Tim Hortons USA Inc. v. Singh et al

Filing 137

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW after Bench Trial. Signed by Magistrate Judge Jonathan Goodman on 10/25/2017. (jdo)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
MIAMI DIVISION
CASE NO. 16-23041-CIV-GOODMAN
[CONSENT CASE]
TIM HORTONS USA, INC. et al,
Plaintiffs,
v.
GURVINDER SINGH, et al.,
Defendants.
______________________________/
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW AFTER BENCH TRIAL
I.

Introduction
In a hit song released on its 1973 Billion Dollar Babies album, the Alice Cooper

band, sometimes considered the pioneers of “shock rock,” belted out the following
musical anthem: “No more Mister Nice Guy / No more Mister Clean / No more Mister
Nice Guy / He said you’re sick, you’re obscene.” 1
The concept of not being a nice guy resonates with Defendants’ perspective
about the factual and legal issues generated in this lawsuit filed by a donut restaurant
franchisor against one of its franchisees, culminating in a bench trial before the Court. In
effect, the franchisee, Panagg Café Incorporated, contends that the franchisor, Tim
1

1973).

ALICE COOPER, No More Mr. Nice Guy, on BILLION DOLLAR BABIES (Warner Bros.

Hortons USA Inc., adopted the “No More Mr. Nice Guy” approach when it terminated
the franchise agreement approximately four and a half years after the agreement’s
inception.
But the franchisor says that it had the absolute contractual right to terminate the
agreement. Moreover, it implicitly argues that the franchisee was the first to adopt the
“No More Mr. Nice Guy” approach when its law firm responded to the franchisor’s
initial demand letter that flagged the alleged breach. Instead of conceding the debt its
client owed or starting negotiations, the franchisee’s initial law firm adopted an
aggressive approach. One of its attorneys sent a response letter in which she (1)
incorrectly alleged that the parties had previously agreed to a specific payment
schedule, (2) incorrectly alleged that the franchisor was accelerating the debt, (3)
advised that the franchisor was estopped from terminating the franchise agreement, (4)
took the position that any termination of the franchise agreement would be wrongful,
and (5) threatened litigation if the franchisor followed through on its announced intent
to terminate if the defaults were not timely cured.
The franchisee’s principals and guarantors also owned another donut franchise
with Tim Hortons. Nevertheless, when the franchisee did not cure the breach, the
franchisor terminated the agreement at issue immediately after the cure period ended.
It would not permit Panagg to avoid the termination by paying the debt (or, more
specifically, offering to pay the debt) a few hours after the termination was implemented.
2

The franchisee implicitly suggests that Tim Horton’s strict approach is consistent with
the Alice Cooper “No More Mr. Nice Guy” refrain -- but, as outlined below in the
findings and conclusions, the franchise agreement permitted Tim Horton’s to act as it
did.
To be sure, Tim Hortons surely could have allowed Panagg to agree to a specific
payment plan (and could have decided to not terminate the agreement). But it decided
to follow another strategy. Presumably, it had its own reasons for sticking to the literal
terms of the franchise agreement and taking full advantage of the remedies the parties
agreed to. 2
In the absence of conflicting statutory authority, 3 a party to a franchise
relationship contract does not generally lose its ability to enforce the contract terms
Before trial, Panagg alleged that Tim Horton’s reasons for closing the restaurant
were “pretextual,” designed to “conceal[] Franchisor’s [Tim Horton’s] intent to
expropriate Panagg Café’s business and sell it to Ninety Rock,” another franchisee. [ECF
No. 58, p. 7]. In its counterclaim, Panagg alleged that Tim Horton’s secret intent in
closing the restaurant was to “drive Franchisee [Panagg] out of business and replace
them as operators of the Restaurant with a different, more-favored franchisee” (i.e.,
Ninety Rock). [ECF No. 27, p. 12 ¶ 8]. But Ninety Rock never took over the restaurant
after Tim Hortons terminated the Panagg franchise agreement. By the end of trial,
Panagg had, for all practical purposes, abandoned the pretext theory, though it still
advanced the theme that the termination was “opportunistic.” [ECF No. 130, pp. 58–59].
2

For example, many states and federal territories have enacted laws governing
franchise relationships and terminations. Many of them govern specific industries, such
as motor vehicle dealers, gasoline dealers, farm equipment dealers and alcoholic
beverage distributors. See generally RUPERT M. BARKOFF ET AL., FUNDAMENTALS OF
FRANCHISING 185–89 (4th ed. 2015). The parties have not taken the position that the
franchise agreement at issue is subject to any specific statute governing (specifically) the
donut or restaurant industry or franchise contracts (in general).
3

3

merely because it makes full and immediate use of the remedies agreed to in the
contract.
Tim Hortons is entitled to a judgment in its favor on its claim for termination
based on a material breach -- i.e., failure to timely pay money owed under the franchise
agreement. It is therefore entitled to recover $59,917.06 for amounts owed as of July
2016, plus pre-judgment interest, costs, and attorney’s fees. Tim Hortons, however, is
not entitled to recover on its future lost profits claim because the evidence it relies on is
inadmissible. Lastly, Tim Hortons is also entitled to a judgment in its favor on
Defendants’ counterclaims.
These results may appear harsh but, without a specific statute or regulation
prohibiting or restricting certain provisions or rights, contracts do not become
unenforceable merely because their agreed-upon remedies create an unpleasant result
for the breaching party. This reality exists even if the breaching party is a “Mister Nice
Guy” (or if the non-breaching party pursues a “No More Mr. Nice Guy” strategy).
In large part, the results here (i.e., largely, though not completely, a victory for
the franchisor) are merely a logical consequence of the nature of franchising. Indeed,
one of the leading treatises on franchising urges counsel to give the prospective
franchisee client a “Miranda warning” 4 about franchising and then explain to the client
that “the contract probably is one-sided, enforceable and . . . entail risks that are

4

Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
4

different from and usually above and beyond the ordinary business risks associated
with business ownership[.]” 5
The specific facts and precise legal rules supporting this result are outlined here,
in the findings of fact and conclusions of law.
II.

Findings of Fact 6
A.

The Parties

1.

Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant Tim Hortons USA Inc. (“THUSA”) is a

Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Miami, Florida. (JPS at
¶ 5A). THUSA franchises TIM HORTONS® brand stores in the United States that are
involved in, among other things, the sale of selected foods and beverages, mainly coffee
and donuts. (JPS at ¶ 5H).
2.

Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant Tim Donut U.S. Limited, Inc. (“TDUSL”) is a

Florida corporation with its principal place of business in Miami, Florida. (JPS at ¶ 5B).
TDUSL is affiliated with THUSA and is the owner of real property upon which some of

RUPERT M. BARKOFF ET AL., FUNDAMENTALS OF FRANCHISING 333 (4th ed. 2015). In
this same section, the treatise also recommends that franchisee counsel “advise the
client of uncontrollable risks that are unique to the status of being a franchisee[.]” Id. In
a later chapter on “Dispute Resolution,” the treatise explains that “[o]n balance, the case
law has not been very kind to franchisees” and notes that one reason for this is that
“franchise agreements are tilted in favor of the franchisor, and courts are disposed to
enforce contracts as written.” Id. at 352.
5

Exhibits admitted at trial are referred to as “Ex __”, and are found at ECF No.
132. The Joint Pretrial Stipulation is referred to as “JPS at __”, and is found at ECF No.
99.
6

5

THUSA’s franchisees, including Defendants, operate their stores. (JPS at ¶ 5I).
3.

Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff Panagg Café Incorporated (“Panagg”) is a

New York corporation with its principal place of business in Irondequoit, New York.
(JPS at ¶ 5C). Defendants/Counter-Plaintiffs Gurvinder Singh (“Singh”), Ashna Walia,
and Adarsh Walia (collectively “Guarantors”) are citizens and residents of the State of
New York and are Panagg’s President, Vice President, and Secretary, respectively. (JPS
at ¶ 5D–G).
4.

Singh is an experienced businessman who, for most of his career, operated

a successful international business manufacturing women’s garments, which generated
revenues of $52 million a year. [ECF No. 128, pp. 42:22–43:12, 79:18–20].
5.

Singh created Panagg to operate the Tim Hortons store that is the subject

of this case. [ECF No. 128, p. 44:15–25]. He focused on financial issues, while his
daughter Ashna focused on operations. [ECF No. 128, p. 45:7–12].
B.

The Applicable Agreements

6.

Beginning December 2011, Panagg owned and operated a franchised TIM

HORTONS® store, Store #7472 (the “Store”) located at 1517 E. Ridge Road, Irondequoit,
NY, in accordance with the terms and conditions of THUSA’s Franchise Agreement, as
amended (the “Franchise Agreement”). (JPS at ¶ 5J); (Ex. J-1).
7.

Panagg also leased the premises upon which the Store is located from

TDUSL under a December 2011 lease agreement (“Lease”). (JPS at ¶ 5K); (Ex. J-3).
6

8.

According to the Franchise Agreement Guarantee (Ex. J-2) and the Lease

Guarantee (Ex. J-4) (collectively the “Guarantees”), the Guarantors jointly, severally,
absolutely, and unconditionally guaranteed the payment and performance of Panagg’s
obligations to THUSA and TDUSL under those agreements. (JPS at ¶ 5L–M).
9.

Under the terms of the Franchise Agreement, Panagg was required to pay

THUSA a royalty of 4.5% of weekly gross sales for use of the TIM HORTONS® System
and the THUSA Marks. (JPS at ¶ 5N); [ECF Nos. 128, p. 45:14–22; 129, p. 214:8–10].
Additionally, the Franchise Agreement obligated Panagg to pay THUSA 4% of Panagg’s
monthly gross sales for the preceding calendar month in return for advertising, sales
promotion, and related expenditures made by THUSA. (JPS at ¶ 5N); [ECF No. 129,
p. 214:8–16].
10.

Under the Lease, Panagg was obligated to make monthly payments to

TDUSL of 8.5% of gross sales as rent for the Store premises. (JPS at ¶ 5O); [ECF
Nos. 128, p. 46:1–5; 129, p. 214:8–10]. Panagg was also obligated to pay TDUSL all taxes,
assessments, and charges imposed in connection with the ownership, occupancy, or
possession of the Store. (JPS at ¶ 5O). Panagg did not directly pay the taxes to the local
government, but rather, was required to pay TDUSL for the taxes TDUSL had paid.
[ECF No. 128, p. 46:10–20].
11.

The Lease is a net lease, and Panagg was obligated to pay TDUSL rent, as

well as all costs, expenses, and obligations relating to or affecting the subject property.
7

(JPS at ¶ 5P). Paragraphs 7(c) and 7(d) of the Lease specifically required Panagg to pay
TDUSL when due, as additional rent, all real property, school, and local improvement
taxes charged, assessed, or levied against the subject property, and if Panagg contested
a tax assessment, then Panagg was required to pay the taxes owing to TDUSL in trust
pending such appeal. (JPS at ¶ 5Q).
12.

Singh understood that the obligations to pay Plaintiffs royalties,

advertising, and rent were important provisions in his agreements and that these
obligations were also important to Plaintiffs. [ECF No. 128, p. 47:5–14].
13.

The Franchise Agreement provides that Panagg’s failure to comply with a

provision of the Franchise Agreement constitutes a default, and if Panagg failed to cure
the default after any required notice and within the applicable cure period, then
THUSA could, at its option and without prejudice to any other rights or remedies,
terminate the Franchise Agreement. (JPS at ¶ 5S).
14.

Paragraph 12.01(s) of the Franchise Agreement provides for financial

defaults to be cured within 5 days after receipt of written notice. (JPS at ¶ 5T).
15.

The Lease provides that if the Franchise Agreement is terminated, the

Lease shall also be terminated. (JPS at ¶ 5U).
16.

Both the Franchise Agreement and Lease contain non-waiver clauses. (Exs.

J-1 at § 18.00; J-3 at § 30). 7

7

The Franchise Agreement provides, in pertinent part:
8

17.

The Franchise Agreement also says, “Time is of the essence in this

Agreement.” (Ex. J-1 at § 18.03(c)).
C.

Defendants’ Delinquent Payments

18.

Panagg began to fall behind in its payments to Plaintiffs in 2014. [ECF

No. 128, pp. 47:15–17, 48:6–7]. The difficulty stemmed from, among other things, an
increase in local taxes. [ECF No. 128, p. 47:18–25].
19.

Although atypical and without any obligation to do so under the Lease,

No delay, waiver, omission, or forbearance on the part of Franchisor to
exercise any right, option, duty, or power arising out of this Agreement
against Franchisee or any franchisee, or out of any breach or default by
Franchisee, or by any other franchisee, of any of the terms, provisions, or
covenants of this Agreement or any other Franchise Agreement, nor any
custom or practice of Franchisor or Franchisee at variance with the terms
hereof shall constitute a waiver by Franchisor to enforce any such right,
option, or power as against Franchisee, or as to subsequent breach or
default by Franchisee. Subsequent acceptance by Franchisor of any
payments due to it hereunder shall not be deemed to be a waiver by
Franchisor of any preceding or succeeding breach by or obligations of
Franchisee of any terms, covenants, or conditions of this Agreement.
(Ex. J-1 at § 18.00 (emphasis added)).
The Lease provides:
Any condoning, excusing or overlooking by either party hereto of any
default, breach or non-observance by the other party at any time or times
in respect of any covenant, proviso or condition herein contained shall not
operate as a waiver of any rights hereunder in respect of any subsequent
default, breach or non-observance.
(Ex. J-3 at § 30).
9

TDUSL assisted Defendants in obtaining a reduction of their real estate taxes and
agreed to delays in payments for a period of time. (Ex. D-3); [ECF No. 129, p. 19:5–7].
20.

For more than one year, Plaintiffs accepted weekly partial payments from

Panagg. (Exs. D-2; P-6); [ECF No. 128, pp. 60:18–21, 108:3–24]. On a weekly basis, the
franchisor’s personnel would email Singh the amount due, breaking down arrears and
new payment obligations, and Singh would provide the amount he would pay and
authorize an ACH electronic payment from his bank account. (Exs. D-2; P-6); [ECF
No. 128, pp. 60:18–21, 108:3–24].
21.

But even though Plaintiffs accommodated Defendants’ failure to timely

pay for a time, Defendants were notified in February 2016 that the old debt had to be
paid down by April 2016, if not before. (Ex. P-6).
22.

