Sebastian v. Ortiz et al

Filing 57

ORDER granting 30 Defendants Daniel Crocker and Jay Grossman's Motion to Dismiss; granting in part and denying in part 33 Defendants City of Miami and Rodolfo Llanes' Motion to Dismiss; and granting in part and denying in part 39 Defendant Javier Ortiz's Motion to Dismiss. Signed by Judge Federico A. Moreno on 9/29/2017. (kcg)

UNI
TED STA TES DI
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SOUTHERN DI
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a
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AN
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V S.

J VI ORTIa J Y G RO SSM AN ?D AN I
A ER
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EL
CROCKER,CI OF M I I LLAN ES
TY
AM ,
RODOLFO,a J
nd OHN DOE,

De e nt .
f nda s
/
O R DE R G M N TI G I PA RT AN D DEN Y I G I PA RT
N N
N N
D EFEN DA N TS'M O T I N S TO DI I
O
SM SS

Thi i ac vi rght c e br
s s i l i s as oughtby Ruben Se ta agans f z M i mipolc ofi r ,
basi n i t olr a
i e tce sl
Chi fofPolceRodolo Llne ,a t Ciy ofM im i Se ta alegest tt ofier
e
i
f a s nd he t
n . basin l
ha he fc s

vi a e hi cvi rg sd i ata t sop a are t The l co a e d c
olt d s i l i ht urng r fk t nd r s .
6- unt m nde ompli
ant

i l ni fderlci lrg svi ai t r42U. C.j1 3ands ve saet tcams
ncudes ne e a vi iht oltons mde
S.
98
e n tt or li ,
f whih Se sin s ksc
or c ba ta ee ompe aor a punii dmnage . The f de a cli si ude:
ns t y nd
tve
s
e r l am ncl
*

Count1. Fourh A m e m e il gals a ch a ns Li ut na Or i a
t
nd nt le
e r gai t e e nt tz nd
Of e Gr s a
sc r os m n;

@

Count2. Fourh A m e
t
ndm e f l e i pr s e / r e ta ns Li ut nt
nt a s m ionm nta r s gai t e ena
Or i and O fi e Gr s a
tz
fc r os m n;

*

Count3. Fourh A m e
t
ndm e m alci pr e uton aga ns Li ut na
nt i ous os c i
i t e e nt
Or i and O fi e Gr s a
tz
fc r os m n;

@

Count4. Fourh A m e
t
ndm e e s i us off r e aga ns Li ut na
nt xce s ve e o c
i t e e nt
Or i and O f e Doe;
tz
ûc r

1Oneoft ofk esi aJ m Doea s i no i ve i t c e a t stme. Theot rt eeofk es
he t r s ol
nd o s t nvol d n he as t hi i
he hr t r
aeLiutnantJ virOri,OfierJ y Gr s n, Om ce DanilCr r
r e e
a e tz fc a osma and
r
e ocke .

@

Count5. Fi s A m e en r t la i ag ns Li ut nan Or i a
rt
ndm t e a i ton ai t e e t tz nd
Of i e Gr s a
f c r os m n;

*

Count6.Fourh Amendme s pe v s y la lt f die tng unlwf l
t
nt u r ior ibiiy or r c i
a u
a t aga ns Li t nan O ri
c s i t eu e t tz;

@

Count7. Fourh A m e
t
ndm en s pe v s y la lt f f lle t s op
t u r i or i biiy or aitr o t
unlwf lac sagans Liut nantOri
a u t
i t e e
tz;

@

Count8. Fa l e t i tga e ordi ci i Li ut na Or i a i tt
im o nves i t
s plne e e nt tz ga ns he
Ciy;a
t nd

@

Count9. De i ton ofrght f f l et pr ntLi utna Ori s
prva i
i s or aiur o eve
e e nt tz'
f e e bl a e a ns Chi fLl nes
or s ea e bus gai t e a .

The saet r c am si l
tt o t l i nc ude:
*

Count 1 Fal e i prs e / r s aga ns Li ut na O ri a O fi e
0. s m i onm ntar e t i t e e nt tz nd tc r
G r m an;
oss

@

Cot 11 M ai i pr e uton agans Liut na Ori a Ofi r
mt . lcous os c i
i t e e nt tz nd fce
Gr s a ,
os m n'

@

Cot 1 l e i i lc i ofemotona dites ag ns Li ut nt
mt 2. nt ntonal ntiton
i l sr s ai t e ena
O ri a Of i e s Gr s a Cr ke ,a D oe;
tz nd f c r os m n, oc r nd

@

C o m t1 A s a torba t r a i tLi e ntOr i a O fi e s
t 3. s ul
te y ga ns eut na
tz nd fc r
G r s a Cr
os m n, ocke ,a Doe;
r nd

@

Count1 Li lagans Liut na tOri a Ofi e Gr s a
4. be
i t e e n tz nd fc r os m n;

@

Count1 Reponde s pe orla lt a i tt Ciy;a
5. s
at u ri ibiiy ga ns he t nd

@

Count1 . Ne i nts r son orr t nton agans t Ciy.
6
glge upe vii
ee i
i t he t 2

Thi c us c
s a e omesbef et Cour u Def nda s t e m otonst dim is
or he
t pon e nt ' hr e
i o s s --one by
Of i e s Gr s a a Cr ke , one by t Ciy a Chi fLl nes a one by Li ut na Or i 3
f c r os m n nd oc r
he t nd e a , nd
e e nt tz.
Gene a l t ofi e sar t tpr
r ly, he t c r gue ha obabl c us and qua ii i m uniy ba t f der lcl m s
e a e
lfed m
t r he e a ai ,
a t tSe s i n f is t es a i h t r r d e e e soft s a e t tcl i s Li t na t
nd ha ba ta a l o t bls he equie l m nt
he t t or a m . eu e n
2Thea e
m ndedcompl ntalo algesCount1 a ns Chi Llne . But Seba ta vol arl dim is d
ai s le
6 gai t ef a s
,
sin unt iy s s e
Co 1 agans Chi Llnesi hi r po ebre .
unt 6 i t ef a n s es ns if
3Li e ntOri i r es nt by s pa aec el
eutna
tz s epr e ed
e r t ouns .

Ori f rhe a gue t tt e s i f c c am f isbe a et f cewas#emi mu The
tz u t r r s ha he xce sve or e l i al c us he or
ni s.
Ciy a Chi Ll ne e ho t ofi e s ar um e s w hi h t c e m oo t s r i or
t nd ef a s c he f c r ' g nt , c hey ont nd
t he upe v s y

la lt cli . They a s a g f s r i i uniy.
ibiiy a ms
lo r ue or ove e gn mm t
The Cour hasr vi w ed t m otons r po es a r ple . A ddii ly,t pa te
t
e e
he
i , es ns , nd e i s
tona l he r i s

r s s eoft rbre e a g nt a or la g e o Septm be 28, 7. Ase aned
aied om
hei i f d r ume s t a r um nt n
e r 201
xpli
beow,Ofi e Gr s a and Ofi e Cr ke ' m o i t dimi si GR ANTED;t Ciy a
l
fc r os m n
fc r oc rs ton o s s s
he t nd
ChifLl nes m o i t dimi si GR ANTED I PART a DENI I PART;a
e a ' ton o s s s
N
nd
ED N
nd
Liut na Ori sm o i t dim isi G RANTED I PART a DENI I PART.
e e nt tz' ton o s s s
N
nd
ED N
BA CK G R O U N D

Thealegai , c t Cour as umesa et ea co tue i t lghtm os
l tons whi h he
t s
r nz nd nsr s n he i
t
f vor bl t Se ta f rpur esoft m o i t dimi s a e a f l w s
a a e o basin o
pos
he tons o s s , r s olo .
A.

The Traf c St and A rres
fi op
t

On J y 7,201 Se si n wa pule ove f s di by Ofi e Gr s a who wa
ul
5, ba ta
s l d r or pee ng
fc r os m n,
s
on dut Ofi rGr s a a oa hed Seba ta sd i r sde wi
y. fce os m n ppr c
si n' rve - i
ndow a saedt the
nd t t ha
be ived Se sin ha be s e ng. Ofi e Gr s
le
ba ta d en pe di
fc r os man a s r quese t c ck t wi w
lo e t d o he he ndo
tntngon t fontwi
ii
he r
ndowst dee mi whet rt y we e i compla wih sat lw.
o tr ne
he he
r n
ince t t e a
Se ta ag ee t t wi
basin r d o he ndow che k.Ne ,Ofi e Gr ma saed t the wihed t s a c
c
xt fc r oss n t t ha
s
o e rh

t ba k s toft c r Se s in as d why.Ofi rGr s a r ponded t be us oft
he c ea he a . ba ta ke
fce os m n es
hat ca e he
wi
ndow tn i on t r rwi
i tng he ea ndowshe c d no s e i i t r arc pa t e . Thefont
oul t e nsde he e om rm nt
r
wi
ndowswe er ld down, c r nde e t ba k s tvi i e fom whe e Ofi e Gr s a
r ole
whi h e r d he c ea sbl r
r fc r os m n
wassa ng outi t d i rsdoor
tndi
sde he rve '
--enoug s t know t tno ot rpe s wa i t c r
h o o
ha
he r on s n he a .

Se si n r f e t al Ofi rGr s a t s r h t c . Ofi rGr s a t c le
ba ta e us d o low tce os m n o ea c he ar fce os m n hen a ld
Liut ntOri t t s enea waiedwih Se ta , who r m a ne s a e i i t c .
e ena
tz o he c
nd t
t basin
e i d e t d nsde he ar4
W he Liut na tOri a rve he a oac d a as as t s a c t c r Theba k
n e e n tz r i d, ppr he nd lo ked o e r h he a .
c
s a r i d asvii e a i wa a t tm eOfk e Gr s n saed he c d no s ei ot
e t ema ne
sbl s t s t he i
t r os ma t t
oul t e nt he
ba Seba ta a n r f e Liut na Ori t n o ne t drve ' doora r
ck.
sin gai e us d. e e nt tz he pe d he i rs
nd emove
d
Se ta fom t ca . Att stm e OfkerDoe ha ani t t s e
basin r he r
hi i , t
d ved o he c ne.
Afe bei r
tr ng emove fom t c r Se ta wasr sr i d by eiherLi ena Ori or
d r he a , basin
e tane
t
eut nt tz
Ofi rDoe,who pr s ed Se s in' f c down ont hood ofapolc c ra pl e hi i
fce
es
ba ta s a e
he
i e a nd ac d m n
me a ha ufs c tng of t cr ulton i hi ha a c tng i ot s n on hi wrss
t l ndc f , uti
f he ic a i n s nds nd uti nt he ki
s it .
Se sin pr e t pr s bl a
ba ta ot sed, e uma y boutt tght soft ha
he i nes
he ndcufs l r pons ,eihe
f . n es e t r
Liut na Ori orOfi e Doet d hi t ti hec i d t c
e e nt tz
fc r
ol m ha f ontnue o ompl n,ç kne ofawa t
ai ç
he w
yo
m a t m tght r'
ke he i e .'

