Doe et al v. Miami-Dade County et al
Filing
67
ORDER denying 61 Plaintiffs' Motion for Relief from Judgment. Signed by Senior Judge Paul C. Huck on 6/23/2015. (swe)
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THI CAUSE i beor t Cour o Pl ntfs M oton f Releffo J me ( E.
S
s f e he
t n ai if' i or i r m udg nt D.
61 . Th Co r h l o a ag me to temoin o J n 1 2 5. Th Cou th sc n iee
) e u t ed r l r u n n h to n u e 2, 01
e r a o sd rd
temo in Dee da t imiDa eCo n y' rs o s ( E. 2 , n Pli tfs r py ( E. 4 ,
h to , fn n M a - d u t s e p n e D. 6 1 a d anif' e l D. 6 1
aswe la t pari 'or lar um e s Fort f l ng r as ,Pl ntfs moton i DEN I
l s he tes a g nt .
he olowi e ons ai if ' i s
ED.
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antfs ohn s
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yt
y nd he
Fl i De rmentofCoreci (heFDOC)f alge c tt i lvi ai aii fo
orda pa t
r tons t
or le d onsiutona oltons rsng r m
t Count s La en Book Chid Saft Or na ,M I he
y' ur
l ey di nce AMIDADE COUNTY CODE j 21- e
277 /
s q. w hi h pr bis c ct d s x of e r f om r i ng w ihi 2,
e , c
ohi t onvi e e
f nde s r
esdi
t n 500 f t of a s hool
ee
c .
Pl ntfs whoaec ceds xofe ss j c t t Book Or na sr i yr titon,
ai if,
r onvit e fnder ub e t o he
di nce' esdenc esrci
c ai e t t t or na e was unc tt i ly vague on is f ce a vi a e t Unie
l m d ha he di nc
onsiutona l
t a
nd ol t d he
td
S ae Co si to se po t a t ca s ,a dt a teCo ny' a dt eF
tts n tt in' x sf co lu e n h t h u t s n h DOC' e f r e n o
u
S n o c me t f
t or na e vi a e Pli if s t ntve due pr es rg s The Cour dimis d t s
he di nc olt d antfs' ubsa i
oc s i ht .
t s s e he e
camswi p eu ieo Ap i 3 201 ( E. 0 .OnAp i 2 ,2 5 Plitfsmo e f rr le
li
t rj d c n rl , 5 D. 6 j
h
rl 4 0l , an if v d o eif
fo t Cou tsor purta t FedealRul ofCi lPr e e60( ( )
rm he r' der jlnt o
r
e
vi oc dur b)1 .
l termo inf rr le fo j d me t( E. 1 P an if ag eta t eCo r er di
n h i to o eif r m u g n D. 61 , litfs r u h t h u t re n
ds sig terc mpan wih p eudc ,be a e a c r ig t Pli t f- t e c u d h v
imisn h i o li t t rj ie c us- c o dn o ani s h y o l a e
f
a e dt c
m nde he ompl i t as e ta vibl asa i va nes c le 1 ( 1i if do no
ant o s r
a e - ppl
t
ed gue s halnge. P antfs
c n etteCo r' ds sà o t ere sf coa ds b tn ied p o e scams) P an if
o ts h u ts imis l f h i xpo t a t n u sa tv ue r c s li . litfs
i c t t y woul bas t rpr pos a - ppled c le o t Count salege y a bir r
ndia e he
d e hei o ed s a i hal nge n he
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he
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ts de
dimis l Pl i if ha al ge t t i 201 poltca ofi i s fom M im iDa Publc
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c pat n t eca sf
t MimiBrdge,a eme ge y yout s le ,a a C c ' s jctt t Book Or na e'
he a
i
n r nc
h hetr s t hool' ube o he
s
di nc s
r s de y r s rcton. The FD OC t evi e a oxi at y 50 pa ol d s x of e r f om t
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hen ct d ppr m el
r e e f nde s r he
Ri rPa k,a m o l home c
ve r
bie
omm uniy s pa aed fom t M im iBrdge by t M im iRi r
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ve ,
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t n 500 e
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i
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y, n
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t e c t a oxi t l 50 s x ofe s who r m ane a t Ri r Pa k. The FDOC ha
o vit he ppr ma ey
e f nder
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s
a r nty r co i r d is detnni ton, a has al wed a numbe of t c ced s x
ppa e l e nsde e t
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nd
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r
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of e r t ti e c e i 201 t r s a i h r i nc a t Ri rPa k. N o ne convi t d s x
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ce e
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crbed n t l n he
ts der
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, ai if
l
r
epeat y conf r e t
edl
i m d hat Pl nt f s br
ai i f
ought t r vaguenes c l nge exc us vel
hei
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l i y
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nd r h he r h t he k di n e' fnii
t ho ' s a e n t a e
s
'
Ther or t Cour eval t t s c l nge onl by r ewi t pl l l
ef e, he
t
ua ed hi hale
y
evi ng he a n anguage of
t or na
he di nce. The C ouy hel t t or na
l d hat he di nce' def ni i of a Ssc
s i t on
' hool'as ia publ c
'
$
i
or pr vat ki r r e el ent y, m i e, or s
i e nde ga t n, em ar
ddl
econdar s
y chool'w as c i t w i h
'
ons s ent t
t pl n mea ng oft t m ,a t ef ewasnotvague on isf
he ai
ni
he er nd her or
t ace. Or ( E.60)
der D.
at 15-1
7.
ofn esma lv tee i we e,b c u eata iin lsh o h ssnc o e e wihn 25 0
fe d r y ie h r,z v r e a s rdto a c o l a i e p n d ti ,0
o
f e oft Ri rPa k.