Singh requested a payment plan for the old debt, but he acknowledges

that the parties never entered into an actual payment plan. [ECF No. 128, pp. 62:5–7,
63:5–21, 64:13–22].
D.

Operational Issues Develop

23.

In March and April 2016, Monroe County cited the Store for numerous

violations, including inadequate insect and rodent control, significant fly infestation, the
presence of rodents, and sanitation issues. (Exs. P-8, P-9, P-10, P-11); [ECF No. 128,
pp. 142:8–146:21]. Defendants did not provide these reports to Plaintiffs. [ECF No. 128,
pp. 146:23–148:8].
10

24.

During the same period, THUSA employees discovered similar issues,

observing cleanliness issues and stale food at the Store. (Ex. P-7); [ECF No. 129,
pp. 23:4–6, 24:2–10].
25.

On July 7, 2016, an independent firm, Steritech, performed a routine

inspection of the Store on THUSA’s behalf, revealing critical safety issues, including a
dead mouse, rodent droppings, flies, and mold in the ice machine. [ECF No. 129,
pp. 25:21–26:10, 29:1–8].
26.

On the afternoon of July 7, 2016, THUSA’s former Director of Franchise

Performance, Chris Kennedy, suggested that Panagg temporarily close the Store due to
the operational violations, and Panagg agreed to close the Store. (JPS at ¶ 5W); [ECF
No. 128, pp. 112:7–113:13].
E.

Defaults are Declared

27.

On July 7, 2016, Plaintiffs sent via email and overnight delivery two

notices of default to Defendant: one for operational default and another for financial
default. (JSP at ¶¶ 5X–AA); (Exs. J-11, J-12, J-13). 8
28.

THUSA’s in-house counsel Robin Schafer was tasked with “send[ing] the

default letter for the operations default, which then turned into an operations and a
financial default.” [ECF No. 129, p. 59:7–11].
29.

Both default notices say that they could be modified only by written

The parties agreed that the default notices were sent to the appropriate recipients
through an acceptable form and received on July 7, 2016. (JSP at 7D).
8

11

communications under Schafer’s signature or another THUSA attorney’s signature and
that Defendants could not rely on any oral communications. (Exs. J-12, J-13). Singh
testified that he understood these modification limitations. [ECF No. 128, pp. 52:23–
53:12]. Schafer testified that this non-modification provision is included in the default
notices to control the flow of communications and thus prevent inconsistent
communications between the franchisor’s employees in the field and the franchisee.
[ECF No. 129, pp. 65:17–66:5].
30.

The financial default notice demanded payment of $66,610.83, a debt that

had accumulated for seven or eight months. (Ex. J-13); [ECF No. 128, pp. 55:17–56:25].
Of that amount, however, approximately $1,830 was not past due on July 7, 2016,
although the obligations had accrued as of that date. (Exs. P2, P3); [ECF No. 129,
pp. 177:10–178:18].
31.

The financial default notice provided that if the amounts were not paid in

full within five days of receipt of the notice, then the Franchise Agreement would
terminate upon written confirmation. (JPS at ¶ 5FF); (Ex. J-13).
32.

On the morning of July 7, 2016, Singh received an email from a THUSA

accounts receivable administrator informing Singh of the outstanding debt and asking
how much he wanted to pay that week. (Ex. D-2); [ECF No. 128, pp. 109:5–110:21]. Singh
authorized a payment of $6,700, and on July 11, 2016, Plaintiffs withdrew $6,693.77 from
Panagg through the ACH process. (JPS at ¶ 5II); (Ex. D-2); [ECF No. 128, p. 110:18–21].
12

33.

Singh testified that he understood that the financial default notice was a

very serious letter and that the Franchise Agreement could be terminated if Defendants
did not pay within 5 days of receiving the financial default notice. [ECF No. 128, p. 58:
7–16].
34.

Singh also testified that he knew that, notwithstanding the emails the

morning of July 7th from the THUSA accounts receivable administrator, Plaintiffs were
looking for payment of all of the amounts due in the financial default notice. [ECF
No. 128, p. 74:4–17]. Singh also acknowledged at trial that Plaintiffs had the right to
demand full payment even if they accepted partial payments over time. [ECF No. 128,
pp. 75:4–76:3].
35.

Singh received the default notices on July 7, 2016, within an hour of being

emailed. (JPS at ¶ 5Z). Default notices were also delivered to Singh, Adarsh Walia, and
Ashna Walia by Federal Express on July 8, 2016. (JPS at ¶ 5EE).
36.

Payment was not made within the five-day cure period, which expired on

July 12, 2016. [ECF No. 128, p. 52:16–22].
F.

Defendants’ Response to the Defaults

37.

When Singh received the default notices, he was already suspicious of

Plaintiffs and felt that the financial default was some sort of trap, so he hired a lawyer.
[ECF No. 128, p. 57:11–25].
38.

On July 9, 2016, Singh emailed Kennedy -- the former THUSA Director of
13

Franchise Operations -- requesting an inspection of the restaurant for operational
defaults. (Ex. J-15).
39.

Kennedy responded that any questions regarding the default letters

should be directed to Schafer. (Ex. J-15). Singh acknowledged at trial that he knew that
he was not to discuss financial issues with Kennedy and that he should direct all
questions or concerns regarding the default notices to Schafer. [ECF No. 128, pp. 149:4–
150:4].
40.

Kennedy’s email also said that he would be at the July 13th inspection to

confirm “whether you have cured the defaults.” (Ex. J-15). Singh testified that he knew
Kennedy was referring to the multiple operational defaults and not the financial defaults.
[ECF No. 128, p. 51:5–14].
41.

On July 10, 2016, Defendants’ initial counsel, Nixon Peabody, emailed a

letter to Schafer in response to the default notices. (Ex. J-16).
42.

The letter asserted that Defendants did not have the ability to pay on an

accelerated basis what the financial default notice demanded. (Ex. J-16). But Singh
acknowledged at trial that he, in fact, had the money to pay, albeit in his personal
retirement account. [ECF No. 128, pp. 58:17–21, 69:13–25].
43.

The letter also asserted that the parties had entered into a payment plan.

(Ex. J-16). Singh, however, also testified that the parties never entered into a payment

14

plan. [ECF No. 128, pp. 62:5–7, 63:5–21, 64:13–22]. 9
44.

The Nixon Peabody letter also threatened litigation if Plaintiffs sought to

enforce their rights. (Ex. J-16).
45.

Schafer testified that, in her experience as a franchise attorney, this

aggressive response was unique -- because a typical response to a financial default is
immediate payment or an explanation for why the franchisee cannot pay. [ECF No. 129,
pp. 64:16–65:16].
46.

On Monday, July 11, 2016, the franchisor withdrew from Panagg a

payment of $6,693.77 through the ACH process. (JSP at ¶ 5II).
47.

By letter dated July 12, 2016, THUSA’s counsel responded to the Nixon

Peabody letter, requesting evidence of the “payment plan” referenced by Defendants’
counsel. (JPS at ¶ 5JJ); (Ex. J-17).
48.

By letter dated July 13, 2016, which was emailed to Defendants at 11:07

A.M., THUSA notified Defendants that the Franchise Agreement and Lease terminated
on July 13, 2016 because Plaintiffs did not cure the financial default by July 12, 2016.

