Dunn et al v. Takata Corporation et al

Filing 521

ORDER GRANTING IN PART and DENYING IN PART ( 616 in 1:15-md-02599-FAM) MOTION to Dismiss (579) Amended Complaint And Incorporated Memorandum of Law filed by American Honda Motor Co., Inc.. ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Honda's Motion to Dismiss (D.E. 616) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Specifically, Count 12, 13, 14, 15, 48, 53, 55, and 86 are DISMISSED. Count 3 is DISMISSED as asserted by the Florida and North Carolina Plaintiffs. Honda's Motion to Dismiss Count 10 and Count 11 is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Signed by Judge Federico A. Moreno on 5/31/2017. Associated Cases: 1:15-md-02599-FAM, 1:14-cv-24009-FAM (gp)

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n aba
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t yn nner n a m e i nt c e
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n aba . nne ' l m
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lt
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n ab
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n
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n aba
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n i
s a ms r r nse r d nt he
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l
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n lf ni
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vi ke
lf ni esde , c s
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n i onza. ke s l m
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ior a.
* Sus na Za or , a Calf ni r s de , pur has a ne 2004 H onda A cc d Se n i
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6

Conne t c Subc as
c i ut
l s

* Ni ol Pe l e,a M a s hus ts r i nt pur has a ne 2004 Honda Acc d EX i
c e ase
s ac et esde , c ed
w
or
n
Oc obe 2004 i Conneci ut Pe le' cli s we e ta f r e i o t M DL fom t
t r
n
tc . ase s am
r r ns e r d nt he
r he
Sout n Diti ofFl i .
her srd
orda
Fl da Subcl
ori
ass
* K i e A len,a Fl i r dent pur s d a us 2002 HondaOdys e i Fl i . Ale s
el l
or da esi , cha e
ed
s y n orda l n'

cai swe eta f re i o t M DL fom t Sou he n DititofFl i
lm
r r ns e r d nt he
r he t r src
orda

.

* Ca ia Core ei aFl i r i t pur has d a us 2004 Honda Ci con Aprl1 2011
m l
tl t, orda esden , c e
ed
vi
i ,
i Fl i Coreet' cli we ediec-ie i o t M DL.
n orda. tl is a ms r r tfld nt he
* Ryva a Fuent ,a Fl i r s de , pur ha e a us d 2007 Honda Ac d i Dec m be
ni
es
or da e i nt
c sd
e
cor n
e r
2007 i Fl rda.Fue e ' c am s we e ta f r d i o t M DL fom t So he n
n oi
nt s s l i
r r nsere nt he
r
he ut r
D it i tofFl i
s rc
orda.
K i be l H ol es a Fl i r i t pur s d a ne 2002 HondaOdys ey on Fe uar
m ry
m , or da esden , cha e
w
s
br y
11 2002 i Fl i Hol ' c am swe e ta f red i o t M DL fom t Sou he n
,
n orda. mess l i
r r ns e r nt he
r he t r
Di ti tof Fl i
src
or da.

Pa ea H.Koe e ,aFl i r i nt pur s d anew 2006 HondaPioti M a c 2006
m l
hlr
orda esde , cha e
l n rh
i Fl i Koe e ' cai swe e ta f r d i o t M DL fom t Sout r Diti tof
n orda. hlrs l m
r r nsere nt he
r he
he n src
Fl i
orda.
* Davi K ope m a a Fl i r i nt pur ha e a ne 2004 HondaPiotEXL DVD on
d
l n, orda es de , c s d
w
l
Augus 6,2004 i Fl i Kopel n' cli wer ta f re i o t M DL fom t
t
n orda.
ma s a ms e r ns e r d nt he
r he
Sout r Di t i tofFl i
he n s rc
orda.

Ga lM a kowiz a Fl i r sde , pur has a us d 2007 Honda Acc d on M ay 1 ,
i r
t , orda e i nt c ed
e
or
5
2009 i Fl i .M a kowiz' cli s wer ta f red i o t M DL fom t Sout r
n orda
r
t s am
e r ns e r nt he
r he
he n
DititofFl i
src
orda.
Yes i M a tne a Fl r da r i nt pur ha e a new 200 Honda C i c on M a 2004 i
sca r i z, o i es de , c s d
4
vi
y
n
Fl i .M a tne s cl i s w e e t a f r d i t t M D L f om t Sout r D i ti tof
or da
r i z' a m
r r ns er e n o he
r
he
he n sr c
Fl i
or da.
M aur G ii Ras a Fl i r dent l s d a t n pur has d a ne 2007 H o
een lck
h,
orda esi , ea e nd he
c e
w
nda
Pioti Febr r 201l i Fl i Ras s cl m s w e e t a f r ed i o t M D L f om t
l n
ua y
n orda. h' ai
r r ns e r nt he
r he
Sout r D it i ofFl i
he n s rct
or da.

* St n P.Schne de ,a Fl i r s de , pur s d aus 2002 Acur TL i M ay orJ
eve
i r
orda e i nt cha e
ed
a
n
une
201 i Fl i .Sc i r s cli we e ta f re i o t M DL fom t Sout r
2 n orda hnede ' a ms r r ns e r d nt he
r
he
he n
Diti ofFl i
srct
orda,

* Sha Ta or a Fl i r i nt pur s d a us d 2004 Honda Acc d i M a ch 28,
un yl ,
orda esde , cha e
e
or n r
2011 i Fl i Ta or s cl m s w e e tans er e i o t M D L fom t Ce r lDi t i t
n orda. yl ' ai
r r f r d nt he
r
he nt a sr c
ofCa ior a.
lf ni
* Os d C. s i r a Fl i r sde , pur has a ne 2003 Honda Ac or on Augus 8,
wal Te se , orda e i nt c ed
w
c d
t
2003 i Fl i Tes i ' c am s we e ta f red i o t M DL fom t Sout r
n orda. sers l i
r r ns e r nt he
r
he
he n
D it i tofNew Yor
s rc
k.
Robe tE.W e s r a Fl i r s dent pur s d anew 2005 HondaCRV i Novembe
r
i be g, orda e i , cha e
n
r
20 i Flrda.W e s r s c am s we e ta f red i o t M DL fom t Sout n
04 n o i
ibe g' l i
r r ns e r nt he
r
he
her
D i ti tof Fl i
src
or da.
G e zi Subc as
or a
l s
@ Ri ha d Am ol a G e gi r s de , pur has a us d 2006 Honda Pio on O c obe 1 ,
c r
d,
or a e i nt
c ed
e
lt
t r 4
201 i Ge gi Ar d' c am s wer ta f red i o t M DL fom t Norhe n
2 n or a. nol s l i
e r nse r nt he
r
he
t r
Diti tofGe gi
src
or a.
* Tr y W a l a G e gi r s de , pur has a ne 2006 H onda Piot i J
e
tey,
or a e i nt
c ed
w
l n une 2006 i
n
Ge gi W atey' cli s wcr ta f red i o t M DL fom t Norhe n Dititof
or a. l s am
e r nse r nt he
r he
t r src
G e gi
or a.
* Bonni Y oung, a Nor h Ca olna r s den , pur has a ne 2006 A c a M DX i
e
t
r i ei t
c ed
w
ur
n
Nove be 2006 i Ge gi Young' cli s wer tans e r d i o t M DL fom t
m r
n or a.
s am
e r f re nt he
r
he
Ea tr Diti tofNorh Ca olna
se n src
t r i .
H aw ai Subc as
i
l s

Ti hy L.Ar r a Hawai r sden , pur ha e a ne 2004 Honda CRV i Aprl2004
mot
che ,
i ei t c sd
w
n
i
i Ha i Ar hers cli s we e ta f red i o t M DL fom t Cen r Dititof
n wai. c ' am
r r nse r nt he
r he
tal src
Calf r a.
i o ni
Da d M . J r en,a Haw a i r s de , l s d a t n pur e a ne 2006 H onda
vi
o gens
i e i nt ea e nd he
chas d
w
Ri elne i 2006 i Ha i.J ge e scli swe e ta f red i t t M DL fo t
dg i n
n wai or ns n' am
r r ns e r n o he
r m he
Sou he n D i ti tofFl i
t r src
or da.

8

llnoi Subc as
li s
l s
* PeerBr c v,a llnoi r i nt pur s d a ne 2002 Acur TL i Aprl2002 i
t
es hne n li s esde , cha e
w
a
n
i
n
llnoi.Br c v' cli wer ta f re i o t M DL fom t Ease n Diti tof
li s es hne s a ms e r ns e r d nt he
r he t r src
M i hi n.
c ga
I ana Subc as
ndi
l s
@ Cha ls a Vi e Bur l a r i nt, pur has a us d 2004 Honda Odys e i
re nd cki
d, ndina esde s
c ed
e
sy n
M ar h orAprl2007 i l a Thei cli swe ediec-ied i o t M DL.
c
i
n ndi na. r am
r r tfl nt he
Loui i na Subcl s
sa
as

Ta ha Se ro,a Loui ina r i nt pur has d a us d 2007 Honda Piot on Febr r
s
ve i
sa esde , c e
e
l
ua y
20l i Louiina Seve i s cai wer ta f red i o t M DL fom t Sout r
3 n
sa .
ro' l ms
e r nse r nt he
r
he
he n
D i ti tofFl i .
src
or da
M as achus t s Subc as
s
et
l s

M ega Sayr - i ,a M as a hus ts r sden , pur ha e a us 2005 H onda C RV i
n
e scbona
s c et e i t c s d
ed
n
2 0 i M a s hus ts Sa e sc bona' cl i s wer di e t fl i o t M DL .
01 n s ac e t . yr - i
s am
e r c -ied nt he
M i aan Subcl
chi
ass

Erk Boone,a M ihi an r i nt pur has d a us 200 Honda Pioton M ar h 31 201
i
c g esde , c e
ed 4
l
c ,
4
i M ihi an.Boone' cli swe e ta f re i o t M DL fom t Ce r lDititof
n c g
s am
r r ns e r d nt he
r he nta src
Ca ior a.
lf ni
Mi
nnes a Subc as
ot
l s
@ Da l Spi s ,a M i s a r i , pur has d a us d 2005 Acur M DX i M i s t .
ra e s
nne ot esdent c e
e
a
n nne o a
Spis ' cli wer diec -ied i o t M DL.
e s s a ms e r tfl nt he
M i souriSubcl
s
ass

Am b Hodgs a M i s ir s de ,pur has a ne 2004 H onda C RV on J nua y 4,
er
on,
s our e i nt
c ed
w
a r
20 i M i s i Hodgs s vl i s we e t a f r ed i o t M DL f om t W e t r
04 n s our .
on' a m
r r ns e r nt he
r
he
se n
D i rctofM i
sti
ssour .
i

Rus el Hola a M is r r i ,pur s d ane 2007 Honda Pioti Aprl2007 i
s l lnd,
s ou i esdent cha e
w
l n
i
n
M is i Hola s cli swe e ta f r e i o t M DL fom t W e tr Dititof
s our. lnd' am
r r nse r d nt he
r
he se n src
M is i
s our .