W h l S b sinwa b n o e t ep lc c ri ha d ufs h c n iu dt o jc t t e
ie e a ta s e t v r h oie a n n c f, e o tn e o be t o h
s r h ofhi ca ,sa i t Li e
ea c
s r t tng o eutnantOri a Ofi e Gr s a t t y nee d a wara .
tz nd fc r os m n hat he
de
r nt
Eihe Li ut ntOr i o Of i rG r s a r ponded by a ki hi i he w a a tYou-ube
t r e ena
tz r fce os m n es
s ng m f
s t l
-

l
awye 'orç onsiutonals'a t tt l dn' ne awa r .' Bot Liut na Ori and
r' ç tt i it' nd ha hey t
c
di t ed
rant'
h e e nt tz
Ofi rGr s n t n s ar he t ca . They fr tr
fce os ma he e c d he r
s emove g oc re fom t bac s t The
d r e i s r he k ea . n,
o oft m a ke Se ta whe he t ewe e a we ponsi t c r Se si saedt t
ne he s d basin
t r her r ny a
n he a . ba tan t t ha
t r wa agun a t thehad ape tt c r yi, c washa ngf om t r ar e mir .
he e s
nd ha
nni o a r t whih
ngi r he e viw ror
Att tm e,Se ta wase pl
he i
basin
m oyed a af l-i ar d s curt gua d by M i miDadeTr i,
s u ltme me e iy r
a anst
a w a lce e a per i t d t pos e s a c r y a tr ar .
nd s i ns d nd m te o s s nd a r s e m

4Thea e
m ndedcompl ntdoesnots iy how l t y waiedf Li e
ai
pecf
ong he
t or eutnantOri t arve.
tz o ri

Liut na Ori t n r e e e t ca t l k f rt g
e e nt tz he e nt r d he r o oo o he un.Una e t l a ei,heas d
bl o oc t t
ke
Se si t t lhi whe et fnd i. Se ta s d t ti wa i isholtri i t drve ba tan o el m
r o i t basin ai ha t s n t
se nsde he i r
sdedoorssdepoc t Afe fndi t gun t r et rLi ut na Ori orOfk e Gr s a
i
' i
ke . tr i ng he
he e, ihe e e nt tz
t r os m n

tl S bata t a hewo dn ve rt t hsj bwihM imiDa eCo ny.Liu e a tOri
od e sin h t
ul e r emn o i o t a - d u t e tn n t
z
t n a r sed Se si f r c e sdiply ofafr r .
he re t
ba tan or e kls s a
iea m
Li e ntO ri di e t d O fi erCr ke ,who had a ve a t s ne, o pl e
eut na
tz r c e
tc
oc r
ni d t he ce t ac
Se ta i a polce ca t t ke hi t t polce s a i Eihe Of i e D oe orLi t nantOr i
bas i n n
i
roa
m o he i t ton. t r f c r
eu e
tz

r
emove t me a ha ufsa r pl e t m wih pl tcfte - uf s' f e sti
d he t l ndc f nd e ac d he
t asi çl xic f 'be or itng
Se ta i t ba s a oft polcec . Once Se ta wasi t c r Ofk e Cr ker i
basin n he ck e t he i ar
basin
n he a , t r oc , n
t pr s nc oft o he ofi e s r s d a1 t w i
he e e e he t r f c r , ai e l he ndow sw ih Se s i n i i A st
t ba ta ns de.
he

t mpe aur i i t c r e,Sebasi n be me una et b e t a a ke t ofi r t
e r t e nsde he ar os
ta ca
bl o r ahe nd s d he fce s o
o n t doororwi
pe he
ndow .Ofi rCr kerr l ar rwi
fce oc
oled ea ndow down one o t i hes but
r wo nc ,
r f ed Se si sr
e us
ba tan' eques t r li do f t r Se s in alo a ke t ha t te - uf s
t o ol t wn urhe . ba ta s s d o ve he l xic f
l e bec us t y we e s tghtt thebe t l e f e i i hi ha .Dtrng t tm e
oos ned a e he
r o i ha
gan o os e lng n s nds li he i
Se ta r m ane i t polc ca , t t m pe a ur r m ai d hi h. se ta die ty a ke
basi n e i d n he i e r he e r t e e ne g 5 basin r c l s d
a1 f ofi r t r ldown t wi
l our fce s o ol
he ndows butt y r us
,
he ef ed.
Se si n wa t kent t polc sai a hi ca wast d.Hewasc r d wih
ba ta
sa
o he ie t ton nd s r
owe
ha ge t
tle c i na c s t co sofr ssi orobsnz tng a ofi e wihoutvi e ean one
l e rmi l ount : wo unt
r
e itng
t c i n tc r t
ol nc d
cou ofr c e sdiply ofa fr ar . Se ta r mai d att polcedepa t nti handc f
nt e kl s s a
ie m
basin e ne
he i
rme n
ufs
f ove fve hour untlhe wasgi n a notc t a a i c ta w a r l as d. On A ugus
or r i
s i
ve
i e o ppe r n our nd s e e e
t
1 201 t pr e utng aut iy f M i m iD a Cou y a
4, 5, he os c i
hort or a - de
nt bandoned a1 c i i lc r s
1 rm na ha ge

5Thea ndedco ai doe nots iyhow I Seba ta wasi t polc ca .
me
mpl nt s
pecf
ong
sin
n he ie r

agans Se si n. O n January 19, 2016,Se si n pl a d g ly t s edi on amunii l
i t ba ta 6
ba ta e de uit o pe ng
cpa

r unde Fl.Stt j31 18 1 f drvi 39miesperhourt ought t lplzat t
oad r a a. 6. 9( ) or i ng
l
hr
he ol a o he
Ri ke cke Ca e y,azs- ie- rhourz ?
c nba r us wa
m l pe one.

Aft Se ta sa r s,hi e pl e wih M im iDa Co y wa t mi t d a
tr basin' r e t s m om nt t a - de unt s er nae nd
hehasbee una et fnd e oym e asa a med s trt gua d f a e pl . I a ton
n bl o i mpl
nt n r
ecliy r or ny m oyer n ddii
t l sofe pl e , c i
o os
m oym nt he ontnuest s f rner dnma t hi ha a wrss e o i
o ufe
ve
ge o s nds nd it, m tonal
pa n a s f rng, r put tona dn es
i nd ufe i and e ai l mag .
B.

Li ut nant O r i ' A lege H i t y
e e
t z s l d s or

Liu e a tOri j ie t epoief rei 2 0 Beo eJ l 7 2 5 t ed t o
e tn n t on d h l o c n 0 4. f r uy , 01 - h ae f
z
c
S bata sar s- se a ta alg st a Liue a tOri h dbe n:( ) h s b e to a la t
e sin' re t b sin l e h t e tn n tz a e 1 t e u j c f t e s
e
23ctz n c ant fl wiht Ciy;( i tgae byt Ciy' l ena Afar di son
iie ompli s ied t he t 2) nvesi td he t s ntr l fis vii
frusngexc svef c a fii t c ywiht Ciy' r e a rgul i ;(
o i
esi ore nd alng o ompl t he t s uls nd e atons 3)

iv si ae byt eCiy' Ci la lve tg tv Pa e f ru ige e sv f r e a d( )pa e
n e tg td h t s vi n n si ai e n l o sn xc s ie oc ; n 4 lc d
i
on t Ci la l tga i Pane ' moniorng ls ofofi e sde onsr tnga pa tr of
he viin nvesi tve
ls
t i it
fc r m ta i
te n
mico uc .
s nd t
Il
.

LEG A L STA N D AR D

$ pl di t tsaesa c am f rr le mus c ai .a s ta pl i satm e oft
t ea ng ha t t
A
l i o ei f t ont n.. hor nd an t e nt he

cli s ngt t pla ri e ildt r i ' FED. CI P.8()2) Whe r lngona
am howi hat he e de s ntte o elef '
R. v. a( . n ui
moton t dim is ac tmus vi w t co pl nti t lghtmos f vo a et t pl ntf a
i o s s , our
t e he m ai n he i
t a r bl o he ai if nd

a c p t ep an ifswelpe d df csa t e Se StJ sph'Hop.I . . s Cop.f
c e t h litf l- la e a t s nl . e . o e s s , nc v Hop. r o
Am. 795F. 948,953( t Ci.1 6) Howe rçll s vveamoto t dimis pli if
,
2d
11h r 98 .
ve tto ur i
in o s s , antfs
6s e dn i n t c i n l fn ei Flrda ii an n rmi lifa t n.S eFa Sa. 31 .4(a y
p e ig s o a rmia ofe s n o i t s o ci na nrci e l. tt j 81 ç n
o
G
p ro ctdfravoaino Cha tr31 .ic ag dwi an n rmia ifa t n.)
esn ie o ilt f pe 6.. h r e t o ci n lnrci '.
o
s
h
o '
7Thi i no i l
s s t ncudedi t am e
n he
ndedcompl nt butSe sin' cou e,a o ala gum e ,di notdiput
ai ,
ba ta s ns l t r r
nt d
s e
t thi cle wass edi a t thee e e aguit pl
ha s int
pe ng nd ha
ntr d
ly ea.

m us do mor t n mer l sae lgalc usons. Jac n v Be l h Teec
t
e ha
ey t t e
oncl i '
' kw . lsout l omm. 372 F.
,
3d

1 1 ( 1hCi.
250, 263 1 t r 2004) çW hielga c usonsc npr det fa wor ofa
. ç l e l oncl i a ovi he rme k
c
ompl nt t y mus bes
ai , he
t upporedby f c ua ale tons't tpr del
t
a t l l gai ' ha ovi ç
enough t r ieargh t
o as i t o
r le a
ei f bovet s c a i lvelon t a sl i t ta1oft c
he pe ultve e
he s tmpton ha 1 he ompli ' a lga i a e
a nts le tons r

tu . S eAs c o v I b l 5 6U. 6 2 6 9( 0 ) Bel l Co p. .T mby, 5 U. 5 4
r e' e h rh . q a , 5 S. 6 , 7 2 08 ; lAt r v wo l 5 0 S. 4 ,
'
.
545(
2007)
.
11
1.

