Codigo Music, LLC et al. v. Televisa, S.A. de C.V.

Filing 60

ORDER denying 47 Plaintiffs' Motion for Court-Directed Alternative Service of Process. Signed by Ch. Magistrate Judge Andrea M. Simonton on 9/29/2017. (par)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
CASE NO. 15-CIV-21737-WILLIAMS/SIMONTON
CODIGO MUSIC, LLC,
and CODIGO PUBLISHING,
LLC,
Plaintiffs,
v.
TELEVISA S.A. DE C.V.,
Defendant.
________________________/
ORDER ON PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR
COURT-DIRECTED ALTERNATIVE SERVICE OF PROCESS
This matter came before the Court upon Plaintiffs Codigo Music, LLC and Codigo
Publishing, LLC’s Motion for Court-Directed Alternative Service of Process, ECF No. [47].
Specially-Appearing Defendant Televisa had filed a Response and Plaintiffs have filed a
Reply, ECF Nos. [50] [53]. The Honorable Kathleen M. Williams, United States District
Judge, has referred the Motion to the undersigned Magistrate Judge for a final
determination, ECF No. [59]. For the following reasons, the undersigned denies the
Plaintiffs’ Motion for Court-Directed Alternative Service of Process, ECF No. [47], without
prejudice to renew if a second attempted service pursuant to the Hague Convention is
not successful.
I. BACKGROUND
This matter was initiated when Plaintiffs Codigo Music, LLC and Codigo
Publishing, LLC (“Codigo”) filed a complaint against Defendant Televisa, S.A. de C.V.
(“Televisa SA”) for copyright infringement related to the purported use of master
recordings and musical compositions for which Plaintiff Codigo holds the registered
copyrights, ECF No. [1]. In the Complaint, Codigo alleges that Defendant Televisa, S.A.

de C.V. “is a wholly owned corporate subsidiary of Grupo Televisa, S.A.B., a corporation
organized and existing under the laws of the nation of Mexico and having its principal
place of business at Avenida Chapultepec 18, Colonia Doctores, Mexico City DF 06724
Mexico.” ECF No. [1] at 1-2. The Complaint further alleges that “Televisa’s principal
offices in the United States are located at 6355 NW 36th Street, Suite 101, Miami, Florida
33166.” ECF No. [1] at 2.
II. THE POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES
In the present Motion, the Plaintiffs contend that Court-Directed alternative service
of process is warranted because the Plaintiffs have tried unsuccessfully to serve the
Defendant in Mexico through the Hague Convention, ECF No. [47]. The Plaintiffs explain
that following the undersigned’s determination related to a prior motion that the Plaintiffs
had failed to properly serve the Defendant in Florida through a purported affiliated entity
or subsidiary of the Defendant, the Plaintiffs’ process server, Nelson Tucker, forwarded a
formal service request to the Central Authority of Mexico in compliance with the Hague
Service Convention and the Inter-American Convention of Letters Rogatory to the Central
Authority of Mexico, ECF Nos. [47] at 5, [47-2] at 2. The Plaintiffs contend that although
their process server complied with all of the requirements of service, the Mexican Central
Authority rejected and returned the Plaintiffs’ requests without providing an adequate
explanation for that rejection. The Plaintiffs have submitted a translated version of the
letter from the Mexican Central Authority regarding the rejection which states, in relevant
part,
I am returning the letter rogatory submitted by the United States District
Court. . . in compliance with the following:
The letter rogatory shall be based solely on ‘The Convention
on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial
Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters’, since the request
for judicial assistance also points to ‘The Inter-American
Convention on Letters Rogatory’.

2

ECF No. [47-2] at 6. (emphasis in original). In an Affidavit submitted in support of the
Plaintiffs’ Motion, the process server states, “The Ministry’s rejection is
incomprehensible. I reviewed my entire file in this matter and have determined that the
request forms were proper and even exceeded the provisions of the Hague Service
Convention.” ECF No. [47-2] at 3. The process server further states that in the past two
years his company has received rejections where the Central Authority of Mexico has
similarly failed to explain the reasons for rejection, and that he does not anticipate that
any resubmission by the Plaintiff will be any more successful than the initial one.
Plaintiff thus argues that service by alternative means should be permitted through
either: 1) serving the summons and Complaint on Televisa Internacional’s registered
agent in accordance with Florida law; and 2) emailing a copy of the summons and
Complaint on Televisa’s counsel in California and Florida, ECF No. [47] at 12.
Plaintiffs contend that this case is distinct from those cases where a plaintiff has
failed to comply with the dictates of the Hague Convention in attempting to effect
service, because Plaintiffs herein are requesting that alternative service be permitted in
the United States and not in Mexico, and thus the Hague Convention does not apply.
Instead, Plaintiffs contend that because Defendant Televisa, SA exerts sufficient control
over Televisa Internacional, which maintains an office in Florida, service upon Televisa
Internacional is sufficient to be considered service on Defendant Televisa SA. On this
point, Plaintiffs state “the question is whether Televisa is in any way related to
Internacional such that International has sufficient means of contact to notify Televisa of
the service. . . Here, service upon International is reasonably calculated to notify Televisa
of the pendency of this action as there is a clear and unmistakable affiliation and relation
between Televisa and International.” ECF No. [53] at 6.
The Plaintiffs have submitted the Declaration of Steven A. Wahlbrink, Esq., in
support of their contention that Televisa Internacional is an affiliate and/or agent of
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Defendant Televisa, ECF No. [47-1]. 1 In that Declaration, Mr. Wahlbrink, who serves as
co-counsel for the Plaintiffs, explains that Televisa Internacional’s website references
one of the television shows that is the subject of the Plaintiffs’ Complaint and indicates
that Televisa Internacional “is part of Televisa subsidiaries-Copyright © Televisa, S.A. de
C.V. 2016.” ECF No. [47-1] at 1. The Declaration further states that at the bottom of the
Defendant Televisa’s website home page is a link to Televisa’s corporate page, which is
also connected to the Televisa website through the Televisa logo at the bottom of the
Televisa Internacional website.
In response to the Motion, Defendant first argues that Plaintiffs have failed to
show that alternative service is necessary, ECF No. [50] at 5. Specifically, Defendant
contends that the Plaintiffs’ one attempt to serve a foreign county’s central authority is
insufficient to permit alternative service, particularly when that attempted service is
deficient. Defendant contends that contrary to the Plaintiffs’ assertion that the Mexican
Central Authority failed to provide a reason for the rejection of the Plaintiffs’ service, the
letter sent to the process server explained that the Plaintiffs should have only referenced
the Hague Convention and not the Inter-American Convention on Letters Rogatory which
provides another method for service of process. Defendant thus contends that
alternative service is not justified simply because service under the Hague Convention
may be difficult.