9

* J s M oe ma a M is ir i nt pur s d a us d 2005 Honda Ci c i J y 2007
a on
hl n,
s our esde , cha e
e
vi n ul
i M i s i M oe m a s c a m s w e e tans er e i o t M DL f om t W e t r
n
s our .
hl n' l i
r r f r d nt he
r
he
se n
Di t i tofM i s i
s rc
s our .
N or h Carolna Subcl s
t
i
as

* M aj re M ih le Av r a No t Caoi a r sd n ,p rhae a n w 2 0 Ho d
ro i c el ey,
rh r ln e ie t u c s d e 0 6 n a
Rigei i Au t2005 i Norh Car i .Ave y' cli s wer ta f re i o t
d lne n gus
n
t
olna
r s am
e r ns e r d nt he
M DL fom t W ese n DititofNo t Ca olna.
r he
t r src
rh r i
@ J
ohn M e s r a N orh Ca olna r i nt pur ha e a us 2007 Honda Piot i 2007 i
ie ,
t r i es de , c s d
ed
l n
n
Norh Ca olna. e s ' cl mswe eta f red i o t M DL fom t W e t r Diti t
t r i M iers ai
r r ns e r nt he
r he se n src
ofN orh Car i .
t
olna
N e Je e Subc as
w rs v
l s

* Dor e De c a Ne J r e r sde ,pur ha e a new 2005 Honda Ac d i Aprl
e n mbe k,
w e s y e i nt c s d
cor n
i
2005 i Ne J r e De
n w e s y. mbec scai swe e die -ie i o t M DL.
k' l m
r r ctfld nt he
@ Heln Kl r aNe J r e r sdent pur s d a ne 2004 Honda Acc d i Nove
e eme ,
w e s y e i , cha e
w
or n
mber
200 i New J s Klm e ' cl mswer die ttl i o t M DL.
4 n
erey. e rs ai
e r c -ied nt he
N ew Y ork Subcl s
as

* Raf lA . a ei a N e Y or r i , pur s d a us 2007 HondaPioton M a c 30,
ae G r a,
w
k esdent cha e
ed
l
rh
20l i Ne Yor Ga ci s cai we e ta f red i o t M DL fom t Sout r
3 n w
k. r a' l ms r r ns e r nt he
r he
he n
D it i tofNew Yor
s rc
k.

@ Ant on Pam ir, a N e Yor r sdent pur e a us d 2005 Honda Ac d i
h y l ei
w
k ei ,
chas d
e
cor n
Oe obe 2009 i Ne Yor Pal e iscli we e ta f r e i o t M DL fom t
t r
n w
k. mi r' a ms r r nse r d nt he
r he
Cen r lDititofCa ior a.
ta src
lf ni
Ne
vada Subcl s
as

@ Kosa Lahours a Ne da r i nt pur has d a us 2005 Honda Ci c on Aprl1 ,
tn t i,
va esde , e e
ed
vi
i 0
2006 i Ne da.Lat i ' cli we e ta f r e i o t M DL fom t Centa
n va
hourss a ms r r nse r d nt he
r
he
rl
Di t i ofCa i or a.
sr d
lf ni
O hi Subcl
o
ass

K a herne E.Sha a O hi r s den , pur has a us 2002 Honda Ci c on J y 6,
t i
nk, n
o ei t
c ed
ed
vi
ul
2009 i O hi Sha s c ai s w e e ta f r e i o t M D L f om t Eas e n Di t i tof
n
o. nk' l m
r r ns e r d nt he
r he t r sr c
New Yor
k.

10

Or
eeon Subc a s
ls

* Anaa Ka yiChe Te r i nt,pur ha ed anew 2006 HondaAc d on M ay 24,
nd ng
n, xas esde s c s
cor
2006 i Or gon. i cai swe eta f red i o t M DL fom t W e t r Dititof
n e
The r l m
r r ns e r nt he
r he se n src
Penns vani
yl a.
* La a M .Kil a l
ur
lgo, n daho r i nt pur has d a us d 2003 Honda Elm e i 2009 i
esde , c e
e
e nt n
n
Or on.Kil s cli s we e ta f re i o t M DL fom t Cental Ditit of
eg
lgo' am
r r ns e r d nt he
r
he
r
src
Calf ni
ior a,
@ Ka hl e W iki on,a I ho r s de ,pu c s d a us d 2006 A cur M D X on A prl23,
t e n l ns
n da e i nt r ha e
e
a
i
2009 i Or gon.W iki on' c am s wer ta f red i o t M D L fom t Sout r
n e
l ns s l i
e r ns e r nt he
r
he
he n
DititofFl i
src
orda.
Pe vl a Subc as
nns vani
l s

* De r h T. or
bo a
M gan,aFl i r i ,pur ha e a ne 2008 Honda El menti Oct r
orda esdent c s d
w
e
n obe
2008 i Fl i M or n' cli we e ta f re i o t M DL fom t Sout r
n orda.
ga s a ms r r ns e r d nt he
r
he
he n
D i ti tofFl i
src
or da.
Rhode I l Subcl s
s and
as
@ M a y Hasey, a Rhode l l nd r i nt pur ha e a ne 2002 Honda Ac or VXS on
r
l
s a es de ,
c sd
w
c d
Augus 30,2002 i Rhodel lnd.Hase scai swe e die tfld i o t M DL.
t
n
sa
l y' l m
r r c -ie nt he

@ Pa ea W is y,a lhode Il r sde ,pur has a us d 2002 Honda Ac or VLX i
m l
le
t
sand e i nt c ed
e
c d
n
M a c 201 i lhodel l W is y' ca mswe e die tfld i o t M DL.
rh
0nt
sand. lc s li
r r c -ie nt he
Te s e Subcl s
nne s e
as

Sonya Annet Le d,aNorh Ca olna r sde , pur s d a new 2007 Honda A e r
te onar
t r i e i nt cha e
eo d
i s i 2007 i Te s e . Le r scli s we e tansere i o t M DL fom t
n prng
n nne s e ona d' am
r r f r d nt he
r he
W ese n Di t i tofNor h Ca olna.
t r sr c
t r i
* Re c Le ,a Tenne s e r s den , pur has d a new 2004 Honda Ci c i J y 2004 i
be ca w
se ei t
c e
vi n ul
n
Tenne s .Lew ' cl i s wer die - ie i o t M D L.
s ee
s am
e r ctf l d nt he

Da Pe e ,a Te s r sde ,pur s d a ne 2004 Honda Ac or i Aprl2004 i
n opls
xa e i nt cha e
w
c d n
i
n
Te s e.Peopl ' cl mswe eta f red i o t M DL fom t Sout r Diti of
nnes e
ess ai
r r nse r nt he
r he
he n srct
Calf ni
i or a.

11

T e Subc as
xas
l s

* Kely Rit r a M i s a r i nt pur s d a us d 2005 Honda Ci c Lx on Febr r
l te ,
nne ot esde , cha e
e
vi ua y
9,2006 i Te s Rit ' cai we e tansere i o t M DL fom t Ce r lDitit
n xa . ters l ms r r f r d nt he
r he nta src
ofCa ior a.
lf ni

@ Erc Ros on,a Fl i r i nt pur has a us d 2007 Honda Acc d i Aug t2007 i
i
s
orda esde , c ed
e
or n
us
n
Te .Ros on' cli s we e ta f r d i o t M DL fom t Sout r Diti tof
xas
s s am
r r nsere nt he
r
he
he n src
Fl i
orda.
@ Da e N.Siva,a Te s r sde ,pur s d a us d 2004 Honda Pioton Dec m be 1
nil
l
xa e i nt cha e
e
l
e r ,
2006 i Te .Siva' cli swe e die -ie i o t M DL.
n xas l s am
r r ctfld nt he
V i ni Subcl
rzi a
ass

* Kahr n A. Tils a Vigi a r i nt pur has d a ne 2005 Honda Piot LX on
t y
lich,
r ni esde , c e
w
l
Febr r 26,2005 i V i gi a.Tils s cl i s w e e t a f r ed i o t M D L f om t
ua y
n r ni lich' a m
r r ns e r nt he
r he
Ce r D i ti ofCalf ni
ntal s rct
ior a.
W estV i ni Subcl s
rzi a
as

@ J at n Kni , a W es Vigi a r i nt pur s d a us d 2006 Honda Piot on
on ha
ght
t r ni esde , cha e
e
l
J
anua y 6,2009 i W e tVigi a.Kni hts cai swe e ta f r d i o t M DL fom
r
n s r ni
g ' lm
r r nsere nt he
r
t Sou he n DititofW es Vigi a.
he t r src
t r ni
W ashi on Subcl s
ntt
as

Robe tF.Goodwi a W as ng on r i nt pur ha e aus d 2004 Honda CRV 4W D i
r
n,
hi t esde , c s d
e
n
2005 i W a hi on.Goodwi scl mswe e ta f red i o t M DL fom t Easer
n s ngt
n' ai
r r nse r nt he
r he t n
D it i tofM i hi n.
s rc
c ga

12

I.
I

LEG AL STANDARD

The Cour i om or t s t lnguage on t lgalsa r us d r pea e y i t pror
t nc
a e he a
he e
t nda d e e t dl n he i
o de sdi m i s ng i pa ts e c a m s a i to he de e
r r s s i n r om l i ga ns t r f ndan s
t.
11
1.

