American Southern Insurance Company v. Nestor

Filing 46

ORDER ON MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENTgranting in part and denying in part 20 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment; granting in part and denying in part 33 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge Marcia G. Cooke on 7/12/2017. (tm)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
Case No. 16-23550-Civ-COOKE/TORRES
AMERICAN SOUTHERN INSURANCE
COMPANY,
Plaintiff,
vs.
BRENDA NESTOR,
Defendant.
_______________________________________/
ORDER ON MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
THIS MATTER is before me on Plaintiff American Southern Insurance Company’s
(“ASIC”) Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Against Brenda Nestor (“Motion on
Liability”) (ECF No. 20) and ASIC’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Against Brenda
Nestor on the Issue of Damages (“Motion on Damages”) (ECF No. 33). Defendant Brenda
Nestor (“Ms. Nestor”) filed her response to ASIC’s Motion on Liability (ECF No. 26) and
ASIC filed its reply (ECF No. 28). However, Ms. Nestor did not respond to ASIC’s Motion
on Damages and the time to do so has long-since passed. For the reasons discussed below,
ASIC’s Motion on Liability (ECF No. 20) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part and
ASIC’s Motion on Damages (ECF No. 33) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
I. BACKGROUND
ASIC is a Kansas corporation that functions, among other things, as a licensed surety
company providing construction payment and performance bonds to entities who want to
perform work on construction projects. Aff. 1, ¶1, ECF No. 21-1.1 At the request of the

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ASIC relies primarily on two almost identical affidavits from Edward P. Vollertsen,
ASIC’s Vice President of Surety, Claims, which essentially parrot many of the statements
alleged in the Complaint. Ms. Nestor claims the affidavit represents inadmissible hearsay;
however, Mr. Vollertson claims to have personal knowledge of the facts contained in the
affidavit. Importantly, most of the material facts are undisputed by Ms. Nestor and are
supported by documents in the record, such as the General Agreement of Indemnity, the
bonds, invoices, and releases.
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Estate of Victor Posner and several limited liability companies owned by or operating under
the Estate of Victor Posner (collectively “the Estate”), ASIC issued various bonds to secure
the Estate’s work on various construction projects. Id. at ¶2. Specifically at issue in the
instant case are two bonds as described below:
a.

b.

Bond No.:
B98800022065
Principal:
Monmouth Construction Phase 5, Section 2, LLC
Penal Sum: $128,020.00
Project:
Monmouth Meadows Phase 5, Section 2 – Sidewalks
(“Sidewalks Bond”)
Bond No.:
B98800022066
Principal:
Monmouth Construction Phase 5, Section 2, LLC
Penal Sum: $105,406.00
Project:
Monmouth Construction Phase 5, Section 2, Maintenance Agreement
– Roads
(“Roads Bond”)

Id. at ¶5; ECF No. 21-1, p. 7–8. Both bonds were signed by Ms. Nestor on April 8, 2010, as
an “Authorized signature” for Monmouth Construction Phase 5, Section 2, LLC and the
“Name/Title” line states “Brenda Nestor, PR of Estate of Victor Posner.” ECF No. 21-1, p.
7–8. ASIC is listed as the surety on both bonds and Harford County, Maryland is listed as
the obligee. Id.
To induce ASIC to issue the bonds, Ms. Nestor signed a General Agreement of
Indemnity (“GAI”) dated April 13, 2010. Aff. 1, ¶6. Ms. Nestor signed the GAI three times;
once under Indemnitor: Monmouth Construction Phase 5 Section 2, LLC, as “Brenda
Nestor, Managing Member”; once under Estate of Victor Posner, as “Brenda Nestor,
Personal Representative”; and once under handwriting that appears to be her name, as
“Brenda Nestor, Individually.” GAI, p. 3. Below the signature blocks on the GAI, the GAI
states in pertinent part “IMPORTANT: . . . COMPLETE ADDRESS, INLCUDING ZIP
CODE, MUST BE GIVEN FOR ALL INDEMNITORS. INDIVIDUAL INDEMNITORS
MUST FURNISH ADDRESS OF PERMANENT RESIDENCE.” Id. Ms. Nestor’s
address as listed on the GAI is the same address indicated for service of court documents in
this case. Nevertheless, Ms. Nestor contends that she never meant to indemnify ASIC in her
individual capacity.2 ECF No. 26, p. 3.

