t n .( 5 - a ! 4. l Oco e 2 3 P an ifa pe rdo tlv so n wsso is
e rme t DE- 3 2 t 2 ) n tb r 01 , litf p ae n ee iin e tre
abo t Ciy' polc ofunlwf sopsa s ache ba e s eyont peron' rce.(
ut he t s iy
a ul t nd e r s s d oll
he s s a DE-
5 - a ! 9. OnNov mb r27 2 3 t eCiy spoii tcisb c metes be t facv l
32 t 2 )
e e , 01 ,h t ' l ng a t e a h u j c o ii
c
c
rg slws t t Samps ca e On M a 29, 4, ai ifwass
i ht a ui, he
on s .
y 201 Pl ntf
ubpoe d t t tf a a
nae o esiy t
de ii i t Samps n c s ( 53- a ! ) OnJ 1 201 Pl ntf wa de e a
poston n he
o a e. DE- 2 t 39.
une 2, 4, ai if s pos d nd
g v tsi n a v ret t eCi .( 5 - a : 9) F u d y ltr Plitf wa tr n td.
a e e t y d es o h t DE- 32 t 3 . o r a s ae, an if s emiae
mo
y
TheCiy' Di cplnary Polcesand Pl ntf Dici i
t s si i
ii
ai ips s plnaryand Couns i H it v
elne s or
TheCiyha a esa ihedEmpl eDiput Re ol in Pr dur ( 45- ) Under
t s n tbls
oye s e s uto oce e. DE- 4.
tep iy t Ci M a a e i tefn l r i ra dd cso ma e .(d) Th p lc u e
h ol ,he t n g r s h ia a bt n e iin k r 1 . e o iy s s
c
y
e
pr r s i dicplne be nni w ih awrte r prmand f afr tof e e,e caa i t a
og e sve s i i , gi ng t
it n e i
or is f ns s ltng o
pos i es pe i f a s co ofe e,a e ng wih t pos i lt oft r nai f ra
sbl us nson or e nd f ns nd ndi
t he sbiiy e mi ton o
t r ofe e.( 45- )TheCiy' polc de rme ma ha e n f l d amor
hid fns DE- 5.
t s ie pa t nt y ve ve olowe
e
srnge polc (7E-3- 4a 24:0- 8.
ti nt iy. 1 5 3 t 1 25: )TheCiyas hasapolc agans unlwf sxua
t lo
iy i t a ul e l
haa s nta dic i nai ( 456. Thepolc prhi t s xua haasme a
rsme nd s rmi ton.DE- - )
iy o bis e l r s nt nd
r t itonag ns a emplye whor t unlwf harsme .(d.
ealai ai t n
o e
epors a ul a s nt 1 )
4
Pli t sEa l Dicplnea Co ns ln
anW
r s i i nd u eig
y
Afe ls t a ay a o tej b Pli ifss p r io , p an AlrdLe r , e lp d
tr e s h n e r n h o , antf u e vs r Ca ti fe we s d veo e
c n en a o t ( ) h a c rc o P an ifsa miitaiep p r r , 2 tetmeit o
o c r s b u : 1 t e c u a y f litf d n srtv a e wo k ( ) h i t o k
Plitf t c mplt ts s a d( )Plitf sa iiyt ma g h sa miitaietmea d
an if o o ee a k , n 3 an if b l o na e i d n srtv i n
t
r s i ltes Asar ul,on J y 26,
e ponsbiii .
es t
ul
2008,Ca an Le r pl c d Pl i ifon a28- y
pt i we s a e antf
da
admi sr tvepe f ma epln.I Odobt a N o
nitai
ror nc a n
r nd vembe 2008, Pl i iff ied t co plt l
r
antf al o m e ey
pe f m hi a nita i d i s Cons que l on Nove r23, 2008 Pl ntf r e ve a
ror s dmi sr tvt ute .
e nty,
mbe
, ai if e ei d
Dicplna y Adi n Re t r Ca an Le r . The Dici i r Acton Re tno e t t
si i r
o
por fom pt i we s
s plna y i
por t d ha
Pli ifha ale dy r ce ve c c ng,me orng, nd c
antf d r a e i d oa hi
nt i a ouns lng s sonson how t c
ei es i
o ompl t
ee
hi a nita i t s butwa silf ii
s dmi sr tve a ks
s tl alng.Asar s t Pli ifr c i d a one da s pe i .
e ul, a ntf e e ve
- y us nson
Les t n t e mont ltr o Fe ta y 8, 09, antf r c ved aDicplna y
s ha hr e
hs ae , n brl r 20 Pl i if e ei
si i r
Ac i Re ta hef ie t pr ry r vi a a r s wa r ntwrte by a ofi e unde hi
ton por her a ld o ope l e ew n re t ra
itn
n tc r
r s
c
omm a I t Dici i r Acton Repor,Pl ntf waswa ne t tpr e svedi cplne
nd. n he s plna y i
t ai if
r d ha ogr s i
si i
wo d f l i sm ia i i nt occ r d.Pl ntf c e t the r c ved t sDicplnay
ul olow f i l r ncde s ure
ai if ontnds ha
e ei hi s i i r
Ac i Re tbe us t pe s a r se wa r l t t t Ciy' M a ,notbec us of
ton por ca e he r on r e t d s e aed o he t s yor
a e
Pli ifsr c orag
antf a e
e.
Two we lt r on Fe ua y 22,2009,Pli tf wa a us d ofusng e es i f ce
eks a e ,
br r
a n if s cc e
i xc sve or
whiema ng a a r t Afe a it r a f isi si ton, healega i a i tPli if
l ki n res. tr n n e nal fa r nve tgai t l tons ga ns antf
we eno s t i
r t usaned.Thr e a ahal mont l t ,onJ 1 2009,Pl ntf r ceve aRe or
e nd
f
hs aer
une 0,
ai if e i d
c d
ofCouns lng,whi h i nott s m e asa D i c plna y A c i Re t a t rhe f ie on f
ei
c s
he a
s i i r ton por, f e
a l d, our
separ e occasi t appeérf a de ii i a crm i case.
at
ons, o
or pos ton n
i nal
Pli ifsCo tnuig Co ns ln a Dicpl
ant ' n i n u elg nd s i i
f
ne
W hiet r cor i ca e t tPl i ifha no dici i r p oblm sf t ne t
l he e d ndi t s ha antf d
s plna y r e or he xt wo
ye r ,i 2011, ai ifha t Rec dsofCo elng a a Di cpla Aci Rv t On
as n
Pl ntf d wo
or
uns i nd
s i imy ton por.
M a 26, 1,Pl i ifr ceve aRt or ofCouns i a t hewasde e m i d t bea f ul
y 201 antf e i d
c d
elng fer
t r ne o
ta t
f amot ve cl ac i whieope a i aCiy par c r
or
or hi e cdent l
r tng
t tol a .On Se e r6,2011 Pli if
pt mbe
, a ntf
r c i d a s c Rec d ofCouns lng be us hef ie t no iyt c n ofco m a i a
e e ve e ond
or
ei
ca e a ld o tf he hai
m nd n
tm ey ma trofamot rvehi ec a h i vi one ofhi s di t ofk e sa f ld t
i l te
o
cl r s nvol ng
s ubor nae t r nd aie o
en e i or ton a
t r nf mai boutt c a h i o t polc depm m e t sDa l Bule i
he r s nt he i e
n ' iy ltn.
On Sep e be 1 2011, ai ifr c i d aDici i r Adi Re tf f ii t
t m r 9,
Pl ntf e e ve
s plna y
on por or alng o
notf t c n ofc
iy he hai
omm a i atm el m a ra tda a t aprs rta por va heha
nd n i y nne bou m ge o
ione r ns t n
d
be n s
e umm one t t kepit esofby as di t ofk e . W hiePl ntf ve baly notfe hi
do a
cur
ubor nae t r
l ai if r l ii d s
Chan ofComm a hene rentr t i i nti o t Da l Bule i Asa r ul her c ve
i
nd,
ve e ed he ncde nt he iy ltn.
es t e ei d
awrte rp i n ( 45 1 . Plitf manan t a hei tu tdt es b r i t ofc rt
i n e rma d. DE- - 6) an if it is h t nsr ce h u o dnae fie o
t
rp r t eicd n t h rdie ts p r io .( 5 - 2)
e o th n ie t o e rc u e vs r DE- 3 6 .
Pli W ' Dicpln i Hi Fi a Ei e nM o h '
ant s s i ie n s n l ghte nt s
W hiet r wa no c
l he e s
ouns lngorDici i r Ac i Re t i 201 on J nua y 29,
ei
s plna y ton pors n 2, a r
2013,Pl i ifr c ve a he Dici i yAc i Re twhi h r omm e
antf e ei d not r s plnar ton por
c ec
nded atn- y
e da
s pe i ba e ont naur oft ofe ea Pl ntf' pro dicplnar hit y.( 45us nson s d he t e he fns nd ai ifs ir s i i y sor DE18. Thi Dici i r ActonRe taos fom a i de t toc uredonSe e r24,
) s s plnay i por r e r n nci nt ha c r
ptmbe
201 whe Pl i ifw e t t polc de rm ents Com m uni tons Ce er A c or ng t t
2, n a ntf nt o he i e pa t
'
ca i
nt . c di o he
s ' s m a i oft i de sl a ng t t c pl i s a i tPl i i fcom e
' he um res he nci nt e di o he om a nt ga ns a ntf
T
prm a iy f om t a c i s oft i s i ton i e v e s w hi h Pl i i fs it d, fom t
i rl r r ns rpt
he nve tga i nt r i w , c a nt f ubm te not r he
s m a i s pr pa ed b t i s i t s
um r e e r y he nve tga or .