The Court is not necessarily suggesting that the Nixon Peabody firm is to blame
for this misstatement. Attorneys rely on information received from their clients. If
clients provide incorrect information, then it is not illogical to predict that the attorneys
would also act on that incorrect information. Moreover, attorneys often send drafts of
demand letters to their clients before sending them out to ensure the accuracy of the
factual representations made in the letters. But this trial did not produce evidence on
the issue of whether the attorneys received incorrect information from their client (or
clients) or if their clients reviewed a draft of the response letter and approved it.

9

15

(JPS at ¶ 5LL); [ECF No. 128, p. 71:16–18]. 10
49.

At 2:45 P.M. the same day, via email from its counsel, Panagg offered to

pay the amount demanded in the financial default notice and requested that THUSA
provide wire instructions to send the payment. (JPS at ¶ 5MM); (Ex. D-10); [ECF
No. 128, p. 71:6–18].
50.

On July 13, 2016, at 3:30 P.M., by letter from its counsel, THUSA rejected

the offer and confirmed the franchise’s termination. (JPS at ¶ 5NN).
51.

A few weeks after terminating Panagg’s franchise, THUSA offered the

store to Ninety Rock, but Ninety Rock rejected the offer, and the Store remains vacant.
[ECF No. 129, p. 68:3–70:5].
G.

Plaintiffs’ Damages

52.

Himanashu Chaturvedi, Plaintiffs’ Senior Manager of Finance, prepared

Ex. P-2, which shows past due amounts owed to Plaintiffs, and Ex. P-3, which contains
the back-up invoices. (Exs. P-2, p-3); [ECF No. 129, pp. 167:13–18, 173:11–174:5].
53.

As of July 15, 2016, Defendants owed Plaintiffs $59,917.06 for royalties,

rent, property taxes, advertising, and other items. (Ex. P-2); [ECF No. 128, pp. 48:17–
49:1].
54.

Chaturvedi also calculated Plaintiffs’ lost profits through the end of 2017.

[ECF No. 129, pp. 178:20–179:2]. Assuming a 2.5% sales growth rate and an 8% discount
The parties agreed that the termination notice was sent to the appropriate
recipients through an acceptable form and received on July 13, 2016. (JSP 7E).
10

16

rate, he opined that Plaintiffs’ lost profits through the end of 2017 would amount to
$219,537.23. (Ex. P-17). 11
III.

Conclusions of Law 12
A.

Plaintiffs are Entitled to Judgment Against Defendants

“The elements of a breach of contract action are (1) a valid contract; (2) a material
breach; and (3) damages.” Beck v. Lazard Freres & Co., LLC, 175 F.3d 913, 914 (11th Cir.
1999).
i.

Failure to Timely Pay Constitutes a Material Breach

In their proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law, Defendants say that the
email termination notice was “surprising” [ECF No. 134-1, p. 3], but the Court
disagrees. The termination was not a surprise. The default notice expressly advised that
termination would occur if full payment was not made within the five-day cure period,
and the payment was not made. Perhaps the initial default notice letter was surprising
because Panagg had been in default for many months and had not previously received
such a default letter. Perhaps Panagg or its counsel thought that their response letter
would pressure Plaintiffs into adopting a more-flexible approach toward the default or

The Court permitted Chaturvedi’s testimony only provisionally. The Court
permitted defense counsel to pursue a full-fledged cross-examination and advised that
the parties would be “hold[ing] [their] breaths for the evidentiary ruling[.]” [ECF
No. 129, pp. 207:4–208:]. As outlined below, the Court ultimately concludes that
Chaturvedi’s testimony about lost profits is inadmissible.

11

12

The parties agreed that Florida law applies. (JSP at ¶ 7C).
17

cause them to postpone the termination. But the termination itself should not have been
a surprise. Plaintiffs did exactly what their attorney said they would do in the default
notice letter.
Defendants acknowledge that Plaintiffs have the right to terminate the Franchise
Agreement and Lease upon a material breach [ECF No. 106, p. 9], but they claim that
their failure to pay Plaintiffs monies owed since November 2015 is not material or is
insufficient to permit termination. This legal position is contrary to Singh’s
acknowledgement at trial that the required payments are an important part of the
agreements. [ECF No. 128, p. 47:5–14]. Moreover, it is contrary to law.
Under Florida law, failure to make a timely payment constitutes a material
breach where time is of the essence. Centurion Air Cargo, Inc. v. United Parcel Serv. Co.,
420 F.3d 1146, 1151 (11th Cir. 2005) (applying Florida law). Time is of the essence in four
instances: when “(1) the agreement explicitly so specifies; or (2) such may be
determined from the subject matter of the contract; or (3) treating time as non-essential
would produce a hardship; or (4) notice has been given to the defaulting party
requesting performance within a reasonable time.” Id.
Here, Section 18.03(c) of the Franchise Agreement contains a time is of the
essence clause. (Ex. J-1 at § 18.03(c)). In addition, Plaintiffs served Defendants with a
default notice requiring payment within five days of receipt. (Ex. J-13). Accordingly,
Defendants’ failure to timely pay constituted a material breach. See, e.g., Burger King
18

Corp. v. Ashland Equities, Inc., 217 F. Supp. 2d 1266, 1274 (S.D. Fla. 2002), aff’d sub nom.
103 F. App’x 666 (11th Cir. 2004) (granting summary judgment in favor of franchisor for
breach of contract where franchisee failed to pay royalties, advertising payments, and
property taxes after receiving default notice).
Defendants rely on Ron Matusalem & Matusa of Florida, Inc. v. Ron Matusalem, Inc.,
872 F.2d 1547 (11th Cir. 1989) and claim that under Restatement of Contracts § 241, their
failure to pay is not material. [ECF No. 134-1, p. 17]. Although Defendants contend that
their breach was minor because they offered to pay after the cure period expired,
“[t]here is almost always no such thing as ‘substantial performance’ of payment
between commercial parties when the duty is simply the general one to pay. Payment is
either made in the amount and on the due date, or it is not.” Treasure Coast, Inc. v.
Ludlum Const. Co., 760 So. 2d 232, 234–35 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000) (internal citations
omitted). Moreover, Ron Matusalem was not a payment default case; it addressed
whether a franchisee’s use of commercial and not natural extracts to make rum
constituted a material breach. Ron Matusalem, 872 F.2d at 1551–52.
Restatement of Contracts § 241 also does not support Defendants, whose breach
is material because the failure to pay will deprive Plaintiffs of the benefit they
reasonably expected: to be paid for use of their trademarks and system and to be able to
terminate should the amounts not be timely paid. 13 Although Defendants contend that

13

Restatement of Contracts § 241 provides that the following factors should be
19

the result is a forfeiture if the breach is material, Defendants knew -- and the financial
default notice provided -- that termination could result if they failed to timely pay.
Finally, Defendants’ failure to perform did not comport with standards of good faith
since they knew when the payment was due and still failed to pay.
In sum, Defendants’ failure to timely pay the amounts demanded in the financial
default notice was a material breach of the Franchise Agreement.
ii.