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Ms. Nestor’s Response to Plaintiff’s Motion on Liability (ECF No. 26) is a confusing
mixture of Ms. Nestor’s affidavit, response to ASIC’s statement of undisputed material
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While I have reviewed the GAI in its entirety, certain relevant portions are laid out
below:
2. The Indemnitors will indemnify and save [ASIC] harmless from and
against every claim, demand, liability, cost, charge, suit, judgment and
expense which [ASIC] may pay or incur in consequence of having executed,
or procured the execution of, such bonds, or any renewals or continuations
thereof or substitutes therefor, including fees of attorneys, whether on salary,
retainer or otherwise, and the expense of procuring, or attempting to procure,
release from liability, or in bringing suit to enforce the obligation of any of the
Indemnitors under this Agreement. In the event of payment by [ASIC], the
Indemnitors agree to accept the voucher or other evidence of such payment as
prima facie evidence of the propriety thereof, and of the Indemnitor’s liability
therefor to the Company.
5. [ASIC] shall have the exclusive right to determine for itself and the
Indemnitors whether any claim or suit brought against ASIC or the Principal
upon any such bond shall be settled or defended and its decision shall be
binding and conclusive upon the Indemnitors.
13. This Agreement may be terminated by the Indemnitors, or any one
or more of the parties so designated, upon written notice to [ASIC] of not less
than ten (10) days, but any such notice of termination shall not operate to
modify, bar or discharge the liability of any party hereto, upon or by reason of
any and all such obligations that may be then in force.
19. THE INDEMNITORS HEREBY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT
THIS AGREEMENT IS INTENDED TO COVER ANY BONDS
(WHETHER OR NOT COVERED BY ANY APPLICATION SIGNED BY
ANY ONE OR MORE OF THE INDEMNITORS – SUCH
APPLICATION TO BE CONSIDERED BETWEEN THE PARTIES
HERETO AS MERELY SUPPLEMENTARY TO THIS GENERAL
AGREEMENT OF INDEMNITY) HERETOFORE OR HEREAFTER
EXECUTED BY THE COMPANY ON BEHALF OF THE
INDEMNITORS, OR ANY ONE OF THEM (WHETHER
CONTRACTING ALONE OR AS A JOINT OR CO-ADVENTURER),
FROM TIME TO TIME, AND OVER AN INDEFINITE PERIOD OF
YEARS, UNTIL THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE CANCELED IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS HEREOF.
After ASIC issued the bonds and Ms. Nestor had signed the GAI, the obligee notified
ASIC of claims against the bonds pertaining to the Estate’s performance and/or payment
obligations on the projects. Aff. 1, ¶7. In compliance with the GAI, ASIC advised Ms.
Nestor of the obligee’s claims and demands related to the bonded projects “and demanded