e t he ve r
A st y di i t r r s
he d n hei e pons s t Def nda s m o i t dim i s Pl ntf s a gue i t i
e o
e nt ' tons o s s , ai if r
n he r
mo in frr l ffo j dg n ta t e F
to o ei r m u me t h t h DOC' Rie Pak e ito f re ma c n itd
e
S v r r vcins o c d ny o v ce
s x ofende s i t hom el s s . Pl i if t m s ves how e r w e e notnm ong t e e c ed
e f r no
es ne s a ntf s he el ,
ve , r
hos vi t
fom t Ri rPa k orm a homels byt FDOC' aci .Acc di t Pl ntfs ame
r he ve r
de
e s he
S tons
or ng o ai if ' nded
c mpan ( E.2 1 J h Do /1wa i j i a te tmeo t eRie Pak e ito . Plitfs
o lit D. 5 , o n e / s n al t h i f h v r r v ci n an if
ale t t upon J Doe#1srl s fom j i,hi pr tonofie s se a a ndone
lged ha,
ohn
' eea e r al s obai fc r ugge td n ba
d
l ti Hi l ah asa r s denc l a i i com pla w ih t Book Or na . J Doe #2 w a
o n ae
e i y oc ton n
i nce t he
di nce ohn
s
e cedfom t Ri Pak ( f r t FDOC' e or menta ton)f f ii t payrnt a
vit r he ver r be o e he
S nf ce
ci or alng o
e , nd
hasr e l m oved ba t t Ri r Par w ih hi pr t o of i r s a o l And J D oe
ec nty
ck o he ve
k, t s oba i n fce ' ppr va .
ohn
#3,lke J D oe #1,ne r lved i t Ri r Pa k;r t ,hi Sho ec es l ndl d e c e hi
i ohn
ve i
n he ve r a her s
r r t a or vi t d m
f f lng t pa r nt
or aii o y e .
Pl ntf s howe r c ai t t t Count s a t FD O C' pror i onss e
ai i f ,
ve , l m ha he
y' nd he
S i nc i t nt
e or m en of t Book Or nanc c
nf ce t he
di e, oupl d w ih t or na e' vag nes ,has l tt
e
t he di nc s ue s
ef hem i
n
co t ntf rand doubtaboutw he e t y m a orm a no r i Pl ntf s cl i t tJ hn D oe
ns a ea
r he
y
y t es de. ai if a m ha o
/2 i a r i t t a a m om e ,t Count m a a n r ve s c s on w he he t M i m i
/ s f a d ha , t ny
nt he
y y gai e r e our e
t r he a
Brdge i a d c
i
s t hool'under t Book Or na e a e c hi f om t Ri Pa k. Pl i if
s
'
he
di nc nd vi t m r
he ver r
a ntf s
alo cl m t J
s ai hat ohn D oe /1 a #3,t
s / nd
houg t y do no lve att Ri r Pa k,a e conc m e
h he
ti
he ve r r
e d
t t y m a ac i aly m ove i o a r i nc w ihi 2, f tofa S t r i ed tona
hat he
y c dent l
nt es de e t n 500 ee
n t e natve uca i l
al
pr a ' sm ia t t M i m i Brdge. Pl i i f c e t t be us Count polc ake s
ogr m ' i l r o he a
i
a ntf s ont nd ha , ca e
y i ym r
r t i c i r bl di c e i on w he hert c a s f s h pr a s a S chool ' unde t Boo
e a n ons de a e s r ton
t o l s iy uc ogr m s t
s
s'
r he
k
O r na ,i i lkel t t Count coul r c as iy a one ofm a s h f ciii i M i m i
di nce t s i y hat he
y
d e- l s f ny
ny uc a ltes n a -
3
Da e Co n y a a S c o l s b e t t t e o dia c ' r sd n y rsrcin,a d e it o
d u t s t h o ' u j c o h r n n es e ie c e tito n vc r
s
'
pr e ut c
os c e onvi t s x of e
c ed e f nder lvi w ihi t vi i t Pl ntf s ur t t a de l r t r
s i ng t n he c niy. ai if ge ha
caao y
j d me tfo ti Co rz n wh t rs c ç len tve e u ain lp o r ms'ae t c o l'
u g n r m h s u to ehe u h s tr ai d c to a r g a ' r s h o s'
a
s
w ihi t m e ni of t Book Or na
t n he a ng
he
di nce wo d a s ge t i f r of pot n i l f ur
ul s ua her ea s
e ta m e
pr e uton ore c i .2
os c i
vi t on
Il
.
A NA LY SIS
A.Rul 60( ( does notpermi Pl ntf st r
e b) 1)
t ai if o eopen a j
udgment t rai a
o se
cl m that they coul have pursued w hi e thi case w as pendi
ai
d
l
s
ng.
Pli tfs s ek r onsder ton oft Co tsor dim isng t i Am e d Compl i
a n if e ec i a i
he ur ' der s s i he r
nde
ant
wi p eudc u d rFe ea Rul o Ci i P o e u e6 ( )1 .Ru e6 ( )1 p o i e t a Ch
t rj ie n e d r l e f vl r c d r 0 b ( ) l 0 b ( ) r v d s h t l e
h
t
c u tma rle ea p ry o islg l e rs n aiefo a fn l u g n , r e ,o p o e d n
o r y eiv a t r t e a r p e e ttv r m i a j d me t o d r r r c e i g
f ...mitke,i dvetnc s ie,or e us bl neglct' FED.R.C1 P.60( ( )
or
sa na re e, umrs
xc a e
e .
'
V.
b)1.