A NA LY SI
S

A . C hoi e ofLaw A nal i
c
ys s

Ret r tng t a l i fom t M a da Or r t f l ng sa e 'c c ofl r es
ie a i he nayss r he z
de , he olowi t t s hoi e aw ul
a y t Pli if 'cli bec us t rc eswe e et rtl d i t tsa e ortl die ty i o
ppl o antfs a ms a e hei as
r ihe s e n ha t t
ied r c l nt
t e M DL,i whi h c eFl i schoie oflw r e a y.
h
n c as orda'
c
a ul s ppl
Al
abam a'
.

Ce vant , up hy,Ta r
r es M
nne

C a ior a:
lf ni

W hie a Cody, G o, Bae G a i , H olyw ood, K lnge ,
t he d,
,
m no
l
i r
M cle
aod, Na r Take
nne y,
da, Za a Ta or Ar he s Boone,
mor , yl , c r
Pal i r ,La hour s Kil o, opl s Rit r Tils
m e i t i , lg Pe e , te , lich

Fl da'
ori .

Caal
t do, Flhe t Rut Pe l e, Alen, Fuent , Corelti
a ry,
h, ase
l
es
t et,
Kopel n, Koe e , Hol e , Sc i r Ras
ma
hlr
m s
hne de ,
h, M a tne
r i z,
M a kow iz W eibe g, J ge e t Bur , Se r o, Sa e
r
t,
s r
or ns n, he
ds
ve i
yr Sc bona Spi s ,De be k, Klm e , W iki on, Hasey, W is
i , es m c
e r
l ns
l
ley,
M or n,Ros on,Siva,Le
ga
s
l
w

G e ai
or a:

Ar d,W a l
nol
tey

K e uckv:
nt

Pe s
deren

M i aan:
chi

Goodwi Br c v
n, es hne

M i souri
s
.
'

M oe m a H odgs n,Hola
hl n,
o
l nd

Nor h C arolna'
t
i .

Ave y,Young,M ei e
r
sr

N e Y or
w
k:

G a c a,Shank,K a os Tes i r
ri
z , se

Penns vani
vl a:

The Che
ns

Tennes .
see'

Leonar
d

W estVi ni
rzi a:

Kni
ght

13

Al
abam a,G e gi Nort Car i and W e tVigi a Choke o La
or a,
h
olna,
s r ni
f w
Alba a' c c of1 w r esf t 4 a ons a e bas on the ta tonalc ld r l
a m s hoi e a ul or ol di
r
ed
i r dii
t
onfi u e
of Ix I idelctt rq rn a c u tt d ee mie te s bsa tv rg t o a ij r d p ry
e oc
i i' e uiig o r o d tr n h u tn ie ih s f n nu e a t
d

a c r ig t t elw o t e sae wh r te ij r o c re . No rsv Tayl ,460 So.2d 151,
c o dn o h a f h tt e e h nu y c u r d' r i . or
'
a'
1 ( a. 1 4) krhe r l of lx I delct r mai t 1 w of Georgi ' Dowi v. M ud
52 Al 98 . û
- ue e oci i i e ns he a
s
.

Slnge s I .279Ga.8 81 ( 2005 .
i r , nc,
08, 6 Ga. )

t t Caolnaf l t lxl ideit r e gaw oft st oft cam)i r ol ng
l h r i olows he e oc lci ul l
Nor
he ius he li n es vi
c c oflw f t l c am s' Fe r v Pul
hoi e a or o4 l i . ry
'
l Tr l l,376 S. 2d 47,49 ( C.Ct App.
man aimobie
E.
N. .
.

1 8 ) l W e tVigna gjxI c deit h sln b e tec r eso e o (tlc nlc o lws
9 9 . n s r ii, rp o i lci a o g e n h o n rtn f is o fit f a

d crn . Pau v Na in l e 3 2 S. 2 5 0 5 5( . .1 8 )
o ti e' l . to a Lf , 5 E.d 5 , 5 W Va 9 6 .
'
i.
i

C alf a C hoi ofLaw
i orni
ee

Calf ni a i s a t ee se kgove nm e t i e es a l i' t r ol c ce of1w
ior a pple hr -t p i r n al nt r t na yss' o es ve hoi
a

is sf t ta tons a f l :( )t c tdeemi swhehe t lwsoft potntal
sue or or ci s olows 1 he our tr ne
t r he a
he e ily

afce j rs ito aet e s me o dfe e t ( )i t lwsae dfe e t t c u te mie
fe td u idcin r h a r if rn ' 2 f he a r ifr n , he o r xa n s
,
e c j rs ito ' itr s i h v n is lwsa le t te c s t dee mi e wh te a tu
a h u id ci n s n ee t n a i g t a pp id o h a e o tr n eh r r e
c lcte ss a ( )i atuec lc e ss t c tc
onfi xit' nd 3 f r ontit xit, he our ompae t rltve sr t ofea h
,
rs he eai tengh
c

j iditon' i ers i havi islwsa id t t ea et detr ne whih sae' i ees
urs ci s nt e t n ng t a pple o he s o emi
c tt s ntr t
woul be m or i r d i a he sa e' l we e appled. M az a v Am.H onda M ot Co.
d
e mpaie f not r tt s aws r
i
z .
or ,

666 F. 581,590 (t Ci.201 .Ye,asat es d matr Caior a r c z t tShe
3d
9h r 2) t
hr hol te , lf ni e ognies ha i
t
pl c oft wr
ae
he ong ha t pr
s he edom i
nanti e es .' M a z 666 F. a 593- Ac di y,t
nt r t ' z a,
3d t
94. cor ngl he
û a e oft wr 'i c i r d t be t s a e i w hi t a l ged ha m occ r , or w her
t c
pl
he ong' s ons de e o
he t t n
ch he le
r
ur ed
e

t ve cl wa pur ha ed.
he hi e s c s

14

11.
1

Fl i K e ucky, is i a Te s eeChoi ofLa
orda, nt
M s our , nd nne s
ce
w

Fl i e oyst S os sg fca r l tons p t s' whe c
orda mpl he t t i nii nt e ai hi e t' n onduci a c c of1w
m
tng hoi e a
a l i i t r a tons e Gr po Teevs , S. v Te e
nayss n o t c i .Se
u
l ia A. . l mundo Commc' Gr ,I . 485 F.d
ns p. nc,
3

1 1 ( 1hCi.2007) Coursc i f tpe ofc a t t dee newhi saeha
233, 240 1 t r
.
t onsder our y s ontcs o tnni
ch tt s

tc mo tsg iia tr lto s i t t tmatr ( )t p a ewh r t ij r oc u r d ( )t
h s infc n eain hp o h te : 1 he lc ee he n u y c re ; 2 he
pa e wh r te c nd tc usng te ij r o c re ( )te d miie rsd n e n to aiy
lc e e h o uc a i h nu y c u rd; 3 h o cl, e ie c ain l ,
t
pa e o ic r o ai n a d plc o b i s o te p ris a d ( ) te pa e wh r te
lc f n o p r to n a e f usne s f h a t ; n 4 h lc
e
ee h
r l tons p,i a be wee t pa te i ce er d. f A c ts d e l t t e co a t
e ai hi f ny, t n he ri s s nt e #.
our houl vaua e hes nt c s

çi c di t t i r ai i t ewih r pec t t patc a is ''I ( i j 1
iac or ng o her eltve mporanc t es t o he riulr s ue.' d quotng 45

o t Re ttme t( e o d o Co fito La ) Ho v r te frtc na ti g n r l te
f he sae n S c n ) f n lc f ws. we e , h is o tc s e eal h
y

mo ti o tn , sC bs n s e il ic msa e ,$thcsaewh r t eij r o c re wo d .
s mp ra t a ç e t p ca cru tnc s g tt e e h nu y c u rd ul .
a
l
.

be t de sve c i a i i de e ni t a i bl c c of lw .' Pys a Panama,
he cii onsdtr ton n t nni ng he pplca e hoie
a ''
c

Sz. .T n a Ea t T c s, n . 6 F. u p. d 1 98 1 20( D. a 2 0 )
. v e s r rh e h .I c, 25 S p 2 1 , 2 S. Fl. 0 8 .
4
l nt
i ucky alo f l t ç os sgnii a r l tons p'appr h i t tand c r c
Ke
s olows he m t i fc nt e a i hi
oac n or
onta t

c e .'Kiienk v.Kiie o,505 S. . 766,769 ( 201 .ç is ic t a y t
ass' rl o
rlnk
W 3d
Ky. 6) t s our ours ppl he
M
S tsg fca rltons p'ts a s tf t i Resae nt( ond)ofConfitofLa
mos inii nt eai hi e t s e orh n ttme Sec
lc
ws

Se to 1 8 wh n r s l n c o c o lw is s'S e h n v No twe tr M u. f I s Cos
cin 8 e e ovig h ie f a sue . h e a . rh se n tL e n . .
'
44 S. . 38 396 ( Ct App.2000) Te see co t as f l t s a oa S
W 3d 9,
Mo. .
. nne s urs lo olow hi ppr ch. i
our
r vi w oft bac ound a m ode n de l pm e ofconfi t of 1w r esconvi es ust t
e e
he kgr
nd
r ve o nt
lc s a ul
nc
ha
t lx l de it docrne s d be a
he e oci lc i ti houl
bandone Toda we a mounc a new r l- t ç os
d.
y
r
e
u e he m t

sg iia tr lto s i a p o c o teRe ttme t(e o d o n l to J . Haa y v
infc n eain hp' p r a h f h sae n S c n ) fco li fL wJ' twa .
c
'
Mc nly,830S. . 53,5 ( nn.1 .
Ki e
W 2d
4 Te 992)

15

i
v.