facts, and legal argument; however, in the interest of justice I will construe her response to
be in compliance with Local Rule 56.1(a) and any factual statement in her response to be
part of her affidavit.
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that Ms. Nestor immediately exonerate and indemnify ASIC from any and all liability
arising out of the claims against those Bonds.” Id. at ¶8. Ms. Nestor did not resolve obligee’s
claims against the bonds, did not provide ASIC with any financial records or books as
requested by ASIC, and ultimately did not pay ASIC for any costs already incurred with
respect to the claims against the bonds or any future claims that might arise against the
bonds. Id. at ¶9. Ms. Nestor also provided no proof to ASIC that any of the obligee’s claims
were without merit. Id. at ¶10.
ASIC hired consultants and counsel to respond to, investigate, and defend against the
obligee’s claims. Aff. 2, ¶11. To date, ASIC has paid $141,051.45 towards settling the claims.
Aff. 2, ¶14. ASIC paid a total of $113,105.00 to settle claims from two different companies
against the bonds in exchange for a release of the claims. See id. at ¶11; ECF No. 34-1, p. 7–
12. The documents pertaining to the settling of the claims are dated from September 29, 2016
through November 2, 2016. ECF No. 34-1, p. 7–12. ASIC was able to recover $7,575.00 in
contract proceeds to offset its damages under the bonds. Aff. 2, ¶12; ECF No. 34-1, p. 24. In
settling the claims, ASIC paid $35,521.45 in consultants’ fees. Aff. 2., ¶13; ECF No. 34-1, p.
14–22. The consulting invoices date from April 25, 2016 through January 17, 2017. ECF No.
34-1, p. 14–22. ASIC maintains that it will continue to incur costs, as the projects for which
the Bonds were issued have not yet been completed.
Ms. Nestor states that she was removed as personal representative of the Estate on
June 16, 2015, after which she had no further access to the Estate’s books or financial
records. ECF No. 26, p. 3. Ms. Nestor does not claim, and ASIC denies, that she ever
informed ASIC of her removal as Estate representative or that she wished to terminate the
GAI prior to the initiation of this lawsuit. On October 18, 2016, the Estate entered into an
agreement with ASIC whereby the Estate and ASIC stipulated to settle ASIC’s claim of
indemnity in the amount of $250,720.00. ECF No. 26-1. The settlement pertains to three
bonds, only one of which—the Roads Bond—is at issue in this case. Id. However, the
stipulation classifies ASIC as a Class 7 claimant of the Estate and there is no indication that
ASIC received any payment on the claim by the Estate. Id.
ASIC filed this lawsuit on August 17, 2016, alleging breach of contract/contractual
indemnity (Count I), common law indemnity (Count II), specific performance (Count III),
and exoneration (Count IV).