i v siainrpo t rp r db M ao Le r, an ifwe t ot Co nc to Ce trt
n etg to e r p e ae y j r wes Plitf n t he mmu iains ne o
obt i i onna i f om a he 1 w enf c m e a nc butr m a ne i t Com m uni a i
a n nf
ton r
not r a
or e nt ge y
e i d n he
c tons
Ce e f apr o dpei oftmea trobti ngt i onnain.( 45- 7. Durngt s
ntr or olnge rod i fe ani he nf to DE- l ) i hi
tme,Teec
i
l omm uni t Alxi Sos sa e t ts no l rwihe t wa c t s
caor e a a t t d ha he onge s d o t h he how t twa
ha s
on t t l son and a ked Telco muni a i Supe viorSher l W as ngt t c nget
he eevii
s
e m
c tons
r s
el
hi on o ha
he
t e son sai ( 53- a 8. Att tpoit Pl ntf g up,wake ove t wher t
elvii tton. DE- 4 t ) ha n, ai if ot
l d ro
e he
t e son r m ot c r swe el a e pike up bot r mot s a wa ke ba t whe ehe
elvii e e ontol r oc t d, c d
h e e , nd l d ck o
r
ha be n s td.(d.a 8- ) Supe vs W as ngt wake t r Pli ift r ove t
d e eae 1 t 9.
r ior hi on l d owad antf o ec r he
rmots (J.a 9. Pli ift n soo up, ppedhi pa s a plc bot r e t oug
e e . f t ) antf he t d unzi
s nt, nd a ed h emots hr h
t zppe ope ngi ot c oc aeaofhi pa s t#.a 9,1 47- ) Supe viorW as ngon
he i r ni nt he r th r
s nt. f t 9, 48.
rs
hi t
de nded t tPli ifr m ovet r mot c r sa l a t Com muni a i Ce erors
ma
ha antf e
he e e ontol nd e ve he
c tons nt
he
woul calPli ifss r s ,Ca anM a tne (d a 9. frtPli ifi e t s
d l antf upevior pti ri z.1 t )At is antf gnord hi
r ues butafe af mi eshermove t r esandr t
eq t
tr ew nut
e
d he emot
eumedt m.(d.a 9,4849.
he 1 t - )
W hie Co m uni a orSos di nots e Pl i ifputt r m ot i hi pa s s di s e hi
l m
ct
a d
e a ntf
he e es n s nt , he d e m
waki w ih hi ha i fo ofhi t g lkehe S s t ngt r and hewastyng t
l ng t s nds n r nt
s hi hs i
t ome hi he e
put
ri o
k e iu ' (d. t . S o t a tr Ca ti Ma t e a ve , a n b e c le b S s a
e p t p. 1 a 36) h rl fe , p an ri z ni d h vig e n ald y o a t
'
y
n
W as ngon' rque t (d a 2,36- )Lae,a Pli ifbega waki outoft
hi t s e s. 1 t
37. tr s antf
n l ng
he
Comm unia i Cen e a he Telco muni a orno i e a l y sa e t t r m '
c tons t r not r e m
ct
tc d nd oudl t t d o he oo s
oc upa st tPli ifspa sweesilunzppe (J.a 3,1 27,39,50. Att ttme
c nt ha antf nt r tl i d. f t 3,
)
ha i
Pl i if s ba k wa t Ca ai M ari z butCa ai M a tne no i e t tPl i if s ha we e
a ntf
c
s o pt n
tne
pt n r i z t c d ha a ntf ' nds r
i f ontofhi pan s i t z ppe a e a w he he t d a ound t f ce Ca a n M a tnez hi
n r
s t n he i r r a nd
n
unw r
o a
pt i
ri
s
zi wasup.(J.at3,27. Durngt i tgain,Mas cl medt thi zi rwa
pper
f
) i he nvesi to
on ai ha s ppe s
7
br n a t theha putt r
oke nd ha
d
he emot i hi poc t . (#. t 66. Mas chalnge t
es n s ke s f a 61, )
on le d he
s penson buti wasuphed.
us i
t
l
On M a c 12,201 Pl i ifwa is d as c Die plna y Ac i Repor f f lng
rh
3, antf s s ue e ond s i i r ton
t or aii
t notf t c
o iy he omm a sa ft tan ofke unde Pli tf sc
nd tf ha
t r
r a n if omm a ha fat d f tr son
nd d ltene our ie
a Ciy-s ue vehi e.TheRe tr c me
t is d
cl
por e om nded aone da s pe i bas on t f d t t
- y us nson ed he a ha
t e be or Pl i ifha f ld t no iyhi c i ofc ma a
wie f e antf d aie o tf s han om nd boutve cl da e. ( 45hi e mag DE-
l )Pli ifrs
9. antf e ponde t t Re ti wrtng,sai t thedi notknow t ttr da ge
d o he por n ii ttng ha
d
ha ie ma
ha t b rpo tdu t ec ano c mma d.( 5 -2.
d o e e re p h h i f o n DE- 36 )
On Aprl29,
i
2013Co muni a o Sos wa a ke t s nd a e a l oPl i if Sosa
m
c t r a s s d o e n m i t antf .
i i a e t he s viort ts wa t
nd c t d o r uper s ha he s mcomf tbl communi a i wih Pl ntf ba ed on
ora e
c tng t ai if s
e nt t thad oc ured on Aprl1 201 Sos ' s r s r poredt Aprl1 , 201 e n s
ve s ha
c r
i 8, 3. a s upe vior e t he i 8
3 ve t
t ought c i ofc
hr
he han
omm a r s tng i a it r li si a i . Thei si to s
nd e uli n n n e na nve tg ton
nve tgai n howe
d
t t o Aprl1 201 Pli ifm a a c
ha , n
i 8, 3, antf de omm e tt Sos a tapi t es had pose on
n o a bou
cur he
td
Fa e
c book,i whih s waswe rng as m s t
n c he
ai
wi ui.Specfc ly, ai ifs i , ç -e w ast tyou
ii al Pl ntf a d t l y
l
ha
i t pit e...heFa e kpit e t o s wi t tt?'( 45- 1. Pli ift n
n he cur t c boo cur ,he ne ho ng he is ' DE- 2 ) antf he
m a e a htrc
d not omm e whiesa i a Sos sc s :ç yea 1s et y a em uc bi rnow
nt l trng t a' he t f
oh h, e he r
h gge
.
Iea s et difr e. 1 4 Sos aloc anedt tPli ifhads i unc o tbl
n e he feenc ' d. a s ompli ha antf
'(
ad omf ra e
t ngst he i t pas,i udi calng he Ssupi ' nd t li he t tS fs di d i t a
hi o r n he t ncl ng li
r lt d'a e lng r ha l he ve n o
i
lkeoroe ns woul kila1t fs ' (#. Twoot rwinesesheadt fs c
a
ea he
d l l he ih. f )
'
he t s
r he ih omme .
nt
Sos i eprt t tc
a nt eed ha omme t mea t ts si a i no g
nt o n ha he tnks nd s ood.(#. Asar s toft
f)
eul he
c mme t, o asae t ts ewa u c mfra l ao n Plitf whihwa af ci h r o
o n s S s ttd ha h s n o o tb e r u d anif c s fe t e j b.
ng
(J. Noneoft wine s pr e he r Pl ntf c
f)
he t ses esnt ad ai ifs omme sa Sos sbr ass Howe r
nt bout a' e t.
ve,
w ines e he r s ppe s oft co r a i i l ng Pl ntf s yi t t s o Fac book' and
t s s a d ni t
he nve s ton nc udi
ai i f a ng d ' n
i
e
'
Sos syi S nksf c li meout' (d.a 79,87. Oneoft wine s sdi nothe rt e
a a ng l
Tha or alng
. 1 t
'
)
he t s e d
a hes
c
omm e t butr a ld ot rtme whe ot rf eofi r woul l atPl ntf a r l
ns
ec le he i s
n he emal fce s
d ook
ai if nd ol
t i e orputt i he dsdown a i ups tordi g t be a e ofs er r Pl ntf ma
her yes
he r a
sf e
s used c us
om ema k ai if de
t tco dbeconsr da sxua i naur ort fcoor' (#.a 88- ) Pl ntf de e ma ng
ha ul
tue s e l n t e i - l .' f t 89. ai if nid ki
of
t s c
he e omm e sa
nt boutSos sbr ssand di notr a lm a ng t fs c me .Durng t
a' ea t
d
ec l ki he ih om nt
i he
c s oft i tga i r ga di Pl i ifsc
our e he nvesi ton e r ng antf omm e st Sos Sos r ve l d t t
nt o a, a e a e ha
a p o maeynn mo t e rirs ha tke apitr o P an ifse pngo t ej b Th t
p r xi tl ie nhs a l he d a n cu e f litf le i n h o . a
e
l t t Ciy ope ng as pa a ei si ton i o whet rPl i ifhadbee se pi on t
ed o he t
ni
e r t nve tga i nt
he antf
n l e ng he
'
J .
ob
A s a r ul oft t o i tga i beg i 201 Pl ntf r c ved t o Di ci i r
es t he w nves i tons un n
3, ai i f e ei
w
s plna y
AcinRe rso Oco e 4 201 , n frse pngo t ej ba do efrce tn as x al
to po t n t b r , 3 o e o le i n h o n n o raig e u ly
hos ie wor e r e . The Ciy' polc i t ti c
tl
k nvionm nt
t s i y s ha t anno s t i a ha as m e c pl i i a
t us a n
r s nt om a nt n
hes d/hesi st tonwihou c r ai wine s .( 19a 51: 1 ) Acc di t t
ai s ad iuai t t orobortng t ses DE- t 9- 9.
or ng o he
Dic plnar Repor,whieSos sc pl ntcoul notbe c r a e t ewa s sc e
si i y
t l
a' om ai
d
orobor t d, her s uf i nt
evi nc t s ppor a fndi t tPl ntf ha c e e a ha as i e r
de e o u
t i ng ha ai if d r atd
r sng nvionmen by maki s xua
t
ng e l
co
mmens ( 45-4. ar ul oft fndi i t t DicplnayAci Repors
t. DE- 2 )As es t he i ngs n he wo s i i r ton
t,
Pl n ifwasr co mende f ademoton.