M i hi C hoi e ofLa
c gan
c
w

M i hi a c ceoflw r esdif fom t e pr vi l dicus e M ihi n c t
c g n hoi
a ul fer r hos e ousy s s d. c ga ours
a y M ihi n l w unl s a ia i l r as
ppl
e ga a
es
r tona e on' t do o he wie e ss I
o
t r s xit . n

deenni ng whehe a rtonalra on t dipl e M i ga lw e ss gours
t ni
t r ai
e s o s ac chi n a xit, c tl
u d ra eat -tpa ayss Fis gh y mu td tnniei a yf r in saeh s
n etk wo se n l i. rt t e l s ee n f n o eg tt a
a i e e t i ha ng is 1 w a i d. I no s a e has s h a i e es , t
n nt r s n vi t a pple f
tt
uc n nt r t he
pr um p i t tM i ga l w wila y c r be over ome.l a f ei sa e
es ton ha chi n a
l ppl a mot
c
f or gn tt

d e h v a itr s i h vn i 1w a p id,(h y mu tt e d tr n i
o s a e n nee t n a ig t a p le t e l s h n eemie f
s
M i ga s i er ss ma t t tM ihi n 1w be a i des t t f ei
chi n' nt e t nda e ha c ga a
ppled, pie he or gn
i er t
nt es s.

Suhe l v Kenni onTr kSe v,Lt ,56 N. . 466,471( ih.1 .
t rand .
ngt uc r . d. 2 W 2d
M c 997)
N e Y or C ho c o L a
w
k
ie f w

l n t ta i ,N e Yor a i s a s c l i er s a yss'a oac t c c of
t or ctons w
l
k pple
o- aled nt e t nal i' ppr h o hoi e

lw s e i Ar
a eleton. ochem I ' l .v.Buike 968F. 266,270( Ci.1 .I t sa l i,
ntI nc
,
r l,
2d
2d r 992) n hi nayss
c t s ek t a y t l w oft s a e t thast gr a e ti er s i t ltga i S nde t s
our s e o ppl he a
he t t ha
he e t s nt e t n he ii ton. t
u r hi

f multon,t sgnii antc ac sar am os excl i l t pa te 'domi ie a t l us
or a i he i fc
ont t e, l t
usve y, he ri s
cl s nd he oc

o tet r. S h l v Bo Sc uso
f h o t' c ut . y o t fAme ia I c, 8 N. 2 67 , 8 ( Y.1 8 )
'
z
rc , n .4 0 E.d 9 6 4 N. 9 5 .
VI
.

Penns vani C hoi ofLaw
yl a
ce

Pen yl ni pe m is i m or texi e r e w hi pe m is a l i of t polc es and
ns va a r t t
a
e l bl ul
ch r t na ys s
he i i

itrssu d ryngt ep riulris e b f r t c u t'Gr t v UntdAi Li e,l c, 03
ne et n e li h a t a su eo e he o r. @ h . ie r n s n . 2
c
'
A. 796, ( 1 .
2d
805 Pa. 964)
B. Subs antve Law A nal s
t i
vsi

A ppl ng t choi e of l w a l i fom t above ls e s a e t e h cor e pondi
yi he
c
a na ys s r
he
- it d t t s o ac
rs
ng
Pl ntf ,t f l i subst i l applest each Pl ntf ' cl m s:
ai if he olow ng
antve aw
i o
ai i f s ai
Al
abam a'
.

Ce va e ,M u phy,Tanne ,W hie ad
r nt s
r
r
t he

A ri
zona'
.

Cody,Go,Pe s n
der e

C alf a'
i orni .

Ba , Ca al Fl hery, G a i H olyw ood, K a , K lnge ,
e
t do, a t
m no,
l
zos
i r
16

M cLe Na r Rut Ta
od, nne y, h, keda Za or
, m a
C onnectcut'
i .

Pea l e
se

Fl da:
ori

Ale Fuent , Corelt, Kopem a Koe e , Hol , Ta or
ln,
es
t ei
l n,
hl r
mes yl ,
Te s e ,Sc de , a h,M ari z,M ar iz,W ei be g
s i r hnei r R s
tne
kow t
s r

G eorzi
a:

A r d,W a l y,Young
nol
te

j aW als
;
*.
*
l

Ar her J r ens n
c , og e

I lnoi .
li s-

Br chne
es
v

I anandi .

Bur
d

j Ol@ * :
. lsl
s l ana

Severi
o

M ass
achuset s'
t.

Sa e- bona
yr sci

M i zan:
chi

Boone

Mi
nnesot
a:

Spi s
es

s4i
ssouri
:

M oe m a Hodgs H ola
hl n,
on, l nd

Nor h C ar i
t
olna:

A ve y,Le r M ei e
r
ona d, s r

New Jersev:

D e be k,K l e
m c
em r

New Y ork:

( a ci ,Pa nAer
Jr a l i i

N evada'
.

La hour s
t i

O hi
o'

Sha
nk

O regon:

Che ,K il W iki on
ns lgo, l ns

Pennsyl a:
vani

M or
gan

Rhode Isl .
and'

H asl W is
ey, ley

T ennes .
see'

Lew ,Peopl
es

T exas:

Ross Rit ,Siva
on, ter l

V i ni
rai a:

Tils
li ch

W e tV i ai a:
s r ni

Kni ht
g

W as nzt
hi on:

Goodw i
n

C. M anie t i ofA le d D e ec
f s aton
l ze
f t

Consse wih t Cour' M a Or r t Cour a ee wih Pl ntfs'a g e
it nt t he
ts zda de , he
t gr s t ai if r um nt
r r ng ma f t ton. As sa e i t M a a Or ,t Cour ' fndi i lmie t t
ega di
niesai
tt d n he zd
der he
ts i ng s i td o he
m o i t dimissag t ng astuePli if 'ale tonsofaunior de ec ba e on t us
ton o s s t e, aki
r
a ntfs l ga i
f m f t sd
he e
ofa moni nir t a apr l nt TheCour not t tDef nt ha r ied t pos i lt
m
um tae s opela .
t es ha
enda s ve a s he sbiiy
ofot r c us a f cor con rbu i t t aibag i l t m alundi . Acc di y,t e
he a es nd a t s ti tng o he r
ntaor f
ons
or ngl hes

fco sma b a p o raeyc nsd rda tes mmayj d e n sa e
a t r y e p r p itl o ie e th u r u g me t tg .
D. H onda' K now l dze
s
e

Co it ntwih t Cour' M az Or , he Cour tndst tPl i if ha s fc e ty
nsse
t he
ts
da der t
ts
ha antf s ve ufi i n l
aleg Honda' knowl
l ed
s
edgeoft al ge i l t rdef c t s ts y t pl adi r quie nt of
he le d nfa o
e t o a if he e ng e r me s

Rul 9( ,
e b)
E. C ount 1 and C ounts4- ol i oft Sonz- ver v C ons e W ar
0
vi aton
he
Be l
um r
rant A c
v t

Hon moves t dim is Count 1 a 5 f vi a i of t Song- very Cons
da
o s s
s 0 nd 4 or oltons
he
Be l
umer
W arant Ac f br c ofi ple wa r t ofm e c abiiy on be l oft Na i dc a
r y t or ea h m i d ran y
r hant lt
haf he tonwi nd

Ca ior a Sub- a s r peci l Honda a gues k
lf ni
cls , es tvey.
r
i
none of t Honda Pl ntfs who al dl
he
ai if
lege y
pur s d t i ve c e i Caior a s y t y e re ed a aibag r pt e oral ge a o he
eha e he r hil s n lf ni a he xpe i nc n r
u ur
le ny t r

ma f tton of a alege dee wihi one ye r ( f us d c s t ee mont )oft i
niesai
n l d fd t n
a or or e ar, hr
hs
her
pur s or l s .' Folowi t r s ng i t Cou ts M a
cha e
ea e'
l ng he ea oni n he
r'
zda Or r t docti of
de , he
rne
fa e c e m e t l t sa ut of lm ia i wih r pec t i i d wa r nt cai .
r udul nt onc al nt ols he tt e
i ttons t es t o mple
r a y l ms
Sal r v Chr l Gr p LLC ,No.ED CV 1
e . ys er ou
4-00700-V A P,201 W L 736273, a *8- ( D. l
5
t 9 C. Ca.

Feb.20,201 (i ng t t faudulntconc al ntc t lsaut oflmiai on Song5) fndi ha r
e
e me an ol tt e i ttons

18

Be ryCons rW arnt Ad cli ) Be us t Song- vel Cons rW ar t Ac i
ve l
ume ra y
ams. ca e he
Be ry
ume rany t s
aCalf ni saut ,Count 1 i DI I
ior a t t e
0 s SM SSED a t al Pli tfswhos cl m sa e no gove
s o l a n if
e ai r t
nwd
by Ca ior a lw and Count54 ca pr e a t al Pl ntfs whos cl m sar gove ne by
lf ni a
n oc ed s o l ai if
e ai
e
r d
Ca ior a l .
lf ni aw
F. C ount 1 and C ounts3- ol i oft Calf ni Fal e A dver i i L a
4
vi at on he
ior a s
ts na w

Honda moves t dim is Count 1 a Count 53 f r vi a i of t Calf ni Fas
o s s
4 nd
o oltons
he
ior a le
Adve tsng La on behaf of t Na i de a Calf ni Sub- as ,r s tvey,be us
rii
w
l
he tonwi nd
ior a
cl s e peci l
ca e
S ai if ha f ie t i ntf wih pa tc a iy a a fr tve ta s a tsng.'''
i ntfs ve al d o de iy t
pl
ri ulrt ny fima i f le dverii
Pli tf s cli ,lke Ha a ' cli addr s e i t Nis n Or ,f lt s fcinty alege
a n if ' a ms i
klrs a m
e s d n he s a
der ai o ufi e l l
t t Honda made a mi saeme o om ison of t t pe r quie under Ca iom i s Fa s
ha
s t t nt r
si
he y e r d
lf a' le
Adve tsng La Some Pl ntfs e n f i t ale t t t y viwed a ki of Honda
rii
w.
ai if ve a l o l ge ha he e
ny nd
a ve tsng.The ef e,f r t r a ons s a e i t N i s n O r r Count 14 a Count53 a e
d ri i
r or o he e s
t t d n he s a
de ,
nd
r
DI I
SM SSED eihe bec us Ca i or a l w doe not a y t t i cl i s or t i cl i s
t r
a e lf ni a
s
ppl o he r a m
he r a m

i ufi e l a l e t t ofmisa e e orom ison r quie unde t l w .
ns tcinty leg he ype
s tt m nt
s i e rd
r he a
G . C ount47- ol i oft Fl da Dec ptve and Unf r Tra Prac i s A c
vi aton
he ori
e i
ai
de
tce
t