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II. LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment “shall be granted if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there
is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” Allen v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 121 F.3d 642 (11th Cir. 1997)
(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)) (internal quotations omitted); Damon v. Fleming Supermarkets
of Florida, Inc., 196 F.3d 1354, 1358 (11th Cir. 1999). In making this assessment, the Court
“must view all the evidence and all factual inferences reasonably drawn from the evidence
in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party,” Stewart v. Happy Herman's Cheshire
Bridge, Inc., 117 F.3d 1278, 1285 (11th Cir. 1997), and “must resolve all reasonable doubts
about the facts in favor of the non-movant.” United of Omaha Life Ins. Co. v. Sun Life Ins. Co.
of Am., 894 F.2d 1555, 1558 (11th Cir. 1990).
“By its very terms, this standard provides that the mere existence of some alleged
factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion
for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986) (emphasis in original). “As to
materiality, the substantive law will identify which facts are material. Only disputes over
facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly
preclude the entry of summary judgment. Factual disputes that are irrelevant or
unnecessary will not be counted.” Id. at 248. Likewise, a dispute about a material fact is a
“genuine” issue “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the
nonmoving party.” Id.
“For factual issues to be considered genuine, they must have a real basis in the
record . . . mere conclusions and unsupported factual allegations are legally insufficient to
defeat a summary judgment motion.” Ellis v. England, 432 F.3d 1321, 1326 (11th Cir. 2005)
(citations omitted). The moving party “always bears the initial responsibility of informing
the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits,
if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.”
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). Summary judgment is proper “against a
party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element
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essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”
Id. at 322. In those cases, there is no genuine issue of material fact “since a complete failure
of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders
all other facts immaterial.” Id. at 323.
III. DISCUSSION
Because this case is before me on diversity grounds pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332,
Florida substantive law rules applies. Shapiro v. Associated Int'l Ins. Co., 899 F.2d 1116, 1118
(11th Cir. 1990) (A “district court, having obtained jurisdiction through diversity of
citizenship, is bound to apply the substantive law of the state in which it is located.”). The
Parties appear to agree, not having addressed any other substantive law as it applies to the
GAI.
A. Ms. Nestor’s Liability under the GAI
ASIC argues in its Motion on Liability that there are no genuine issues of material
fact that Ms. Nestor is liable as an Indemnitor to ASIC under the GAI. “Under Florida law,
the indemnity agreement, and not the performance bond, delineates the rights and
obligations of a principal and surety.” Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Aventura Eng'g & Const. Corp.,
534 F. Supp. 2d 1290, 1309 (S.D. Fla. 2008) (citing Aetna Ins. Co. v. Buchanan, 369 So.2d
351, 354 (Fla. 2d DCA 1979); Harrison v. Am. Fire & Cas. Co., 226 So.2d 28, 29 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1969)). Ms. Nestor makes several arguments as to why she should not be held liable as
an indemnitor under the GAI, and I will address each of them in turn. Ms. Nestor first
claims that the GAI only provides for one Indemnitor and she is not the principal
indemnitor responsible under the GAI. In Florida, “[t]he parties’ intention governs contract
construction and interpretation; the best evidence of intent is the contract’s plain language
language.” Whitley v. Royal Trails Prop. Owners' Ass'n, Inc., 910 So. 2d 381, 383 (Fla. Dist. Ct.
App. 2005) (internal citations omitted). The plain language of the GAI unambiguously
allows for, and anticipates, more than one indemnitor; the plural “Indemnitors” is used
throughout the GAI, despite the signatory page—which has lines for multiple signatories—
stating the singular “Indemnitor.” See GAI.
Ms. Nestor also claims that she did not sign the GAI with the intent to be
individually liable. However, Ms. Nestor signed the GAI as “Brenda Nestor, Individually.”

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GAI, p. 3 (emphasis added). In addition, the GAI makes special mention of Indemnitors
who sign in their individual capacity, requiring them to list their personal address on the
GAI, which Ms. Nestor did. “Execution of the agreement . . . as corporate officers and
‘Individually’ clearly reveals an intention to be bound individually.” Simpson v. Robinson,
376 So. 2d 415, 415 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1979). Ms. Nestor’s claim now that she did not
intend to be individually liable is not relevant or admissible evidence, since the language of
the contract is clear and unambiguous. Jenkins v. Eckerd Corp., 913 So. 2d 43, 52 (Fla. Dist.
Ct. App. 2005) (“[I]f a contract provision is ‘clear and unambiguous,’ a court may not
consider extrinsic or ‘parol’ evidence to change the plain meaning set forth in the
contract.”); see also Key v. Allstate Ins., 90 F.3d 1546, 1548–49 (11th Cir. 1996).
Ms. Nestor next argues that any liability she may have had ended once she was
removed as the personal representative of the Esate. According to Ms. Nestor’s
affidavit/response to ASIC’s Motion on Liability, she was removed as personal
representative on June 15, 2016. ECF No. 26, C. ¶4. However, prior to this lawsuit, Ms.
Nestor never terminated the GAI under the terms of the agreement. To terminate the
agreement, the GAI is clear that an Indemnitor must provide a minimum of ten days’
written notice to ASIC, “but any such notice of termination shall not operate to modify, bar
or discharge the liability of any party hereto, upon or by reason of any and all such
obligations that may be then in force.” GAI, ¶12. Prior to this lawsuit, there is no record
evidence that Ms. Nestor ever provided written notice to ASIC of her intent to terminate her
obligations under the agreement either in her individual or representative capacity, and even
if she had, she would still be liable for any claim having arisen on the bonds prior to her
notice of her intent to terminate. See Buhler V. Travelers Indem. Co., 174 So. 2d 59, 60 (Fla. D.
Ct. App. 1965). However, I find that Ms. Nestor’s Answer and Affirmative Defenses (ECF
No. 13) constitutes written notice of her intent to terminate the GAI as to her individually.
Because it was served on ASIC’s counsel via electronic delivery and/or United States Mail
on September 16, 2016, Ms. Nestor’s obligations under the GAI ended after September 26,
2016. Ms. Nestor remains liable for any and all obligations that were in force on or before
September 26, 2016.
Ms. Nestor also claims that the settlement agreement between ASIC and the Estate
precludes her individual liability under the GAI. However, the GAI clearly provides for