A lho h not e y Ci c t Co ' of A ppe a r ty a e s 3 t e El vent Cic t ha hel
t ug
ver r ui ul
t
al ppa en l gr e , h
e h r ui s d
t a éth S sa e 'o j d e ma b rme id u d rt sp o iin. Pa k v US L4?a d
h t t j e mitk s f u g s y e e d e n e hi r vso ' ra . . / n
g
'
Cr diCor ,677F. 8 839( 1hCi.1 ( tton omitd)
e t p.
2d 38,
1 t r 982) ciai
te .Howe r khedititco t
ve,û src ur
t
2 M os of Pl nt f s' a gum e s conce n t ef ect of D ef nda s' e or ent of t
t
ai i f r
nt
r he f s
e nt nf cem
he
B ook O r na
di nce on ot r convi t s of ender Pl nt f s m ot on r f enc t 50
he
c ed ex f
s. ai i f '
i e er es he
i vi
ndi dual t t FD O C evi ed f om t R i r Pa k,t 98 convi t s of ender
s hat he
ct r
he ve
r he
c ed ex f
s
orgi ly lvi at t Ri Par t 11 of e r t t t FDO C has per it t
i na l i ng
he ver k, he
f nde s ha he
m ted o
r t n t t Ri r Pa k,t unknow n num ber of of ender w ho di not lve att R i
e ur o he ve r he
f
s
d
i
he ver
Par dur ng t FD O C ' e ct on, but r i t e now , a t ir
k
i he
S vi i
es de her
nd he s oughl 170 cover
y
ed
i vi s who unwit/gl r i a cur enty- ove l tons wihi 2, f t of
ndi dual
ti y es de t r l appr d oca i
t n 500 ee
M i i D ade' near y f dozen al e na i educat onalpr am s ....( See Pl . M t
am s
l our
t r t ve
i
ogr
t
s ' n.
( E.61 at 8-1 The Cour,however declnes t c i t Book Or na s
D.
1
0.
t
,
i
o onsder he
di nce'
pur t d ef ect on non- r i ,as f t des i bel .
por e f s
pa t es
ur her cr bed
ow
3 The Fi t C i t f exa e,has e es d s i s on whet r Rul 60( (1
rs rcui , or
mpl
xpr se keptcim
he
e b) )
a i st t lga S sa e' aj dg S e Sik v S dov ,43 F. 1 ,1 -6
pple o he e l t t k 'of u e. e l . an al 5 2d 266 267 8
mi
(1 tCi.1
s r 971)($ eneiherunde sand t bassf t si er etton,nors
:W
t
r t he i or hi nt pr ai
ympahi
t ze
w i h i . I t c t m ef y w r
t t f he our
el
ongl de des a poi of l w ,t t i not lnadve t
y ci
nt
a
ha s
i
r ence,
s r rs ,o e usbl n jlc .' . Ofc s ,i adsrc c ur wr gl de i sac s ,
u p ie r xc a e e e t''
)
oure f itit o t on y cde a e
t l ng part has t rl t appeal
he osi
y
he ght o
.
4
i no r uie t g a r le unl s t l aleror i obvi . Chambe s v.Fl i Par e
s t eq r d o r nt ei f es he eg
r s
ous'
'
r
orda
ol
Comm ' 257F.App' 258,259 ( 1h Ci.2007)(ii Fack manv.Bel,5 F. 734,736
n,
x
1t r
ctng
el
l 64 2d
(t Ci.1 )
5h r 977).
ThoughRul 60( ( )i t lga ba i f Pl ntfs moi f r i ,Pli if do not
e b)1 s he e l ss or ai if' ton or elef antfs
quo e t Rul , and cie no pr e
t he
e
t
ec dent a yi i i a a l us c e. I t d, des t
ppl ng t n n na ogo
as
ns ea
pie
c e ngt tSgl ei noRul l motonbef et Cour,'Pli if r ylr l onFe rl
onc di ha kther s
e 5 i
or he
t' antfs el agey
dea
Rul ofCi lPr dur 15()2)t s
e
vi oce e a( o uppor t ragume .Pli if s e t bea g ngt tt
thei r nt antfs e m o r ui ha he
Cour ' pur t d S it ke' w a m ade by f ii t û r l ' pe m i t a e e of t i
ts pore i s a ' s
m
a lng o û ee y' r t he m ndm nt
f
he r
c antasdie td by Rul 1 Se FED. CI P.1 a( .Rul 15,howe r S ispli
ompli
rce
e 5. e
R. V. 5()2) e
ve ,k t an
by
ln ua e g v r a n me to pla igsbf r j dg n i e trd'i h s n a pl ain
a g g , o ens me d n f e dn eo e u me t s n ee , t a o p i to
c
atrj d me ti e trd. J c sv T mpu - dcI t,I c,6 6 F.d 1 2 ,1 4 ( 1h Ci.
je u g n s n ee ' a ob . e rpe i n ' n . 2 3 3 7 3 4 1 t r
'
l
2 0 . Rah r apo t u g n Rue6 ( )1 mo in p e iae o aj dg ' C sa e' a e a
01 ) t e, s- d me t l 0 b ( ) to rdc td n u es t tk 'fc s
j
mi
m uch hi rba t n a Rul 1 r que tf l a t a e
ghe r ha
e 5 e s or e ve o m nd:
The e i a hort t t wher a di ti t c t m i t ke w as ç e r
r s ut iy ha
e
sr c our ' s a
s
i a
cl
on t r c d' a i ve a l a n miconsnz ton' oft l w
he e or ' nd nvol d s i
pl
s t c i ' he a
a t er
nd he r oneousa i ton oft t1 w t t f c s t t om pe lng
pplca i
ha a o he a t , t c
li
polci of ba i f r s a e t r feced by 60( ' ma
i es
sc aine s nd quiy el t
b)' ' y
ma daen n me t ot o fr is u g n t t elw.
n t me d n t s n o m t j d me t o h a '
c
'
Nisonv Lund 975 F. 802,806 ( 1h Ci.1 ( i Compt v.AlonStams p Co.
s . y
2d
1 t r 992) quotng
on
t e hi ,
608F. 96,1 ( h Ci.1 )
2d
04 4t r 979).