1

Defendant has sought to strike portions of the Declarations submitted by the Plaintiffs
primarily on the ground that they lack foundation and present conclusory arguments,
ECF No. [50-1]. The Plaintiffs have responded that the Defendant’s request to strike
should be denied because such requests are typically limited to striking matters
contained in pleadings and not in memoranda, briefs or affidavits, ECF No. [53] at 7. The
undersigned need not reach this issue because, as discussed infra., the information
presented in the Plaintiff’s Declarations fails to establish that Televisa controls Televisa
Internacional, or is otherwise sufficiently connected to Televisa Internacional, so that
service may be perfected upon Televisa through service on Televisa Internacional.

4

Defendant next argues that the Plaintiffs’ suggested method of alternative service
violates the Hague Convention and Mexican law and also ignores the requirement of
Florida law, ECF No. [50] at 8. On this point, Defendant contends that Televisa does not
control Televisa Internacional as required for purposes of substituted service. Similarly,
Defendant contends that it is improper to allow service on Televisa’s counsel who has
specially appeared in this matter only for purposes of contesting jurisdiction. Defendant
contends that the instant case is distinguishable from Rio, where the Court permitted
service on the foreign defendant’s attorney by email under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f)(3).
Defendant argues that unlike in this case, in Rio, the foreign defendant’s domicile was
Costa Rica, a country that is not a signatory to the Hague Convention, and, after
exhaustive efforts, the plaintiff in Rio was unable to find the defendant’s address in
Costa Rica for service of process. Defendant contends that in this case the Plaintiffs are
aware of Televisa’s address in Mexico, and there is no evidence that Televisa has been
attempting to evade service of process.
In support of its arguments, Defendant has submitted Declarations from the
Director of Administration at Televisa Internacional, LLC, and the Manager for Corporate
Affairs at Grupo Televisa, S.A.B., who also serves as the Manager for Corporate Affairs at
Televisa, S.A. de C.V., ECF Nos. [50-2], [50-3]. The Director of Administration’s
Declaration states, inter alia, that Defendant Televisa has never appointed Internacional
as a business agent, that Internacional does not conduct business on behalf of Televisa
or manage any part of Televisa’s business, that there are no Televisa employees that
work in Internacional’s office, and that Televisa does not control Internacional, and does
not direct Internacional’s day to day business activities. Further, the Declaration states
that Internacional is not owned by Televisa but instead is owned by TVU Enterprises.
The Declaration of the Manager for Corporate Affairs at Televisa states that
Defendant Televisa is incorporated under the laws of Mexico and has no offices in
5

Florida, ECF No. [50-2]. The Declaration explains that Internacional is not a Mexican
company and has no offices in Mexico. Finally, the Declaration explains that
Internacional is owned by TVU Enterprises, Inc., and Defendant Televisa is owned by
Grupo Telesistema, S.A. de C.V.
In Reply, Plaintiffs argue that prior attempts at service are not a condition
precedent to a court permitting alternative methods of service of process, but alternative
service often is permitted when service via the Hague Convention is difficult, ECF No.
[53] at 2-3. Plaintiffs also contend that the suggested alternative service methods do not
violate Mexican Law, and assert that the requested alternative methods of service
provide reasonable notice to Televisa of the lawsuit.
III. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(h), sets forth the requirements for serving a
corporation and provides,
(h) Serving a Corporation, Partnership, or Association.
Unless federal law provides otherwise or the defendant's
waiver has been filed, a. . .foreign corporation, . . . that is
subject to suit under a common name, must be served:
(1) in a judicial district of the United States:
(A) in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(e)(1) for serving an
individual; or
(B) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint
to an officer, a managing or general agent, or any other agent
authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of
process and--if the agent is one authorized by statute and the
statute so requires--by also mailing a copy of each to the
defendant; or
(2) at a place not within any judicial district of the United
States, in any manner prescribed by Rule 4(f) for serving an
individual, except personal delivery under (f)(2)(C)(i).
Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h).

6

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f). Thus under Rule 4(h) service on a corporation may be perfected both
within the United States and outside of the United States.
For service within the United States, Rule (h)(1)(A) permits, among other things,
service as prescribed in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(e)(1). Rule 4(e)(1), in turn,
permits service on an individual by “following state law for serving a summons in an
action brought in courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the district court is
located or where service is made.” Thus, service on a corporation may be satisfied
through Rule 4(e)(1) and, thereby Rule 4(h)(1)(A), if the service requirements under the
applicable Florida statute are met.
The requirements for service on a corporation under Florida law are set forth in
Fla. Stat. § 48.081, which provides, inter alia,
(1) Process against any private corporation, domestic or
foreign, may be served:
(a) On the president or vice president, or other head of
the corporation;
(b) In the absence of any person described in
paragraph (a), on the cashier, treasurer, secretary, or general
manager;
(c) In the absence of any person described in
paragraph (a) or paragraph (b), on any director; or
(d) In the absence of any person described in
paragraph (a), paragraph (b), or paragraph (c), on any officer
or business agent residing in the state.