A NA LY SI
S

Ge r ly,De e nt 'm o i t dimisr ief l m an is s r t whe he Ofier
ne a l
f nda s tons o s s as otr i s ue .Fis, t r fc
Gr s n ha pr bl ca e t m a a c t a a r t Se ond,whe he t physca f ce
os ma d oba e us o ke usodi l res. c
t r he
i l or
a id t Seba ta e e t pe misbl lmi,whih i r as wih pr bl ca e Thid,
pple o
sin xce ded he r s i e i t
c nc e es t oba e us . r
whehe Se si s fc e l a lgeslbe . Fourh,whehe t Ciy orChifLlness dbe
t r ba tan ufi i nty le
i l
t
t r he t
e a
houl
la e f Li ut na O r i s a tons
i bl or e e nt tz' c i .
Pr
obabl C aus
e
e

S ve o Se m ta scamsd pe do lc o p o bec u e ( )Fo rhAme me t
e n f b sin' li e n n a k f r ba l a s : 1 u t
nd n
ilg ls ac ; 2)F u t Ame d n f lei io me ta rs; 3 sae lw f le
le a e rh ( o rh
n me t as mprs n n /re t ( ) tt-a as
i rs me tars; 4 Fo rhAme d n maii u p o e u in ( )sae lw maiiu
mp ion n/re t ( ) u t
n me t lco s r s c to ; 5 tt-a
l os
c
pr e uton;( Fis Amendme rt ito a ()s r s yla lt frdie i u a '
os c i 6) rt
nt ealain; nd 7 upe vior ibiiy o rctng nlwf
ul
a s Def nt a guef qualfe i muniy be aus Ofi erGr s a r as nabl be ive he
ct. enda s r
or
ii d m
t c e fc
os m n e o y le d
ha pr bl ca e i put t Li ut ntOri unde t f low ofi e r e t makea
d oba e us - m ed o e ena
tz
r he e l
fc r ul- o
c t a a r s f s edi Se ta r s
usodil re t or pe ng. basin e pondst tt r wasno pr bl c us f ra c t al
ha he e
oba e a e o usodi
ar s be aus s di i anonc i i li r c i i Fl i a t ewasno pr
re t c e pee ng s
rm na nfa ton n orda, nd her
obabl c e
e aus
f a ot r c i i lc r e. Thi Cour a e w ih D e e
or ny he rm na ha g
s
t gr es t
f ndant .
s

1
.

O c rGr s ma Ha Pr b beCau et M a eaCu t da Are t
m e os n d o a l
s o k
so il r s

An a r s s ppore by pr bl c us ora gua epr bl ca ee il ofi e st
ret u
td
oba e a e r bl oba e us nttes fc r o

q ai e i nt .Se Sk p v Ci o ln a 4 5F.d 1 3 ,1 3 ( 1h Ci. 0 7 .Bu,
u lf d mmu iy e o . t fAt t , 8 3 1 0 1 8 1 t r 2 0 ) ta
i
y
a
war nte sa r twih net rpr bl c e nora gua epr ba e c us vi aest
ra l s res t ihe oba e aus
r bl o bl a e ol t he
Consiuton,a al yspr de a bm i f Se ton 1 3 la lt M ar v Gumbi r,
tt i nd wa
ovi s ss or c i 98 ibiiy.
x .
nne 905

F. 15 1 ( 1h Ci.1 .t-hesandadf detr ni whet rpr bl c us e ss
2d 03, 505 1 t r 990) s- t r or emi ng
l
he oba e a e xit
i t smeunde Fl i andfde a l ' Ranki v Ev ,1 F. 1 1 ( 1h Ci.
s he a
r orda
e r law.
'
n . ans 33 3d 425, 435 1 t r
1 .S o bl c us (oar sle sswheeihef t andcrumsanc wihi (he
998) f ba e a e t ret xit r t acs
pr
ic t es t n t

o tc r' k o e g a o whiht yh dr a o a l tu t rh i o main (r)s fiin
fie sl n wld e nd f c he a e s n by r swo ty nfr to a e u fce t
i t m s l st wa r ntam a ofr as bl ca i i t beleft ta ofens ha be n ori
n he eve o ra
n e ona e uton n he i ha n f e s e
s

bengc
i ommitd. Ore v Chrsi 85F. 1 21 1 ( 1hCi.1 .
te ' tga . itan, 3d 5 , 526 1 t r 996)
'
Sl va i t ofa are tdoesnott n on t ofe ea
ç-he ldiy n r s
ur
he f ns nnounc by t ofi e a t
ed he fc r t he

tmeo t ear s. Bai y v ## o t Co ' , 5 F.d 1 1 ,1 1 n. ( 1hCi. 9 2 .
i f h re t' l . . fcny. mm r 9 6 2 1 2 1 9 4 1 t r 1 9 )
' e
s
çW he a ofi e m a an a r twhi h i pr ry s
ç n n fc r kes res
c s ope l uppore by pr bl c us t a r tf a
td
oba e a e o res or

c rano fn e n ih rhi s be tv rla c o a o fns f rwhihn pr b b ec us e it
eti fe s , ete s u j cie ein e n n fe e o c o o a l a e xss
norhi ve ba a unc m e oft wr ofe evii t t a r s.'Leev Fe r o,28 F.
s r l nno e nt he ong f ns taes he r e t'
. r ar
4 3d

1 8 ,1 9 ( 1hCi. 0 2 .Fu t r tes b e tv itninsa mo iain o idviu l
1 8 1 6 1 t r 2 0 ) rhe,h u j cie ne to nd tv to s f n i d a
ofi e spl y no r e i t pr bl c e a l i.Se Ar s v Sulian,53 U. 769,771
fc r a
ol n he oba e aus na yss e kan as . lv
2 S.
-

72( ) Whr nv Unie ats 51 U. 806,81 1 ( 996) l l aspr ec us
2001; e . tdst e , 7 S.
2- 3 1 .t ong
As
obabl a e
e se t a r tt s pe tf a ofens t are tand de e i a eva i e n i pr bl
xit d o res he us c or ny f e, he r s
t nton r ld ve f oba e
c us w asl ki ast s e of ens , eve al announc c r es ' Se Rei v H e y
a e
ac ng o om
f es or n l
ed ha g . e d . nr
'

Co?nl 5 Fe App' 745, ( 1hCi. 4)
, y, 68 d. x
/
749 1 t r 201 .

Hee Se ta wa ar tdf :( )rssi oro tuci a ofierwihoutvi e ,
r, basin s rese or 1 e itng bsr tng n fc t
olnce
a ( rc e sdiply ofafr r De e nt donotaguet tt r wm pr bl c us f r
nd 2) e kls s a
ieam. f nda s
r ha he e s oba e a e o
-

8-

eihe c r Ra he , he ar f qualfe i muniy s e y ba e o pr bl c us t ma
t r ha ge. t r t y gue or
ii d m
t oll s d n oba e a e o ke
a c t a a r tf r s di .8
us odi l r es o pee ng

Se ta pla guit t s edi onamuni palr di vi ai ofFl Stt j
basin e ded ly o pe ng
ci oa n olton
a. a.

31 .8 () whc Dee d n sag ee ic rt sa y c alng t p o bec us .S b sin
6 1 9 1, ih fn a t r u vs e ae n h le e o r ba l a e e a ta
ma t a g e sa i tpr
kes wo r um nt gans obabl c us Fis, a guest talhough t r wa
e a e. r t he r
ha t
he e s
undiput d pr bl ca et m a ata fcsop,t ofi e swer notpe m itd t ma a
s e oba e us o ke r fi t he fc r
e
r te o ke
c t ala r s f as e ng vi ai whi h i ano rm i ofe ei Fl i Howe r t
usodi re t or pe di ol ton, c s nc i nal f ns n orda.
ve , he
El nt Cicui ha die ty a e s d t si s a he dt tofi r a epe ted t m a a
eve h r t s r c l ddr s e hi s ue nd l ha fce s r nnit o ke
c t ala r tf nonc i i of e esi Fl i ,s cii ly vi a i ofCha er31 Se
us odi r es or
rm nal f ns n or da pe fca l ol tons
pt
6. e

Y a r v Ci o imiNo 0 - 4 6 , 0 5W L 6 2 2 ( 1hCi. a 5 2 05 (usoda
b r a . t fM a , . 3 1 6 0 2 0
y
5 61 6 1 t r J n. , 0 ) c t il
a r s pe m il d w he e ofi r ha pr bl ca e t tpede t i n wal on r dw a w he e
r e t r te
r tce s d oba e us ha
s ra
ked
oa y
r

sde l weepr de i vi ai ofSe ton31 1 3); eealoDur tyv Pa or 351
i waks r ovi d,n olton
ci 6.30( ) s s
ruh . st ,

F.d 1 8 1 9( 1hCi. 00 )(u t da ar s p r te f rs mevo ain ; e ny v Ci o
3 0 0, 08 1 t r 2 3 c so il re t emi d o n ilto ) J a t . t f
t
y
Mi mi 8 6F. p . d 1 3 ( D. l . 01 )( n r , . (o lwig Y a r h dn t t
a , 7 Su p 2 3 4 S. F a 2 2 Le ad J) f lo n b ra, olig ha
c so a a rs f rn n rmi l rfi ifa t n i c n t ui n l.Th s Ofie Gr sma
u tdil re t o o c i na tafc n rci s o si to a) u , fc r o s n
o
t
cea l ha pr bl ca et ma ac t a a r s ofSe ta f rs e ng.
l ry d oba e us o ke usodil r e t
basin o pe di
Se ond,Se si a guest tt sop a t are tar t s pa ae e nt .Acc di
c
ba tan r
ha he t nd he r s e wo e r t ve s
or ng

t Se si n,Ofi e Gr s n so d Se ta f s edi butde de no t a r thi .At
o ba ta
fc r os ma t ppe basi n or pe ng,
ci d t o res m
t tpoi ,Se ta ar
ha nt basin guest tt sop e d,a t t tm et makea a r s hadpa s d.
ha he t nde nd hat he i o
n re t
se
The Se ta a gues t ofi e sdecded t m a a c t ala r s f t ot ofe e
n, basin r , he fc r
i o ke usodi r e t or he her f ns s
wihoutpr
t
obabl c eonl a t rSe si a s re hi rght . Thi a gum e i Sa d.
e aus
y fe ba tan s e t d s i s
s r
nt s we

8TheCou tnee nota r swhehe t r waspr bl ca et a r tSebasin f r ssi o
r d
dd es
t r he e
oba e us o res
ta or e itng r
obsr c i a ofierwihoutvi e o frr ckls diply ofafr r
tu tng n fc
t
olnce r o e e s s a
tea m.