Plitfsc n e dt a teCo r c mmi e alg ld sa e'usiyngr l fu d rRul
anif o tn h t h u t o t d e a t tk 'j tf i ei n e e
t
mi
e
60( ()bydimisngt ra ndedc antwihprj c Pl ntfsaguet tt Cour'
b) 1
s si hei me
ompli t eudie. ai if r ha he
ts
dimis s dha bee wihoutprj c a Pl ntfsbeivet tt yc dha a nde
s sal houl ve n' t
eudie, s ai if le ha he oul ve me d
t i f i vag
he r ac al uene s c le t s a e a vi bl cl i t D e enda s e or m e oft Book
s ha l nge o t t
a e a m hat f
nt ' nf ce nt he
Or nanc i unc tt i
di e s ons iutonalas a i d t t m . Pl i i f ,how e r ha not i ntfe a
pple o he
a ntf s
ve , ve
de ii d ny
l ga m i t
e l sake i t or r of di m i s t t w as S l a o t r cor ' and a ç ai
n he de
s s al ha
ç e z n he e d'
c
s n
pl
5
mic tuc i 'oft l
s onsr ton'
he aw. I t a Pl ntfs a gue t t t Cour e r d by f ii t gr nt
nse d, ai if r
ha he
t re
a lng o a
t m r le t tt y ne rr sed whie t s c e wa o n a pe ng,Pl ntfs ne r
he ei f ha he ve eque t l hi as
s pe nd ndi
ai if ve
r s a as a i d vague s c a m ,a i f tr pe e y c i m e t tt wer e us ve y
aied n - pple
nes l i nd n ac e at dl onfr d ha hey
e xcl i l
r iiga fca v g e e scam.Se Pl. Re p. D. 40 a 2. Plitfso f rn e p a ain
asn a il a u n s li
e s, s ( E. 1 t 4 an if fe o x ln to
f t r f iur t pr vi l a gue a as apple c a m ,o he t s a i t t (
or hei a l e o e ous y r
n - i d l i t r han t tng ha ç e e Co t
supr m
ur
pr e nts sld)t tfcilc le
ec de uggete ha a a halnges ma be br
y
oughta ns c i na sauts' Pl.
gai t rmi l tt e .' s'
M t . ( E.61 a 3. I o he wor , Pl ntf s pr ous r la on a f i lvag ne s t or
n D.
ac a
ue s he y
) t 5 n t r ds ai if ' evi e ince
a p a st b t rs l o t ec n iee j d me to Plitfs c u s lta afca c aln e
p e r o e he e ut f h o sd r d u g n f anif' o n e h t a il h le g
a one w a m or lke y t s c ed t a c le i l ng a as a i d t or
l
s
e i l o uc e han ha l nge nc udi n - pple he y.
Howe r Pl i if de son t f eg a aval bl lgalt or whie t r c e was
ve , antfs' cii o or o n
ia e e
he y
l hei as
pe ngdoe notpr deaba i f r i unde Rul 60( ( ) I f tt El nt Cicuihas
ndi
s
ovi ' ss or elef r e b)1. n ac, he eve h r t
rpeae yhedt tadititco tdoesnota eisdiceto i de ng aRul 60( moto
e tdl l ha src ur
bus t sr in n nyi
e b) in
d e t j d me to o d rfo wh c temo a ts e srle wa e trd a ar s to t e
i n he u g n r r e r m ih h v n e k eif s n ee s eul f h
wh
m o nts c c t r y on a uns c s ull lt y.' M ar a v Unie St e 679 F.
va ' hoi e o el
n
uc es f ega heor '
adi ga . t d at s,
3d
1 1 4 ( 1h Ci.201 ( t i omitd) I Al
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fer nt r he e b) 1) t
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e
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l
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e
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nde d, he
SuprmeCour ba e isr lng on Fe rlRul ofCi lPr dur 1 a ' a
e
t s d t ui
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ours houl r y a ea o me d t 2. s d he e
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n
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s,
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t
'
,
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679 F. a 1 4.
3d t 29
l s r,t Cour c ude t tRul 60( ( )pr de nobassf Pli if t obti
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mi
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Cic ts obs r ai t t ll e aus t queton ofrpe s depe on t tmi oft
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rs
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r or , l acal halnge
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ne
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nd yn
ny
t m . Thoug Pl ntfsdo no e iil r e enc i a s h,0 t er a gum e s m a cl a t t
he
nt ke e r ha
h ai if
t xplcty ef r e t s uc 1 h i r
t y a e r i i a pr - nf r m e c tt i lc le
he r a s ng
e e o ce nt ons iutona ha l nge. Pl ntf s c ai t tt a e e il
ai if l m ha hey r ntted
t r s s c a chalnge be aus t y ha rie a i si off c' a t Slq Count s
o aie u h
le
c e he ve asd kue ton a t' s o tthe
y'
f tr itn t e oc t eOr ia c . .. s' pl ( E. 4 a 5 (mp a i a d d . Ths
uu e ne t o nfr e h dn n e . ' . Re y D. 6 J t e h ss d e ) i,
'P1
ho ve ,i no t sa d a iabl t Pli if ' pr - nf c m e c l
we r s t he t ndar pplc e o antf s e e or e nt halenge. Ra he , t
t r o
de tae t e se e of a c s t ti rpe f rvi Pli if mus s 1 1 t ta
monsrt he xitnc
a e ha s i or e ew, antfs t how $ ) ha n
(
a t lt ea ofpr ec i wasmade ( t tpr e ton i lkel or( t tace bl t ea
cua hr t
os uton
, 2) ha oscui s i y, 3) ha rdi e hr t
ofpr e uton e s s bas d on t cic s a s ' Geor acar y or I .v Geor a,687 F.