(2) If a foreign corporation has none of the foregoing officers
or agents in this state, service may be made on any agent
transacting business for it in this state.
...
(5) When a corporation engages in substantial and not
isolated activities within this state, or has a business office
within the state and is actually engaged in the transaction of
business therefrom, service upon any officer or business
agent while on corporate business within this state may
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personally be made, pursuant to this section, and it is not
necessary in such case that the action, suit, or proceeding
against the corporation shall have arisen out of any
transaction or operation connected with or incidental to the
business being transacted within the state.
Fla. Stat. § 48.081.
For service on a corporation outside of the United States pursuant to Rule 4(h)(2),
the service may be made by any manner prescribed by Rule 4(f). 2 Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f), in
turn, provides,
(f) Serving an Individual in a Foreign Country. Unless federal
law provides otherwise, an individual--other than a minor, an
incompetent person, or a person whose waiver has been
filed--may be served at a place not within any judicial district
of the United States:
(1) by any internationally agreed means of service that is
reasonably calculated to give notice, such as those
authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad
of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents;
(2) if there is no internationally agreed means, or if an
international agreement allows but does not specify other
means, by a method that is reasonably calculated to give
notice:
(A) as prescribed by the foreign country's law for
service in that country in an action in its courts of general
jurisdiction;
(B) as the foreign authority directs in response to a
letter rogatory or letter of request; or
(C) unless prohibited by the foreign country's law, by:
(i) delivering a copy of the summons and of the
complaint to the individual personally; or
(ii) using any form of mail that the clerk
addresses and sends to the individual and that
requires a signed receipt; or

2

Rule 4(h)(2) prohibits service of a corporation outside of the United States pursuant to
Rule 4(f)(2)(C)(i), which refers to service on an individual by delivering a copy of the
summons and complaint to the individual personally. That limitation is not relevant to
this action.
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(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement,
as the court orders.
Thus pursuant to Rule 4(f) service may be made by: 1) serving the corporation through
an agreed means of service reasonably calculated to give notice such as the Hague
Convention; 2) if there is no internationally agreed means, or if the international
agreement permits but does not specify other means, as prescribed by the foreign
county’s law for service, or as the foreign authority directs in response to letter rogatory
or letter of request; or, 3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as
the court orders.
IV. ANALYSIS
A. The Plaintiffs Need Not Comply with Hague Convention
Prior to Seeking To Serve the Defendant Through Alternative Means
As set forth above, under Rule 4(h), a corporation may be served pursuant to
4(f)(1) in a place not within any judicial district in the United States by any internationally
agreements such as those authorized by the Hague Convention. 3 The Hague Convention
(“Convention”) is a multilateral treaty that requires each signatory state to establish a
central authority to receive requests for service of documents from other countries.
Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, 486 U.S. 694, 699 (1988). The
Convention preempts inconsistent methods of service prescribed by state law in all
cases to which it applies. Id. In addition, Article 10 of the Hague Convention allows for
service through postal channels or personal service by judicial officers, and applies
unless the destination country has objected to those specific methods of service. Hague
Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents, art. 10, Jan.
8, 1969, T.I.A.S. No. 6638. Both the United States and Mexico are signatories to the
Hague Convention but Mexico has objected to Article 10 of the Convention in its entirety.
3

The U.S. and Mexico are signatories to the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of
Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters, Nov. 15, 1965.
9

Finally, “compliance with the Convention is mandatory in all cases to which it applies.”
Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft, 486 U.S., at 705.
In this case, Plaintiffs contend that although both the United States and Mexico
are signatories to the Hague Convention, Plaintiffs have already attempted to serve
Televisa SA in Mexico but the Mexican Central Authority will not cooperate in
effectuating such service, and is not likely to do so in any future service attempts made
by the Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs therefore argue that the Plaintiffs should not be required to
continue to attempt to serve the Televisa SA through the Hague Convention as
contemplated by Rule 4(f)(1), but rather should be permitted to serve under alternative
means, as provided by Rule 4(f)(3). Plaintiffs further argue that because the Plaintiffs
seek to serve Televisa SA in Florida, through Televisa Internacional, the Hague
Convention does not apply because there is no attempt to serve a foreign corporation
outside of the United States.
Televisa SA, on the other hand, argues that alternative service is not appropriate
under the facts of this case where it is undisputed that Televisa is not attempting to
evade service, Televisa’s address in Mexico is known, there is no particular urgency
here, and Codigo has only made one attempt to serve Televisa under the Hague
Convention, and the Mexican Central Authority responded to that attempt by advising
Codigo that the submissions were incorrect.
Thus, the question the undersigned must initially resolve is whether the Hague
Convention is applicable to the Plaintiffs’ request for service and whether, pursuant to
Rule 4(f)(1), the Hague Convention is the only acceptable method for serving Defendant
Televisa SA, or whether the Plaintiffs may serve Televisa through an alternative method
as contemplated by Rule 4(f)(3), and/or through Rule 4(e)(1), by serving Televisa through
Televisa Internacional in conformity with the applicable Florida Statute or through
Defendant Televisa’s specially-appearing United States Counsel.
10