aitf
e m
d or
i
Si da a t r c vi t t o D i c plna y A c i Re t , a ntf s
x ys fer e ei ng he w
si i r
ton por s Pl i if ubm it a
ted
ç t pons t D i ci i y Ac i n R e t ,' hi h i l d a D VD vi o of Sos pa tci tng i
s es
l
e o s plnm' t o
pors ' w c nc ude
de
a r i pa i n
a a tfl t tha be n c ea e be or he e pl ym e w ih t Ciy.O n O c o 1 201
n dul im ha d e r t d f e r m o nt t he t
t ber 5, 3,
Sos s it d a co pl ntt he s r s a t rs l r d t tPl ntf ha dipl ye t
a ubm te
m ai o r upe vi or f e he ea ne ha ai if d s a d he
9
a tvi o t ot rof er . Sos ' c
dul de o he fc s
a s ompl i sa e t ts f a ed f he s f t . The Ciy
ant t t d ha he e r or r a e y
t
c
omm e d a i tga i Thei tga i r ve edt tPl i ifhad s
nce n nvesi ton.
nvesi ton e al ha antf
hown t vi o t a
he de o
s di eofi e on Oc o r9 or1 201 Pli ifalege t thes
ubor nat fc r
t be
0, 3. antf l s ha
howe t vi t t
d he deo o he
s di e i or rt c im Sos si ntt Howe r t r i no diput t tPl i if
ubor nat n de o onfr
a' de iy.
ve , he e s
s e ha antf
pe s ly kne Sos Thei tga i f
r ona l
w
a.
nvesi ton ound t Pl ntf ha dis m i t d t vi t
hat ai if d s e na e he deo o
r t lae a i tSos f he prorc
e ai t gans
a or r i ompl i sa
ant boutPl ntf a t tPl i ifhadcr a e a
ai if nd ha antf
e td
hosiea haasi wor e r ntfrSos ( 45- )Asar ul,onM ac 5,201
tl nd r sng k nvionme o a. DE- 31.
es t
rh
4,
t Ciy is d aDicplna yAc i Re t o Pli ifwhi r eo e d t nni to a
he t s ue
s i i r ton por t antf
eh e mm nde e nai n nd
P an ifwa plc do a miitaiela e ( 4 - 5)
litf s a e n d n srtv e v . DE- 5 3 .
Durng t i tga i a ii f o t di s m i ton oft vi o,Pl ntf c le ed
i he nvesi ton rsng r m he s e na i
he de ai if ha lng
t Odobe 4, 3Dici i r Adi Re tr co mendi de o i
he
r 201 s plna y
on por e m
ng m ton.On J
anua y 28,201
r
4,
Plitf s b te c re p n e c t t eCi sai gt a h h dbe n s be tdt as re o
an if u mi d o rs o d n e o h t ttn h t e a e u j ce o e is f
t
y
fi ouswrt - be aus heha t ke a sa e a i tt Ciy' alege y unl wf polc t
rvol
ie ups c e
d a n t nc gans he t s l dl
a ul i y o
vi aet consiutonalrght oft publcbyi tai sopst f fl de t quots (
olt he tt i
i s he i niitng t o ulil parment a . DE-
4528. Plitf aloalge i t sae ntt theha s frddipart teame ont
- ) anif s le d n he ttme ha
d ufee s ae r t nt he
bassofrce (d. Alodurngt ttmepei t Ciyrceve alterfom t Equal
i a . I ) s i ha i
rod,he t e i d et r he
Empl me OpporuniyCommison(
oy nt
t t
si EEOC) r si i or tonr ai t t c r of
, equetng nf mai eltng o he ha ge
dici nai Pl ntf flda i tt Ciyi De e r2013.( 53- 1. Thelte
s rmi ton ai if ie gans he t n c mbe
DE- 2 )
etr
icu e ac p o Plitf c ag whc sae t t ( h v b e s b e t dt a e r c a d
n l d d o y f anifs h r e ih tts ha:û a e e n u jce o g , a e n
I
rt iton.lha be nr omme df de ton i rtlai frsai (ilu a i tt
ealai
ve e ec
nde or moi n eaiton o ttng sc p gans he
a nitai s ror whoweeor rngofi e st vi at blc ctz 'cvi rg s' (d)
dmi srton/upei s
r dei tc r o ol e a k iiens i l iht. 1
'
On J nua y 30,20 1 t Ciy de ded t uphol Pl i ifs de oton. A n a a hea i
a r
4, he t ci
o
d a ntf
m i
ppe l rng
1
0
r l tng t t de o i w ashel on Fe ua y 21 201 Folow i t he r ng, Fe ua y 24,
e a i o he m ton
d
br r , 4. l ng he a i on br r
201 Ciy M a ge Be o de i t uphol t de oto r c me ton ba e on
4, t
na r ns n cded o
d he m in e om ndai
sd
Pli ifspatdicplnar hit yandt svert oft ofe e ( 45- ) Thee r on
antf s si i y sor
he e iy he fns . DE- 32. rahe ,
J 1 201 Pl i ifwa a s d by Ciy M a rBe o t tPli ifwasbei t r i t d
une 6, 4, antf s dvie
t
nge ns n ha antf
ng e m na e
efe tvet tda ba edon hi dicplna y hit y a t r co me ton i t M a c 5,201
f c i ha y s
s s i i r sor nd he e m nda i n he r h
4
Dicplna yAc i Re t ea i t t dis m i ton oft Sos vi o.
s i i r ton por r ltng o he s e na i
he a de
Pl ntf La s t
ai ips w ui
Fourmont afe bei tnni t d,Pl n iffl s ton Ocobe 22,201 Pl ntf s
hs tr ng e na e aitf ied ui
t r
4. ai if
orgi lcompl ntalege aca eofa tonunde j 1 andac eofa tonunde Fl i s
i na
ai l d us ci
r 983
aus ci
r orda'
W hite owersAc . Pl ntf s e nty a nde t c
slbl
' t ai if ubs que l me d he ompl i t i l c am sf
ant o ncude l i or
rtlai unde jj1 a 1983,Til VI,heFCRA, t Fl i PublcW hite owe
eaiton
r 981 nd
te I t
and he orda i
slbl r
Ac;cai f rcildici nai unde jj1981a 1 a t FCRA;a acai f
t l ms or a a s rmi ton
r
nd 983 nd he
nd l m or
wr ngf t r na i unde Fl i l
o ul e mi ton
r orda aw.By hi Fourh Ame
s
t
nded Compli ,Pl ntf ha
ant ai if d
dimisdalcli e e artlai cam unde jj 1 1a 1 a art i i cai
s se l ams xc pt eaiton li
r 98 nd 983 nd ealaton l m
unde Til VI a t FCRA .
r te I nd he
Acc di t Pli if t Ciyr t la e a ns hi f reghts i ac s
or ng o antf, he t e a it d gai t m o i pecfc t :
1 Fr J nua y 201 t oug Fe u r 201 Pl ntf r pe t dl voied hi c er
. om a r
0 hr h br a y 2, ai if e a e y c
s onc ns
t tt De t
ha he parmentsr c a t r tngpolc vi ae t c vi rght oft ctze oft
' a i l a ge i
iy ol td he i l i s he ii ns he
com m uniy.
t
2. l Feb u r 2012, a ntf c pl i d t Ca ai M a tne abou t r ci lpr i i
n ray
Pl i if om a ne o pt n ri z
t he a a otlng.
3. l M a a J of201 Pl i ifa o he of i r f r e t C o e ned Bl c
n y nd une
3, a ntf nd t r fce s o m d he nc r
ak
Polce O fi e ' A s oc a i a w oul ha m ee i w ih r s de s a bus nes
i
fc r s s i ton nd
d ve
tngs t e i nt nd i s
0W nerS.
On M a 28 201 Pl ntf l ad a m e i oft Conce ne Bl c Polc Of e '
y , 3, ai i f e
etng he
r d a k i e fc r s
11
A s oc a i w he e t di c i i ton t a ds Bl ck c m uniy m e be s t l c of
s i ton
r he s r m na i ow r
a om
t
m r , he a k
Bl c ofi e si t de rm e t a t r t la i f c by Bl c ofi er f notbe ng
a k tc r n he pa t n , nd he e a i ton a ed
a k fc s or
i
t am plye sast t r i pr ii a sop a fik pr ci eswe edic s d wih t
e
a r
o he acal oflng nd t nd rs a tc
r s us e t he
A s it ntCiy M a e .
ssa
t
nag r
5. I Nove be 20l Pli ifappe r o ane br dc twher he c i d t
n
m r 3, a ntf
a ed n
ws oa as
e
onfnne he
unl wf soppi s ar hi a deenton ofm e r oft comm uniy bas on t i
a ul t ng, e c ng, nd t i
mbe s he
t
ed her
race.
6. l De mbe 201 Pl i ifsld a EEOC c r
n ce r 3, antf e n
ha ge.
7. On J nua y 28 201 Pl ntf s a l te w ih a c oft EEO C c r t t
a r , 4, ai if ent e t r t opy he
ha ge o he
Ciy' Hum a Re our esDe rme a t t Ciy M ana r
t s
n s c
pa t nt nd o he t
ge .
8. On J 1 201 Pl i ifga adve s de ii t tm o i t Samps c e
une 2, 4, antf ve
re poston esi ny n he
on as
r r ng t de t ntsr caldic i nai n a pr ii
ega di he parme ' a i s rmi to nd oflng.
( 56a pp.5- )
DE- t
6.
I.
l
SU M M A RY JU D G M EN T STAN D A RD
S mmayj d me i a p o raewh n lh pla ig . . h w t a teei nog n ie
u r u g nt s p r p it e i e e dn s . s o h t h r s e un
t
is ea t a ymaeil a t ndt a t emo i gpa t i e tte t aj d me ta amatro
su s o n tra f c a h t h v n ry s n ild o u g n s te f
l w .'Ander on v L f er.yfo b , n .47 U.. 4 , 4 ( 98 ) HCA He t Se v.o .I c
a '
s . h l b y I c, 7 S 2 2 2 7 1 6 ;
alh r s fGa, n .
v. o r He t I s Co.240F. 98 991( lhCi.2001.Onc t movi pa'
Emplye s alh n . ,
3d 2,
1t r
)
e he
ng ly
t
demonsr t st abs nceofa g nui i s ofm aera f c ,t non- ovi pa t mus ç
ta e he e
e ne s ue
t il a t he
m ng ry
ti
come
f wa d wih Spe fcf c ss
or r t s cii a t howi t tt r i age neis f ti .' M at s t El c
ng ha he e s nui s ue or ral''
su hia e .