-

9-

OfierGr s n ha pr bl ca et are tSe tan f s e ng. Onc Se ta
fc
os ma d oba e us o r s basi or pe di
e basin
waspule ove ,hewasno fe t go.Ofi erGr s
ld r
t re o
fc
os man di notis acia i n a pe t
d
s ue tto nd nni
Se ta t d i a y.Ra he ,Se ta wa de ane durng t e ie c zs ofeve s
basin o rve wa
t r basin s t i d i he ntr olr e
nt.
Eve i Se ta i core tt tt ofi r de i d t e ca aet a r s s ey bec us of
n f basin s r c ha he tce s cde o s l t he re t ol l
a e

S b sin' o j ci n t tes ac o fra yoh rra o , h o fc r ' ube tv itnins
e a ta s be to s o h e rh, r o n te e s n t e fies s j ci e n e to
a motva i ply no r ei t pr bl ca ea yss Se Sulian,532 U. a 771 72.
nd
i tons a
ol n he oba e us nal i. e lv
S. t -

He e Ofi e Gr s nhadpr bl ca et tSe sinha vi ae Seci 31 1 1,
r , tc r osma
oba e us ha ba ta d oltd ton 6.894 )
whih pe m it d ac t ala r t Tha e t a l i .
c r te usodi res. t nds he na yss

2
.

O c rGr s ma 'Pr b beCa s wf I tdt Liu e n Ori Und rt
m e o s n s o a l u e / mpu e o e tna t tz e he
.
ç
Fel w O c rRu e
lo m e l

Unde t t e l ofi rr e, Li ut ntOri m a r y on Ofk e Gr s a s
r he f low fce ul ' e ena
f
'
tz y el
t r os m n'

pr bl c e. The l f low of e r e'sat t twhe an a r tng ofi e wasabs ntf a
oba e aus
ç el
ç
sc r ul t es ha
n
zesi
fc r
e or
sgnii a po ton oft eve sgi ng rs t pr ba ec us t a r si ofi e may r l upon
i fc nt ri
he nt vi ie o o bl a e, he re tng fc r
ey

h sf l w o fc rs u g n a u p o a ec u e' Wi imsv M imiDa ePoieDe ' 2 7
i el f e ' j d me t bo t r b bl a s . l a . a - d lc p t 9
o
' l
,
Fed. x941, ( 1hCi.2008 ;s ealoBe r v St e, So. 1 11 ( a Dit
App'
946 1 t r
) e s ry . at 493 2d 098, 00 F1. s.
CtAp 1 (e tma yofsop,s z e,orar tde ndsonwhehe ofie s yi
. p. 986) lgii c
t eiur
res pe
t r fc r uppl ng
i or i hadrquiiepr eca e .Thus i t ofie s yi t i omai doe
nf maton
e st obabl us )
, f he fc r uppl ng he nfr ton s
nothav pr bl c us t m a a a r s,t n t ofi rr cevi t i or ai n i not
e oba e a e o ke n re t he he fce e i ng he nf m to s
s el d byt f low ofi e r e;t are ti i ld,a a s e
hi de
he el
fc r ul he r s s nvai nd ny ubs quents ar h vi aest
e c olt he
a r s e s Fourh A m e
r e t e'
t
ndm e rght . Be r 493 So. a 11 H e e O f i rG r s an ha
nt i s r y,
2d t 00. r , fce os m
d
pr
obabl ca e t m a a c t a ar e tofSe tan f s di Li t nantO ri w a
e us o ke us odi l r s
bas i or pee ng. eu e
tz s

pemitdt rl o Ofie Gr sma s u me t b u p o a l c us .Th s u d rt flo
r te o ey n fc r o s n'j dg n a o t r b be a e u , n e he el w
ofie r l ,t pr bl ca ewa i t d t Li t na Ori
fc r u e he oba e us s mpu e o eu e nt tz.

-

10-

3
.

Qua6 e I ni Ba sSe a ta ' Cli fo Ilga Se r h Fas
l d mmu t r b sin s ams r le l a c , le
y
I i onm entA r e ,M alci Pr s uton,R e alaton,a D l e i
mprs
/ r st
i ous o ec i
t ii
nd r ctng

Unl
awful t
Acs
Be us t ofk e sha pr bl ca et m a ac t ala r t t y a ee ild t
ca e he t r d oba e us o ke usodi res, he r ntte o

qualfe i
iid mmuniyon a1ofSe sin' cai t hi onpr bl ca e.touaiid
t
l
ba ta s l ms hat nge
oba e us t lfe
i uniy ofe sco plt pr e ton f gover ntofi a ss d i t ri vi lc pa ii
mm t f r m e e ot c i or
nme
tcil ue n hei ndi dua a ctes
i t rc
f hei onduc ç snotvi a ecla l esabls saut y orc tt i lrght ofwhih a
t doe
olt e ry t ihed t t or
onsiutona i s
c

ra o a l p ro wo dh vek o ' Viya dv Wi o , 1F.d 1 4 ,1 4 ( 1h Ci.
e s n b e es n ul a n wn.' n r . l n 31 3 3 0 3 6 1 t r
'
s
2002)( i Ha ow v Fiz r d,457U. 8 818( 982).l henpr rya id,
quotng rl . tge al
S. 00,
1 ) ç
W
ope l pple
( lfe i
quaiid mmuniy)pr e t t lbutt pli yi ompee ort ewhoknowi yvi aet
t otcs al he anl nc
tnt hos
ngl olt he

lw.' As c o v a - d 5 U. 7 , 4 ( 01 )( u tn Maly v Brg s 4 5U. 3 5
a ' h r? . lKid, 63 S. 31 7 3 2 1 q o ig le . ig , 7 S. 3 ,
'
341( 986) tBe aus qualfe i
1 ). ' c e iid mmuniyi adefns notonl fom la lt butas fom
t s
e e
y r ibiiy, lo r
s t i i tmpora f ac t o as era nt valdiy ofaqua ii i t t de ens a e ry
ui, t s i
tnt or our t c ti he i t
lfed mm miy f e s a l

i t lws ia p sbl.' fe , 8 F.da 1 9 (u tn GJ I v .I c v Co ny o
n he a ut s osi e' e 2 4 3 t 1 4 q o ig R n s, n . . u t f
'
Es ambi 1 F. 1 13 ( 1hCi.998); e aloGon alzv Re 3 F. 1
c a, 32 3d 359, 70 1 t r1 ) s e s
z e . no, 25 3d 228,

1 3 ( 1hCi. 0 )(l i t ee o ea p o raef rad src c u tog a tted fns o
2 3 1 t r 20 3 tt s h r fr p r p it o itit o r t rn h ee e f
i
qua ii i t t a t moton t dimissa i t compl i f ist aleget vi a i of
lfed mm miy t he i o s s t ge f he
ant a l o l he olton

ace l e tbls dconsi i lrg .).
lary sa ihe
tmtona iht'
To r e vequa ii i uniy,apublcofi i ûmus fr tpr t thewasaci
ec i
lfed mm t
i fcal l t is ove ha
tng
wihi t s ope ofhi dic eto r a ho iy whe t alege y wr u a t oc ured. fe ,
t n he c
s s r i na y ut rt
n he l dl ongf l c s c r ' e
'

28 F. a 119 ç( hebur nt ns fst t pli ift s t tt grntofquaiid
4 3d t 4. $T)
de he hit o he antf o how ha he a
lfe
i
mmuniyi a oprae. Olve v Fl i 586F. 898,905( 1h Ci. )( t i
t s ppr it ' i r . orno,
'
3d
1 t r 2009 ciatons
omitd) l me tngt sbur n,hepl ntf mus s bot t t ( )t dee ntvi aeda
te . n ei hi de t ai if t how h ha: 1 he fnda olt
c tt i lrghta ( t rghtwasce rye t ihe whe t vi aton oc ure 1 A
onsiutona i , nd 2) he i
lal sabls d n he ol i c rd. d.
f rlrghti ç eal esa ihe ' nttthec our of(he rg gr s t enl cla '
edea i s l ry tbls d'whe $(l ont s t ) iht ae) ufki ty e r
cl

t te r çe onabl ofi i lwoul haveunde sood t twha hei doi vi a est trght''
ha ve y r as
e fc a
d
rt
ha
t s ng olt ha i .'

alKi 5 U. a 7 (uoi Andes v Cr ght 483U. 635,640( 98 $ edo
- dd, 63 S. t 41 q tng
ron . ei on,
S.
1 7:. ç
W
notr quieaca ediecl on poi ,bu e si pr e tm us ha plce t sa u or or
e r
s r ty
nt t xitng ec den
t ve a d he t t t y
c tt i na quesi be
onsiuto l
ton yond debae.'I l fca el w,i f c ualtr ,ha notsa d ou a
t ' d ç s a n a t e ms s
l
t ke t

b ih l e q aiidi ni amo t l y p oe t t ed fn a t' Po t .Ci o r
rg t i , u l e mmu t l s awa s r tcs h ee d n . s v t fFo t
n
f
y
'
y
Lau dal,7F.d 1 1 ( t Ci.1 .
der e 3 552, 557 11h r 993)
Her ,t ofi r w e e a i w ihi t s ope oft rdi c e i y a ho iy aspolc
e he fce s r ctng t n he c
hei s r tonm' ut r t
ie
of i er w he t alege y w r
fc s
n he l dl ongf la t occ r d. Thus t def a qua i i i m uniy,
u c s ur e
, o e t lfed m
t

Se sinha t btr nt s t :( )t ofiesvi aedaco tt i rg ,a ( t
ba ta s he tde o how hat 1 he fc r olt
nsiutonal iht nd 2) he
rg wasclary e tbls a t tmeoft i den .
i ht
e l sa ihed t he i
he nci t

a.