The Supreme Court has made clear that, “the only transmittal to which the [Hague
Service] Convention applies is a transmittal abroad that is required as a necessary part
of service.” Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, 486 U.S. 694, 707 (1988)
(emphasis supplied). The Hague Service Convention has “no further implications,”
therefore, “[w]here service on a domestic agent is valid and complete under both state
law and the Due Process Clause.” Id. The Advisory Committee Notes to the 1993
amendments to Rule 4(f) plainly contemplate alternative avenues of service if the Hague
Service Convention procedures are unavailable to a plaintiff, such as when a signatory
state is “dilatory or refuse[s] to cooperate for substantive reasons.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
4(f)(1), advisory committee notes to the 1993 Amendment.
At the outset, the undersigned notes that at least one district court has
considered whether Defendant Televisa SA has to be served in compliance with the
Hague Convention related to litigation within the United States. In OGM, Inc., v. Televisa,
S.A. De C.V., et al., No. CV 08-5742-JFW (JCx), 2009 WL 1025971, *1 (C.D. Cal. April 15,
2009), a plaintiff served Televisa, S.A. De C.V., et al., the same Defendant in the case at
bar, in Mexico via international registered mail, return receipt requested, as well as
through personal service on Televisa’s office in Mexico City. The Court, in granting
Defendant Televisa’s motion to dismiss, concluded that because the United States and
Mexico are both signatories to the Hague Convention, that the Hague Convention
provided the exclusive means by which the plaintiff could serve Televisa SA. Id. at *1.
The Court noted that while service under the Hague Convention is typically
accomplished by forwarding the summons and complaint to the “Central Authority” for
the country in which service is to be made, along with a request for service, Article 10 of
the Hague Convention permits service of process by alternative methods, “provided the
State of destination does not object.” Id. at *2. The Court concluded that Mexico had, in

11

fact, objected to Article 10 of the Convention, and thus concluded that any service other
than that obtained through Mexico’s Central Authority was quashed. Id. at *3-4.
The Plaintiffs contend that the holding in OGM, Inc., is not applicable to this case
because the Plaintiffs herein do not seek to serve Televisa SA, in Mexico, but instead
seek to serve Televisa SA, in the United States through its purported agent, Televisa
Internacional, and by emailing Televisa SA’s domestic counsel who has specially
appeared in this matter. Plaintiffs thus contend that the Hague Convention does not
apply because the Convention is only applicable to attempts to serve litigants abroad.
The undersigned agrees with the Plaintiffs on this point. Specifically, in OGM,
Inc., the plaintiffs sought to serve the Televisa defendant in Mexico, not in the United
States. As such, the plaintiffs in that case were required to comply with the dictates of
the Hague Convention which applies to attempts to serve corporations in a foreign
country. In the case at bar, the Plaintiffs have requested to serve Defendant Televisa SA
through its purported agent in Florida, Televisa Internacional, and Televisa SA’s
domestic counsel. The express language of the Hague Convention makes clear that the
Convention only applies to service in other countries. Thus, because the Plaintiffs’
request is to perfect service upon an entity in the United States, the Hague Convention
does not apply.
In addition, there is no express requirement that the Plaintiffs demonstrate that
service under the Hague Convention is not possible before the court may authorize the
Plaintiffs to serve the Defendant under alternative means pursuant to Rule 4(f)(3).
Numerous courts have authorized alternative service under Rule 4(f)(3) even where the
Hague Convention applies. These courts reason that alternative service may be ordered
pursuant to Rule 4(f)(3) as long as the alternative method of service is not expressly
prohibited by the Convention or objected to by the receiving state. Similarly, because
the Plaintiffs’ request is made pursuant to Rule 4(f)(3), rather than Rules 4(f)(1) and
12

4(f)(2), the Plaintiffs need not demonstrate that the requested method of service is
compliant with the Hague Convention and is not prohibited by Mexico's laws. See e.g.
Atlas One Financial Group, LLC v. Alarcon, No. 12-cv-23400-COOKE/Turnoff, 2014 WL
12571403 (S.D. Fla. Feb . 28, 2014) (concluding that because the plaintiff’s request for
alternative service was made under Rule 4(f)(3), plaintiff was not required to show that
the method of service was not prohibited by the foreign country's laws.)
Further, service through Rule 4(f)(3) is not considered a last resort or
extraordinary relief. See Brookshire Bros., Ltd. v. Chiquita Brand Inter., Inc., No. 05-CIV21962, 2007 WL 1577771, at * 2 (S.D. Fla. May 31, 2007) (citations omitted) (finding that
Rule 4(f)(3) includes no qualifiers or limitations indicating its availability only after
attempting service of process by other means). Even in cases involving countries like
Mexico that have objected to certain alternative forms of service permitted under Article
10 of the Hague Convention, other forms of alternative service have been allowed. See,
e.g., Richmond Techs., Inc. v. Aumtech Bus. Solutions, No. 11-CV-02460-LHK, 2011 WL
2607158, at *13 (N.D. Cal. July 1, 2011) (“Nothing in the Hague Convention prohibits
[service on a foreign defendant's United States-based counsel].”); In re LDK Solar Sec.
Litig., No. C 07–05182 WHA, 2008 WL 2415186, at *3-4 (N.D. Cal. June 12, 2008)
(permitting service of Chinese subsidiary and individual officers by service on parent
company in California because such service is not barred by the Hague Convention).
Thus, the undersigned concludes that Plaintiffs need not serve the Defendant in
compliance with the Hague Convention if the Defendants are otherwise properly served
in the United States; and, the Plaintiffs may request assistance from the Court to serve
the Defendant pursuant to Rule 4(f)(3) without first resorting to Rule 4(f)(1). This
however, does not end the Court’s inquiry. As discussed below, the Plaintiffs have not
sought to serve the Defendant in any manner that comports with the service