Honda movest dimi sCount47 f vi a i ofFl i sDe eptve a Unf i Tr de
o s s
or olton
orda' c i nd
ar a

Pr tc sAc (i
acie t tFDUTPA' a algedbyt Fl i Cons rSub- a s Hondapr fr t e
' s le
)
he orda
ume
cls .
ofe s hre
ra ons Count 47 mus be dimisd: () Pl ntfs ha notalege ma f tton of t
es
t
s se 1 ai if ve
l d niesai
he
pu tddefc;( Pli if f it ade tl alget i fa ba e camspurua t Rul
pore e t 2) antfs al o quaey le her rud- s d li
s nt o e
9( ' heg e d pla ng sa r a ( )Pl ntfs cli aebard by Fl i sf - a
b)s ihtne e di tndad; nd 3 ai if' ams r re
orda' ourye r
sat e oflm ia i f FD U TPA cl i s H onda' fr tt ar ent a e una ii gi n t
t ut
i t tons or
am .
s i s wo gum s r
va lng ve he

Cour' r i on t ma f sa i a knowldge is ,s pr Ast t sa ut oflm iai
ts ulng
he nie tton nd
e
s ues u a. o he t t e i t tons
is ,t Coul a sisr s ni i t M a da Or rand de e Honda' moton t dim is
s ue he
' dopt t ea o ng n he z
t
de
ni s
s
i o s s

19

Count47 be us t saut of lm ia i c d be e t y t l d due t Honda' a lged
ca e he t t e
i ttons oul
quiabl ole
o
s le
faudulntc
r
e once men . Count47 ca pr e a t al Pli if whos cli sa e gove ned by
al t
n oce d s o l antf s
e am r
r
Fl i l w .
orda a
H . C ount4g- ol i oft A l
vi at on
he abam a Dec ptve Tr Pr i s A c
e i
ade actce
t

Honda movest dim isCount49 f vi ai ofAlba a' Dec ptve Tr de Pr c i sAc
o s s
or ol ton
a m s e i
a
a tce t

(A
'ADTPA')asalge by t Albama Cons rSub- as be aus i beive Pl ntfsdi
'
le d
he a
ume
cl s c e t le s ai if d
notpr de tm el pr - ui notceasr quie by t saut W hiet Cour tndsADTPA ' pr
ovi i y e s t i
e rd
he t t e. l he
ti
S es t notce r quie e a i ,t Coul al o bele s t t Pl i if ha s fci nty alege
ui i e r m nt pples he
' s
t
i ve ha a ntf s ve ufi e l l d

t r quieme was s ife Honda f l t no e a pa tc a de i i ncy i t notc
he e r nt
atsi d.
ais o t ny riulr fc e
n he ie
r c ve Rahe ,Honda onl t s is wih t alega i ofnotc ar ng Pl ntfsdo not
e ei d. t r
y ake s ue t he l tons
ie, gui
ai if
aleg notc wa pr ded prort t flng ofa ac i Specfc l Pli if ha a lge
l e i e s ovi
i o he ii
ny ton.
ii aly, antfs ve le d

t tk a n if 'co el o be fofPl i if ,s r e De e nt wih notce oft i a l ed
ha ' i tfs uns , n hal
Pl
antfs e v d f nda s t
i
her leg
vi a i oft Al ba a DTPA r a i t t C l s V e cl a ort Def c i A iba . . .
ol tons he a m
el tng o he a s hi es nd/ he
e tve r gs

a de nded t lDefnda sc r torage t e rd t a onsdes rbed t en. ( E.
nd ma
ha
e nt orec
re o ore he di
ei heri ' D.
'
579 a 283) Viwi t ale i i t lghtmos fvorbl t Pli if ,t Cour fndst t
t . e ng he lgatons n he i
t a a e o antfs he
t i ha
Pli if ha s fcinty alege t t t
antfs ve ufi e l l d ha hey s ife ADTPA' notce pr son. For t
atsi d
S i
ovii
he
f e ngr s t Cour de esHonda' moton t dimi sCount49,whi h ca pr e a t
or goi ea on, he
t ni
s i o s s
c n oce d s o
a lPli if whos cl m sa egove ned by Alba a lw.
l antfs
e ai r
r
a m a
Count J- ol i of M aanus M os W arr v A c and C ount 62.66. 69.71.73.
vi aton
on- s
ant
t
s
76. 78. 80. 81. 90. 92. 98. and lo3- ol i
vi atons of st e i pled w arrant of
at m i
y
m er hant lt c ai s
c
abiiv l m

Honda moves t dim is va i c s a l i vi a i of dif r t saes i i
o s s rous ount leg ng oltons
fe en t t ' mpled
w a r nt ofm e c nt biiy l w s Honda a gue t l a r nt pr vi d w ih ne ve c e lm is
ra y
r ha a lt a .
r s he t r a y o de
w
t w hi l s i t
t dur ton of a i ple w a r nte , i udi m e cha a lt t t t r of t e es
he
ai
ny m i d r a i s ncl ng r nt biiy, o he e m
he xpr s

20

wa r y- t e yea s or 36, m ie ,whiheve co es trt' a t t Pli if ' e e s
rant hr e
r
000 ls
c
r m
i s' nd ha antf s xpr s

warntese rdbe aus t i vehi e ae20012008modes.Pli if r pond ( )t tt y
ra i xpie c e her cls r
l antfs es
1 ha he
a quat y aleg t t a dur tona lm is on t N e V e c e Li ie W a r ntes and
de el l ed ha ny
ai l i t
he w
hi l m t d
ra i

a s itd i id warntesaeunc cona e a t rf r une or a e;a ( t tt
s ocae mple ra i r onsi bl, nd hee o e nf ce bl nd 2) ha hey
a qua el a l ged t tH onda br che t i ple w a r nt w ihi t w ar a y pe i d be aus
de t y le
ha
ea d he m i d r a y t n he
r nt r o c e

t i l t de e te se i t ve ces and Honda knew a
he nta or f c xit d n he hi l boutt de e ta t tme ofs e.
he f c t he i
al
Folowi t a l i f om t M a
l ng he na ys s r
he
zda Or r t Cou t de e Honda' moton t dim is
de , he
r ni s
s
i o s s
0F
03 nd he r i tve
nus n
Cou s 62,66,69,7l 73, 76s78,8 , 81,90,92,98, 1 a t i derva i M ag o M os
nt
, 7
s
-

W ar a y A c c ai s
r nt t l m .
J. C ount 1 and C ountss- e i ntFaiur t R ec l
5
N zlae
l eo
al

Honda move t dimis Count 1 and Count 55, neglgent f l e t r al, be us
s o s s
5
i
aiur o ec l ca e

Plitfss e r l fs ll f ralg d e o o cij re o b hafo t eNain d Co u r
an if e k ei oey o le e c n mi nu i s n e l f h to wie ns me
e
Cls a Caior a Cons
a s nd lf ni
umerSub- as ,r pe tvey. Fort r a onsdic s d i t Co ts
cl s es c i l
he e s
s us e n he ur'

1
l
gue he c ga mple
ra y a m nd t rva i
gnus M oss
on
L onda ar s t M ihi n i id wa r nt cli a is de i tve M a
W ara y Actcai s d be dim is d be aus t r i no prviy bewee t M i hi n Subr nt
l m houl
s s e c e he e s
i t t n he c ga
Cl sa Honda asr quied by a dititc tca e i M ihi n, Har de v For M ot Co.
as nd
e r
src our s n c ga
n n . d
or ,
-

4 8 F Su p.2 31 ,3 2 ( D.M ih.2 0 ) Ho v r ( c ia d src c rlc s sae n t
0 . p d 5 2 E.
c 0 5 . we e, Mihg n itit ou t a e r o

bi ng on t s c tand do notha t s t talwei oft de s ons oft M ihi an
ndi
hi our
ve he ubsan i
ght he cii
he c g
Supr e Cour a t M i hi n Cour of A ppe s on a i s of M i hi an l w .' Pac v
em
t nd he c ga
t
al
n s ue
c g a ' k .

Damon Cor ,434 F. 81 820 (t Ci.2006) l s 'M ihi n hasaba
p.
3d 0,
6h r
.n um,i c ga
ndonedt prviy
he i t
r quie e f i ple wa r nt c am s' I Thus t Cour alo de es Honda' m o i t
e r m nt or m i d- ra y l i . d
'
, he
t s ni
s ton o
dim isCount73 a isde i tveM a
s s
nd t rva i
gnus M os W a r nt Ac cl m on t tgr
on- s ra y t ai
ha ound.
Honda a s a gue t tt sa ut oflmia i on t Neva a Pe yl a i i
lo r s ha he t t e i t tons he
da nd nns vani mpled
wa r nt cli s ha e r d,a t t y- al wih de i tve M a
ra y am
ve xpie nd hat he
ong t rva i
gnus M os W a r y
on- s rant
cli - s d be dimis d. The Cour a es e t sa ut oflm iaton is wih r s tt
a ms houl
s se
t ddr s d he t t e i t i s ue t e pec o
i ple w a r nt cl m s unde N e da and Pe yl ni 1 w i is Toyot O r r See D . 1
m i d r a y ai
r va
nns va a a n t
a de .
E. 202
at26- Thus t Cour a s de esHonda' m oton t dim isCount80 a Count90 on t
29.
, he
t lo ni
s i o s s
nd
hat
gr
ound.
21

BM W Or r9t e econom i l sr e a i t ne i ntf iur t r ca lcai sbr
de , h
c os ul pples o glge a l e o e l l m
oughtunder
Caio ni l w.Thus Count1 a Count55 a e DI I
lf r a a
,
5 nd
r SM SSED.
K . C ount59.C ount70.and Count102-vi at onsof t G e ai Fai Bus ne s
ol i
he or a r
i s
Pr t c s A c .M as ac e t Cons e Pr e i A c .and W e tV i zi a
ac i e
t
s hus t s
um r ot cton t
s r ni
C ons e C r di and Pr e t on A c
um r e t
ot c i
t

Honda move t dim isCount59,Count70,a Count 1 f f iur t pr de pr so s s
nd
02 or a l e o ovi
e
s tnotc as r quie by t i r peci sa e ' sa ut .Vi ng t alega i i t lg
ui ie
e rd
her es tve t t s tt es ewi he l tons n he iht
m os f vor bl t Pl i i f ,t Cour f nds t t Pl i if ha s fc e l a l ge t t t y
t a a e o a ntf s he
ti
ha a ntf s ve uf i i nty le d ha he

s tsi t note pr son bec us Honda f ist not a pa tc a de i i y i t no i
aited he i e ovii
a e
a l o e ny ri ul r fcenc n he tce
r c ve a t s is onl wih t alegai ofnote Fort f e ng r s t Cour
e ei d nd ake s ue y t he l tons
ie.
he or goi ea on, he
t
de es Honda' m oton t di m i sCount59,Count70, and Count 1
ni
s i o s s
02.