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joint liability among the Indemnitors. “[ASIC] is expressly authorized to settle with any one
or more of the Indemnitors individually, and without reference to the others, and such
settlement or composition shall not affect the liability of any of the others . . . .” GAI, ¶8.
Further, only one of the three bonds referenced in the settlement agreement is at issue in this
action, the Roads Bond. Whether ASIC has reached an agreement with a co-Indemnitor
does not affect Ms. Nestor’s liability under the GAI, whether or not it affects the amount
ASIC can ultimately recover.
Lastly, I address Ms. Nestor’s claims that the bonds at issue here do not relate to the
GAI since the GAI was issued five days after the bonds were signed, in contradiction to
ASIC’s claims that the GAI induced the issuance of the bonds. However, the GAI provides
that “THE INDEMNITORS HEREBY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THIS AGREEMENT
IS INTENDED TO COVER ANY BONDS . . . HERETOFORE OR HEREAFTER
EXECUTED BY [ASIC] ON BEHALF OF THE INDEMNITORS.” GAI, ¶19 (emphasis
added). Both of the bonds were signed by Brenda Nestor as “PR of Estate of Victor Posner”
and list Monmouth Construction Phase 5 Section 2, LLC as the Principal. ECF No. 21-1, p.
7-8. These names coincide with the listed Indemnitors on the GAI, indicating that the bonds
were issued by ASIC “on behalf of” the Indemnitors.
For all of the above reasons, Ms. Nestor has not established that there is a genuine
issue of material fact as to her categorization as indemnitor and her liability under the GAI;
ASIC is entitled to judgment as a matter of law as to Ms. Nestor’s liability under the GAI
up through and including September 26, 2016.
B. ASIC’s Damages
“A surety is entitled to reimbursement pursuant to an indemnity contract for any
payments made by it in a good faith belief that it was required to pay, regardless of whether
any liability actually existed.” Thurston v. Intn’l Fidelity Ins. Co., 528 So.2d 128, 129 (citing
Waterhouse v. McDevitt & Street Co., 387 So.2d 470 (Fla. 5th DCA 1980)). Pursuant to the
GAI, the Indemnitors agreed to indemnify and save ASIC “harmless from and against every
claim, demand, liability, cost, charge, suit, judgment and expense which [ASIC] may pay or
incur in consequence of having executed . . . such bonds . . . . In the event of payment by
[ASIC], the Indemnitors agree to accept the voucher or other evidence of such payment as
prima facie evidence of the propriety thereof, and of the Indemnitor’s liability therefor to the