13

requirements in the United States, and thus Plaintiffs are not entitled to the relief they
seek.
B. Plaintiffs May Not Serve Defendant Televisa SA through
Service on Televisa Internacional
Even though the Hague Convention does not govern the Plaintiffs’ request to
serve Televisa SA through Televisa Internacional, the request must nevertheless be
denied because the Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that service on Televisa
Internacional comports with Florida law, or that the requested service is appropriate
under the facts of this case.
As stated above, Plaintiffs concede that the corporation at issue, Televisa SA, is a
foreign corporation with its principle place of business and/or its business offices in
Mexico, ECF No. [47] at 2, ¶ 1. Plaintiffs therefore request that they be permitted to serve
Televisa Internacional as an agent or alter ego of Defendant Televisa SA. In this regard,
the Plaintiffs state that “Televisa Internacional is unmistakably and admittedly an affiliate
and/or agent of the Defendant.” ECF No. [47] at 8.
This is almost the identical argument that the Plaintiffs raised previously in
opposition to the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. [22]. In that opposition, the
Plaintiffs contended that service that was made on Televisa Internacional was effectively
service on Televisa SA because Televisa Internacional could be considered an agent of
Televisa SA. After a hearing on the Motion to Dismiss, the undersigned entered a Report
and Recommendation recommending that the Motion to Dismiss be denied, and that the
Plaintiff be granted additional time to attempt to serve Televisa SA, ECF No. [32]. The
undersigned, however, declined to reach the issue of whether service upon Televisa
Internacional could ever constitute service upon Televisa SA, ECF No. [32] at 11. The
Plaintiffs now, in reliance upon the same information submitted to the Court in their
opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, reassert their contention that service upon Televisa

14

Internacional may constitute service upon Televisa SA. This information primarily
consists of the Declaration of Steven A. Wahlbrink which discusses the links on Televisa
Internacional’s website, ECF No. [47] at 2. Based upon Mr. Wahlbrink’s description of
that website, the Plaintiffs contend, “It is readily apparent from Televisa Internacional’s
website that Televisa Internacional is affiliated with, and for all intents and purposes is
an agent of the Defendant.” ECF No. [47] at 2. This conclusion is simply not supported
by the scant materials submitted by the Plaintiffs, and the Plaintiffs have failed to provide
any case law to support its position that evidence akin to that in this record is sufficient
to establish that service on Televisa Intenacional is sufficient to constitute service on the
Defendant. See Lamb v. Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft, 104 F.R.D. 95, 98-99 (S.D.
Fla. 1985) (observing that in determining whether service of process may be made on a
foreign corporation through application of agency theory to a domestic company or
agent, the focus is the degree of control that foreign corporation exercises over the other
entity); Sol Melia, S.A. v. Fontana, 67 So. 3d 1226 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011) (same).
Accordingly, the undersigned concludes that based on the record currently before
the Court that Plaintiffs have failed to establish that service upon Televisa Internacional
would constitute service upon Televisa SA, under either Florida or Federal law. 4 Again,
this is not to say that the Plaintiffs would not ever be able to establish that service upon
Televisa Internacional could constitute service upon Televisa, SA but only to say that the
Plaintiff’s current submissions are not sufficient to establish that Televisa, SA is a
subsidiary that sufficiently controlled by Televisa Internacional or that Televisa

4

When a foreign corporation does not have any officers, directors, managers or
business agents in Florida, section 48.081 (2) provides that process against the foreign
corporation may be served on an agent who is transacting business for the corporation
in the state. See § 48.081(3), Fla. Stat. (2009).
15

Internacional may be deemed an agent of Televisa SA, for purposes of service of
process, ECF No. [32]. 5
Further, the case law cited by Plaintiffs does not support a finding that service on
Televisa Internacional would constitute adequate service on Televisa SA. Specifically,
Plaintiffs reliance on Morningstar v. Dejun, No. CV 11-00655 DDP (VBKx), 2013 WL
502474 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 8, 2013), does not assist Plaintiffs in this action because service in
Morningstar was effectuated by serving the officers of a Nevada corporation, with its
principal place of business in China. Here, Defendant Televisa SA is not a Florida
corporation, and the record fails to establish that Televisa Internacional serves as an
agent of Televisa SA for purposes of accepting service of process.
Thus, absent another method for properly serving Televisa SA, in this country,
Plaintiffs must serve that Defendant in Mexico, pursuant to the Hague Convention.
C. Service on Counsel in the United States is Not Warranted
Plaintiffs alternatively request to serve Televisa SA through its domestic counsel
in Florida and California via email, pursuant to Rule 4(f)(3). For the following reasons,
the undersigned denies that request at this time.
A district court has discretion to allow such alternate means of service as it
deems appropriate in a given case. Prewitt Enters., Inc. v. Org. of Petroleum Exp.
Countries, 353 F.3d 916, 921, 927 (11th Cir. 2003) (finding that district courts have broad
discretion under Rule 4(f)(3) to authorize alternate methods of service that are consistent
with due process and not prohibited by international agreements); Chanel, Inc. v. Lin, No.