I du .Co.v ZenihRadi Cor ,475U. 5 587( 98 ( otngFe R.Ci P.56().The
n s
. t
o p.
S. 74, 1 6) qu i d. v.
e)
Cour m us vi t r co d a a 1f t li e e e t r r i t lghtm os f r et t
t t ew he e r nd 1 acua nf r nc s he efom n he i
t avo abl o he
no m ovi pa t and de i whehe tt evi nc pr s nt a s fcentdiag e m e t
nng ry
c de
t r i he de e e e s ufi i
t
s r e nt o
r q ies b sint aj yo wh t e i i s o e sd dta o epat mus p e al samatr
e ur u miso o ur r eh r t s o n -i e h t n ry t rv i a
te
of1w.' Ale v T onFood ,I ,1 F. 6 6 ( 1hCi.1 ( igAnde s 477
a '' ln . ys
s nc. 21 3d 42, 46 1 t r 997) quotn
r on,
12
U. at25152).
S.
- )
I o p sn amoinf rs mmayj d me t ten n mo i gpa t ma no rl s ll
n p o ig to o u r u g n ,h o - v n ry y t ey oey
on t pladi , mus s
he e ngs but t how by af vis d postons a we st i erogaore ,a
fda t , e ii , ns r o nt r t is nd
a s i t ts cii f t e s de
dmi sons ha pe fc ac s xit monsr tnga ge neis f til Se Fe R. v.P.
tai
nui s ue or ra . e d. Ci
56() () s ealoCeotxCop.v.Catet 477U. 317, (986 .A meeSs i il'of
c, e ; e s l e r
r t,
S. 324 1 )
r çcntla'
e denc s pori t opposngpa t sposton wilnots fc i t a t r m us bea
vi e up tng he
i
ry'
ii
l
ufie; nse d, he e
t
s fce ts o n t a t ej r c u dra o a yfn f rta p ry.And r o , 7 U. a 2 2
ufiin h wi g h t h u y o l e s n bl i d o h t a t
e s n 4 7 S. t 5 ;
s alo Wale v Dar y,911F. 1 1 ( 1h Ci.1 .
ee s
kr . b
2d 573, 577 1 t r 990)
1
11.
DISCU SSIO N
The pa te a e t tt si a ca e ba e on c r um s a i l no diec ,e denc To
r i s gr e ha hi s s s d
ic t nta , t r t vi e.
esa ih aprma f c ec s ofr a iton bas d on cr um sa ilevi e, pli ifmus
t bls
i a i a e etla i
e
ic t nta denc a a ntf
t
s ( )t thee ge i sat orl prtctde e son;( t thes f rdana re
how: l ha nga d n t ut iy oe e xprs i 2) ha ufee
dves
empl nta ton; ( t t r i s meca a rltons pbewee t t e s6
oyme ci and 3) hathe e s o
us l eai hi t n he wo vent.
Hol l v Re o 1 5F.d 1 5 ,1 6 ( 1h Ci.1 9 ) traplitf e tb ih sap i
l6ed . n , 1 3 5 5 5 6 1 t r 9 7 .Afe an if sa ls e rma
f ci ca e t bu de s fst t e oye ( o a tc a es
a e s , he r n hit o he mpl r t ri ult ome lgii ae,nondic i naor
t
e tm t
s rmi t y
r as 'f t e pl r s a tons M c onne lD ou a Cor v.Gr en,411 U . 792,802e on' or he m oye ' c i . D
l
gl s p.
e
S.
03
6 W he j1 i usd a apaallrmed f vi ai ofTil VI,heelment oft
n 983 s e s rle e y or olton
te I t e s he
t c us so a t n aetesme Cr s v Al b ma S aeDe rme o e tl al (
wo a e f ci r h a . o s . a a , t t pa t nt fM na He t f
o
h
Me alRear i 49F. 1 1 ( 1h Ci.1 .l ntc lmehodsofpr ,as
nt t daton, 3d 490, 508 1 t r 995) de ia t
oof
de ci di Mc
s rbe n DonnelDou asCor v Gr n,411U. 7 (973 ,aeus Riha ds v
l gl
p. . ee
S. 92 1 ) r ed. c r on .
fe dsPolc De t nt 71F. 801 805( 1hCi. ) Cons ue l i Pl ntf fist
e
ie parme , 3d , 1 t r 2000 .
eq nty,f ai if al o
esa ihhi Til V1 cai hi j 1 cai as fis Addii l bec us t FCRA i
tbls s te l l m, s 983 l m lo al.
tonaly, a e he
s
pa t r d on Til V l,unde Fl i l ,d i i co tui Til Vl a e a i abl t a
te ne
te 1
r orda aw ec sons ns r ng t e I r pplc e o nd
gui t a ys sofcl i s u rt FC RA . H ar rv. ock t r Ent r ai e Cor , 1 9
de he nal i
a m nde he
pe Bl bus e
e t nm nt p. 3
F.d 1385,1387,1389( 1hCi.1 ) Thus t l lfa wor f t a yssofPl ntf
3
1 t r 998 .
,he ega rme k or he nal i
ai ifs
camsunde jj 1 a 1 Til VI,a t FCRA i t s me.
li
r 981 nd 983, te 1 nd he
s he a
13
( 973) l t empl rofe ss har a on,hebur s fsba t t pl ntf t s t t
1 . f he
oye fr uc e s t
den hit ck o he ai if o how ha
t e oye ' r s waspr t xtf pr bie dic i nai 1 a 8 To a d s ma y
he mpl rs ea on
e e or ohi t d s rmi ton. d. t 04.
voi um r
j d me t ns c c s s aplitf mus i to u esg iia typ o t e d n eta te
u g n i u h a e , an if t nr d c infc n l r bai vie c h th
ve
pr f r d r s f t e pl
ofe e ea on or he m oymenta ton i bot f lea t tdic i nai i t r a r s
c i s h as nd ha s rmi ton s he e l ea on
f rt a to .Br o sv Co nt Co s in o efro Co ny Al a 4 6F.d 1 6 ,
o he ci n o k . u y mmiso flfe s n u t ab ma, 4 3 1 0
1 6 ( 1hCi. 0 6 .Tod t s apanif s ç e n taejs c we k e s s
l3 1t r2 0 )
o hi, litf mu tl mo srt g u h a n s e ,
d
i ausb ltes i onsse es i
mpl i iii , nc itnci , ncohe e i s orc r ditonsi t e pl r spr f r
r nc e , onta c i n he m oye ' ofe ed
l gii a e r as f isac i n t ta r as
e tm t e ons or t to ha e onabl f ti rc d tnd t
e ac tnde oul i hem unw orhy of
t
ce e c . J c s n r S aeo a a S aeT nu eCo s in 4 5F.d 1 6 1 9( 1h
rd n e' a k o . t t fAl b ma t t e r mmiso , 0 3 27 , 28 1 t
'
Ci.2005)
r
.
Th Ci s e s mma yj d me to fv g o n s ()Plitf d dn t ng g i
e t e ks u r u g n n ie r u d : 1 an if i o e a e n
y
pr ece aci t ( Pli ifc
ot td tviy;2) antf annote t ihaca a c ci bewe n a pr tctd
sabls
us l onne ton t e ny oe e
aci te a a a ree oy nta ton;( Pl ntf c l esa ihi -or' austo
tviis nd n dves mpl me ci 3) ai if amot tbls l f 'c ain;
but
( Pl ntf ca esa ihpr txt a ( Pli ifc mo esa iha unc tt i lCiy
4) ai if nnot tbls ee ; nd 5) antf ar t tbls n onsiutona t
polc orc t . Bec us sx oft ei aleg ypr e t aci tesi whi h Pli if
iy usom
a e i
he ght l edl otc ed tvii n
c a ntf
p ro kaen tp oe tda t te un e Til Vl, u r j d me ti g a tda t t o e
a to r o rtce ci is d r te I s mmay u g n s r ne s o h s
vi
aci te . Ast t r m ani t pr e e a i tes be a ePl i ifc
tvii s
o he e i ng wo ot ctd ctvii , c us antf annotesa ih t tt
t bls ha he
Ciy' pr f r lgii a e no dic i i t yr s nsf isa tonsa epr t ,s ma y
t s ofe ed e tm t , n- s rm na or ea o or t c i
r eext um r
j d me t sga tda t to ea t te .
u g n i r ne s o h s ci is
vi
A.
Sum m ary Judgm enti G rant asto those A ctvii t A re N otProt ed
s
ed
i tes hat
ect
U nder Ti e V l
tl I
The Ciy m ai a nst Pl ntf di note ge i any ac i te t Til V I pr ec s
t
nt i hat ai i f d
nga n
tvii s hat te 1 ot t .
14
Th s ii e tte t s mmayj d me t Ti eVI p o e t t tp sofa tvte : 1 o p ig
u ,t s n ild o u r u g n . t I r tcs wo y e
l
ciiis () p osn
a u a u empl
n nlwf l oymen prcieunde t saue or( c r i t tf ng,asitng,o
t a tc
r he ttt; 2) ha gng,esiyi ssi r
pari pai i a manne i a i si to pr e di orhe i unde Til VI.42
tci tng n ny
r n n nve tgai n, oc e ng,
arng
r te I
U. C.j2000e3() TheCiymanti t tPl ntf sco ai saiefom Pli ifs
S.