L. Countll uni tEnrchm ent
- us
i

Ho d mo e t d s s Co n 1 f ru j te rc me ta alg d b alP an if. F r
n a v s o imis u t 1 o nus n ih n s le e y l litfs o
t r s sa e i t M a Or r ie.bec us Pli if ha a lged t tal a i bl
he ea ons t t d n he zda de .
a e a ntfs ve le
ha l pplca e

wa r ntesa e pr edur ly a s t n i y uncons i bl a a e t r or note or a e
ra i r oc a l nd ubs a tvel
cona e nd r he ef e
nf ce bl
a t tPl i if ha no ade t r m e a lw- t Cour tndst ta t moton t dim is
nd ha antfs ve
qua e e dy t a
he
ti
ha t he
i o s s
sa Pli if have s fcenty a lged t tt Named Pl ntfs do nothave a ade t
tge, a ntfs
ufi i l le
ha he
ai if
n
qua e
r m e atl .A c or ngl t Cour does not dim i s Count 11 under a s a e' 1 w on t t
e dy aw
c di y, he
t
s s
ny t t s a
ha

g ound. l t a i ana yz t s fcincy ofe h Pl ntf' c am undert s t ntve 1w
r
nse d, t l es he ufi e
ac ai ifs l i
he ubsa i a
t t a is t t m onl i t y c e r d a be i on Honda by pur hasng t r vehi e
ha pple o he
y f he onf r e
neft
c i hei
cls

die y fom aHondade es p.Thus t Cour doesnotaddrs un us e ihme unde t
rdl r
alrhi
, he
t
e s j t nrc nt r he
I w of al s a e t t a e a i a e t Pl i if i no Pl i if f om t t s a e pur s d t r
a
l t t s ha r pplc bl o a ntfs f
a ntf r
ha t t
cha e hei

vehil fom a Honda de e s p.
ce r
alr hi

9

% D .ï 1 a 29- .
I . 256 t 30

k ee
.

22

Al
abam a Law

l Alba ,Cto p e alo a cam o u j te c me t te p an ifmu ts o ta
n a ma t l rv i n li f nus mi h n , h litf s h w h t
g
t û f nthol money whi i e t a good c cinc bel
he de enda
ds
ch, n quiy nd
ons e e, ongs t t pl ntf or
o he ai if

h lsmo e wh c wa i r pel pad t d fn a tb c u e o mitk o f a dt Wyeh v
od n y ih s mp o ry i o e e d n e a s f sa e r r u .' t .
'
Ble Cr s Ble S il o qa,4 S 2 1 6 1 2 ( a 201 )( iig Dikn o v Co mo
u o s u hed fzl. 2 o.d 21 , 2 2 Al. 0 ctn c is n . s s
Br ad.Co. 78 So. 260,266 ( a.2000).Folo ng t r as ng i t Cour' M a da
o
, 2 2d
Al
) lwi he e oni n he
ts z
Or r t Cour de e H onda' m oton t dim is Ce va e ' a M um hy' cai , but
de , he
t ni s
s
i o s s
r nt s s nd
s l ms

be us Ta
ca e nner a W hiehe di not pur ha e t i ve cl s a a H onda dea e s p, t i
nd
t ad d
c s he r hi e t
l r hi he r
cl i sar D I I
am
e SM SSED .
i.
i

A ri
zona Law

I Arz n ,d an u j te rc me t cam rq r s p o f o fv ee n s é1 a
n io a k l nus n ih n li e uie r o f ie lme t: ( ) n
g
e i hm e ,
nrc nt

a i
n mpoveihment ( a c meci bewe t e i nt a
rs
, 3)
or ton t en he nrchme
nd

i o eih n, 4)tea e c o j tfc to f rtee rc me ta d i o e ih n , n ( )
mp v rs me t( h bs n e f usiiain o h n ih n n mp v rs me t a d 5

te a s n e o a rme y p o d d b lw. (ne n l q oai n o te ) l s o t u j s
h b e c f e d r vie y a ' itr a u tto s mi d . n h r, n u t
t
e i m e pr de a r dy whe a pa t hasr c ve a be i ata he ' expe e a i
nrch nt ovi s eme
n
ry
e ei d
neft not r s
ns nd, n
good c c e e,t be it d pa t s d c pe a e t ot r '' Wan El . I .v Sm ok
ons i nc he nefte r y houl om ns t he he . '
g ec , nc .
e

Tr eRe o t LLC, Arz.31 31 ( i 201 .Folowi t M a Or r t Cour de es
e s r,
230 i 4, 8 Arz. 2) l ng he zda de,he
t ni
Honda' m oton t di m i s Cody' cl i a gr nt Honda' m oton t dim i s Go' and
s
i o s s
s a m nd a s
s
i o s s
s

Pe r e s cai s be us t y di not pur s t r ve c e a a Honda de e s p.
de s n' l m
ca e he
d
cha e hei hi l s t
alr hi
A c or ngl t rcl i s a e D I I
c di y, hei a m r SM SSED .
ii
i.

C alf a Law
i orni

Caior a rc ni st prnci ebe nd unus enrc
lf ni e og ze he i pl hi j t ihmen by rquii irsiuton i
t e rng ke tt i f

k d fn a t i u j tye rc e a t e p ns o a oh r Ther cpin o t ebe ei i la l
a e e d n ) s nusl n ih d t he x e e f n te .
e i e t f h n f s ib e
t
23

onl i t cie sa es a e s h t t asbe we n t pe s , i i u j tfrt tr cpin t
y f he r um t nc r uc ha ,
t e wo r ons t s nus o h e i e t o

rti i. Cj o Chua Vsa v Gutere ,1 Ca.Rpt.3 68 ( .Ct App.201 .The
ean t' / f l it . i r z 43 l r d 9, Cal .
' y
2)
antfs
oc
hei s
e
u j s e rc me tcams a t t f l ng Pli if can pr eed because t r car wer
nu t n ih n li s o he olowi
pur s d f om H onda de e s ps:Bae Ca al G a i , Holywood,M c od,Ta da a
cha e r
al r hi
, t do, m no
l
Le
ke , nd

Za a.Flhery',Ka ' ,Klngers Nan r s and Rut scli sa e DI I
mor a t s zos s i ', ne y',
h' am r SM SSED bec us
a e
t i ca sw e enotpu c ed fo Ho deae s ps
her r r
r has r m nda lr hi .
ConnectcutLaw
i

l Co n ciu ,Sp litfss e i g re vey f ru j s e re me tmu tp o e ( )ta
n n e tc t k lan if e k n e o r o nu t n ih n s r v 1 h t
g
t ed fn a t we eb neie ,( )ta te d fn a t u j ty dd n tp y t pan if f rt e
h ee d ns r e ftd 2 h t h ee d ns nusl i o a he litfs o h
be ft,a ( t tt fiur ofpay ntwa t t pl ntfs derment'Sc r rv Souz
ne is nd 3) ha he al e
me
s o he ai if' ti .' hime . a,
l Conn.App.759,762(
26
Conn.App.Ct 2011 .TheCour t r o ede e Honda' motont
. )
theefr nis
s i o

ds s Pe se ' u j s e rc me t cam b c u e s e p rh s d he v h ce a a Ho a
imis a les nu t n ih n li e a s h u c a e r e il t
nd
de e s p,
al r hi
Fl da Law
ori

Un e Fo i alw,'a cam f ru j s e rc me th st reee n s ( )t epanif
d r lrd a i l li o n u t n ih n a h e lme t : 1 h litf
g
hasconfre abenei on t dee t ( t def ntvol a iy a ce e andrti dt t
erd
ft he fndan ; 2) he enda
untrl c ptd
eane ha
be i;and ( t crumsa esa e s t ti woul be i quiabl f t dee
neft
3) he ic tnc r uch ha t
d
ne t e or he fndant t
so
r t i i wihoutpayi t va ue t r of' Vigii v Ryl Gr ., I ,680 F. 1
ean t t
ng he l he e ' r lo . and p nc.
3d 329, 1
337

( lh Ci,201 .Pli if ha s fcinty ale t tHol ,Koe er Kopel
1 t r 2) antfs ve ufi e l lged ha
mes
hl ,
man,Ra h,
s
Tes i ,and W e s g di c eradie tbe i on Honda by pur ha i t i vehi e fom a
ser
iber d onf
r c neft
c sng her
cls r
Honda dea er hi A len' , Cor e et' , Fue es' , M a kow iz' , M a tnez' , Sc ni r s and
l s p. l s
tl is
nt s
r
t s
r i s he de ' ,
Ta or s cl i s a e D I I
yl ' a m r
SM SSED be us t
ca e hey di not pur has t i ve cl a Honda
d
c e he r hi es t
dea e s ps
l r hi .

24

vi
.