5

Codigo’s objections to the undersigned’s Report and Recommendation again
referenced Televisa Internacional’s website and asserted that the facts unmistakably
show that Televisa Internacional is an agent, subsidiary and/or affiliate of Defendant
Televisa, SA, ECF No. [34] at 3. The Honorable Kathleen M. Williams accepted, adopted
and incorporated the Report and Recommendation and granted the Defendant’s Motion
to Quash Service, ECF No. [35]. Codigo did not seek reconsideration of that Motion, and
there is nothing in the current submissions to provide a basis for Codigo to relitigate that
issue through the current motion.
16

08-23490-CIV, 2009 WL 1034627, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 16, 2009) (recognizing that decision
to permit service by alternate means lies within the sole discretion of district court). In
addition, as stated above, Service under Rule 4(f)(3) is not a “last resort” or
“extraordinary relief.” Rio Props., Inc. v. Rio Intern. Interlink, 284 F.3d 1007, 1015 (9th Cir.
2002). “It is merely one means among several which enables service of process on an
international defendant.” Id. It is within the Court's discretion to determine “when the
particularities and necessities of a given case require alternate service of process under
Rule 4(f)(3).” Id. Thus, before permitting alternate service, “a district court, in exercising
the discretionary power permitted by Rule 4(f)(3), may require the plaintiff to show that
they have ‘reasonably attempted to effectuate service on defendant and that the
circumstances are such that the district court's intervention is necessary to obviate the
need to undertake methods of service that are unduly burdensome or that are untried but
likely futile.’” FMAC Loan Receivables v. Dagra, 228 F.R.D. 531, 534 (E.D. Va. 2005)
(quoting Ryan v. Brunswick, No. 02-CV-0133E(F), 2002 WL 1628933, *2 (W.D.N.Y. 2002)).
Numerous courts have determined that under certain circumstances, service of
process may be perfected through service on a foreign defendant’s domestic attorney so
long as that service comports with due process. See, e.g., Fru Veg Marketing, Inc. v.
Vegfruitworld Corp., 896 F. Supp. 2d 1175, 1182-83 (S.D. Fla. 2012) (collecting cases).
Typically, courts permit such service where the address of the foreign defendant is
unknown, the foreign defendant has successfully evaded service, and/or failure to permit
such service will result in unduly long delays in the litigation of a matter.
In LG Elecs, Inc. v. ASKO Appliances, Inc., No. CIV.A. 08–828, 2009 WL 1811098, at
*4 (D. Del. June 23, 2009), for example, the district court found that service upon an
attorney was permissible in light of the regularity of contact between the defendant and
his attorney where it was determined that the defendant seeking to have the case
dismissed for lack of sufficiency of process engaged in an “intentional, vexatious
17

attempt to evade service.” Id. at *4. Similarly, in Prediction Co. LLC v. Rajgarhia, No.
CIV.A. 097459, 2010 WL 1050307, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 22, 2010), the district court
concluded that sending a copy of the summons and complaint to defendant's attorney
and requesting that he forward the documents to defendant and sending a copy of the
summons and complaint to the email address that the defendant used to communicate
with the plaintiff in that case satisfied due process concerns and thus was permissible
pursuant to Rule 4(f)(3), where the address of the Defendant was unknown. Id. at *2.
Finally, in Forum Fin. Group, LLC v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, 199
F.R.D. 22 (D. Me. 2001), a case cited by Plaintiffs herein, the court approved service of
process on the defendant's attorney “given [the defendant's] efforts to evade service in
Russia and [the attorney's] recent acceptance of service on [the defendant's] behalf in a
case also involving [his] business dealings[.]” Id. at 24–25.
Thus, almost none of the Courts have permitted service on a foreign defendant
solely through service on its domestic counsel under facts akin to the ones at bar,
particularly where the plaintiff has not sought to serve the defendant directly as well. 6 As

6

The Plaintiff has not requested permission to serve Defendant Televisa S.A., rather than
its counsel, by email. Instead, the Plaintiffs have only requested to serve Defendant
Televisa’s Counsel in Florida and California. The Court is aware that several courts have
held that pursuant to Rule 4(f)(3), service by email is not prohibited by the Hague
Convention. See State Medical Devices v. HTL-Strefa, S.A., No. 15-20590, 2015 WL
5320947, *3 (S.D. Fla., Sept. 14, 2015) (citing Lexmark Int’l v. Ink Techs Printer Supplies,
LLC, , 291 F.R.D. 259, 26w (S.D. Ohio. 2013); see also Facebook, Inc. v. Banana Ads, LLC,
No. C–11–3619 YGR, 2012 WL 1038752, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2012) (noting that the
“Hague Service Convention does not expressly prohibit email service.”); Williams–
Sonoma Inc. v. Friendfinder Inc., No. C 06–06752 JSW, 2007 WL 1140639, at *2 (N.D.Cal.
Apr. 17, 2007) (concluding that the plaintiff demonstrated that service via email is not
prohibited by the Hague Convention). Further, some courts have even concluded that
email service is permissible even where a country objects to Article 10 of the Hague
Convention. See Lexmark Int’l v. Ink Techs Printer Supplies, LLC, , 291 F.R.D. at 174
(allowing email service on defendants); see also Gurung v. Malhotra, 279 F.R.D. 215, 219
(S.D.N.Y. 2011) (“Where a signatory nation has objected to only those means of service
listed in Article [10], a court acting under Rule 4(f)(3) remains free to order alternative
means of service that are not specifically referenced in Article [10]”). The undersigned
need not reach the issue of whether email service is permissible on a Mexican defendant
18

argued by the Defendant, the Plaintiffs have failed to present any of the circumstances
that have been present in other cases where courts have determined that service of a
foreign defendant through domestic counsel is warranted. There is no evidence that the
Defendant in this case is evading service, that the Defendant’s address is unknown, that
there is any great urgency present in the case, and there has been no showing that
service is particularly difficult. 7 As to the last of these considerations, the difficulty of
service, the Plaintiffs state that they have only attempted to serve the Defendants
through the Hague Convention once in this matter. The Plaintiffs have not contended
that they did not receive a response from the Central Authority of Mexico but have
instead expressed concern that no subsequent attempts at service under the Hague
Convention will be successful. Thus, the undersigned concludes that the Plaintiffs have
not, at this point, reasonably attempted to effectuate service on defendant and that that
particular available method of service is unduly burdensome or futile. See South Carolina
v. Hitachi Displays, Ltd., No. 3:13-cv-00899-JFA, 2013 WL 4499149 (D.S.C. Aug. 20, 2013)
(rejecting request to permit service on counsel where defendant’s country was a
signatory to the Hague Convention, plaintiff had only attempted to serve the individual
defendant twice—including once pursuant to the Hague Convention, and the defendant’s
address was readily obtainable). Moreover, in this case, there is no indication that
Defendant’s counsel has been designated to accept process on the Defendant’s behalf.
See e.g. Maale v. Francis, No. 08–80131–CIV, 2009 WL 2044804, at *3 (S.D. Fla. July 10
under the Hague Convention because the Plaintiffs have not sought to directly serve the
Defendant herein via email.
7