- a.
t i ans ha ai if mpl nt rs r
antf'
oppostont t aleg Quot Polc andr ilpr ii polc
ii o he l ed
a iy
aca oflng iy.Ac or ngt t Ciy,t e
c di o he t hes
polc e wer note pl entpr ctce be aus t y wer diec ed a t publc, e pl e .
ii s e
m oym
a i s c e he
e r t t he
i not m oye s
He e,opposng t epolcisi notpr e t d a tviy unde Til V1,whi onl pr e s
nc
i hes
ie s
ot c e c i t
r te 1
ch y otct
e oy es nott publc,fo dic i i t y te me . Pli ifcountr t tt Ciy i
mpl e , he
i r m s rm na or r at nt antf
e s ha he t s
viwi hi c
e ng s ompli st narowl a a s rst the ha a lgedei s ii a i tes s t
a nt oo r y nd s e t ha
s le
ght pec fc ctvii , e
outa ve,t tTil V 1 pr t ct .
bo ha te I o e s
Pl i ifc e t tt 1w i c e rt r qurng aBl k e pl yeet dic i i t
antf ont nds ha he a s l a hat e ii
ac m o
o s rm na e
a i to he Bl c i t c
gans t r a ks n he omm uniyc e t sar c al ho tl wor ng e r
t r a e a i ly s ie ki nvionme pr bie
nt ohi t d
byTil VI .Pl ntf ct st a sngl c e i s
te l ai if ie o i e as n uppo toft spr ii M o v Gome ,
r hi oposton, yo .
z 40
F. 982(t Ci.199 .M o howeve,i i ppost frsve a r s .Fis,ovel ki
3d
9h r 4) yo,
r s na ie o e r l ea ons rt roo ng
Q il V1 saes
te I t t :
I s l be a unl w f em pl entpr c i e f a e pl r t ha l n a ul
oym
a tc or n m oye -
( )t f lorr f et hieo t dic g a i vi lorohe wiet dici nae
1 o ai eus o r r o share ny ndi dua, t r s o srmi t
agans a i vi wih r s tt hi c
i t ny ndi dual t e pec o s ompens ton, e m s c tons orprvieg
a i t r , ondii ,
i l es
ofe oyment be us ofs h i vi lsr e c or r lgi s x,ornai lorgi
mpl
, ca e uc ndi dua ' ac , ol , e i on, e
tona i n;
( t lmi,sgr t orcl sf hi e oye sora iant f e oy nti anywa
2) o i t e egae, asiy s mpl e pplc s or mpl me n
y
whih woul de i ort nd t de i a i vi ua ofempl ym e o
c
d prve e o prve ny ndi d l
o nt pporunii or
t tes
ot r s a r el a f c hi sa usasan e oye ,be us ofs h i vi ua' r ce
he wie dve s y fe t s t t
mpl e ca e uc ndi d ls a ,
col ,r i on,s x,o na i
or elgi e r tonalorgi
i n.
42 U. C.j2000e2()
S.
- a.
1
5
t f c t tM o deatwih t s tce y ofpladi t s vi a moton t dimis M o
he a t ha yo l t he ufi inc
e ngs o ur ve
i o s s , yo
sm pl he dt talega inst tt pl i ifwa fr d bec us her f e t ca r ou a
i y l ha l to ha he antf s ie
a e eus d o ry t
dicrm i t r polc s tf t at ausbl t or ' ora r caly bas har s ntcai .1 a
s i na o y iy e orh ' i e he ytf
pl
ai l
ed as me l m d. t
986(is e
frt mphassi orgi ls c empha i a d) He e Pli ifha no ale a
i n i na, e ond
ss dde . r , antf s t lged
ha a s e cl i ore n a hos ie w o k e r entcl i ' ha a l ge r t i ton cl i s
r s m nt a m
ve
tl r nvionm
am ,
he s le d e ala i
am ,
whi r quiet ki pa ti pr e t d a tviy.Thus e n i M o di cea l hol t tr quii
ch e r a ng r n ot c e c i t
, ve f yo d l ry d ha e rng
Bl c e oye st dic i nae a i tot rBl ksi t c
a k mpl e o s rmi t gans he ac n he omm uniy c tt esr i
t onsiut acal
ha as me oft e oye s i woul nots ppor Pli ifsr alaton cai s i Pli ifha
r s nt he mpl e , t
d
u
t a ntf' et i i l m , f a ntf d
notpr vi l c
e ousy ompli ofr c a ha a s e ora hosie wor envion e . I Pl i ifha
aned a i l r s m nt
tl
k
r m nt f antf d
eompl ne t t Ciy t tt r i pr ii a sop and fik polci cr a e ahosie wor
ai d o he t ha he acal oflng nd t
rs
i es e t d
tl
k
e r
nvionmen f hi ,orot rBlc ofi r ,a t n hes f r d r tla i hemi htha a
t or m
he a k fce s nd he
ufe e ea iton,
g
ve
cl i ba e on M o H owe r Pl i i fha notpoi e t a r c d e denc t them a
am s d
yo.
ve , a ntf s
nt d o ny e or vi e ha
de
s hac
uc
ompl ntt t Ciy.
ai o he t 8Cons que l M o i nota iabl t t f t i t sc s
e nty, yo s
pplc e o he acs n hi a e.
M or over t eeo he cic tc t t tha l
e , hr t r r ui ours ha ve ooked a t sis a t s ma y
t hi s ue t he um r
j d me tsa eh v fu ta c mpli n a o t a il ici nain drce b t ee o e
u g n tg a e o nd h t o anig b u r ca ds rmi to ie td y h mply r
t r non-m pl esi notapr e t a tviy underTil Vl be a e s h dic i i to i
owa ds
e oye s
ot ced c i t
te l c us uc s rm na i n s
no a e o me t a tc .I Bo nv Ci o
t n mply n prcie n n . t foma a 6 3F.d 5 7( t Ci. 01 ) teEihh
y
h , 2 3 8 8h r 2 0 ,h g t
Cic the dt tTil VI pr hi t r t la i onl whe i i motva e by a empl yee'
r ui l ha te 1 o bis e ai ton y
n t s i td
n
o s
opposton t dicrm i t y e pl e pr ctce ,notwhe a em pl ee oppos a polc
ii o s i na or m oym nt a i s
n n
oy
es
ie
de r m e ' polc ng pr c i es m ia l t Se nd C ic the d t ta e pl e oft
pa t nt s i i
a tc .Si l r y, he co
r ui l ha n m oye
he
B hie Pl i ifa s rs t the c pl ne t tt Ciy r t i t d aga ns B l c of i e s
W l a ntf s e t ha
om ai d ha he t e ala e
i t a k fc r
f rnotbe ng ' e pl ye s' t t r c alpr i i a sop a f i k pr ctce ,s h
o
i t am a r ' as o he a i otlng nd t nd rs a i s uc
t
c
ompl i sa eno pr e t d,ass tf t i de albeow a pa s 1 1
ant r t ot c e
e orh n t i l t ge 8- 9.
16
polcede rme who pr s t d evi nceofot rpolceofi sa tng i a dic i naor
i
pa t nt
e en e
de
he
i fce c i n s rmi t y
mame t r t pu i bu ofe edno e de eofunl wf dic i i ton wih r pe t t
l r owa d he blc, t f r
vi nc
a ul s rm nai
t es ct o he
t r sa c tonsofe pl
em nd ondii
m oyme wihi t polc de rme ,ha notpr s nt a
nt t n he ie pa t nt d
e e ed
cog z bl r t lai cai unde Til VI bec us hi i
ni a e e a iton l m
r te 1 a e s ç
opposton wasno die t d a a
ii
t r ce t n
u a u e o n pr cieo h se ly r' mme v Suf l Ct ay Po ieDe rme t
nlwf l mplyme t a tc f i mp o e .
'Wi r . fo k / /, lc pa t n,
&
1 F. 1 135( Ci 1 (mphassi orgi ) s ealoCr e v. nc Ge ge'
76 3d 25, 2d r. 999) e
i n i nal; e s owly Pri e or s
Count M ayl 890F. 683( hCi.1 )( di t ti si tngi tnce ofr cal
y r and,
2d
4t r 989 hol ng ha nvetgai nsa s a i
ha as me pe pe r t d bypolc ofi r a i tm e r oft c muniy wa notapr e t d
r s nt r ta e
i e fce s gans mbe s he om
t s
ot c e
a tviyunde Til Vl be us i wasnota e oyme prcie)
ci t
r te 1 ca e t
n mpl nt a tc .
Unde t s hol ngs m os ofPli ifsa lge ypr t c e aci tesdo notquaiyas
r he e di , t
a ntf le dl o e t d tvii
lf
s be a et y a enota
uch c us he r
boutt Ciy' e pl e pr c i e . Clary,t f lwi f
he t s m oym nt a tc s e l he olo ng our
aci te r lt t t Ciy' pr ii a Quot Polci butnott t Ciy' empl n
tviis eae o he t s oflng nd
a i es
o he t s oyme t
pr tc s:
ac i e
1 Fr J nua y 201 t ough Fe ua y 201 Pli ifr a e y voi e hi c e ns
. om a r
0 hr
br r
2, antf epe t dl
c d s onc r
t tt De t e ' r cilt r tng pole vi a e t c vi rght oft ctze oft
ha he parm nts a a a ge i
i y olt d he i l i s he ii ns he
c muniy.
om
t
2.l Fe ua y 201 Pli tf compl ne t Ca ai M a tne a
n br r
2, a n if
ai d o pt n ri z boutt r calpr ii
he a i oflng.
3.l N ove r201 Pli ifa
n
mbe
3, antf ppea e on ane br as wher heconfr e t t
rd
ws oadc t
e
im d ha
unlwf soppi s r hi a de e i ofm e r oft comm uniy bas on t r
a ul t ng, ea c ng, nd t nton
mbe s he
t
ed hei
r
aCC.
4. O n June 1 201 Pl ntf ga a r e de ii t s i ony i t Samps c e
2, 4, ai if ve dve s post on e tm
n he
on as
r ga di t de rm e ' r ci dic i i ton a pr ii
e r ng he pa t nts a al s rm na i nd oflng.
A1 f oft eaci tesi l Pli tf compl ni a
l our hes tvii nvo ve a n if
ai ng boutors aki outabouthow t
pe ng
he
Ciy i tuc e ofi e st it r twiht publc;t y a la e a
t nsr t d fc r o n e ac t he
i he l r boutpolcng t c is notunlwf
i i a tc ,
a ul
17
e oyme pr c ies Thus bas d onBonn Wi
mpl
nt a tc .