The Agreements Authorize Termination For Failure to Pay

When unambiguous, contracts are to be given their plain and ordinary meaning.
Vernon v. Resolution Tr. Corp., 907 F.2d 1101, 1109 (11th Cir. 1990) (applying Florida law).
The agreements here make plain that Plaintiffs have the right to terminate if a financial
default is not timely cured. (Ex. J-1 at § 12.01(s)); (JPS at ¶5S, 5T, 5U).
Defendants contend that termination of the franchise would constitute forfeiture.

considered in determining whether a breach is material:
(a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the benefit
which he reasonably expected;
(b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately compensated
for the part of that benefit of which he will be deprived;
(c) the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to perform
will suffer forfeiture;
(d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to perform
will cure his failure, taking account of all the circumstances including any
reasonable assurances;
(e) the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform or to
offer to perform comports with standards of good faith and fair dealing.
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 241 (1981).
20

But “[w]hile forfeitures are not favored, a forfeiture will be enforced where it is clear
that the parties intended such a result.” Stoltz v. Truitt, 940 So. 2d 521, 523 (Fla. 1st DCA
2006) (citing Nelson v. Hansard, 197 So. 513, 513–14 (Fla. 1940)); see also Waksman Enters.,
Inc. v. Oregon Props., Inc., 862 So. 2d 35, 41–42 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003) (holding that the
principle “the law abhors a forfeiture” may not “be used to justify an interpretation of a
contract that ignores the plain meaning of the text of the contract.”).
Defendants contend that a short delay in performing their obligations should not
lead to forfeiture, and they rely on out-of-state decisions (not based on Florida law) for
this proposition. But here, the delay was not short: Defendants were seven or eight
months behind and knew that Plaintiffs wanted payment in full on July 12. Plaintiffs’
clear contractual right of termination should be enforced. Plaintiffs did not lose their
contractual right to terminate merely because Panagg’s initial counsel stridently
contended that termination was legally unavailable, that Plaintiffs were estopped for
terminating, and that Panagg reserved its right to sue for damages should Plaintiffs
follow through and issue a termination notice. 14
Therefore, based on Defendants’ failure to cure their financial default, Plaintiffs
had the right to terminate the franchise.

Cf. TODD RUNDGREN, You Cried Wolf, on HERMIT OF MINK HOLLOW (Bearsville
1978) (“You cried wolf once too often / You cried wolf, you made me run / You cried
wolf, I caught you bluffing / You’ll cry wolf but I’ll be gone”).

14

21

iii.

Belated “Offer” to Pay Is Insufficient

As a preliminary matter, the parties dispute whether the issue of whether
Defendants’ post-termination attempt to cure on July 13, 2016 (Ex. D-10) was a valid
legal tender, preserved for the Court’s determination. Defendants contend that “[t]he
sufficiency of the tender, as distinguished from the timing of the tender, was not raised”
by Plaintiffs “nor included as an issue to be litigated in the Joint Pretrial Statement.”
[ECF No. 134-1, p. 13 n. 4]. But Plaintiffs believe otherwise, and so they describe the July
13, 2016 email as “nothing more than an offer to pay the amount demanded, not a legal
tender.” [ECF No. 136, p. 13]. 15
Under Florida law, a tender is defined as “an unconditional offer of payment
consisting in the actual production, in current coin of the realm, of a sum not less than the
amount due on a specific debt or obligation.” Rissman on Behalf of Rissman Inv. Co. v.
Kilbourne, 643 So. 2d 1136, 1140 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994) (emphasis in original). “The only
distinction between tender and payment lies in the fact that a tender is not accepted,

In an Endorsed Order after the bench trial, the Court required the parties’
proposed findings of facts and conclusions of law to “include an analysis of whether
tender of payment, as opposed to an actual payment, is sufficient to avoid termination of
a franchise based on a financial default.” [ECF No. 120 (emphasis in original)]. It also
required a discussion of “whether the letter from defense counsel was actually a tender
or merely a promise to pay money in the future (given that a check was not actually
included with the letter and given that funds were not actually transferred or drawn
down on an account[)].”[ECF No. 120]. Defendants filed a formal objection to the issue
of the sufficiency of the July 13, 2016 tender and argued that it “cannot be used as a
justification for the termination of the franchise at this post-trial point in the case.” [ECF
No. 134, p. 2].
15

22

while a payment is.” Id. “To make an effective tender, the debtor must actually attempt
to pay the sums due; mere offers to pay, or declarations that the debtor is willing to
pay, are not enough.” Distribution Mgmt. Servs., Inc. v. S. Waste Sys., Ltd., 948 So. 2d 6, 12
(Fla. 3d DCA 2006) (emphasis added) (quoting Southfork Invs. Grp., Inc. v. Williams, 706
So. 2d 75, 79 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998)).
Here, the July 13, 2016 email is a mere offer to pay, not a legal tender. There is no
evidence that, along with the email, Defendants actually produced “current coin of the
realm,” in whatever form, to Plaintiffs. Rissman, 643 So. 2d at 1140. Indeed, the email
shows otherwise; after stating that Defendants are willing to pay, it asks for wire
instructions to send the payment, demonstrating that a payment was not actually sent
along with the email. (Ex. D-10).
But even if the sufficiency-of-tender issue was not preserved, then the ruling still
goes in Plaintiffs’ favor because the July 13, 2016 offer (even if deemed a tender) was
late. See Sun Bank of Miami v. Lester, 404 So. 2d 141, 143 (Fla. 3d DCA 1981) (holding that
the plaintiff’s attempt to cure “came too late” where she sent a check two-days late for
an additional deposit under a purchase agreement, which said that time was of the
essence). Had Defendants submitted their offer to pay before receiving notice of the
termination and before the cure period expired, then the scenario would be significantly
different. But that is not what happened. Instead, the franchisee’s initial counsel took
the position that no termination could occur and that Defendants lacked the money to
23

pay the amounts owed -- and then performed a legal (and factual) about-face after the
termination letter was received by offering to have the full amount paid.
In short, the post-termination July 13, 2016 offer to pay did not prevent Plaintiffs
from terminating the franchise.
iv.

The Financial Default Notice was not Defective

Defendants contend that the financial default notice is invalid because $1,837.94
of the amount demanded was owed but not yet past due on July 7, 2016. Defendants do
not dispute that they owe $59,917.06, only that $1,837.94 was incurred but not due until
later in July. (Exs. P2, P3); [ECF No. 129, pp. 177:10–178:18].
Substantial compliance, however, is all that is required for notices of default,
and substantial compliance exists even if the amount demanded in the default notice is
incorrect. See Suntrust Bank v. Ruiz, 648 Fed. Appx. 757, 760 (11th Cir. 2016) (interpreting
Florida law as holding that “conditions precedent requiring notice of default are
evaluated for ‘substantial compliance’ or ‘substantial performance’”) (citing Green Tree
Serv., LLC v. Milam, 177 So. 3d 7, 14, 16–17 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015)); see also In re Volpe
Enters., Inc., 23 B.R. 818, 820 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 1982) (upholding termination of franchise
agreement even though a default notice did not correctly credit royalty payments
actually made, because “defendant subsequently was in default at many times, and it
has not demonstrated through testimony or through the documents in evidence that the
defaults would not have existed if payments had properly been credited.”).
24

In this case, Defendants cannot dispute that they owed the entire $59,917.06, just
not all on July 7th. Moreover, even if the $1,837.94 that was due on a later date was
removed from the financial default notice, Defendants would still be in default under
their agreements. Accordingly, the financial default notice was not defective.
v.