G e gi Law
or a

C cam o u j s e re me twi l i t eei n lg l o ta a d ' p rys g tt
$ li f nu t n ih n l i f h r s o e a c nr d n t a t ou h o
A
le
he
b c ag d h sb e c n e rd ab nei b tep ryc ne dig a u j s e rc me twhih te
e h r e a e n o fre e ft y h a t o tn n n nu t n ih n c h
bene ie pa t equiabl oug t r t n orc
ft d ry
t y ht o e ur
ompens e f .'Jone v Whie 311 G a. pp.8
at or''
s . t,
A
22,

8 7 ( . p 2 0 )(iigSmi v M c u g, 5 Ga Ap ,7 6 7 9 ( 9 4 ) if ec c p o
2 Ga Ap . 0 0 ctn
t . cln 21 . p 8 , 8 1 9 ).i' on e t f
h
-h

u j s e rc me ti 1w i p e s d u n te p i il t a a p ry c n ti d c ,a c p ,o
n u t n ih n n a s rmie po h rncp e h t a t a no n u e c e t r
e our ge a he t f nih o r rs m ehi ofval t s h pa t and a i pa
nc a not r o ur s r ende o t ng
ue o uc ry
vo d ymen f
t or

t val r ei d. Jone ,311 Ga.App.a 827 ( tng Scof v
he ue ec ve '
' s
t
cii
f .Mamar Cor ,242 Ga.App.
i p.
455,458 ( App.2000).Ba e on t smeanayssi t M a Or ,t Cour de e
Ga.
) sd
he a
l i n he zda der he
t nis
Honda' m oton t di m i s W a l s c ai . A r d' a Y oung' cl m s a e DI I
s
i o s s
tey' l m
nol s nd
s ai
r
SM SSED
bec e t i vehi e w e e no pur has a Honda de e s ps
aus he r
cl s r t c ed t
al r hi .
vi.
i

H aw ai Law
i

û A1 cam f r u j s n ih n rq rs o l t ta plitf p o e t th o s e
i li o nu te rc me t e uie ny ha
g
anif r v ha e r h

So f rrd ab n ttu n t eo po i gpat a d ta t eSee to ( ft a b n ft wo l b
e n e ge l e ei po ' h p sn ry n h t h rtni n o h t e e i) ud e
unus. Wagne v WordBot calGar ns I c.268P. 443,455 (
j t'
'
r . l ani
de , n ,
3d
Haw.Ct App. 1 .As
.
201 )
pr vi l dic s Pl ntfsc
e ousy s us ed, ai if annotpr t y c ere a be i on Honda wihouthavi
ove he onf r d
neft
t
ng
pur ha e t i ve ces fom Honda de e s ps Butbot Ar he a J ge e di pur has
c s d he r hi l r
alr hi .
h c r nd or ns n d c e
t rvehi e diec l fom a deae s p.The e or Honda' m oton t dim i st i cli s i
hei
cls r ty r
lr hi
r f e,
s i o s s he r am s
deni d.
e
vii
i.

I lnoi L aw
li s

û'o sae a cli f un us enrc nt S pl ntf mus aleg t tt dee ntha
k' tt
l
am or j t ihme , a ai if t l e ha he fnda s
un usl r ai d a be ftt t pli ifs derment and t t dee nts rtnton oft
j ty et ne
nei o he antf
ti ,
ha fnda ' ee i
he
be i vi ae t f ment prncplsofj tc e t andgoodc cinc ''Stfans iv
neft olts he unda al i i e usie, quiy,
ons e e.' e k .
25

Ci o Chc g 2 N. 3 9 7,98 (1.Ap Ct 2 5 .Be a s Br s h e p rha e hi
%' f ia o, 8 E. d 6
0 11 p. . 01 ) c u e e c n v u c s d s
Ac r a a Ac r d ae s p h su j te rc me tcam c n p o e d
u a t n u a e lrhi, i nus n ih n li a r c e .
i
x.

Indi Law
ana

il r c ve u de a unu te rc me tcam,a pan ifmu tg n rly s o t a h
k' e o r n r n j s n ih n li
'o
litf s e e al h w h t e
r r d abe ttt t de e nta t de e ntse es ori i d r ques, ha t pli if
ende e
nei o he f nda t he f nda ' xpr s mple e t t t he antf
e
xpeded pay e fom t de e nt a t t al ng t de e nt t r t n t be f
m nt r
he f nda , nd ha lowi he f nda o eai he ne h

wi ou rsiuin wo d b u j s. Re d v i 9 0 N. 2 2 7 2 6 (n 2 2 .Be a s
t t e t to ul e n u t' e .Red, 8 E. d 7 , 9 ld. 01 ) c u e
h
t
'
t e Bu ds p rh s d ter Ho d a a Ho d d ae s p ter u j t e rc me t cam c n
h r uc ae h i n a t
n a e lrhi, h i nus n ih n li a
pr
oceed.
X.

M assachus t L aw
et s

t i
y ha he
t pan if a srig a cam f r u j s e rc me tmust esablsh not onl t t t
: litf se t
A
n
li o nu t n ih n

d fn a trc i e ab n ft b tas t a s c abe ei wa u j s,d q aiyt a t r so te
e e d n e ev d e ei, u lo h t u h n ft s n u t a u l h t u n n h
t
r ao bee p cain o te p ris' Merpo i n Lfel s Co v fe ,9 4 N. 2 6 3,
e s na l x e tto s f h a t .' to lt
e '
a
n . . .Cofr 8 E. d 2
644 ( s 20l3 .Say escbonapur s dhe vehi efom aHondadeaerhi Theef e,t
Ma s. ) r - i
cha e r cl r
l s p. r or he

Co r d ne Ho d ' moint ds s h ru j s e rc me t li
u t e is n a s to o imis e n u t n ih n cam.
xi
,

N evada Law

t j s e rc me li te u j trtni n o a be ei t t e l s o a t e ,o t
t u t n ih n s h nus ee to f n ft o h os f noh r r he
un
rtn in o mo e o p o e t o a t e a an tt ef n a n a p i i e o j tc o e ut
ee to f n y r r p ry f noh r g is h u d me tl rncpls f usie r q iy
a good c cenc (ntr lciai omit .Thi c tha obs r t tt ese il
nd
ons i e i e na ttons ted) s our s eved ha he s nta

ee ns of u j s e rc me t ir a b n tt c nfre o t d fnd n by t e panif
lme t
n u t n ih n ae e ei o erd n he ee a t
h li tf,
appr c ai by t de enda ofs h be i,a ac ept e a r t nton by t def nda of
e i ton
he f nt uc neft nd c anc nd e e i
he e nt
s h be i .' To M ut Co. I v. ar h, P. 606, 3 ( v.
uc nett'' paz
. , nc M s 839 2d
61 Ne 1992) Be us Lat i
. ca e hours
.

26

pu cha e hi vehi e a a Honda deaer hi t Cour deni Honda' m oton t dim is hi
r sd s
cl t
l s p, he
t
es
s
i o s s s
cl m ,
ai
xi.
i

N ew Jers Law
ey

l Ne J re k th r ae t b sc ee n s o a u j s e rc me t cam.Th
n w es y, ' l e e r wo a i lme t f n n u t n ih n li
g
e
pl ntf m us lhow bot t t de e
ai if
t s
h ha f ndantr eve a be h a t t r t nton of t tbe f
ec i d
nef nd ha e e i
ha ne h

wih u pa me two l b u j t' D. Ho tn I c Ne J re v Dyn sa De eo n,
t o t y n u d e nus.' R. ro n .- w e sy . a tr v lpme t
'
L. C.No.M ER- 1808- 2005W L 1
L. ,
L00,
939778,a *1 ( J.
t 8 N. Aug.1 2005) SeeVRG Cor v
0,
.
p. .
GKN 'tl/ Cor ,641A. 51 ( 994).Be us bot Dembec and Klme pur s d t i
? / p.
y
2d 9 1 ) ca e h
k
e r cha e her
ve c es fom a H onda dea er hi t Cour de esH onda' m oton t di m i st rc a m s
hi l r
l s p, he
t ni
s
i o s s hei l i .
xii O hi La
i.
o w

To ma a u j s e rc me tcam i Oho a p an ifmu te tbls ; 1 abe ei
ke n n u t n ih n li n i, litf s sa ih: t ) n ft
(
e er byapl ntf upon adefnda ;( knowl byt deenda oft be f a (
onfred
ai if
e nt 2)
edge he f nt he ne h; nd 3)

r tn in o t eb n ftb tedee d n u d rcru tn e wh r i wo db u j s t d s
ee to f h e e i y h fn a t n e ic msa c s ee t ul e nu t o o o
wihoutpa e . Col
t
ym nt' umbus StelCasi Co.v. Ki Tool Co. N o.08AP'
e
tngs
ng
,
385,2008 W L

51 478 a *3 ( o Ct App.Dec.4,2008) The Cour de es Honda' moi t dimis
0 6, t Ohi .
.
t ni
s ton o s s

S a k' u j t n ih n cam b c us hep r h s dh sc rfo aHo d de lrhp.
h n s nus e rc me t li e a e u c a e i a r m
n a aes i
xi
v.

O regon Law

i e ee n s oft e q a ic nr cu lcam o u j s e rc me ta e ( ) a b n ft
i
Th lme t
h u s-o ta t a li f n u t n ih n r 1
e ei
c er ( a r s by t rci en t ts ha rceve t benei,a ( i woul be
onfred, 2) waene s he e pi t ha he s e i d he
ft nd 3) t
d

unus t alow t r i e t rt n t be ftwihoutr quii hert pay f i. (ntr l
j t o l he ecpint o eai he nei t
e rng
o
or t' i ena
'

q o ai n o te ) l t ec ne to a u j t n ih n cam,h Org S p e Co l h s
u tto s mi d .n h o tx f n nus e rc me t li te e on u r me u' a
t
t
detne a t neft br dl eii t Re ttme of Resiuin j 1 (937 . Wis v
i d be i' oa y, tng he sae nt
ttto
1 )5 lon .
5
Gutere 3 P.d 97 978( . .App.201 . lgoha plusbl alge t thedi confr
i r z, 23 3 4,
Or Ct
4) Kil s a i y le d ha
d
e

27

a die tbe i on Honda t ough a Honda de e s p.W iki on' a t Chens seli s a e
r c nett
hr
alr hi
l ns s nd ht
' am r
DI I
SM SSED b a et y di notpur s t rvehi e a Hondadeaer hi
ec us he d
cha e hei
cls t
l s ps.
xv.