As to any suggestion by the Plaintiffs that litigation of this matter will be greatly delayed
if Plaintiffs are not permitted to serve Defendant through either Counsel or substituted
service, it is curious that during the pendency of the Motion at bar there is no indication
that Plaintiffs attempted to resubmit their request for service on the Defendant to the
Central Mexican Authority, by removing any reference to the Inter-American Convention
on Letters Rogatory as referenced by the Mexican Central Authority, in its rejection of the
Plaintiffs’ first request for service.
19

2009) (finding service ineffective where plaintiff attempted to serve counsel who was not
designated to receive process on defendants’ behalf). Thus, Plaintiffs have not
demonstrated that the alternative service they seek, which does not include any attempt
to serve the Defendant directly, is warranted under the facts of this case. 8
The Plaintiffs’ citation to Rio Props v. Rio Int’l Interlink, 284 F. 3d 1007 (9th Cir.
2002), does not change this determination. In Rio, the Ninth Circuit evaluated whether
service of process was sufficient on a Costa Rican entity engaged in sports gambling
operations. The plaintiff, in that case, had attempted to serve the foreign entity through
that entity’s international courier who maintained an address in Miami, Florida, as well as
through the entity’s Los Angeles attorney. When the international courier and the
entity’s attorney declined to accept service on behalf of the foreign client, the plaintiff
attempted to serve the entity in Costa Rica but was unable to locate an address for the
entity. The plaintiff’s investigator determined that the entity’s preferred communication
was through its email address and that the entity also received regular mail at an address
in Florida.
The same facts are not present in this case as those in Rio Props. In Prewitt
Enters., Inc. v. Org. of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 353 F.3d 916, 925 (11th Cir. 2003),
the Eleventh Circuit distinguished the facts in Rio Props from those in the case before
that Court by observing that in Rio, the court determined that the defendant, an
international internet company doing business in the United States, had a viable
presence in the United States; that physical personal service had been legally attempted
by actually serving a legitimate agent of the defendant in the United States; and that the
defendant had evaded the attempted service. Id. at 927. The Court additionally noted that

8

The undersigned need not address the issue of whether Plaintiffs’ requested
alternative service offends Mexican law because Plaintiffs do not seek to effect service in
Mexico.
20

the Court in Rio did not discuss Costa Rican law at all, much less the prohibitions
relating to service of process. Id.
The case before the undersigned is equally distinguishable, the Plaintiffs have the
foreign address for the Defendant, and there is no indication that the Defendant’s
preferred communication is through email, that the Defendant is conducting business in
the United States, or that Defendant Televisa SA receives regular mail at an address in
Florida. Simply put, Rio Props is distinguishable from the instant case.
Further, the undersigned is aware that some courts have permitted service on
domestic counsel, even where the address of a defendant was known and/or the
defendant was not trying to evade service. In those cases, courts typically focus on
whether the defendant had actual notice of the law suit and concluded that such notice
would satisfy any due process concerns. See, e.g., Marlabs Inc. v. Jakher, No. 07-cv074074 (DMC)(MF), 2010 WL 1644041, at *3 (D.N.J. Apr. 22, 2010) (finding that service
upon the foreign defendant through his attorney comported with constitutional due
process since defendant was on notice of law suit and had regular contact with its
attorney); In re TFT–LCD (Flat Panel) Antitrust Litig., No. M 07–1827 SI, 2010 WL 1337743,
at *3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 2, 2010) (finding that where the defendant had consulted U.S. counsel
regarding the lawsuit and participated in the case through U.S. counsel it was reasonable
to find that the defendant had sufficient notice of the suit and that service through
defendant’s U.S. counsel would comport with due process); FMAC Loan Receivables v.
Dagra, 228 F.R.D. 531, 534 (E.D. Va. 2005) (finding that where the defendant's attorney
had filed several motions on the defendant's behalf the defendant would be given proper
notice of the suit if service of process was made on his attorney).
However, none of those decisions are binding on this Court and the undersigned
questions whether in this circuit, actual knowledge of a law suit standing alone, is
sufficient to obviate the need of a plaintiff to comply with the dictates of Fed. R. Civ. P. 4.
21