ll lSe c (
lega ar h Count1
)

Unde t Fourh Ame
r he
t
ndme ,a i vi hasarghtt befe fom Ct e ona e
nt n ndi dual
i o r e r tmr as bl
s ar he a s i ur . Sk p,48 F. a 11
e c s nd e z es' o
'
5 3d t 37.Thet e ona e s'ofa a r ti de e mi d
s as blnes ' n res s t r ne
r
by t pr s nceora e ofpr
he e e
bs nce
obabl ca ef t a r t I $ c t a a r s ofa s pe t
e us or he res. d t usodi l re t
A
us c
b ed o pr bl c us i ar as nabl i r s o unde t FourhA me e ;t i r i
as n oba e a e s e o e ntu i n
r he
t
ndm nt hat ntuson

b iglwf las ac icd n t t ar s rq ie noa dto a j si c to ' Vigii v
en a u, e r h n ie t o he re t e ur s d iin lu tf ain. r na .
i
'
Mo r , 5 U. 1 4 1 7( 0 )( u tn UntdSa e v Robn o , 4U. 21 , 3 ( 9 3
o e 5 3 S. 6 , 7 2 08 q o ig ie tts . is n 41 S. 8 2 5 1 7 :;
s eas Ne Y r v Betn, 3U. 4 4 4 0( 9 1 (û l e apoie nh sma ealwf l
e lo w o k . lo 45 S. 5 , 6 1 8 ) iW h n lc ma a d a '
g
u
c t ala r toft occ
usodi res he upan ofa a t o l hemay,a acon e por neousi i ntoft t
t n u om bie,
s
tm a
nc de
ha

ar t sarht pa s nge compa t ntoft ta omobie.) Hee, tce Gr s nha
res, e c he s e r
rme
ha ut
l ' . r Ofi r osma d
'
pr bl ca et makea c t a a r t Thus t ofi r wer per tedt s a c
oba e us o
usodi l res.
, he fce s e mit o e r h
Se s i n' pas e rc pa t e a pa t t tar e t O f i rG r s a and Li e tO ri
ba ta s s nge om rm nt s r of ha r s . fce os m n
eut nan tz
a e e il d t qualt e i m uniy. Se ta hasno cl i f il ls r h. Thus Co 1 i
r ntte o
ii d m
t
basi n
a m or lega ea c
, unt s
di m i s d.
s se
-

12-

b.

Fa s I ionm e / r t(
le mprs
ntAres Count 2 and 1
s
0)

Pr bl c us ba ssae a f r lf lei prs e / res cai s SeeM lr 905
oba e a e r t t nd ede a as m ionm nta r t l m .
x,
F. a 1 05 06.He e,Ofi erGr s n ha pr bl c et m a ac t a a r s .Th ,
2d t 5 r
fc
os ma d oba e aus o ke usodil re t us
he a Li u e
nd e t nantOri a e e il d t qualte i muniy. Se ta hasno cai f f s
tz r ntte o
ii d m
t
basin
l m or ale
i ionm e ta r s unde et rt Fourh Am e e orunde Fl i l Thus Cou s2
mprs
n /r e t
r ihe he
t
ndm nt
r orda aw.
, nt
a 1 a edim is
nd 0 r s s ed.

M aiiusPr s c to ( u t 3a d 1 )
lco o e u in Co n s n 1
Pr bl c e ba s s a e and f de alm alci pr e uton cl i s Se K i gs and v
oba e aus r t t
e r
i ous os c i
am . e n l
.

Ci o a , 8 F.d 1 2 ,1 4 ( 1hCi. 0 4 ( o n lw maiiusp o e u incam
t fMimi 3 2 3 2 0 23 1 t r 2 0 ) c mmo a l o r s c to li
y
c
rquiesûa e eofpr bl c us ); oom v Alerz 498Fe App' 8 875( t Ci.
e r tbs nc
oba e a e' Bl
. v e e,
d. x 67,
11h r
201 (e r malci pr e utoncli rquie ee nt ofc
2) fdeal i ous os c i am e rs lme s ommonl maii
aw lcous
pr ec in) He e Ofi rGr s ha pr eca et ma acusodi a t Thus he
os uto . r , fce osman d obabl us o ke
t al nrs.
,
a Li ut na Or i a e e il d t qua ii i m uniy. Se s i n ha no cl i f m alci
nd e e nt tz r ntte o lfed m
t
ba t a s
a m or i ous

pr e uton unde eihe t FourhAm e
os c i
r t r he
t
ndmen orunderFl i lw. Thus Co t 3 a 11a e
t
orda a
, un s nd
r
dim i s
s s ed.

Re ai ton t
t la i count5
)
Se ta a g st thewasa r t d i r t lai n f a s ri hi rght .Howe r t
basin r ue ha
rese n e ai to or s e tng s i s
ve , he

o fc r ' u j ci itn in a dmo iain pa n r ei t ep o a l c us a ay i.S e
fie s s be tve ne to s n tv to s ly o ol n h r b be a e n l ss e
Sulian,532 U. a 771 7 He e Ofi erGr s n ha pr bl ca et tSe ta vi a e
lv
S. t - 2. r , fc
os ma d oba e us ha basin olt d

Se ton31 1 1,whihpe tedac t a ars.Se ta hasnots
ci 6.89( ) c nnit usodil re t basin
hown t ta t tme
ha t he i
ofhi a r t i wasc e ry e tbls d t tan a r ts
s res, t
l a l sa ihe ha
res uppore by pr
td
obabl c us coul vi ae
e a e
d olt

t Fis Ame
he rt ndment SeeRec ev Howar ,566U. 658(
.
ihl .
ds
S.
2012) Thus ofi rGr s n
.
, fce osma
a Liut na Ori a ee ild t qua ii i uniy. Seba ta ha no cli f Fis
nd e e nt tz r ntte o lfed mm t
si n s
a m or r t
Am e e r t i ton. Thus Count5 i di m i s
ndm nt e ala i
,
s s s ed.

e.

Die tncUnlwf lAc s(
rci
a u t Count7)

Se ta scli a ns Li ut ntOri f alege y diecl unlwf la t i
basin' am gai t e ena
tz or l dl r ty a u c s s
pr mie on t a l d unde l ng unl wf s a c a a r s wiho pr
e s d he lege
ryi
a ul e r h nd r e t t ut obabl ca e.Be us
e us
ca e
t Cour fndst tt unde l ng a t we e lwf and t tLi ut na Ori a Ofie
he
t i ha he
ryi c s r a ul
ha e e nt tz nd fc r
Gr s n a e e il d t qualfe i
os ma r ntte o
ii d mmuniy on t e cai ,Se ta alo hasno cli a i t
t
hos l ms basin s
am gans
Li t na Ori f rdieci unlwf acs Thus Count7 i dimi s
eu e nt tz o r tng a ul t.
,
s s s ed.
Excessi Force
ve

Theofies'us off c r ae t f ofSe ta scams ( )e s i us off c
fc r e or e elts o our
basin' li : 1 xce sve e ore
a ns Li tna tOri a Ofie Doe;( s r s yla lt a i tLiutna Ori f
gai t eue n tz nd fc r
2) upevior ibiiy gans e e nt tz or
fiur t sopunlwf acs ()itntonali lci ofe i ldites a ns alf
al e o t
a ul t; 3 ne i nfiton motona sr s gai t l our
ofier;a ( asa torbatr a i talf ofier.Defndant aguet tt f r
fc s nd 4) s ul
te y gans l our fc s
e
s r ha he oce
a id wa demi mu Howe r a c i Seba tan' al ga i a tue a t Cou tmus
pple
s
ni s.
ve , c eptng
si s le tons s r , s he
r
t
a t m otont dim issage t Cour diag ee wih Def nt .
t he i o s s t , he
t s r s t
enda s

1
.

Se a ta Su pce t Ale e Exc sieUs o r e( nt )
b sin f in l lg s esv e fFo c Cou 4
y

Att m o i t dimissa t Cour c nnotdim isSe tan' exc svef ce
he ton o s s tge, he
ta
s s basi s es i or
c am .t-heFourh Amendme ' fe dom fom unr s bl s a che a s z es
l i tl
t
nts r e
r
ea ona e e r s nd eiur
e om pa s t pl n rg t be fe fom t us ofe s i f c i t co s ofa a r t'
nc
s es he ai i ht o
r e r he e xce sve or e n he ur e n res.
'

Le , 4 F3 a 1 9 .Bu ,ço rhAme d n j rs r d n eh sl n rc g z dt a t e
e 28 .d t 1 7 tç u t
F
n me t u ip u e c a o g e o nie h t h
rg t makea a r s ori si at y sop nec s miy c ni swih i t rg t us s
i ht o
n r e t nve tg or t
e s l a e t t he i ht o e ome
d r ofphysca c r i ort ea t r oft e f ti.'Gr
eg ee
i l oe c on hr t he e o fec t' aham v Connon 490 U. 386, 6
.
S.
39

( 989)
1 .
Se ta frta guest tt us ofany f c wasunl wf be us t a r s is l was
basin is r
ha he e
or e
a ul ca e he r e t te f
unlwf .But be us t Cour fndst tt a r twaslwf l s edeg e off cewa
a ul
, ca e he
t i ha he res
a u , om
r e or
s

pemit Se J k onv. s 206F. 11 11 11 ( 1h Ci. )(fpr bl c us
r ted. e ac s Saul,
3d 56, 65, 71 1 t r 2000 i oba e a e
-

14-

f ars e ss sa r us off c pemit ;Duruty,351F. a 1 ( iema us de
or re t xit, tndad e ore r ted) r h
3d t 094 polc y e
mi mu f cewhe maki c t a a r tç e r es oft s ve iy oft al ge ofens '
ni s or
n
ng usodil res ' ga dl s he e rt
r
he le d f e'

a e n i f c a idwa E
nd ve f ore pple s t esay') Thus t opertveis i whehe t of r'
unnec s r '.
,he ai sue s t r he fces

c n u t so j cieyra o a eu d rtecru tn e .Se Vn r , 1F.da 1 4
o d c wa b e tv l e s n bl n e h ic msa c s e iya d 31 3 t 3 7
( ne au tn e c si ef recam,so rsmu ta kwh t rar a o a l o fc rwo l
whe v laig x e sv o c li ç u t s s ehe e s n b e fie ud
c
bele t tt sl loff r ei nec s m' i t st tona hand.'.
ive ha hi eve o c s e s y n he iuai t
'
)