os c i xit
e
he r um t nce .'
gi
r g, nc .
gi
3d
1244, 1 ( 1hCi. 2)1
252 1 t r 201 .1
Pli if obvi l havenoti tfe a C ct lt e ofpr e i 'a t r f e,t
antfs
ousy'
den ii d n s ua hr at
a
os cuton,' nd he e or o
dem onsrat a tlkel or cr bl t eat' t im ust s
t e ûi y
edi e hr ,' hey û
how t t e i ' r i tc dange of
hat her s a eals i
r
s sann dr d ij r a ar s to te saue so eain o e o c me t' I (ii Am.
u ti ig ie n u y s e ul f h tt t' p rto r nfr e n .' d ct
'
ng
Cii Li ris Uni vFlri Bar 999 F. 1 1 ( 1h Ci.1 ) s aloBabbitv.
vl bete
on o da ,
2d 486, 492 1 t r 993). ee s
,
t
UntdFa m Wo k r Na . Uno 4 2 U. 2 9 2 9( 9 9 (te s nsh v n n f aso sae
ie r
r es tl in, 4 S. 8 , 9 1 7 ) s ro a i g o e r f tt
'
p
pr e uton e eptt e t t a e i a na y or s ul tve a e nott be a e e a a opr a e
os c i xc
hos ha r m gi r
pec a i , r
o
cc pt d s ppr i t
1 Pl nt f s do s ectvel ci e t a f w Supr e Cour and El
0 ai i f
el i y t o e
em
t
event Ci c t cas t
h r ui
es hat
ha e uat and per i t pr e or em ent c l nges Pl nt f s ci a i t t e
ve val ed
m t ed e- nf c
hal e
. ai i f ' t t ons o hos
cas , how e , ar s e i a i
es
ver e el ct ve nd ncom pl t For exa pl Pl nt f s ci e Babbit v.
e e.
m e, ai i f t
t
Unie Far Worke Nat' Uni 442 U. 289,299 (
td m
rs
1 on,
S.
1979)f t pr ii t a
or he oposton hat
pe s ne not expos hi s f t a r t or pr ec i bef e br ngi a c t t i
r on ed
e m el o r es
os ut on
or i ng ons i ut onal
chalenge t crmi sat e. Pl. Br ( E.61 a 7. Pl ntf s however neglctt
l
o i nal t ut
s' . D.
1 t
ai if ,
, e o
of er a f l exam i i of Babbi t w hi h w ent on t not as des i
f
ul
nat on
t,
c
o
e
cr bed bel
ow t
hat
tpersons havi no fears of st e prosecut on except those t
û
ng
at
i
hat are i agi
m nary or
s
pecul t ve, ar not t be acce ed as appr i e pl nt f s ' i a pr e or ent
ai
e
o
pt
opr at
ai i f ' n
e- nf cem
chalenge.
l
1 pl nt f s br ngi pr e or ent chal enges al o m us s
1 ai i f
i ng e- nf cem
l
s
t how t t chal enged
hat he
l
l i er er w i h a cons iut onalr ght Se G eor acar y. g, 687 F. a 1251. A s
aw nt f es t
tt i
i . e
gi
r or
3d t
des i d i t C our ' or of di m i s ,i i not a al cl t t Pl nt f s ha eve
cr be n he
t s der
s s al t s
t l ear ha ai i f ve
n
s
how n t s m uc
hi
h.
12
panif' i a p ee f r e n c aln e (iain ,q tto o te ) Plitfsh v no
litfs' n r-n o c me t h l g ) ctto s uoains mitd . an if a e t
e
s n,howe r t t a J m Doe f ce a c e bl t e t of pr e uton or e c i unde t
how
ve ha ny ol
a s r di e hr a
os c i
vi ton
r he
Boo O r na e. J
k di nc
ohn Doe /2 c r nty lve i t Ri r Pa k wih hi pr ton ofi e '
/ ur e l i s n he ve r
t s oba i
tc rs
e e s per i s on. l a hi t s i c t s t t J
xpr s
m si
f nyt ng, hi ndi a e ha ohn D oe /2 i f ci a l or e iel
/ s a ng ow
ntr y
no s e r s of pr e uton. Pl ntf s do not e n sa e wher J hn D oes /1 a /3 lve
nexi t nt i k
os c i
ai i f
ve t t
e o
/ nd / i ,
m uc l s w he he a pa tc a a pe t of t i lvi a r nge ent i c t a c edi e t e
h es
t r ny ri ul r s c s he r i ng r a m s ndi a e r bl hr at
t tJ m D oe #1 orJ D oe /3 w ilbe pr e t f vi a i t Book Or na e.