No Waiver or Estoppel

Defendants contend that Plaintiffs waived their right to, and are estopped from,
declaring a default on July 7th for two reasons: (1) because of the July 11th $6,693.77
ACH withdrawal by the THUSA accounts receivable administrator and (2) because
Panagg was notified on July 11th about the conclusion of the tax appeal. [ECF No. 106,
p. 7]. These arguments are unpersuasive.
1.

Non-Waiver Clause Bars Defenses

Non-waiver provisions are valid and enforceable and they preclude waiver and
estoppel defenses as a matter of law. MCA Television Ltd. v. Pub. Interest Corp., 171 F.3d
1265, 1270–71 (11th Cir. 1999) (holding that defendant’s waiver argument, which was
based on the plaintiff’s acceptance of late payments for a two-year period without
objection, failed where the contract contained an anti-waiver provision); Burger King
Corp. v. Lee, 766 F. Supp. 1149, 1156 (S.D. Fla. 1991) (enforcing anti-waiver provision in a
franchise case); Rybovich Boat Works, Inc. v. Atkins, 587 So. 2d 519, 522 (Fla. 4th DCA
1991) (holding that “[b]ecause the contract was unambiguous, buyer’s affirmative
defenses of waiver and estoppel were defeated as a matter of law by the provisions of
25

the contract itself,” which included an anti-waiver provision).
The Franchise Agreement in this case contains a non-waiver clause that
specifically provides that the subsequent acceptance of any payments due shall not be
deemed a waiver of any preceding or succeeding breach by the franchisee. (Ex. J-1 at
§ 18.00). The July 11th $6,693.77 payment was for current royalties and current
advertising due under the Franchise Agreement, but not for the past due amounts. [ECF
No. 128, p. 160:19–22]; (Exs. D-2, D-16). The July 11th payment, therefore, did not
preclude Plaintiffs from pursuing their default based on Defendants’ other financial
breaches.
Defendants’ reliance on In re S & I Investments, 421 B.R. 569 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2009)
and W. World, Inc. v. Dansby, 603 So. 2d 597, 601 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992), are misplaced.
Both courts recognized that non-waiver clauses will be enforced where the non-waiver
clause specifically states that certain conduct will not constitute a waiver. In re S & I
Invs., 421 B.R. at 581 (“The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has recognized that
anti-waiver provisions can be enforceable and have been upheld by Florida courts.”);
Dansby, 603 So. 2d at 601 (distinguishing broader yet enforceable anti-waiver provisions
because “the contractual language in the instant case does not specify that certain types
of behavior will not constitute a waiver.”).
Here, the non-waiver clause specifically addresses the subject of acceptance of
subsequent payments and provides that “[s]ubsequent acceptance by Franchisor of any
26

payments due to it hereunder shall not be deemed to be a waiver by Franchisor of any
preceding or succeeding breach by or obligations of Franchisee of any terms, covenants,
or conditions of this Agreement.”(Ex. J-1 at § 18.00).
In sum, the Franchise Agreement’s non-waiver provision bars Defendants’
waiver and estoppel defenses.
2.

Alleged Course of Conduct Argument Fails

Defendants also argue that a “course of dealing” prevented Plaintiffs from
declaring a default on July 7th and a termination on July 13th. [ECF No. 106, p. 8 n. 3].
This claim fails as well. Under Florida law, while course of dealing may help explain an
ambiguous contract, “course of dealing cannot override express contract terms.” Indian
Harbor Citrus, Inc. v. Poppell, 658 So. 2d 605, 606 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (rejecting course of
dealing theory employed to alter terms of unambiguous contract); see also Rybovich, 587
So. 2d at 521–22 (holding that trial court erred in using parties’ course of dealings to
vary terms of written contract where contract was unambiguous and contained antiwaiver clause).
In this case, the payment accommodations Plaintiffs provided did not erase
Defendants’ old debt. Singh testified that he understood on receipt of the financial
default notice that Plaintiffs were demanding all the money due by July 12, 2016. [ECF
No. 128, p. 74:4–17]. Singh also acknowledged at trial that Plaintiffs had the right to
demand full payment even if they previously accepted partial payments over time.
27

[ECF No. 128, p. 75:4–76:3]. Moreover, although Singh requested a payment plan for the
old debt, he acknowledged at trial that the parties never entered into an actual payment
plan. [ECF No. 128, pp. 62:5–7, 63:5–21, 64:13–22]. Additionally, both the Franchise
Agreement and the Lease provide that they cannot be amended or modified absent a
writing executed by both parties. (Exs. J-1 at § 18.02, J-3 at § 58).
Therefore, the parties’ prior course of conduct did not prevent Plaintiffs from
declaring a default on July 7th and a termination on July 13th.
3.

No Detrimental Reliance

Defendants’ estoppel defense also fails because they cannot show detrimental
reliance. To prevail on an estoppel defense, a defendant must show
(1) representation of a material fact by the party estopped to the party
claiming the estoppel that is contrary to the fact later asserted by the
estopped party; (2) reliance on that representation by the party claiming
the estoppel; and (3) the party claiming the estoppel detrimentally
changed their position due to such reliance.
Zurstrassen v. Stonier, 786 So. 2d 65, 68–69 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001).
Here, Singh testified that, despite the prior weekly payments, he understood that
Plaintiffs were demanding all money due by July 12, 2016. [ECF No. 128, p. 74:4–17].
Singh further testified that he was long suspicious of Plaintiffs and that he immediately
hired a prominent law firm upon receipt of the default notices because he thought he
was being set up. [ECF No. 128, p. 57:11–25]. Thus, the prior payments did not lull
Defendants into a false sense that Plaintiffs would not terminate the franchise. Rather,
28

Defendants stood ready to fight and threatened litigation if Plaintiffs enforced their
rights. (Ex. J-16).
Therefore, Defendants cannot prove the detrimental reliance element of their
estoppel defense.
vi.

Tax Assessment Appeal Did Not Preclude Financial Default
Notice

Defendants claim that § 12.01(s) of the Franchise Agreement deferred their
obligations under the Lease to pay the taxes to TDUSL while they were appealing
certain tax assessments. That provision allows for termination of the Franchise
Agreement:
If, within five (5) days after receipt of written notice from Franchisor that
any payment due from the Franchised Business is overdue, Franchisee
does not make such payment in the requested amount to Franchisor, an
affiliate of Franchisor, or to Franchisee’s suppliers or creditors, unless,
with respect to Franchisee’s suppliers or creditors, Franchisee notifies
Franchisor of the existence of a bona fide dispute and takes immediate
action to resolve it[.]
(Ex. J-1 at § 12.01(s) (emphasis added)).
The exception in section 12.01(s), however, applies only to the “franchisee’s
suppliers or creditors,” and Monroe County/Town of Irondequoit is not a creditor or
supplier of Panagg, the franchisee, since the property is owned by TDUSL.
Additionally, section 12.01(s) does not apply to property taxes due under the Lease.
Rather, the Lease contains a specific provision requiring payment to TDUSL (in trust)
even if Panagg wished to contest any tax assessment. (Ex. J-3 at § 7(d)); [ECF No. 129,
29

p. 74:18–76:12].
Accordingly, the tax assessment did not preclude Plaintiffs’ financial default
notice.
vii.