Th Elve t Cic i rc g z st a atp c lar s iv l ss mef r ea dij r .S e
e e nh rut e o nie h t y ia re t n ove o o c n n u y e
Ro rgu zv Fa r l, 8 F.d 1 41 1 51( 1hCi. 00 ) W h t e a o fc r e e c sie
d i e . rel 2 0 3 3 , 3 1 t r 2 2 . eh r n fie us d x e sv
f cet nso anumbe off c or ,s h a dhes ve iy oft c i whe he t s pe t
or ur n
r a t s uc s t e rt
t
he rme, t r he us c

pos d ani dit tle t a whehe t s pec g )r itngorteeng.Us off ce
ell mme ae lra, nd t r he us t was essi
l i
e or

mu tb j d e o ac s - y c s b ss' l v Ci o imi 1 F.d 1 4 ,1 4 ( 1h Ci.
s e u g d n a eb -a e a i. d . t fM a , 21 3 4 2 4 6 1 t r
'Go
y
1 9 )( u tn Po t7F.da 1 5 ) l e c s ief r ec s s é u lfe i nt a p is
9 7 q o ig s, 3 t 5 9 . n x e sv o c a e ,ç aiid mmu iy p le
q
unls a plcai oft sa r woul i via y lade r ras bl ofi e i ghe
e s p i ton he tndad
d ne tbl e ve y e ona e tc r n t
dee an ofi rspostonlt concudet tt f r wa t a ul' Se Po t 7F.da 1
fnd t fce ' ii o
l ha he oce s mlwf .' e s, 3 t 559.
He e t s rt ofSe ta si r ton wa ve y mi .l d,s e ng i no a
r , he eve iy
basin' nfaci
s r nor ndee pe di s t
c i ei Fl i Furhe ,Se si n di notpos a i
rm n orda. t r ba ta d
e n mmedi et e ta wasnotr ssi or
at hr a nd
e itng
fe i The e f c or pr s nt d i Se ta si vi c r tm sa esalwei i f vorofa
l eng. s a t s e e e n basin' ndi dual icz t nc l gh n a
l we pe m isbl us off c Se si a lgest tLiut na Ori orOfi e Doeus d
o r r s i e e or e. ba tan le ha e e nt tz
fc r
e

e esi f cebyeihe :( )pl i Se tani ha
xc sve or
t r 1 acng basi n ndcufst tweet tg ,or( plci
f ha r oo iht 2) a ng
Se ta i a t r as
bas i n n n m e onabl hota unve ia ed polce c f a ext nde pe i
y
nd
ntl t
i ar or n e d r od.
a.

H a uf s
ndc f

A s pl de i t nm e d c pl i ,Se ta w asf r tr s r ne wih m et lha uf s
ea d n he
nde om a nt bas i n
i s e tai d t
a ndc f

whenhewa r
s emove fom hi ca .Healeg t tt handc f c of cic ai a c i o
d r
s r
l es ha he
uf s ut f r ulton nd ut nt
hi s n.W hen hepr ese Liut na Ori orOfi e Doet d hi t tç kne ofawa t
s ki
ot t d, e e nt tz
fc r
ol m ha l
he w
y o
-

15-

ma t m tght .'Bef r Se ta waspl e i t polc c ,et rLiut nan Ori of
ke he i er'
o e basin
ac d n he i e ar ihe e e t tz
Ofi e Doer plce t me a ha uf swih plsi ç l xicufs' Se ta as t ha
fc r
e a d he t l ndc f t a tc t e - f . basin ked o ve
f
'
t m l e d bec us hebe n t l e f e i i hi ha . He r m aned i ha ufsf over
he oos ne
a e
ga o os e lng n s nds
e i n ndc f or
fve ho s A sa r s t Se s i a l gest the s f sne ve dam age a pe m a ntl s of
i
ur .
e ul, ba tan le
ha
uf er r
nd r ne os

s ns to t hi ha a wrssbec us oft na ur i whi h hewashandc f d.
e ai n o s nds nd it
a e he t e n
c
ufe
Panf lha ufi wihoutmor doesno c tt ee e sve f cewhe et
i u ndc fng, t
e,
t ons iut xc s i or
r he

r s ligij re aemi ma.Ciigtr ec s s Liu e n Ori a g st a Se a ta s
e utn nu is r ni l tn h e a e , e tna t tz r ue h t b sin'
ha ufi doe notrs t t lve ofe esi f c Se Gol 121F. 1 ( a i
ndc tng s ie o he e l xc sve ore. e d,
3d 442 grntng
qualfe i uniy whe eha
ii d mm t
r ndcufsappled t tghty f 20 mi es causng m i
f
i oo i l or
nut ,
i
norpai a
n nd

s n abr i )(mpha i a
ki asons e
ss dded) Rodrgue 280F. a 1 - ( antngquaiidi niy
; i z,
3d t 35153 gr i
lfe mmu t

d s ief c t tn u isc usdb t siga j r i gplitf sam wh n a pyngh n c fs
ept a tha ij re a e y witn nd ek n anif r e p li a d u f
a g a a e apr-xitn l#l. t a n c s i td2 s r e isa de e ta a uain o
g r v td e e sig z zy h t e e st e 5 u g re n v nu l mp tt f
r
a
o
panifsa beo teeb w)(mp a i a d d ; lnv Ib l, 07F.d 1 5 ,1 5 5 ( 1h
lit ' nn lw h lo e h ss d e ) No i . s el2 3 2 3 25 - 8 1 t
f
Ci.2000)( a i qualfe i
r
grntng iid mmuniywheeofie s
t
r fc r hovedpli ifi oca,pus dkneei o
antf nt r he
nt
hi ba k, d hi hea a ns t va unco f t y s a c d hi gr n a ea a plce hi i
s c hel s d gai t he n,
m orabl e r he s oi r , nd a d m n

ha
ndcufs c i mi bruii (mpha i a )
f, ausng nor sng) e
ss dded .
Howe r t e c esa ee iy ditnguiha e Unlkei Gol a Noln,whe et
ve , hes as r asl si s bl . i n d nd i
r he
pli if s f r d onl m i pai s n a a i ,a m i br sng, r Se sin al ge
antfs ufe e
y nor n, ki br sons nd nor uii he e, ba ta le s

mu hmo es v r ij re - n r ed ma ea dp nna e l so s n aint hi ha d a d
c r e e e n u is e v a g n e n ntos f e s to o s n s n
mi t.C Bo s lav Pa k r No 1 - 2 9 2 3W L 3 5 8 , t* ( . F a J n 31 2 3
ss f rel . r e , . 1 1 4 , 01
7 4 0 a 4 M D. l. a . , 01 )
(r ntngqualfe i
ga i
iid mmuniy,buto ya t e de efie t s handc f c edmor t
t
nl fer vi nc ald o how
ufs aus
e han

mi i ln u is (mp a i a d d .Andi Ro rgu z at o g ters ligij re wee
nma ij re ) e h ss d e )
n d i e , lh u h h e utn n u is r
ve y s ve e 25 s ge i and e nt lam put i - t c tcl ary di tngui he t c e,
r e rur r es
ve ua
aton he our e l s i s d he as

-

16-

sa i t tt pli if sr e ebo slge y G a wha ot r s woul beac mon nont tng ha he antf ec nt l w tr r l de
m
t he wie
d
om

e e sveh n c fn tc n q e(h to dnai wo l b p if l u c us mi i ln u y a
xc s i a d ufi g e h i u ta r i rl u d e an u b t a e nma ij r )
y

ma e v rt t a s ds v r ij r a dta i r s ls' 2 0F.d a 1 5 .Th s Ro rg e d e
n u e ha c u e e e e n u y n r gc e ut. 8 3 t 3 1 u , d iu z o s
'
n ts p o t u lfe i ni f rh n c fi e e wh r ir s t i sro sij re .Rah r
o u p r q aiid mmu t o a d u fng v n ee t euls n e iu nu is te ,
y
is p o t q ai e i mi f rh n c fi t a o dn rl wo l c u emii lij r , u
t u p rs u lf d mmt t o a d u fng h t r iaiy ud a s nma nu y b t
i
y
c u e s v r ij r b c u eo ap e e it c n iin.
a s d e ee nu y e a s f r- xsi o dto
ng
Se sin' e es i f r ecli a ns Li ut na Ori a Ofi rDoei bas d on
ba ta s xc sve o c am gai t e e nt tz nd tce
s e

teh nd u fn ij re .Be a eS ba ta alg st t es fr n r ed ma ea dpema n
h a c fig n u is c us e sin le e ha h ufes e v a g n r ne t
ls o s nsto t h sh n sa dwrssd et ha d u f , n s v r ij re r s li fo
o s f e ain o i a d n it u o n c fi a d e e e n u is e u t r m
ng
ng
ha ufi c n beabassf a e s i f cec am ,t Co tmus pe mi Count4 t
ndc fng a
i or n xce sve or l i he ur
t r t
o
pr ee t dic r Li ut na Ori and Ofi e Doe a e fe t r a g t is a s ma y
oc d o s ove y. e e nt tz
fc r
r r e o e r ue he s ue t um r

j d me t t tebe ei o amo ec mpeefcua r c r , a t ulry wi r s e t o
u g n wih h n ft f r o lt a t l e o d p ri a l t e p c t
c
h
S b sin' alg d sv r ij re .
e a ta s le e e e e nu isg
Confne e i t PolceCa
i m nt n he i
r

Asplade i t a e
e d n he m nded c
ompli ,onc Seba ta wa i i t polcec r Ofk e
ant e
si n s nsde he i a , t r
Cr ke ,i t pr e eoft ot rofi r ,r ie a1t wi w s Ast t mpe aur r e,i
oc r n he es nc
he he fce s a s d 1 he ndo .
he e r t e os t
be meha de f Se ta t br a heand hea kedt ofi e st o n t doororwi
ca
r r or basin o e t
s
he fc r o pe he
ndow.
Ofi erCr ke r ld a r arwi
fc
oc r ole e
ndow down oneort i hes bu r us d Seba tan' r s t
wo nc , t ef e
si s eque t o
r li down f rhe . Se ta as a 1f of i r t r ldown t w i
ol t
u t r bas i n ked 1 our fce s o ol
he ndow s butt y r us d.
,
he ef e

Thea
mende c pl ntdoesno s c f ho l Se si n wa i t polc c ri t e
d om ai
t pe iy w ong ba ta
s n he ie a n hes
c tons butc
ondii ,
ouns li c t a o a a gume t ti wa l st n o hotr Se ta
e ndi aed t r l r
nt ha t s es ha ne l. basin

alg sn lsi ij re rs ligfo teh a.
le e o a t nu is e utn r m h e t
ng
9Thecour notst a or a gum e , whenas d a
t e hat t al r
nt
ke boutt r ifSe ta i s ki Se ta s
he ele basin s ee ng, basin'

c u s l i n t p cfc l me to a yme ia e p n c o a yp ysc lij re .
o n e dd o s e iial nin n dc l x e ss r n h ia nu is
y

-

17-

Al o g t o tc r ma h v e hiie p o j d me t tera to r ltdt
t u h he fi es y a e x btd o r u g n ,h i cins eae o
h
Se ta s c
bas i n' onûnem e i t c do notr s t t l ve ofexc s ve f c e pec a l
nt n he ar
i e o he e l
es i or e, s i ly

c nsdeigta Se a ta wa lwflyar se C Bo s la 2 3W L 3 5 8 , t*
o i rn h t b sin s a ul retd. / r el, 01
740a 4
(o fn me ti h tc rf r3 miu e d e n t mo n t e c si f re .
c n ie n n o a o 5 n ts o s o a u t o x e sve o c )
2.