, e
, mmer and Cr e t ef ac i tesa e no
,
owly, hes our tvii r t
pr ec e unde Til V l .
ot t d
r te I
Tw o ot r a tvii a s do notqua iy a pr e t d ac i t
he c i tes l o
lf s ot c e tviy:
l I M a a J of201 Pli ifa o he ofi r f
. n y nd une
3, antf nd t r fce s onnedt Conc m ed Blc
he
e
ak
Polce O f e ' A s oci ton a w oul ha m ee i w ih r s de s a bus nes
i
fc r s s a i nd
d ve
tngs t e i nt nd i s
OW n CCS.
2. OnM a 28, 3, antf lad ameei oft Conce ne Blc Polc Ofi e '
y 201 Pl i if e
tng he
r d a k ie fc rs
As oca i n whe et dic i i ton t wa dsBl c c
s ito
r he s rm na i o r
a k omm uniy me be s t lc of
t m r , he a k
Bl k ofi e si t d rm e ,a t r t iton f ce by Bl k ofi r f rno be ng
ac fc r n he epa t nt nd he e ala i a d
ac fce s o t i
tam pl ye sa t t r i lpr ii a so a fik pr c ieswer dic s d wiht
e
a r s o he ac a oflng nd t p nd rs a tc
e s us e t he
A s i t ntCiy M a ge .
ssa
t
na r
Ba e on t 1 w a t r or e de e neihe oft e a tvii s a e a
sd
he a nd he ec d vi nc , t r hes c i te r boutt Ciy'
he t s
e pl e pr c i es
m oym nt a tc .The fr t t f r a i a m e tngs oft Conc m ed Bl c Polc
i s , he o m ton nd e i
he
e
a k ie
Ofi e ' As ociton,ha not ngt do wih t Ciy' e oyme pr c i s The s ond
fc r s s ai
s hi o
t he t s mpl
nt a tce .
ec
a tviy, hes c fc is ad es edatt Conc r Blck Polc Ofi e ' As o a i sM a
c i t t pe ii s ues dr s
he
e ned a
ie fc r s s citon' y
28 m ee i al o doe noti plc t t Ciy' e pl m e pr tc . A spr vi usy s to , he
tng, s
s
m i a e he t s m oy nt ac i es
e o l e ut t
dic i orc
s ussons ompl i sa
ant boutt polc de rm e ' dic i nai t r m e r oft
he i e pa t nts s rmi ton owa ds mbe s he
publcdoe noti i a et Ciy' e oyme polce . W hiePl ntf sa e t ta t M a
i
s
mplc t he t s mpl
nt i s
l ai if t t s ha t he y
28meei t ofi r dic s d t lc ofBl c ofi e si t de rment s h va
tng he fce s s us e he a k
a k fc r n he pa t
, uc gue
sa e
tt ment do nota ountt ac
s
m
o ompli ab as c fce pl
ant out pe ii m oymentpr tc Se Bonn,623
aci e. e
F. a 589- (e tfndi t tdee ntspolci tctcsi mi iyneghbor
3d t 91 rpor i ng ha fnda ' i ng a i n nort i
hoods1 t
ed o
m e r oft ecomm unii snotc
mbe s hos
te
hoosng polc ng a ac r ra a l sdi s polc f r e
i
ii s a ee nd es ver e ie o c
di nota ntt die tc le ofas cfcunlwf e oy ntprci ) Fi ly,he
d
mou o r c halnge
pe ii a ul mpl me a tce. nal t
Conc
enwd Bl k PolceOfi ersAs oc a i sc
ac
i
fc ' s i ton' ompl i st tt y we ebeng t r t f no
ant ha he
r i a geed or t
bengte m plyes'eg di t pr ii andQuoaPolcesa enotc ant ofrt iton
i û a a r'r ar ng he oflng
t
t ii r
ompli s ealai
18
ba ed o a e pl m e pr c ie. Theofi e sc
s n n m oy nt a tc
fc r ompli d t t y we et r e ednotbe aus
ane hat he r a g t
c e
t y wer Blc butbec us t di no ,orwoul not c
he
e ak
a e hey d t
d , ompl wih t Ciy' r cilpr ii
y t he t s a a oflng
a Quot Polci .Thus,heofi r, antf i ude weenottr t be aus t y
nd
a i es
t fces Pli if ncl d, r
ageed c e he
co pl i d t t Ciy wasdi c i i i aga ns of i e s who we e Bl k butbe aus t y
m a ne hat he t
s r m natng i t f c r
r ac
c e he
c
ompl ne t tt Ciy wasdic i nai agans cii e who we eBl c Suc ac
ai d ha he t
s rmi tng i t tz ns
r a k. h ompli t
an
d nota e sa unl ule oy e pr tc a t r o e,wo d notbeapr e t d
oes
ddr s n awf mpl m nt aci e nd, he ef r
ul
ot c e
aciiy.1,o t ot rhan t ofier hadc ane t tt pr ii a Quot Polcis
tvt f n he he d,he fc s
ompli d ha he oflng nd
a ie
c e t ahosiewo k e r
r aed
tl r nvionme a t tt y we et r t f s ch c pl nt,t n t y
nt nd ha he
r a geed or u om ai s he he
woul haveavald cli unde Til V1 be aus s h ac pl ntwoul beapr t c e a i t
d
i am
r te 1 c e uc om ai
d
o e t d ctviy.
Howeve ,Pli ifha notpoi e t a r cor e de e d
r a ntf s
nt d o ny e d vi nc emonsr tng t the ora ot
ta i ha , ny her
of r c ai dab ahosiewor e r nt
sce, ompl ne out
tl k nvionme .Cons que l s mmayj
e nty, u r udgme i
nt s
gr nt d a t t s aci te bec et y a eno pr e e unde Til V1.
a e s o he e tvii s aus he r t otctd
r te 1
Tha l a t aci te t tma c tt epr eced a tvii unde Til VI:
t e ves wo tviis ha y onsiut ot t c i tes
r te I
1 I De embe 201 Pl i iffl d a EEOC c r
.n c
r 3, antf ie n
ha ge.
2. On J nua y 28, 4, ai ifs ta l te w ih a c oft EEOC cha ge t Hum a
a r
201 Pl ntf en e t r t opy he
r o
n
Re ou c sa t Ciy M a ge .
s r e nd he t
na r
Unde t sa ut flng an EEOC c g a s ndi t c g t one' empl rwoul be
r he tt e, ii
har e nd e ng he har e o
s
oye
d
pr e t d a i te . Howe r b h t l te a t EEOC c r prma iy f
otc e ctvii s
ve , ot he et r nd he
ha ge i rl ocuson t
he
a l ge r t la i a i tPl i iff s a ng outS i tt ad i sr ton/ upe i sw ho
le d e a i ton ga ns a ntf or pe ki
l ns he m ni t a i s r or
aga
weeo d rn ofie (ilt volt ba kctz n ' ii rg t. Th s Pli tf lte a dh s
r r eig fc r sc o i ae lc iie s cv l ih s' u , anips etr n i
'
EEO C c ai i ca e t tt EEO C c r i ba ed on hi c pl nt a
l m ndi t ha he
ha ge s s
s om ai s boutt Ciy' polc ng
he t s i i
t ctcs nota
a i ,
boutis e pl m e pr c i es N one he e s be aus t EEOC c ge al o sat
t m oy nt a tc .
t l s , c e he
har
s t es
19
t tPli ifwa dic i i t d agans bas on hi a a r c wihouta o he de a l, he
ha antf s s rm na e
i t ed
s ge nd a e, t
ny t r t is t
Co twilas ume f rpur esoft smoton t tt e t a tvii co ewihi Til Vl'
ur l s
o
pos
hi
i ha hes wo c i tes m
t n te ls
pr t c i
o e ton.
B.
Pl ntf H asEs abls d Caus i
ai if
t ihe
aton
The Ciy a s a s rst tPl i ifc nno e tbls aca a r a i hi bewe hi
t lo s e t ha antf a t sa ih
us l eltons p t en s
al ge y pr t t a tvii a hi frng.Gi n t tonl t flng oft EEOC c r and
le dl o eced c i tes nd s ii
ve ha y he ii
he
ha ge
s ndi t c r t t Ciy a epr t c e a i te unde Til Vl,onl t s t aci te
e ng he ha ge o he t r o e t d etvii s
r te l y he e wo tvii s
ar r lva .Ther co d e de ei c e rt tPl ntf s fr d s r a s e pl
e ee nt
e r vi nc s l a ha ai if ufe e eve al dver e m oyme
nt
a tonss tyafe he s nthi EEOC c r t t Ciy.Cons que l Pl ntf ha
c i horl tr e
s
ha ge o he t
e nty, ai if s
esa ihe t ne es a y ca aton f hi prmaf i c e.
tbls d he c s r us i or s i ace as
To pr veac a co me ton bewe t pr t c e aci t a t ad r ee pl m e
o
aus l r c i
t en he o e t d tviy nd he ve s m oy nt
a ton, pli ifmus d
c i a antf
t emonsr t t tt pr t c edac i t a t ad r eaci we e not
ta e ha he o e t
tviy nd he ve s ton r
wholyunr aed.Fare v Natonwi M uualI ur eCo.1 F. 1322,1 ( lhCi.
l elt
ly . i de t ns anc , 97 3d
337 1 t r
20 .A pl ntf c nme thi bur nofc ustontb s ngcos tmpor pr miy
00)
ai if a e s de
a ai ky howi l e e
al oxi t
bewe t sa ut iy pr e t d a tviy a t a r ee o e a ton. Thomasv
t en he t t orl otc e ci t nd he dve s mpl ym nt c i '
'
.