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Company.” GAI, ¶2. Further, the GAI specifically authorizes ASIC to determine
unilaterally whether and how to settle a claim against a bond. GAI, ¶5. “[W]here the
indemnification claim is based on a written contract of indemnification, many courts
recognize that a showing of potential liability is all that is required even if notice is not
given.” Camp, Dresser & McKee, Inc. v. Paul N. Howard Co., 853 So.2d 1072, 1080 n.4 (citing
Fontenot v. Mesa Petroleum Co., 791 F.2d 1207, 1216 (5th Cir. 1986)). Here, Mr. Vollertson’s
affidavits state that ASIC provided notice to Ms. Nestor of the obligee’s claims against the
bond and “demanded that Ms. Nestor immediately exonerate and indemnify ASIC from
any and all liability arising out of the claims against the Bonds.” Aff. 2, ¶8. There is no
dispute that ASIC faced potential liability under the bonds and was therefore within its
rights to settle the claims, entitling ASIC to be indemnified for its costs associated with
settling the claims. The only defense to indemnity is bad faith on the part of the surety.
Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am. v. Grace & Naeem Uddin, Inc., 2009 WL 4110110, at *2 (S.D.
Fla. Nov. 24, 2009) (citing Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 534 F.Supp.2d. at 1302–08). Ms. Nestor
does not claim that ASIC made payments on the bonds in bad faith, nor is there any
evidence in the record to suggest bad faith.3 As such, Ms. Nestor is contractually obligated
to indemnify ASIC for payments it made in settling claims against the bonds arising before
she terminated the GAI.
The GAI states “the Indemnitors agree to accept the voucher or other evidence of
such payment as prima facie evidence of the propriety thereof, and of the Indemnitor’s
liability therefor to the Company.” GAI, ¶8. Ms. Nestor does not in any way dispute
ASIC’s invoices, check requests, and conditional final releases as to ASIC’s settlement of
two claims. See ECF No. 34-1, p. 7–12. ASIC even provided a copy of contract proceeds it
received to offset its damages. See ECF No. 34-1, p. 24. While the check requests and
invoices are dated in October and November of 2016, after Ms. Nestor notified ASIC of her
intent to terminate the GAI as to her individually, Mr. Vollertson’s affidavits presume that
the claims arose before the initiation of this action, thus necessitating this lawsuit. Most
significantly, Ms. Nestor does not dispute that the claims ASIC settled arose prior to the
filing of the lawsuit and her termination of the GAI. Ms. Nestor is therefore liable to ASIC

3
As stated before, Ms. Nestor did not respond in any way to ASIC’s Motion on Damages
(ECF No. 33) or ASIC’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts (ECF No. 34).
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in the amount of $105,530—the amount of the claims ASIC paid against the bonds, less the
contract proceeds recovered.
With respect to the consulting fees, however, ASIC has not alleged or shown that the
fees are reasonable. Even if the above “good faith” payment standard applies to attorney’s
fees and costs associated with settling a claim, the fees must still be reasonable. “Indeed, if
good faith in this context did not include reasonableness, the indemnitee would have no
incentive to police its attorneys’ activities and charges, since it could simply dump any and
all charges billed onto the indemnitor. Such a result would make no sense.” Travelers Cas. &
Sur. Co. of Am., 2009 WL 4110110, at *4 (quoting Ideal Elec. Sec. Co. v. Int'l Fid. Ins. Co., 129
F.3d 143, 150 (D.C. Cir. 1997)). The consulting invoices all relate to the Roads Bond only
and total $35,521.45, over a third of the penal sum of the bond itself. Additionally, the
invoices continue beyond the resolution of the claims at issue in this case, making it unclear
as to what exactly the consulting fees pertain, given that ASIC obtained a release of claim.
While Ms. Nestor has not disputed the reasonableness of the consulting fees, the amount of
the fees is not reasonable on its face. ASIC has not met its burden of proving reasonableness
as a matter of law as to its consulting fees.
III.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, ASIC’s Motion on Liability (ECF No. 20) is
GRANTED in part and DENIED in part and ASIC’s Motion on Damages (ECF No. 33)
is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. It is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED as
follows:
1.

Ms. Nestor is liable under the General Agreement of Indemnity for obligations
arising out of Bond B98800022065 and Bond B98800022066 up through and
including September 26, 2016.

2.

Ms. Nestor is currently liable to ASIC in the amount of $105,530.00.

3.

A separate judgment pursuant to Rule 58 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure shall issue concurrently.

DONE and ORDERED in Chambers, Miami, Florida, this 12th day July 2017.

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Copies furnished to:
Edwin G. Torres, U.S. Magistrate Judge
Counsel of record

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