Su r ioy Liblt rFa l et Stp Unlw l t ( un 7
pe vs r a ii
yfo iur o o
a fu Acs Co t )

Se si n' cai a i tLi utna Ori f alege y f lng t sop unlwf lacsi
ba ta s l m gans e e nt tz or l dl aii o t
a u t s
pr m i e on Se s i n' ha ufi a c i e i t polc c r The e s i f ce
e sd
ba ta s ndc fng nd onfnem nt n he i e a .
xce s ve or

cli i b oug a ns Liut na Ori a Ofi e Doe l Ofi erDoei f md t bet
am s r ht gai t e e nt tz nd fc r
. f tc
s ot o he
of i rt ta t ly a i t ha uf s t scl m i br hti t a t r tve ag ns
fce ha c ua l ppled he ndc f , hi ai s oug n he le na i
ai t
Li ut ntO ri i hi s r s y c pa iy. Spe fca l Seba ta a l es t tLi ut nan Or i
e ena
tz n s upe vi or a c t
cii ly,
s i n leg ha e e t tz

f l t i er newhe Ofi e Doeplce Se ta i ha ufst twe et tghtandt n
aied o nt ve
n fc r
a d basin n ndc f ha r oo i
he
plc hi i a unve iae c r çfapolc ofi e , t rs r s y ornot f isor
a ed m n n
ntl td a .$I
i e tc r whe he upe vior
, al
r us t i e ve w hen a c tt i lvi a i .t kespl c i hi pr enc t of i e i
ef es o nt r ne
onsiutona ol ton. .a
a e n s es e, he f c r s

drcl la l u d rSe to 1 8 . S n e sv Ci o i nS igs 2 7F d Ap x, 6 , 6
ie ty ibe n e cin 9 3' a d r . t fun o prn , 0 e . p' 9 0 9 5
'
y
( 1hCi.
1 t r 2006) çl i notnec s ayt tapolceofie acualyparii ei t us of
. çt s
e s r ha
i fc r t l tcpat n he e
e es i f ce i or rt be he d la e unde s ton 1
xc s ve or n de o
l i bl
r ec i 983. A n of i rw ho i pr e a t
fce
s es nt t he

s ne, nd who f ist t ker a ona ese t pr e tt vitm ofa herof rsus of
ce a
a l o a e s bl tps o ot c he c i
not
fce ' e
e es i f ce c behel la ef hi nonf s nc ' Sk tc v Thor on,280 F. 1
xc sve or , an
d ibl or s
ea a e.' r ih .
nt
3d 295,

1 ( 1hCi.
301 1 t r 2002) Be a eSe si s fce l algest undel ng e esi f ce
. c us batan ufiinty le he ryi xc sve or
c am , alo s fc e l al gest c r pondi s r ior cli agans Liut na Ori
l i he s ufi i nty le he ores
ng upe v s y a m
i t e e nt tz.
Thus Coun 7 w ilpr e t dicove y.
,
t
l oc ed o s
r
A ssaul or Baterv(
t
t . Count )
13

Se s i brngs a s a e 1 w a s ul orba t r c a m a ns al f ofi e s The c a m
ba tan i
tt a s a t
te y l i gai t l our fc r .
li
a i tLi ut nan Or i a O f i rD oe i bas d on bo h t ha
ga ns e e t tz nd fce
s e
t he ndcufi and t c i m e
fng
he onfne nt
-

18-

i t polc c r Thec am a i tOfi er Gr s a a Cr keri ba e s ey on t
n he ie a .
l i ga ns fc s os m n nd oc s s d ol l
he
c i m e i t polce c r Be a e t Cour fndst tSe s i sconfne e i t polce
onfne nt n he i a . c us he
ti
ha ba tan'
i m nt n he i

c rdi notrs t a lve ofi r isbl f c i al ula r t Sebasi n hasno cli f
a d
ie o e l mpe m s i e or e n awf res,
ta
a m or
a s ul orba t r aga ns Of i e sG r s an a Cr
sa t
te y i t f c r os m
nd ocke . Thus Count 1 i di m i s d a
r
,
3 s s se s

a i tOfi r Gr s
gans fce s os man a Cr ke . Furhe ,Coun 1 asas e t a i tLiut na Ori
nd oc r
t r
t 3
s red gans e e nt tz

a dOfie Do i ds se wih u p eu ie wi la t r fl t ecam i saec u t
n fc r e s imis d t o t rj dc , t e ve o eie h li n tt o r.
h
4
.

I e ina Ijlci no
ntnt l n ito fEmoi n l srs ( un 1 )
o
to a Dite s Co t 2

Seba tan brngsa sae 1w c am f ri entonali lc i ofe o i dites a ns
si
i
tt a l i o nt i
nfiton
m tonal sr s gai t
a 1f ofi r .çunde Fl i lw,t sae aca eofa ton f ri en i na i lci n of
1 our fce s t
r orda a o t t
us
c i o nt to l nti to

e i dites,acompli mus alegef ee s t1 delbeaeorr kl si lci
motonal sr s
ant t l our lment: () i rt ec es ntiton

o me tls fe ig;2 o ta e u c n u t ( )t c n u tc u e t ee to l ite s a d
f na u f rn () ur g o s o d c; 3 he o d c a s d h moina d sr s ; n

()t dsr s wa svee' ic u v C# o s Pam Be h No 0 - 09 , 0 W L
4 he ite s s e r .'Vle s .
'
fWe t l ac , . 8 8 68 2 09
2
242604, t*5( D. a.J y27,2009)t ar J)( i fi ryMutI .Co.v St
a S. Fl ul
M ra, . quotng be t
. ns
. eadman,
968So. 592,594( a.Dit CtApp.
2d
F1 s. .
2007).
)
Defnda sa g t tt rco uc i e f t tng Se ta sa r s wa nots fcinty
e nt r ue ha hei nd t n fecua i
basin' r e t s
ufi e l
l r ous ' i pa tbec us t r a e no alega i t tSe s i s f r d a pe ne or
ç age , n r
out
'
a e he e r
l tons ha ba tan uf e e ny nna nt

s v r ij re .Ho v r a wiht a s ut rb teycam,h scam a ans Ofies
e ee n u is we e , s t he s a lo atr li ti li g i t fc r
Gr s n and Cr ke i ba e s el on t c i men i t polcec r Be aus t Cour
os ma
oc r s s d ol y he onfne t n he i a . c e he
t
fndst tSe si n' c
i ha ba ta s onfneme i t polc ca di no rs t al ve ofi pe s i ef c
nt n he i e r d t ie o e l m nni sbl or e
i alwf are t t c
n a ul r s, he onducti nots fcen l toutage 't s
s
ufi i ty t r ous' o uppor acli f i e i l
t a m or nt ntona
i lc i ofe o i dite s Se sin ha no cai a i tOfi er Gr s n a Cr ke .
nfiton m tonal sr s . ba ta s
l m ga ns fc s os ma nd oc r
Thus Count1 i dimis d asagans Ofi r Gr s
,
2 s s se
i t fce s os man a Cr ke .Furher Count1 a
nd oc r
t ,
2 s

a sre a an tLiue a tOri a dOfie Do i ds se wih u p eu ie wi la t
se td g is e tn n t n fc r e s imis d t o t rj d c , t e ve o
z
h
r ie t cl m i st e cour .
efl he ai n at
t
-

1
9-

C.

Abs l eI
out mmuniyBa sSe si n' Li lCli ( un 1 )
t r ba ta s be am Co t 4
Seba ta brngsalbe cai a i tOfi e Gr s n a Li ut ntOri alegi
sin i
i l l m ga ns fc r os ma nd e ena
tz, l ng

t tt y f l ii d i or ai c ai d i polcea a r s r t
ha he a sfe nf m ton ont ne n i nd re t epors.TheFl i Su e Cour
orda pr me
t
ha sae t tt c r lng f ct i de i ng wheherapublcempl e i a ol el i une
s t td ha he ontoli a or n cdi
t
i
oye s bs ut y mm
fom a tonsf def ton i whe he t c
r c i or ama i s t r he omm uni ai wa ma wihi t s
c ton s de t n he copeoft
he
ofi e ' dutes Se C/.po imi .Wa do 4 S 2 41 41 ( 1 . 981; e as
fc r s i . e r fM a v r lw, 03 o.d 4, 6 F a 1 ) s e lo
.

Stphe sv.Geo gan,7 So. 51 5 ( a.DitCtApp.1997)( ieofi r
e n
ghe
Q2 2d 7, 21 Fl s. .
polc tces
a ol el i mefom lbe whe ecam wasr e i ofkild i ) Alhougha las one
bs ut y mmt r i l r li
ootd n t a utes. t
te t
c t s
our has uggesed t tt 1w i War ow s d ber e m i a t whe he a ol e
t ha he a n
dl houl
e- xa ned s o
t r bs ut

i nt s o l beaf r e t mi-e e a dlw-e e g v r me te ly e , e WWnl .
mmu i h ud fo d d o d lv l n o lv l o e n n mpo e s s e tv
y

De 'o al a dRe a iiaieS r s, 7 S 2 4 7, 49( a Dit Ct Ap 1 9 )t h r
p t fHe t n h b lttv e v .6 6 o. d 4 4 F1. s. . p. 9 6 s ap,
h
J,c uni ) War ow silc r s Se ta slbe cli i bas oni or tonc ai d
. onc ng , dl tl ontol. basin' i l am s ed nf mai ont ne
i t ofi r 'a r ta fdavi and ot r pors whih cea l ar dr t a pa toft ofi r '
n he fce s res fi t
her e t, c l ry e afed s r he fce s
of i dic e i r du i s Se si ha no cai f rlbe .Thus Count1 i dim is
scal s r tona y te . ba tan s
lm o i l
,
4 s s s ed.
D.