ha ol
ohn
/ l
os cu ed or ol tng he
di nc
The onl f c s i ntfed by Pli if t e n ar ua y i c t a t e tofpr e ton
y a t de ii
a ntfs hat ve g bl ndia e hr a
os cu i
ae ( ) t 201 Ri r Pak e ci ( t dicei e r ie by Count ofi as i
r 1 he 3 ve r viton, 2) he s rton xe cs d
y tcil n
de e m i ng w he he û t r tve e a i
t r ni
t r s e na i duc tonalpr a s's h as t M i m iBr dge a e S c
al
ogr m ' uc
he a
i
r k hool '
s
s'
s b e t oteBo kOr ia c ' r sd n yr srcin, n ( )t ef c t a s meCo n ya e is
u j c t h o dn n es e ie c e tito a d 3 h a t h t o
u t g nce
a art di ag e w ih one a t ron whe herc t i f iii s a e ks hoo1 .'2 Ta n t e he
ppe o s r e t
no he
t
era n ac lte r 'c
s '1 ke og t r
or on t i own,howe r t s f t a e i ufi i t e t ih a c edi e t ea of f t e
her
ve , he e acs r ns tcent o sabls
r bl hr t
uur
pr ec i n. The 201 Ri rPar ev c i f e m pl di noti ve a J Doe Pli if
os uto
3 ve
k i ton, or xa e, d
nvol ny ohn
a ntf
Fu t r e a s i t tt FD OC ha pr vi l e c ed a oft J D oe Pl ntf s a
r he , ven s um ng ha he
d e ous y vi t ny he ohn
ai if , nd
he i a vi ton
s om e
he
y' r ta y
e n a s i t t t s hypot t c l e c i w a pr pt d by t Count s a bir r
ve s um ng ha hi
.
i e pr t i oft Book Or na e,S texpos e t il ga conduc does noti is f s
nt r e aton
he
di nc l
pas
ur o le l
t
n t el how a
p e e tc s o c nr ves .... Ci o o An ee v L o s 1 3 S Ct 1 6 ,1 6 ( 9 3
rs n a e r o to ry
' t fL s g ls . y n , 0 . . 6 0 6 5 1 8 )
' y
1 Pl nti s cont , f çxam pl t t C ount and M i i D ade Publi School have
2 ai ff
end or
e, hat he
y
am c
s
r
eached cont adi or pos t ons on t def nii of ls
r ct y 'i i
he i t on
d chool'under t Book Or nance,
'
he
di
des t t f t t t Count c ai s t def t M i m i D ade Publ c Sc
pie he ac hat he
y l m o
er o
a i
hool on t s
s
hi
poi . A ccor ng t Pl nt f s,M i i D ade Publc School of i al cons der t M i m i
nt
di o ai i f
am i
s f ci s
i
he a
Brdge a smia d le na i e c to lpr r m s't be i c ol' s j c t t e
i
nd i lr t t r tve du a i na og a ' o
a
t ho s' ub e t o h
s
Book O rdi
nance' resi
s
dency rest i i
r ct ons, and yet,t Count i sel does not categori
he
y t f
ze
t e f ltesas Ss hool ' See Pl 'Br ( E.61 at4-5. Pl ntfs alo alege t t
hos aciii
lc s.
'
s. . D. q
ai if s l ha
t Fl i Depar m ent of Educa i consi s num e ous f l tes t be ds
he or da
t
t on
der
r
aci i i o
d chool ' t t
s ' ha
t Count does not cur ent y enf c as s
he
y
r l
or e
uch,a vi ver a. 1
nd ce
s d.
@
(iain, u cu to omitd . Rah r t e tbih dh p os e to ftte ij r 'a pan if
ctt p n tain te ) te , o sa ls s e r p c f u t nu y, litf
o
t
r
'
p e i u l s b e td t a c siui n lvo ain b a saea trmu tC r db y alg ta h
rv o sy u j ce o on tt to a ilto y tt co s t e il le e h t e
c
f e ar lsi t e tfom t f t ea iai of( dee
ac d eaitc hra r he ' ur pplc ton a fndants polc ' 1 a 1 -68n.
u
'l iy. d. t 667
'
7.
The El nt Ci c t ha s nc m a cl a t t onl t m os com peli f t w o d
eve h r ui s i e de e r ha
y he
t
lng ac s ul
de ons r t a t ea of e or m en t t w as s fci nty r als i t m ert t e r s of
m t a e hr t
nf ce t ha
uf i e l e i tc o
i he xe ci e
j rs ito o e ap ee f r e n c le g t a,iePlitfs p o o e c le g , et o a
u idcin v r r -n o c me t haln e h t l an if' r p s d haln e r ss n n
k
a - pple t or .
s a i d he y'
Pl i if a gue t t t Ca r La , a a i d t t m ,vi a es
a ntf s r
ha he r y w s pple o he
ol t
t i cons iutonalr g s e n t
he r
tt i
i ht , ve hough t Ca r La has no ye
he r y w
t t
bee appled t t m . To us t s a ar t be a i r
n
i o he
, hi ppe s o
n nhe ent
conrditon ....Even gsumi t t s how i i posi et
ta ci
a s ng hal ome
t s sbl o
br ng a as a i c le
i n - ppled ha l nge i a pr e or em e r vi of a
n
e- nf c nt e ew
saut t tha ye t bea idglwe beive t tt e ae fw
tt e ha s t o pple ,
le ha her r e
st tons whe e t t t of c le
iua i
r ha ype
ha l nge w oul pr i. Suc a
d eva l
h
st ton coul ars w he t f c ua c e oft c le i s
iua i
d ie
n he a t l ont xt he ha l nge s o
cl r a unc r r e t t t r i no q s i a t how t
ea nd
ont ove t d ha he e s
ue ton s o
he
s a ut w ilbe a i
tt e l
ppled.
Ge gi
or acar y or 687 F. a 1
r g,
3d t 255 n.