No Duty to Mitigate

Under Florida law, a franchisor does not have an obligation to minimize losses or
mitigate damages where the franchise agreement is a non-exclusive contract. Burger
King Corp. v. Barnes, 1 F. Supp. 2d 1367, 1372 (S.D. Fla. 1998) (“When a non-exclusive
contract is involved which would allow a plaintiff to enter into other similar contracts,
an exception to the requirement of avoiding foreseeable consequences is created and
there is no duty to mitigate or minimize losses.”). The Franchise Agreement here is a
non-exclusive contract. (Ex. J-1 at § 1.01 (“Franchisee expressly acknowledges and
agrees that the rights granted it by this Agreement are non-exclusive.”)). Therefore,
Plaintiffs had no duty to mitigate damages.
In any event, the evidence at trial showed that Plaintiffs have nonetheless
attempted to minimize their losses -- by negotiating for the sale of the Store to two other
franchisees. [ECF No. 129, pp. 68:3–70:5]. And although a sale has not yet been
completed, Plaintiffs have limited their future damages to the end of 2017. (Ex. P-17).
In short, Defendants’ mitigation of damages defense is unavailing.

30

B.

Amount of Judgment for Plaintiffs
i.

Past Due

Plaintiffs are entitled to recover $59,917.06 for amounts owed as of July 2016.
(Ex. P-2).
ii.

Future Lost Profits
1.

Chaturvedi’s Lay Opinion Testimony Is Inadmissible

Plaintiffs are not, however, entitled to future lost profits damages because the
sole witness they called to support their claim provided inadmissible testimony. A lay
witness, Chaturvedi works for THUSA as a senior manager of finance. But Plaintiffs did
not make an expert witness disclosure for him, nor did they provide an expert witness
report. Instead, they relied on Federal Rule of Evidence 701, concerning opinion
testimony by a lay witness, and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2)(B), concerning
the situations when a party must provide a report.
Rule 701 limits lay testimony in the form of an opinion to that which is: “(a)
rationally based on the witness’s perception; (b) helpful to clearly understanding the
witness’s testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and (c) not based on scientific,
technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.” Fed. R. Evid.
701.
The advisory committee note to the rule, however, does allow an “owner or
officer of a business to testify to the value or projected profits of the business, without
31

the necessity of qualifying the witness as an accountant, appraiser, or similar expert.”
Fed. R. Evid. 701 (advisory committee’s note) (citing Lightning Lube, Inc. v. Witco Corp., 4
F.3d 1153, 1175 (3d Cir. 1993) (holding that the plaintiff’s owner could give lay opinion
testimony as to damages, as it was based on his knowledge and participation in the dayto-day affairs of the business)). The Eleventh Circuit has recognized this exception to
Rule 701. See Tampa Bay Shipbuilding & Repair Co. v. Cedar Shipping Co., Ltd., 320 F.3d
1213, 1223 (11th Cir. 2003) (holding that testimony by company’s officers and employees
about the reasonableness of repair charges and time to do repairs on ships, which was
not based on specialized knowledge under Rule 702, was admissible under Rule 701).
Chaturvedi’s trial testimony is not admissible under Rule 701 for several reasons.
First, Chaturvedi is not testifying about his company’s own “value or projected profits
of the business” but, rather, he opines about another business -- the Panagg franchise. As
the limited exception of Rule 701 is to allow an officer or owner to testify about his or
her business because the witness is deemed to have competent, personal knowledge to
support the lay opinion, Chaturvedi’s testimony does not meet that exception.
Second, Chaturvedi had no personal knowledge of Panagg’s business and
therefore relies on a software algorithm which was not made available to the
Defendants before or during trial. Specifically, he relied on two different software
programs to conclude what the lost sales would be for the Store. One software program
is Hyperion, which collected and reported raw sales data from each Tim Hortons
32

franchise. [ECF No. 129, pp. 170:17–171:12]. But to calculate projected sales, he used a
software program called SAP “using the logic that we regularly rely on for estimating
sales if certain restaurants do not submit sales on time.” [ECF No. 129, p. 179:3–19]. The
SAP system uses an “algorithm” to project what sales would be. [ECF No. 129, p. 183:5–
21]. Therefore, he testified from an output of an algorithm.
Chaturvedi’s use of a proprietary algorithm, which Plaintiffs never provided
access to in discovery, undermined defense counsel’s ability to effectively crossexamine this “lay” witness who never produced a report. As defense counsel argued,
there was no way for him to know, for example, whether the “logic” employed by the
SAP algorithm already presupposed sales increases, adjusted for weather and seasons,
adjusted for geography, or any other similar factors.
So if Plaintiffs hoped to properly use the limited exception for lay witness
testimony, then they were required to present a lay witness with personal knowledge
about the calculations.
Third, on cross-examination, Chaturvedi could not answer questions to test the
reliability of the algorithms. He accepted the SAP results in this case at face value. [ECF
No. 129, pp. 227:19–228:22]. He concluded that because the historical invoices matched
the SAP data for historical information in this case, that the future projections should be
reliable, without explaining why. [ECF No. 129, p. 228:13–22]. He admitted that he did
not do any analysis to calculate growth assumptions but relied on a spreadsheet given
33

to him. [ECF No. 129, p. 234:3–7]. He also used a template for calculating future
damages, prepared especially for litigation. [ECF No. 129, p. 239:2–16].
Fourth, for all practical purposes, Chaturvedi is a lay witness using an
undisclosed model for his damage testimony. Phrased differently, he is actually an
expert witness who Plaintiffs unsuccessfully tried to dress up in the garb of a lay
witness. Chaturvedi’s use of an algorithm to support his so-called lay witness damages
testimony about purported future lost profits is thus exactly the type of scenario that is
not appropriate for lay witness testimony.
For example, in LifeWise Master Funding v. Telebank, 374 F.3d 917, 929–30 (10th
Cir. 2004), the appellate court held that the testimony of a company’s president about
lost profits based on a damage model prepared in anticipation of litigation was
inadmissible because the company’s president was not qualified as an expert -- and
only an expert witness could opine on a damages model that involved “technical,
specialized subjects” not appropriate for lay opinion testimony under Rule 701. Here,
the lay witness’ reliance on an algorithm incapable of being the subject of effective
cross-examination distinguishes this case from cases like Lightning Lube, where the
business owner calculated lost profits based on his participation in the day-to-day
affairs of the company.
Fifth, as referenced above in summary fashion, Chaturvedi’s testimony goes
beyond his personal knowledge and experience as a Senior Manager of Finance. [ECF
34