Coo rLi i I . 5 F. 1 1 ( 1h Ci.
pe ghtng, nc, 06 3d 361, 364 1 t r 2007)
.Howe r i t a e eofot r
ve ,n he bs nc
he
e de e t ng t s
vi nc endi o how c us ton, oofofc us ton ba ed on m e e t m por pr m iy
a a i pr
a ai
s
r e
al oxi t
r quie t tt pr miybeû r c os . f Thus at e t f mont dipa iybewe t
e r s ha he oxi t
i y l e' #.
ve
'
, hr e o our
h s rt t en he
saut iy pr t t d a tviy a t a reempl e aci i no e ugh.1 l n t
tt orl o ece ci t nd he dve s
oym nt ton s t no
d. t he
l
a e e ofc os t m por pr m iy be wee t pr e t d ac i t a t em pl yer sad r e
bs nc
l ee
al oxi t t n he ot c e tviy nd he
o ' ve s
a ton, pli tf m a bea et esa ih ca ai wher i e ve ng r t laor a t
c i a a n if y
bl o t bls us ton
e nt r ni e ai t y c s
c
omm e e s t a trt pl i ife gedi apr e t a tviy. Bo and v.Cor e tons
nc d horl fe he antf nga
y
n ot ced c i t ' yl
'
r ci
20
Cop. fAme ia, 9 F. p' 9 3 9 4 7 ( 1hCi. 0 .
r o
rc 3 0 Ap x 7 , 7 - 5 1 t r 201 )
Pli tf fld hi EEOC c r i Dec m be 201 a s ntac oft c r t t
a n if ie s
ha ge n
e r 3 nd e
opy he ha ge o he
Ciyon J nua y28, 4.Att ttm e,he Ciy wa ar dy i tgai Sos sr t la i
t
a r
201
ha i t
t s lea nvesi tng a' ea iton
co pl ntagans Pl ntf a Pli ifha ar adybe n s pe d f t 201 r
m ai
i t ai if nd a ntf d le
e us nde or he 3 èmot c r
e ontol
i i nta r c
nc de nd e omm e d f rde i ba e on Sos ' 2013 c
nde o moton s d
as
ompl i ta ii fom Pl ntf s
a n rsng r
ai if
ia p o raer maksa d o t efndn o se p n o tej b OnFe u r 2 , 01 ,h Ci
n p r p it e r n n h i ig f le i g n h o .
br ay 4 2 4 te t
y
M a e i or d Pl i ift hewasuphol ngt r omm e ton t de o ePl ntf f
nag r nf me antf hat
di he ec
ndai o m t ai if or
t eia p o raermaksa df rse pngo t ej b.OnM ac 5 2 4 t iv siaino
h n p r p it e r n o le i n h o
rh , 01 ,he n e tg to f
Sos svi r t la i compl ntagans Pli ife d wiht i s nceofa Dicplna y
a' deo e a iton
ai
i t a ntf nde t he s ua
si i r
Aci Repor i c tng t tPl ntf woul betr natd f c uc t ta
ton
t ndia i ha ai if
d e mi e or ond t ha mount d t
e o
r t la i a s xualha as m en ofSos A sa r ul,on M a c 5, 4, a ntf w a pl ce on
e a i ton nd e
r s t
a.
es t
r h 201 Pl i if s a d
Adm i sr i Le ve wih pa e f tveM a c 7,201 Ther a tr on J 1 201 Pl i tf
nitatve a
t y, feci
rh
4.
e fe , une 6, 4, a n if
wasnottedby Ciy M ana rBe on t thi t r nai wasefec i a oft tdae. Thus
i
i
t
ge ns ha s e mi ton
f tve s ha t
,
l s t amont a trs ndi t EEOC c r et t Ciy, ai ifsde i wa uphe d;
e s han
h fe e ng he
ha g o he t Pl ntf
moton s
l
ap oxi t l fvewe ksa trs ng t EEOC c r t t Ciy,heDici i r Ac i
pr ma ey i
e fe endi he
ha ge o he t t
s plna y ton
Re tr comm e ng t mi to wasis d a Pl i ifwa plce on a nita i l ve;
por e
ndi er nai n
s ue nd antf s a d
dmi sr tve ea
a m o e t n f m ont a trPl i ifs ntt EEOC c r t t Ciy, ai ifwa
nd, r ha our
hs fe antf e he
ha ge o he t Pl ntf s
a ualy tnni t d. Cons que l Pli tf hasesa ihed ac os t m por lpr m iy be wee
ct l e na e
e nty, a n if
t bls
l ee
a oxi t t n
t s ndi o hi EEOC c r t t Ciy a hi de i a plc nton Admi sr tve
he e ng f s
ha ge o he t nd s moton nd a eme
nita i
Leave.
g
9 Ciy mai ai t te n i Pli ifhass
The t
nt ns ha ve f antf
hown a cos tm por lpr m iy be we
l ee
a oxi t t en
t flng oft EEOC c r a ad s e o nta tons Pl i ifhasnots wn butf r
he ii
he
ha ge nd ver e mplyme ci , antf
ho
-o
c u ai n I Un v r i o e a S uh se nM e ia Ce trv Na s r -U. -, 3 S. .
a s to . n iest fT x s o twe tr dc l n e . s a , S. 1 3 Ct
y
The Ciy a s co e t t r ga dl s ofa cl e t por pr m iy be w e
t l o nt nds ha , e r e s ny os em al oxi t t en
Pl i if s pr t t d a tvii s a an a
a ntf
o ec e c i te nd y dver e e pl m e ac i ,Pl i i fca
s m oy nt tons a ntf nnots
how
c us ton be aus t r c m e tons a i s i a i i o Pl i t f ' ac i te w e e a r a
a ai
c e he e om nda i
nd nve t g tons nt a n i f s tvii s r l e dy
i m o i w he Pl ntf m a hi EEO C c g Em pl r t ed nots pe pr vi l
n ton
n ai i f de s
har e.
oye s t
ne
us nd e ousy
plnne (dves e oyme ta tons upondico rngt taTil V1 s thasbee fld,a
a d a re mpl n ci j
s vei ha te 1 ui
n ie nd
t i pr ce ng aong lnespr vi l contm plt d,t ug no ye detnii y de e ned,i
her o edi l
i
e ousy
e a e ho h t t i tvel t nni
s
no e de whae rofc alt ' Cl kCtl?/ Sc
vi nce
tve
aus iy. ar ?/7 hoolDiti tv Br e
'
y
sr c . e den,532 U. 268,272
S.
( ) Howe r whiet Ciyhadar dysare isi tgai ofSos srt i incl ms
2001.
ve , l he t
lea t td t nvesi ton
a' ealato ai ,
no Dici i r Ac i Re thad is d a t tm ePl ntf pa t i pr e t a tviy.
s plna y ton por
s ue t he i
ai if rook n ot ced c i t
Thus be aus Sos sr t la i c r had notye bee s t i t e was no pr vi usy
, c e a' e a i ton ha ge
t n us a ned, her
e o l
plnnedadve s e oyme a i r l tngt t i tgaton a t tm ePl ntf pa t i
a
r e mpl
nt cton e ai o hat nvesi i t he i
ai if rook n
pr e t d a i t Cons que l Pli ifhasesabls dhi prma f c ec ebe aus hi
otc e ctviy.
e nty, antf
t ihe s i a i as c e s
a nita i l a a tr i ton r omm e ton we enott r vi l pl ne ' to
dmi sr tve e ve nd em na i ec
nda i
r
i e ousy an d'aci ns
p
whe he tl d hi EEOC cha ge.
n
se s
r
251 25 ( 3 ,heSuprmeCour clrfe t tt sa r ofpr f c us i i aTil
7, 28 201 ) t
e
t aiid ha he tndad
oof or a aton n te
VI r ala i cli i l -or' a a i nott l s e c us ton sa r Til V1 e oys
1 et iton a m s t f 'c us ton,
but
he e s r a a i t nda d te I mpl
f sausba e cli sofdic i i ton.Howeve ,be us t a ali Nas ara os fom a
or t t - s d am
s rm na i
r ca e he ppe n
s r er
j r d cso ,t dn t dd e swh t e ap an ifh dt etb ihb tf rc u aina t e
u y e ii n idi o a r s eh r litf a o sa ls u -o a s to t h
s mmayj d me t tg .Th Elve t Cic i d e no a p a t h vedr cl a d e s dti
u r u g n sa e e e nh r ut o s t p e r o a ie ty d r se h s
is ye.Se M uphe v Commisi r - Fed. x- , 6W L 827318,*5( 1hCi. a .
sue t e r e .
s one ,
App' 201
1t rM r
3,201 (ttngç ne no a es whehe Nas arc nge ouranayssofrtlai cams
6) sai ç
we ed t ddr s t r s ha d
l i eaiton li
a s mmayj d me f).Ho v r a o h rrc n Elv n hCic id cso a d e snga
tu r u g n
we e, n t e e e t e e t r ut e iin d r si
s mmayj d me t uig whc ctdNa s r sae ta t plitf sS ur e o c u ain c n
u r u g n r l , ih ie s a , ttd h t he anif ç d n f a sto a
n
b
bem e by s
t howi cl et mpor lpr m iy be wee t saut iy pr e t d a i t a t
ng os e
a oxi t t n he t t orl ot c e ctviy nd he
a rea ton.'Adamsv.Ci o
dves ci '
t fMont r 5 Fed. x 769,773- ( 1hCi.201 .
y
gomey, 69
App'
74 1 t r 4)
Th s t eAd msd cso i ist a t ea ay i a s mmayj d me t a n tc a e .
u ,h a e iin mple h t h n lss t u r u g n h s o h ng d
Cons uenty,ha ng s
eq l vi hown a c os t m por pr m iy be w e n hi pr t ct d ac i t a
l ee
al oxi t t e s o e e tviy nd
s ve a a r e em pl e ac i ,Pl ntf ha s fci nty esa i he c us ton f hi prm a
e r l dve s
oym nt tons ai if s uf i e l t bl s d a a i or s i
f e cas
aci e.
22
C.
Pl i ifH asN otSho n Pre e
a ntf
w
t xt
As umi Pl i ifc d e tbls hi prm af ci ca e hehasnote tbls d t tt
s ng antf oul sa ih s i a e s ,
sa ihe ha he
Ciy' lgii t non- s i naor r a on f t r i tng Pl i ifwa pr t xt l TheCiy
t s e tma e, dicrmi t y e s or em na i
antf s e e ua .
t
ha s
s hown t ti e ge i pr r sve dicplne ofPl i ifasar ul ofpr e swih
ha t nga d n og es i s i i
antf
es t
oblm
t
Plitf s obpef r ncea c ansa i tPli ifbyflow empl e The
anif j roma nd omplit gans antf el
oye s.
pr e son oft di cplnec
ogr s i
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i d t he t s it n iy.