20. Pl i if have not i t fe a tf t l c e '
a ntf s
den ii d dac ua ont xt'
wher t r i i que ton' a t how t Count w ila y t Book O r na e t t m . A t
e he e s ç
no
si ' s o
he
y l ppl he
di nc o he
be t t f t pr s nt d by Pl i if i ca e t t w hie t Count c r nty does note or e
s , he ac s e e e
a ntf s ndi t ha , l he
y ur e l
nf c
d le a i e a i l pr r m s' a s hool unde t or na , s e ofi i l i Count
t t m tve duc tona og a ' s c
a
s
r he di nce om
tc as n
y
a ncisbele ( bele d i 201 t ti s d. W hiet y dono diput t tt Count
ge e ive or ive n 3) ha t houl
l he
t s e ha he
y
y
ê
doe notc r nty enf c t e pr am s as s
s
ur e l
or e hes ogr
chool ,Pl i if ne t e s s r st tofi a s
s a ntf s verhel s tes ha tci l '
i onss e vi w s on t or na i c t t tt Count ç ul r ver e c s ata tm e.'
nc i t nt e
he di nce ndi a e ha he
y s d e s our e ny i '
co
Even i Pl ntf s' alegatons are t
f ai if l i
aken as t ue,t s w oul be i ufici t s
r hi
d
ns t ent o upporta
pr - nf c e c l nge t ti rpe f r vi w ,a gove m e of i a s sr e t i e pr ta
e e or em nt hale
ha s i or e e s
m nt fci l ' t uggl s o nt r e
poe ilyva 1w donotont i own, uppor t pr entexecs ofAril ll urs ci
tntal gue a
, her
s
the es
rie
tce 1j iditon.
I Vilgeo fman Esatsv Flpsde fman Esats I ,455 U. 489,5 (98 ,f
n la fHof
t e . i i ,Hof
t e, nc.
S.
03 1 2) or
14
e
e mpl,t Supr m e Cour e mi d a ca e i whih munii lofi a s c uson ove a
xa e he
e
t xa ne
s n
c
cpa tcil ' onf i
r n
or na s s cii me ng a a i ton r ie an a r
di nce' pe fc
ani
nd pplca i a s d
ppa ent d ik of dic i i t r
ss
r
s rm na o y
e or e e . Howe r t Cour r f e t a e s t s rs a t pr - nf r m e sa .
nf c m nt'
'
ve , he
t e us d o ddr s hi ik t he e e o ce nt t ge
l se d,te Co r n td t a t e mu iiaiy c u d a o ,tr ug a mi srtv r g lto s
n ta h u t oe i t h n cp l o l d pt h o h d nitaie e u ain
z
t
a publc i ,c a ii tons t t pot i ly over oa pr sons of t o di nce. Se i
nd
i nput l rfca i
o he enta l
br d ovi i
he r na
e d.
a 50 And,i t muni i iy uli ael unde t a po e i l ove br d ora bir r a ton
t 4.
f he
cpalt tm t y
rook
t ntaly r oa
r ta y c i
t enf r t or nanc ç t w il be tm e e
o
o ce he di e, d l
i
i
nough t c i a s h pr e s w he t y
o ons der ny uc obl m
n he
'
,
aie' I (ii JosphE.Sea am drSons I v.Hosete 384 U. 35,52 ( 966). Mor
rs .' d ctng e
gr
, nc.
t tr,
S.
1 )
e
rc n l,te Co r h l ta p b i itrs o g n z to c ul n tetb ih a ij r i f cl
e e ty h u t ed h t u lc ne et r a iains o d o sa ls n n u y n a t3
b s d o wh t t e o g nz to s alg d wa a i be tv l ra o be l l o ' ta
a e n a h r a iain le e
s n l j ci ey e s na l i i d' h t
o
ke ho
g nme ofi a s woul i t f ur , e r s t dicr ton pr de by t For gn
over nt fcil
d, n he ut e xe cie he s ei
ovi d
he
ei
K
'
I eli nc Sur e lanc Ac t ilga l a quie t or zai ns c munia i .Clppe v
nt lge e v il e t o le ly c r he gani to ' om
c tons a r .
Amne t 1 ',1 S.Ct 11 11 ( 3) TheCou tras
sy ntl 33
. 38, 43 201 .
r e oned t a pli ifsunc rant
hat antf
e ti y
ove a go r
r
ve mnen age y' f ur a potntaly a bir r e or e e i i ufi i nt t
t nc s ut e nd
e i l r ta y nf c m nt s ns fc e o
e tbl h Aril l1 sa dig b c u e a kh e tn d ij r mus b c ranl i e dn t
sa i
s t e I tn n , e a s i r ae e nu y t e e ti y mp n ig o
c
t
c n t ueij r i fc. 1 .a 1 47 48( u tn Whi r v Ar a s s 1 0S. .1 7 1 2 o si t nu y n a t' d t 1 - q o ig t e . k n a , 1 Ct 71 , 7 4
t
'
mo
25( 99 )
1 0).
Li e te Hof n a d Clp r p anif,wh s camswee rj ce b t e Su rme
k h fma n a pe litfs o e li
r ee td y h p e
Co r frj rs i o ld f e ce ,Plitfsh r h v a mo ti e tfe a sauet a mih
u t o u iddina ekin i s anif ee a e t s d n iid ttt h t g t
1 Though Clppe addr s t ijur i f t r quiement f Ari e ll sa ng,
3
a r
es ed he n y n ac e r
or tcl l t ndi
r t t n r penes , i i ne t ess r evant her , as s a ng and r pe s i s
a her ha i
s t s ver hel
el
e
t ndi
i nes s ues
f eque l a i e t
r
nt y r s oget r i t cont of pr enf cem e c l nges See D erm er v.
he n he
ext
e- or
nt hal e
.