No. 129, pp. 169:21-170:16]. The assumptions built within this algorithm do not appear
to be within his personal knowledge, but to be a composite of assumptions used by
Plaintiffs’ proprietary SAP enterprise software. Testimony based on such assumptions is
typical of expert testimony, not lay testimony. See In re MarketXT Holdings, Corp., No.
04-12078(ALG), 2011 WL 1422012, at *3 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Jan. 7, 2011) (finding that
company’s president’s lost-profit lay testimony “based on a model that incorporates the
types of assumptions used in an expert report” was inadmissible because it went
“beyond his ‘personal knowledge and his experience as [president] of the company’ and
enters a realm of calculation beyond the pale of lay opinion under Rule 701.”).
Sixth, additional violations of Rule 701 occurred when Chaturvedi selected a
growth rate and a discount rate but did not provide a report in advance of trial where
the opinions and assumptions could be tested. Chaturvedi calculated a growth rate of
2.5 percent based on the fact that this location had years of negative growth, but he did
not provide a report disclosing this or explaining his methodology prior to trial. [ECF
No. 129, pp. 188:10–190:5].
Chaturvedi also, although not a purported expert, relied on hearsay assumptions
regarding growth rates used elsewhere, such as by International Monetary Fund
economists. [ECF No. 129, pp. 208:20–209:2]. His lay opinion, of necessity, was that if
the IMF’s economists’ prediction of growth rate worldwide is correct, then it must also
be correct for this location. But the substitution of a lay witness opinion for that of an
35

expert, such as an IMF economist, is not authorized by Rule 701.
In contrast, proper lay witness testimony might be provided using a historical
perspective of a specific franchise, based on facts within the witness’s own personal
knowledge. For example, Singh might have been able to provide lay testimony about
future lost revenues at his own franchise restaurant. But this type of an opinion was not
presented in this case. Chaturvedi did not even test his assumed growth rate against the
sales reported on Panagg’s tax returns. [ECF No. 129, p. 230:15–18]. Rather, this lay
witness opined like an economist, without actual knowledge “on the ground” of what is
happening at this store.
Further, Chaturvedi’s proffer of an 8% discount rate was based on a Bloomberg
report. [ECF No. 129, p. 209:11–20]. The witness further added an improper opinion
derived from a discussion of equity weighting of the franchisor, rather than the
franchisee. [ECF No. 129, pp. 209:11–213:4]. He admitted that he does not, as part of his
work, perform discount value analysis, but he used it anyway for his supposed lay
opinion. [ECF No. 129, p. 244:10–14].
Seventh, Chaturvedi never performed a WACC (the weighted average cost of
capital) analysis or use any other model for discount values for Plaintiffs. [ECF No. 129,
pp. 244:18–245:13]. He could not answer whether the damages template prepared by
Plaintiffs in anticipation of this litigation included analysis of internal rates of return;
risk free rate of return; industry risk premium; size risk premium; company specific risk
36

premium; beta analysis; any analysis of the Rochester, New York market or geographic
diversity; or other elements for calculating discount value. [ECF No. 129, pp. 246:2–
251:9].
Chaturvedi’s ignorance about these issues demonstrate that he is the wrong lay
witness because he does not have enough personal knowledge about the business to
answer questions about the specific support for his opinion testimony about future lost
profits damages. More than an “expert in layperson’s clothes,” he was an expert witness
expressing opinions marginally supported by hearsay, but unlimited in scope,
unsupported by experience and training, and undisclosed by an expert’s report.
Federal Rule of Evidence 602 requires a witness to testify from personal
knowledge, and Rule 701 provides the limited occasion when a lay witness may
provide an opinion. The testimony must be based on the witness’ personal perception
and it must not be based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge.
Chaturvedi failed the personal knowledge requirement of Rule 602 as well as
both of components of Rule 701. He was given, and did not personally prepare, the
damages calculation for trial. He was given only enough information to provide
conclusions, derived from a “template” prepared by others. [ECF No. 129, pp. 242:19–
243:3].
Courts have rejected lay opinion testimony lacking a proper foundation. Von der
Ruhr v. Immtech Int’l, Inc., 570 F.3d 858, 862 (7th Cir. 2009) (“In the realm of lost profits,
37

lay opinion testimony is allowed in limited circumstances where the witness bases his
opinion on particularized knowledge he possesses due to his position within the
company.”); Donlin v. Philips Lighting N. Am. Corp., 581 F.3d 73, 81–82 (3d Cir. 2009)
(holding that district court abused its discretion by allowing an employee to provide lay
opinion testimony about lost earnings and pension benefits because employee lacked
in-depth personal knowledge about the company); Metro Hosp. Partners, Ltd. v. Lexington
Ins. Co., 84 F. Supp. 3d 553, 565 (S.D. Tex. 2015) (finding that director’s layperson
opinion about the hotel’s losses and damages was inadmissible because he lacked
personal knowledge about the hotel’s finances and accounting); KW Plastics v. U.S. Can
Co., 131 F. Supp. 2d 1265, 1273 (M.D. Ala. 2001) (explaining that “the accountant can
crunch numbers, but the numbers, information, assumptions, and reasoning throughout
the report must have been supplied by the witness, if he hopes to testify as to the
same.”).
In conclusion, Chaturvedi’s testimony about lost profits is inadmissible.
C.

Plaintiffs are Entitled to Judgment on Defendants’ Counterclaims

In light of the Court’s determinations above, judgment will be entered in favor of
Plaintiffs on Defendants’ counterclaims, which include breach of contract for wrongful
termination, breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, estoppel, injunctive relief,
and for a declaratory judgment. At bottom, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs acted
capriciously and violated the duty of good faith in exercising their contractual rights
38

when Defendants failed to timely pay after notice and an opportunity to cure.
As discussed in this Order, Plaintiffs had the clear right to terminate the
agreements for non-payment. Moreover, because Plaintiffs acted within their contract
rights, they did not violate any implied contractual duties. See Burger King Corp. v.
Weaver, 169 F.3d 1310, 1317–18 (11th Cir. 1999) (“Where a party to a contract has in good
faith performed the express terms of the contract, an action for breach of the implied
covenant of good faith will not lie.”); see also McDonald’s Corp. v. Robertson, 147 F.3d
1301, 1309 (11th Cir. 1998) (holding that alleged ulterior, improper motive for
terminating franchise agreement was irrelevant where franchisee’s material breaches of
the franchise agreement justified termination). 16
Based on this, the Court will soon separately enter judgment in Plaintiffs’ favor
for $59,917.06 for amounts past due. The Court will then consider any motion by
Plaintiffs seeking attorney’s fees or to tax costs. If Plaintiffs are entitled to costs or fees,
then the Court will issue an amended judgment.
If Plaintiffs submit a motion to recover attorney’s fees and costs and pursue fees
and costs relating to their lost profits theory, then the motion should include an analysis
of whether those efforts to obtain those types of damages are recoverable, given that
Plaintiffs did not prevail on that claim. Naturally, if Plaintiffs decide to not seek fees and
Defendants argued before that Plaintiffs were motivated to terminate Panagg’s
franchise to transfer it to Ninety Rock. But although motive is not relevant here, as
shown in the Robertson case, Defendants offered no evidence to support this claim at
trial, basically dropping the argument.

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costs concerning their unsuccessful lost profits claim, then they need not brief the issue.
Regardless of whether Plaintiffs choose to pursue fees and costs for the lost
profits claim on which they did not prevail, their application for fees and costs must, of
course, be reasonable. The Court anticipates that any request for attorney’s fees and
costs from Plaintiffs will be fair and reasonable and err on the side of caution.
DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers, in Miami, Florida, on October 25, 2017.

Copies furnished to:
All counsel of record

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