Indeed, the Eleventh Circuit has stressed the need for formal service of process despite
actual notice of an action by a defendant. In De Gazelle Group, Inc. v. Tamaz Trading
Establishment, 817 F 3d 747 (11th Cir. 2016), for example, the Eleventh Circuit stated,
The Supreme Court has said this about the service-ofprocess requirement:
Before a federal court may exercise personal jurisdiction over
a defendant, the procedural requirement of service of
summons must be satisfied. Service of summons is the
procedure by which a court having venue and jurisdiction of
the subject matter of the suit asserts jurisdiction over the
person of the party served. Thus, before a court may exercise
personal jurisdiction over a defendant, there must be more
than notice to the defendant and a constitutionally sufficient
relationship between the defendant and the forum. There
must also be a basis for the defendant's amenability to
service of summons. Absent consent, this means there must
be authorization for service of summons on the defendant.
Id. citing Omni Capital Int'l, Ltd. v. Rudolf Wolff & Co., Ltd., 484 U.S. 97, 104, (1987)
(quotation, citation, and alteration omitted), superseded on other grounds by Fed. R. Civ.
P. 4(k)(2) (1993). In De Gazelle Group, the Court ultimately reversed and remanded the
case to the trial court because the district court erred in concluding the defaulted
defendant had been properly served on the grounds that defendant’s registered agent
had actual notice of the lawsuit, despite the fact that the defendant had not been served
in compliance with Rule 4. The Eleventh Circuit has additionally stated, “an individual or
entity is not obliged to engage in litigation unless officially notified of the action ... under
a court's authority, by formal process.” Prewitt Enters., Inc. v. Org. of Petroleum
Exporting Countries, 353 F.3d 916, 925 (11th Cir. 2003) (quotation and alteration omitted).
Thus, although actual notice of a law suit is an important factor in considering
whether service of process is adequate, as noted by the Court in Prewitt, courts are
typically careful to determine that service of process was in substantial compliance with
the formal requirements of the Federal Rules, and actual notice alone was not enough to
allow the court personal jurisdiction over the defendant. Id. at 925. See, e.g., Sanderford
22

v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 902 F.2d 897 (11th Cir. 1990) (holding that service of
process was in substantial compliance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(b) even though it did not
include a return date for the responsive pleading); Direct Mail Specialists, Inc. v. Eclat
Computerized Tech. Inc., 840 F.2d 685 (9th Cir. 1988) (finding that a corporation's
receptionist had sufficient authority to receive service of process as a “managing or
general agent” under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(d)(3) and noting that the president of the company
received actual notice of the summons and complaint a day later); United Food &
Commercial Workers Union v. Alpha Beta Co., 736 F.2d 1371 (9th Cir. 1984) (holding that
service was effective under Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(b) even though the summons had a
typographical error stating that the defendant had 10 rather than 20 days to answer the
complaint); Banco Latino, S.A.C.A. v. Gomez Lopez, 53 F.Supp.2d 1273 (S.D.Fla.1999)
(finding that personal delivery of service of process on the defendant in Spain was
sufficient because it was authorized under Spanish law as required by the Hague
Convention and Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(f)(1) and the defendant had actual notice even though he
only received a copy of the summons and not the complaint because he departed
hastily). Here, while it is clear that Defendants have actual notice of the suit, the
undersigned concludes that more than mere notice is required where Plaintiffs herein
request that they not be required to comply with the dictates of Rule 4. Accordingly, the
Plaintiffs’ request to serve Defendant only through its domestic counsel by email, is
denied.
Finally, although not the basis for the ruling on the Plaintiffs’ Motion, the
undersigned notes that it is questionable whether Rule 4(f)(3) is the proper vehicle for
granting the alternative service that Plaintiffs seek. Specifically, Rule 4(f) is entitled
“Serving an Individual in a Foreign Country.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(f). That Rule and its
subparts deal only with service in a place “not within any judicial district in the United
States.” Thus, Rule 4(f)(3) necessarily contemplates service by other means for
23

purposes of service outside of the United States. Although some Courts have permitted
alternative service pursuant to Rule 4(f)(3) even if the service sought was only going to
be performed within a United States judicial district, at least two courts have observed
that the plain language of Rule 4(f)(3) seemingly would preclude such service. See, e.g.
Freedom Watch, Inc. v. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 107 F.
Supp. 3d 134, 137–39 (D.D.C. 2015) (collecting cases and noting that courts have
authorized service pursuant to Rule 4(f)(3) only where some part of the service occurred
outside of the United States); Drew Technologies, Inc. v. Robert Bosch, L.L.C., 2013 WL
6797175, *1-*4 (E.D. Mich. 2013) (vacating prior order where service granted by the court
under Rule 4(f)(3) was only to occur within the United States, and finding that service
under Rule 4(f)(3) is clearly limited to methods of service made outside of the United
States); But see In re Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Antitrust Litigation, 27 F. Supp. 3d 1002,
1010 (N.D. Cal. March 13, 2014) (noting that transmission of service papers to a foreign
defendant via a domestic conduit like a law firm or agent ultimately results in the foreign
individual being served and thereby provides notice outside a United States judicial
district, in accordance with Rule 4(f)(3)’s plain language).
The undersigned finds the reasoning of those courts who find that the Rule
contemplates foreign service to be persuasive, and thus concludes that the plain
language of Rule 4(f)(3) requires that the alternative service sought contain, at least,
some component of service that will occur outside of the United States. The Plaintiffs
have not requested service in a method that will occur outside of the United States, and
thus the undersigned could deny their request on that basis. 9 However, because the

9

It is difficult to reconcile Plaintiffs’ contention that their request for alternative service is
not subject to Rule 4(f)(1) and the Hague Convention because Plaintiffs are seeking to
effect service within the United States, with Plaintiffs’ assertion that they are entitled to
relief under Rule 4(f)(3), which is directed to relief available related to service of process
in a foreign country.
24

undersigned has already determined that the facts of this case do not warrant that
Plaintiffs be permitted to effect service upon domestic counsel without first again
attempting service through the Hague Convention, the Plaintiffs’ request to serve
Defendants via email through their counsel in California and Florida is denied on that
basis alone.
V. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, it is
ORDERED and ADJUDGED that Plaintiffs’ Motion for Court-Directed Alternative
Service of Process, ECF No. [47], is denied, without prejudice to renew if a second
attempted service pursuant to the Hague Convention is not successful. 10
DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers in Miami-Dade County, Florida, this 29th
day of September, 2017.
____________________________________
ANDREA M. SIMONTON
CHIEF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

Copies via CM/ECF to:
The Honorable Kathleen M. Williams
All parties of record

10

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m), the time limit for service of 90 days
does not apply to service in a foreign country under Rule 4(f).
25