Rhode Isl L aw
and

l d rlh d lln lw, n u te rc me ti no smpl arme y i c nr c a t r
i e k o e sa d a u j s n ih n s t i y e d n o ta t nd o t
un
butca sa aone a aca e ofa ton i iso rg (ntr lcttonsomitd) To rco r
n tnd l s us
ci n t wn iht i ena iai
te . e ve

f ru j s e rc me t acama tmu tp o e ( )t th o s c n e rd a b nei u n t e
o n u t n ih n , li n s r v : 1 ha e r he o f re
e ft po h
pa t fom whom r ifi s t ( t tt rci enta eeaedt benei;a ( t tt
ry r
ele s ough ; 2) ha he e pi ppr it he
tt nd 3) ha he
rci e ac ptd t be ftunde s h crumsanc kha i woul be i quia e f (he
e pint ce e he nei
r uc ic t es t t t
d ne tbl or t

r cp e t t rti t eb n ftwi o tp yngt ev let ee f' Delg ot v Delgr t 8 3
e iinl o ean h e ei t u a i h au h r o .' l r t . la ot 7
h
' a a
a,
A. 1 ,1l1 ( I 2005)( tng Bouc d v Prc 694 A. 670,673 ( I 1 ) Ha ly
2d 01
R..
cii
har . ie,
2d
R.. 997). se

p rhae hs v hce fo a Ho d d aes i ,b t W isy d d n t Th s Ha ly' u j s
u c s d i e il r m
n a e lrh p u le i o . u , se s nu t
e i hm en cl m c n pr e a W is y' cl i i D I I
nr c
t ai a oc ed nd l e s a m s SM SSED .
xvi
.

Tennes Law
see

l Te n s e ,tth ee n sofa u j s e rc me tcam ae:1 ta b n ftc nfre
n n e s e i j e lme t n n u t n ih n li r ) g1 e ei o er d
g
upon t de e ntby t pli if 2)a ecai by t defndantof s h benei;and 3)
he f nda
he antf' ppr iton
,
he e
uc
ft
a ce a
c pt nce of s
uch be s u r s h cic s a s t t i w oul be i quiabl f r hi t
nett nde uc r um t nce ha t
d
ne t e o m o
r t i t be i wihoutpa en of t va ue t e . The m os sg tc ntr quie e tofa
e a n he nett t
ym t he l her of
t i nii a e r m n
n

u j s e re me tcam i t a te b n ttt te d f n a tb u j s.'Be n tv Vs U.. ,
n u t n ih n li s h t h e ei o h ee d n e n u t' n e . ia SA.
'
I . 1 S. . 747, ( nn. .Ap 2006)(iai omitd) Bec us Le r Le a
nc, 98 W 3d
755 Te Ct p.
ettons te . a e onad, w, nd
Pe e a lpur has d t rve cesfom Hondadeaerhi ,t Cour de e Honda' moton t
opl s l c e hei hi l r
l s ps he
t ni s
s i o
di is t rcl m s.
sm s hei ai

28

xvi. T exasL aw
i

Te a c u t h v h l t a iu nus e rc me t i n ta id pe d n e u eofa to
x s o rs a e ed h t t lj t n ih n , s o n n e n e t a s
g
cin
butr t rc a t rzest r s tofa f l e t ma r tt i be is e t r wr uly or
a he har c e i he e ul
aiur o ke esiuton neft ihe ongf l
pa svey r c ved unde cic sa es t t gi rs t a i ple or qua ic r c ua
s i l e ei
r r um t nc ha ve ie o n m id
s- onta t l

oblgai t rpay.'Foly v Danil 3 S. . 687,690 (
i ton o e ' e .
e, 46 W 3d
Tex.Ct App.2009)( tton
.
ciai
omitd) Howe r ltl s cic tnc ,o pa nt unde avai contac ma gvers
te .
ve ,iin ome rumsa es ve yme s
r ld r t y i ie

t a cam frr siuin o u j s e rc n . I .a 6 0 91 ( i to omi e ) Be a e t e
o li o e ttto r n u t n ihme t' d t 9 - ct in t d . c us h
'
a
t
Cour hasonl made ade e m i ton a t t s fcenc ofPl ntfs cl m sunde am oton t
t
y
t r na i s o he ufi i y
ai if ' ai
r
i o
dim is sanda d,a notwhe he Pl ntfs a t ly ove pad f t r vehi es t i c ai s
s s t r nd
t r ai if c ua l
r i or hei
cl , he r l m
s d not be dim is d a t s sa Suc i r woul be a opra e at t s
houl
s s e t hi t ge. h nquiy
d
ppr it
he umm a y
r

j
udgmentsageorti .Therf e,t Cour deni Honda' moton t dimisCount11ast
t
ral
eor he
t es
s i o s s
o
Rit ra Ros on butgr nt t m oton ast Sivabe a e he di no pur ha e hi ve cl a a
te nd
s
a s he i
o l
c us
d t c s s hi e t
H onda de e s p. c di y,Siva' cl i i D I I
al r hi A cor ngl l s a m s SM SSED .
xvii V i ni Law
i. rgi a

i c u eo a tonf ru j s e rc me ti Vig na ke t u o t ed 'rn ta ama
k a s f ci o n u t n ih n n r i i r ss p n h o ti e h t
A
c
n
s aln tb alwe t e rc hms l u j ty a t e pe s ofa o h r' (n en lctto
h l o e l d o n ih i ef nusl t he x n e n t e ' itr a i in
o
'
a
omitd) Spe iialy,t movi pa t mus t cal de
te . cfc l he
ng ry
t ypi ly monsrt t e se e of
tae he xitnc :
be i eonfredont defnda byt pli if ( kno e ont patoft defnda of
nett cr
he e nt he antf; 2) wldge he r he e nt
t confri oft benei;a ( a e a e orrtnton oft be ftby t deenda i
he
erng he
ft nd 3) ec ptnc
ee i
he nei he f nt n
c r um sanc t tr nderi i quia e f t de enda t r t i t bene i wihoutpa ng f
ic t es ha e
t ne t bl or he f nt o e an he
ft t
yi or

isval ' Vigi a M u Gr p Seflsu anc As ' v.Cr r No.CH03- 200 W L
t ue. r ni n. ou l-n r e sn
'
awfo d,
59, 4
31 201 a *5 ( Ci.Ct Nov.24,2004) Be us Tilsh pur has hi ve cl a aHonda
3 0, t Va. r .
. ca e lic
c ed s hi e t
dea e s p, scl m ca pr e
l r hi hi ai n oce d.

29

xi
x. W es V i gi a L a
t r ni w

l W et Vigni,Sth ee n s ofa u j t e rc me tcam a e t1 a b n tt
n s r i a é j e lme t
g
n nus n ih n li r : ( ) e ei
c ere upon t g e nt,( a a e iton or knowl
onf r d
he defnda j 2) n ppr cai
edge by t defnda of s
he e nt uch
be i,and ( t a e a or rtnton by t defndan of t be i under s h
neft
3) he cc ptnce
ee i
he e t
he neft
uc
cr umsa sa t ma i i uia e f rt de e ntt r t n t bene i wihoutpa m e of
ic tnce s o ke t neq t bl o he f nda o eai he
ft t
y nt

isval (ntr cttonsomitd) W etVigi a s iial r r st tt be f wee
t ue' i cnal iai
te . s r ni pecfc ly equie ha he nehs r
iee ve a r t i d under s h eic s a e t ti w oul be i quia e a uncons i bl
r ei d nd e a ne
uc r um t nc ha t
d
ne t bl nd
c ona e
t pe m i t pary r ei ng t m t a d pa entt r or ''Empl ye Te s e s v Br s ol
o r t he t ec vi he o voi ym
he ef . '
o r am t r . i t

MyesSqui Co. 969F.
r
bb ,
supp. 463,471( D.W .V.201 (ii Co e v.MigoCnf #J.
zd
S.
3) ctng ply
n
y.

o Educ,466 S. 2d 1 ( .Va.1 ).Bec us Kni purhas d hi vehi e a a Honda
f
.
E. 39 W
995 ) a e ght c e s cl t

d aes i t eCo r d ne Ho d ' moint d s s hi u j s e rc me tcam.
e lrhp,h u t e is n a s to o imis s n u t n ih n li
xx.

W ashi on L aw
ngt

I W a hngo ,Sth e ee n smus b e tbih d f ru j s e rc me t ( )tee
n s i t n i l re lme t
g
t e sa ls e o n u t n ih n : 1 h r
mus beabenei c ere ononepa t bya he ;( t pa t r ei ngt be imus ha
t
ft onf rd
ry not r 2) he ry ec vi he neft t ve
ana e ai ork e oft be ft a ( t rc vi parymus ac ptorrti t
pprciton nowldge he nei; nd 3) he e ei ng t
t ce
ean he
bene i undercr
ft
icumsa e t tma i i quia e f t r ce vi pary t r t n t be i
tnc s ha ke t ne t bl or he e i ng t o e ai he neft
w ihou pa ng is val ' Dr v Dr gt Tr y,LLC,1 W a h.App.
t t yi t
ue. agt , a /
'
De a
39 s
560,5 ( a h.Ct
76 W s .

App.2007) Goodwi s eli me t t st e hol be us he purha e hi ve cl fom a
.
n' am es hi hrs d ca e
c s d s hi e r
Honda de e s p.
al r hi Thus t Cou tde e Honda sm oton t di m i s hi cl i .
, he
r ni s
'
i o s s s am

30

I
V.

CO NCLUSI N
O

Ba e on t f egoi i i he eby
sd
he or ng, t s r

ORDERED AND ADJUDGED t t Honda' M oton t Dimis ( E. 61 i
ha
s
i o s s D.
61 s
G R AN TED I PA R T a D EN I I PAR T . Spe ii ly,Cou 1 3,1 1 , 48,53,55,
N
nd
ED N
c fca l
nt 2,1 4, 5

an 86 a e DI SSED.Count3 i DI NI SSED a a s re by t Fl i a Norh Ca olna
d
r SSII
s SI I
s s e td
he orda nd
t r i
Pl ntfs Honda' M oton t Dim isCount1 a Count 11 i GRANTED I PART AND
ai if .
s
i o s s
0 nd
s
N
D EN I I PA RT .
ED N
DO NE AN D O R DER ED i Cham be s M im i Fl i t s
n
r , a , orda, hi
20 17.

day of M ay,

.vF
v
..'
.'
'

.
,

.

FED
O A.M O N O
I
TED ST AT ES DI R I T JU D G E
ST C
Z
.

Copisf ihe t
e um s d o:
Couns lofr or
e
ec d

31