Supe vi or Cl m s Agai tt C iy and C hi fLl
r s y ai
ns he t
e anes

Se ta brngst f de alcli sa t sa ecli a lgi s r ior la lt
basin i wo e r am nd wo t t a ms le ng upe vs y ibiiy

a i teihert CiyorChifLlnes Thefderlcai ae:( )f l et i siaeor
gans t he t
e a .
e a l ms r 1 aiur o nvetg t

ds iln Liue a tOri a ans t eCiy a ( )d p i ai no rg t f rfiu et p e e t
icp ie e tn n t g i t h t; nd 2 e rv to f ih s o al r o r v n
z
Liutna Ori sf es a ea ea i tChi Llne .Thesaecamsar (1 r s
e e nt tz' or ee bl bus gans ef a s
tt li e: ) eponde
at

spe irla lt a i tt Ciy;a ( negi nts pe vsonorrtntona ns t Ciy.
u ro ibiiy gans he t nd 2) lge u r ii
ee i gai t he t
Fe r Cl msAgai tt G @ andChifLl s(
de al ai
ns he
e ane Count 8and9
s
)
Se s i brngs one f r c ai e c a i tt Ciy and Chi Ll ne Fis ,
ba tan i
ede al l m a h ga ns he t
ef a s. r t
Se s i n a l ge t tt Ciy m a nt ne a cus om orpr tc t tf ie t pr r y i s i at
ba ta le s ha he t
i ai d
t
ac i e ha a l d o ope l nve tg e

ordicplneLiut na Ori ape s who t Ciyknows ors d know,r pe t dl vi aes
si i
e e nt tz, r on
he t
, houl
e a e y olt
-

20-

c tz 'r g s Sec
ii ens i ht . ond,Se ta alege t tChi Ll ne br ac d hi dut t pr t c
bas i n l s ha
ef a s e he s y o o e t
Seba ta f o Li ut na Or i a pe s who Chi fLl nesknew ,ors d ha known, e
s i n r m e e nt tz, r on
e a
houl ve
pos d

af e e bl rs t vi a eSe ta srght . Se ta cli t tdurng t c s of
or s ea e i k o olt basi n' i s basin a ms ha
i he our e
Liut na Ori sempl ym e , heCiy a Chi Llnesbe a eawa e ors d ha
e e nt tz'
o nt t
t nd ef a
cm
r , houl ve
be om ea r ofi or ai i ca i t tLi utna Ori wasuna eorunwilngt f l w
c
wa e, nf m ton ndi tng ha e e nt tz
bl
li o olo
or r a de rm e alpolc e and wa unftt s v i ac pa iy whe evi a i ofctz ns
de s nd pa t nt
ii s
s i o er e n a c t
r oltons iie '

rg t c ul o c r Ide d b t e t etmeLiue n Ori on dt ep ief rei 2 0
ih s o d c u . n e , ewe n h i
e tna t t ie h ol o c n 0 4
zj
c
a Se ta sar tonJ y7,2015,Se ta alege t tLiutna Ori ha be ( )t
nd basin' res ul
basin l s ha e e nt tz d en: 1 he

s be t fa la t2 ctz nc mpli t fldwi t Ciy ( )i v si ae b teCi sl tr a
u j c o t e s 3 iie o ans i
e t he t ; 2 n e tg td y h t nen l
h
y'
Afar di so f usng e e svef cea f lng t c pl wih t Ciy' r l sa
f is vii n or i xc s i or nd aii o om y t he t s u e nd

r ultons ( i tgae byt Ciy' Ci la I tgai Pa lf rusnge si f c
eg ai ; 3) nvesi td he t s viin nvesi tve ne o i xce sve ore;
a ( plc ont Ci la I si tvePa lsmoniorngls ofofiesde tai a
nd 4) a ed he viin nvetgai ne'
t i it fc r monsrtng
pa t r ofm i conduc .
te n
s
t

TheCiy a ChifLlnes s ea pl e f dim isng t s t f r lcai si t t
t nd e a ' ol r m nt or s s i he e wo ede a l m s ha
t u l ng cli a ns t i vi lofier a ei ufi i .Howe r t Cour fnds
he nderyi a ms gai t he ndi dua fc s r ns fcent
ve , he
ti
t tSe si n s t i nty a lgesFourh Am e
ha ba ta ufk e l le
t
ndmentcli sf e s i f cea s r ior
am or xce sve or nd upe v s y
la lt agans Liut nan Ori Thus t de i tvec am sagans t Ciy a Chi Llnes
ibiiy i t e e t tz.
,he rva i l i
i t he t nd ef a
c nnotbe dim is d on t tgr
a
s se
ha ound.Acc ptng Se si n' a lgai nsmst u ,ast Cour mus
e i
ba ta s le to
re
he
t t

a t moton t dim issa ,Se ta hass fcenty sae cai sagans t Ciy a Chi f
t he
i o s s t ge basin
uf i l t td l m
i t he t nd e
Ll si t rs pe vs y r e ove Li ut ntOri Thus t Cour m us pe mi Count 8
ane n hei u r ior ol s r e ena
tz.
, he
t t r t
s
a 9 t pr e t dic y.
nd o oce d o s over

2.

Re po atSupe i (
s nde
ror Count15
)

Se si n brngsa saet t ai f r s
ba ta i
tt or cl m or eponde s pe i a ns t Ciyba e on t
at u ror gai t he t s d he
ofi e s a l ge s a e t t . A s w ih t s a e 1 w cl i s f a s ul orba t r a i en i
t c r ' le d t t or s
t he t t a a m or s a t
te y nd nt tonal
-

21-

itito o e to a dsrs , u t1 i d s s e wi u p eu ie wi la et r fl t
nlcin f moi n l ite s Co n 5 s imis d t t rj dc , t e v o eie he
ho
h
c a r i s a e co t
l in n t t ur .

Ne i ntReenton orSl rpe a (
glge
t i
ee i
Count16
)
Se s i n br ngs a s a e t r cl i f ne i nts r s on aga ns t Ciy,alegi t t
ba ta i
t t o t a m or glge upe vi i
i t he t l ng ha
i f l d t s pe vi e Li ut na O ri know i t the ha a s g tc thi t y ofc m itng
t aie o u r s e e nt tz,
ng ha
d i nii an s or
om ti

a t o sdet s
c s uti he copeofhi empl ym e t twer a i a da r t ctze .
s
o nt ha
e busve nd nge ous o ii ns

% lgi e t rn o rtn inu d r o ialw 'lo f rr c v r a an ta e ly rfr
s e lg n hiig r ee to n e Fl rd a alws o e o e y g is n mpo e o
l
a t ofan e oye c
cs
mpl e omm itd out i t s opea c s ofe pl e .' Beiaiev.Ci
te
sde he c
nd our e m oym nt'' lz r
t
y

o imi 9 4F. u p. d 1 4,1 4( D. a 201 )( r n , . (uoi Ga cav Dul
fM a , 4 S p 2 20 21 S. Fl. 3 Mo e o J) q tng r i . fk,
492So.2d435, ( a. s.Ct App.1 ) Bu he e t c
438 F1 Dit .
986). t r ,he onduc Se ta compli of
t basin
ans
o ure durng alw f a r ts
cc r d i
a ul res uppore by pr bl ca e.Cl a l t ofi r 'a tonswe e
td
oba e us
e ry, he fce s c i
r
wel wihi t s opeofe pl e f polc ofi r .Se si n hasno cl m f neg i nt
l t n he c
m oym nt or ie fce s ba ta
ai or lge
r tnton ors r ii Thus Count1 i dim is d.
ee i
upe vson.
,
6 s s se

-

22-

l .
V

C O N CL USI N
O

Ba e on t f eg ng,i i
s d he or oi t s
ORDERED AND ADJUDGED asf l :
olows
@

O f i rGr s a a O f i rCr
fce os m n nd fce ocke ' m oton t dim i s i G R A NTED .
rs
i o s s s
A l c a m sa ns O fi r Gr s an a Cr
1 l i gai t fce s os m
nd ocke a e D I I
rr
SM SSED w ih
t

p eu ie
rj dc .
@

The Ciy a Chi fLl nes m o i t di m i si G R AN TED I PA R T
t nd
e a ' ton o s s s
N

a DENI I PART.Co n 1 i DI I ED wi u p eu ie
nd
ED N
u t 5 s SM SS
t t rj dc ,
ho
w ih l ve t r fl i sa e cour . Count 1 i D I I
t ea o e ie n t t
t
6 s SM SSED w ih
t

p eu ie Co n s8a d9rman.
rj dc . u t n e i
@

Liut na Ori sm o i n t dim isi GRANTED I PART a
e e nt tz' to o s s s
N
nd
D EN I I PA RT . Co t 1 2,3,5,6,1 11and 1 a e D I I
ED N
un s ,
0,
4 r SM SSED

wihp eu ie Co ns1 a d 1 a eDI M I
t rj dc . u t 2 n 3 r S SSED wi o t eu ie
t u prj d c ,
h
w ih l ve t r fl i s a e c t Count 4 a 7 r m ai
t ea o e ie n t t our .
s nd e n.
Thus t r m a ni c a m s a e:
, he e i ng l i r
*

Count4 a ns Liut na Ori a Ofi rDoe
gai t e e nt tz nd fce
;

*

Count7 a ns Li ut na Or i
gai t e e nt tz;

@

Count8ag ns t Ciy;a
ai t he t nd

*

Count9 ag ns Chi fLl nes
ai t e a .

D N A DO D R DiCabraMai li,iVV oSpm e21.
O E N R E E n hm e t i , od ts fet br07
s m F rah
e
FED E
A .M O N O
ED STA TES D I
STR I J G E
CT UD
Copi f ni he t
es ur s d o:
Couns ofRe d
el
cor

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