, l ai if
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e mi td, he e mi ton
he ul na i
ei
ogr s i
s i i r ci ,
whc f l we t Ci swrte p lce .l o d rt p e e ts mma yj d me t Plitf mu t
ih ol d he t
o
y' i n o iis n r e o rv n u r u g n , anif s
t
s
how t tt r s nsf Pl i ipsde i pl c m e on admi sr tve lave, nd
ha he ea o or antf
moton, a e nt
nita i e
a
tr i ton,a1 ofwhih oc ure afe t flng ofhi EEOC c r ,we e pr t f
e m na i
l
c c r d tr he ii
s
ha ge r eext or
rtlai n Plitf h sno d n ti.Ac odigy s mma yj d me ti a p o rae.
eaito . anif a t o e h s c r n l, u r u g n s p r p it
l o d rt s w p ee tPlitf mus e tbiht a et r ( )ads rmiao yra o
n r e o ho rtx , an if t sa ls h t i : 1 ici n tr e s n
he
mor lkeymotvae hi e o ro ( t e oye' pr frdr s n i unworhyof
ei l
i td s mplye r 2) he mpl rs ofee ea o s
t
cede e.Se Jack onv Al
r nc e s . abamaSt eTenur Commison,405 F. 1 1 ( 1h Ci.
at
e
si
3d 276,289 1 t r
hi, aitf t e he r frd ea o ç d nd e t .g l nnot
he
2005) Todot s Pl nifmus me tt p ofee r s n i a ona rbuti ..he ca
.
s c e db smpyq a rln wihtewid m o t a r a o ' Br o sv Co ny Co s in o
u c e y i l u reig t h s o f h t e s n. o k . u t mmiso f
'
Jje s nCo ny A1.4 6F.d 1 6 ,1 6 ( 1h Ci.0 6 ) Th s i o d rt a ods mmay
e r o u t a , 4 3 1 0 1 3 1 t r2 0 ). u ,n r e o v i u r
f
j d me taplitf mus p o u esg i a typ o aiee i e c s wi gta b t ter ao
u g n anif t r d c in ûc n l r b tv v d n e ho n h t oh h e s n
wasf leand t tdic i nai n wast r a r a on.I
as
ha s rmi to
he e l e s
d.
Pl i ifa
antf ppea st bea g ngt tt Ciy' pr f r r as i unworhy ofc e
r o
r ui ha he t s ofe ed e on s
t
r denc
e.
Spe ii a l Pl i tf poi t t ot rpolc ofi r who vi a e va i Ciy r e a polces
c fc ly, a n if n s o he i e fce s
olt d rous t uls nd ii
butwho we enotde e ort r na e Howe r noneofPl i ifspr f r c
r
mot d e mi t d.
ve ,
antf
ofe ed ompar t s
aor
aev l c mpaao s S eHosedv Re o 1 5F.d 1 5 ,1 6 ( 1hCi. 9 7 (no d rt
r ai o rtr . e l l . n , 1 3 5 5 5 2 1 t r 1 9 )i r e o
d
co pa eapli ifsteam e t t tofa here o e,hepli ifmus s
m r
antf r t nt o ha
not mpl ye t a ntf
t how t thea
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nd
t ot re o ea esmia l st td i alr lva r s t ,ncudi wheherhea t
he he mplye r i lry iuae n l ee nt e pec s i l ng
t
nd he
ot re o eaei vedi ora us doft s orsmia c
he mplye r nvol n cc e he ame i lr onduc) l tnty, ai if
t. mpora l Pl ntf
ha notpr e e a e de et ta y ofhi pr f r d c
s
es nt d ny vi nc ha n
s of e e ompa aor had al t dicplna y
rt s
eng hy s i i r
hit l a Pli ifdi Gi n t tt Ciyhaspr
soy, s a ntf d. ve ha he t
oduce e de o apr es i d s i i r
d vi nce f ogr sve i cplna y
polcya t tPl i ifha a lngt dici i r hit y r s tng i couns lng,r prm a ,a
i nd ha antf d e hy s plna y sor e uli n
ei e i nds
s penson,ade oton,a t t r i ton,a va i c pa a orwou d ne t ha a
us i
m i nd hen e m na i ny ld om r t
l ed o ve
smia l lng hydi cplna y hit r l Bas d o t r or e denc no oft pr f r d
i l ry e t
s i i r so y.
o
e n he ec d vi e, ne he ofe e
c m pa a or haves h ahit r l
o rt s
uc
so y.1
'Ass touta
0 e
bove Pli tf ' dicplna y hit r i l
, a n ifs s i i r so y ncudedpr emsc pltng
obl
om e i
a i sr tvet ks f ii t f l polces notpr ry r po tng i i t tuough t c i
dm nitai as , a lng o olow i i ,
ope l e ri ncden s l
he ha n
ofcommand,i ppr prae be vi t r f mal e pl es cr a i a s xual hosie
na o i t ha or owa ds e e m oye , e tng e ly tl
wokige vr n n , le i o t ej b, ndr tl tn a an t c mpli a t
r n n io me t se png n h o a eai ig g is a o an n .
a
1Fore h p ofe e compa at ,Pli ifof e so ya sng ei i nto sngl
'
ac r f r d
r or antf f r nl i l ncde r i e
ds iln r a to , x e t ao M a d l lo Th icd n sp o fr dae
icp iay cin e c p M j r n ebo m. e n ie t r fe e r :
( ) Mao Br o ln A flo e ly efldas x a h rs me tc mpan a an t
1 j r o k e : el w mpo e ie e u l aa s n o lit g is
M ao Br o ln wh i Afia - rc n,o ma i u wec mes x a o e tr s
j r o k e , o s rc n Ame ia fr kng n lo e u l v ru e ,
i l ng txtmes a s nume ouspho c ls a ki he t we ra s 's r, nd
ncudi e
s ge ,
r
ne a l, s ng r o a hol kit a
t
a ki f rahug. De pie afndi ofi ppr i t be vi ,t compl i wa not
s ng o
s t i ng na oprae ha or he
ant s
s t i d.
usane
( Ca anLe r: fmaee oye fldasxua harsme c anta ns
2) pti wes A e l mpl e ie e l a s nt ompli gai t
Ca an Le r ,who i Afrc npti we s
s tia Amerc n,al ng unwe c m ec
ia legi
lo
omm e sandt the
nt
ha
ha l
d ookedup t f m al e oye sdr s . Thei tgaton f
he e e mpl e' e s
nvesi i ound i ufi e
ns fcint
e de et tt e oye beleve t ts woul behur i s di notc
vi nc ha he mpl e i d ha he
d
t f he d
ompl wih
y t
Le e s'r qu t .
w r e es s
( ) M ao M a eblo A fmaee l y ea c s dM ao M a deb o m o
3 j r nd l o m: e l mp o e c u e j r n ll o f
i ppr it co me sa t uc ng.Thec pli wa no s t ne bec us t r
na opra e m nt nd o hi
om a nt s t usai d a e he e
wa noi pe n cor bo ain o t i i t.( 53- ) Anohe compli was
s nde nde t ro rto f he ncdens DE- 52.
t r
ant
flda an t ao Ma d llom b afmaee ly ea o tac mme tM a d ll o
ie g is M j r n ebo y e l mpo e b u o n n eb o m
m a t a m a e em pl ye who w asda i t f m al e pl . The m al e pl e, o
de o
l
o e,
tng he e e m oyee
e m oye t
whom t comm e swe emadedi no 5nd t m ofe i . The f m ae onl he r t
he
nt r
d t
he f nsve
e l y a d he
Pl ntf s e st f usont eg e ousna u e ofs m eoft aci nsofhi pr fe e
ai if e m o oc
he r gi
tr
o
he to
s ofr d
co pa a or and at mpt t c
m rt s
te s o ompar t tt hi own, leg dl lsse eg ous a tons
e ha o s
a l e y e gr i , c i .
Howe r unde t Ciy' pr es i e dicplna y pole t naur o t a tonsa enott
ve ,
r he t s ogr s v s i i r
i y, he t e f he ci
r
he
s e dee na oft a o it punihment t numbe ofpa tdici i r aci nsa e
ol tnni nt he ppr pra e
s
; he
r
s s plna y to r
e ly,o e n m o e r l nt Pl i ifha notpr entd evi nc t tan ofhi pr f e
qua l r ve
r , eeva . antf s
es e
de e ha y
s ofer d
c mp rt r weetes b e to mutpeds i iayp o e dng , x e tfrt et
o aao s r h u j c f lil icpl r r c e i s e c p o h wo
n
u s san dc mp an sa an t ao M a d l o m, re i e c ta a yo h sp o f rd
n u tie o lit g is M j r n eblo o v d n e h t n f i r fe e
c
ompar or ha m uli evi a i ofCiy polcest twe unc c d.Cons que l noneof
at s d
tpl oltons
t i i ha nt he ke
e nty,
t pr f r d compa at sa eva i co pa a or .Be a ePl ntf ha notpr s ed a
he ofe e
r or r ld m r t s c us ai if s
e ent ny
e d et tot rofi r wer te e dif r nty a a sng al ngt dici i r r co d,
vi enc ha he fce s e r atd fe e l her mas i
e hy s plna y e r
Pl i ifha nots
antf s
hownt tt Ciy' pr f r d l tm ae,non- s rm i t r r s f r
ha he t s ofe e egii t
dic i na o y ea on o
de otng a t n t nni tng hi wa pr t xt l Cons que l Pl n ifha f ie t m e thi
m i nd he e na i m s e e ua .
e nty, aitf s al d o e s
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ORD ERED t t
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Th Co r wi e tras p rt j d me t
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3. Al pe ngm otonsnotot r s r l d upon a ede ed a moot
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4.Thi c s i CLOSED .
s ae s
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PA T C1 A . I
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UN I
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A1 Couns lo Rec d
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e f or
UDGE
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