Mi amiDade Count 599 F. 1 7, ( 1h Ci. 2010) ($n cas i vi pr
y,
3d 21 1 t r
$l
es nvol ng e-
e ore ntrviw,te e i otn d ti lo ra bewe n sa i a d rpe s
nf c me e e h r s fe docrna vely t e tndng n i ne s
a ys s' because t e cl m s Snvol t pos bily of wholy pr pec i f ur
nal i
hes ai
i
ve he
si lt
l os tve ut e
ij r '' ( otng El n v Ba ham,4 F.d 1 9 1 4 ( 1h Ci.20 ).
n u y.' qu i
)
ed . s
71 3 1 9, 20 1 t r 06 )
#
pos i y be i ope l enf c ag ns t m orot r i t f ur I e Pli if m a
sbl
mpr ry or ed ai t he
he s n he ut e. nde d, a ntf s ke
cl a t t i i t po si lt a not t c t nt of enf r e e t t conc r t m .4 The
e r ha t s he s bii nd
y,
he er ai y,
o c m nt ha
e ns he 1
El ve h Cic t ho ve , ha dieced t t onl a C e r and unc r red' rs
e nt
r ui, we r s r t ha
y
t a
cl
ontove t ' ik
e or m e w oul be r pe f r vi w on a as apple c le e. Geor acar y or 68 F. d
nf ce nt
d
i or e e
n - i d ha l ng
gi
r g, 7 3
a 1
t 255 n.
20. Tha i c r a nl not t ca e he e. The ef e whie t i unc r a nt ove
t s e ti y
he s
r
r or ,
l he r
e ti y
r
D e e nt ' i e pr t t on of t Book O r nanc m ay be f us r tng f Pl ntf s i does no
f nda s nt r e a i
he
di e
r t a i or ai if , t
t
gv rs t ac s ta i rp fra j d c to u e a a -p le t e r Rahe,i id c ts
ie ie o a e h t s ie o du iain nd r n sa pid h o y. t r t n iae
t ta f ur a bir r enf c m e a tons pr di t d by Pl i if w oul be bes a es e i or
ha ny m e r t a y or e nt c i
e ce
a ntf s
d
t ddr s d f
5
wh n te a ie1 se D i ialprops., I c v cï o ana i ,1 F.d 5 6 5 9 ( 1h Ci.
e h y rs . e g t
n . . / fpl tt
y
on 21 3 8 , 8 1 t r
1 (i nes docrneC otcsfderlc t fom e gi i s culton orwatngt i
997) rpe s ti t e t e a ours r nga ng n pe ai
pr
si her
rs c t ought rviw ofpotntalora ta tdiput '
e oures hr
he e e
e i
bsr c s es).
11
1.
CO NC LU SI N
O
Fort f e ngras ,Plitfs M otonf Reif( E.61 i hee DENI
he orgoi e ons anif ' i or le D. 1 s rby
ED.
' Pl i i f c end, f exam pl t t Book O r na
4 a nt f s ont
or
e, hat he
di nce' vaguenes Spr nt t
s
s f eve s hem
fom kn ng'whehe t e Cou y ma e r ie isdic e i n i ama ne t a s b e t
r
owi ' t r h
nt y xe cs t s r to n
n r h t u j cs
Pl i i f t evi t on or pr ecut on i t f ur t t neiher t
a nt f s o
ci
os
i n he ut e; ha
t
hey nor num er
ous ot r
he
non- t es û
par i l
know i D e endant m ay r t n t t r door t
f f
s
e ur o hei
s eps w i h evi i not c ''
t
ct on
i es '
a t t t uncer ai y cr t by t B ook O r nance w or a çc l i ef e .. .on
nd ha he
t nt ea ed
he
di
ks s hi lng f ct
t i ate st i ntf housng.' P1 . Br.( E.61 at7-9.
her t mpt o de iy
i ' s'
D. 1
'' ,'
'
1 Though t Fl i A cton C om m it i al o a nam ed Pl nt f i t s cas , Pl i i f
5
he or da
i
t ee s s
ai i f n hi
e a nt f s
ha s ar el addr s how t r pr
ve c c y
es ed
hei opos as appl ed chalenge pr ent a l ve cas or
ed i
l
es s i
e
c nto ry a a id t i. Plitfssae f rte frttmei t i rpl bre ,t t
o r ves s pple o t anif tt, o h is i n her e y if ha
t Fl i Acton Com m it t il be f ced t expend r our es hel ng cove ed
he or da
i
tee d l
w
or
o
es c
pl
r
i di d a sna ga e t s mi e i l ' Pl. Re y ( E.6 a 6. To a t ly e t bls
n vi u l vi t hi n fe d. s' pl D. 4j t
'
cua l sa ih
or za i
gani tonal sandi howeve , Pl ntfs mus s
t ng,
r ai if
t how t t ( t Fl i Aci
ha a) he orda ton
Commit si
tee' û
membe sFoul ot wiehavesandi t s i t rown rght ( t
r
d her s
t ng o ue n hei
i ' b) he
,
i er t i s
nt ess t eekst pr ec ar ge mane t t or ni ton' pur e;a ( ) neiher
o ot t e r
o he ga za i s pos nd c t
t cl i as er ed nor t r i r
he a m s t
he el ef eques e r
t d equi es t par i pat on of t i vi l
r he
t ci i
he ndi dua
member i t l ui.' Doe v.Stncer 175 F. 879,882 (11h Ci.1
s n he aws t'
i ,
3d
t r 999)( i
quotng
H unt v. W as ngt St e Appl A dver i i Com m ' 432 U . . 333, 343 (
hi on at
e
t s ng
n,
S
1977) .
)
Pl i if ha noteven a t pt t dem ons r e how t alegatons i t ram ende
a ntf s ve
tem ed o
tat
he l i
n hei
d
c pl ntsa i f t e t ee e em ent
om ai
t s y hes hr l
s.
16
DONE AN D ORDERED i Cha r ,M i mi Fl i J 23,201
n
mbe s a , orda, une
5.
P U L C. CK
UN I
TED STA TES D I
STRI J D GE
CT U
Copi f ni he t
es ur s d o:
Co elofr c d
uns
e or
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