LEBRON v. Royal Caribbean Cruises LTD

Filing 345

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR DIRECTED VERDICT Signed by Senior Judge Patricia A. Seitz on 12/18/2018. See attached document for full details. (mee)

UNI
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
SOU THERN D I
STRI O F FLO RI A
CT
D
CA SE N O .1 2468 CI - 1 A M S
67- V W LL1
ED G ARD O LEBRON ,
Pl ntf ,
ai i f
V S.

ROY AL CA RI
BBEAN CRU I
SES,LTD .
,

De e nt
f nda .
O R DER G M N T I G D EFEN DA NT ' M O TI N FO R D I E CTED VER DI T
N
S
O
R
C

THI M ATTER c meb f r t eCo r o Dee d n ' o etn smo inf r u g n a
S
a e oe h u t n fn a ts r e u to o j d me t s
am a trof1w madea t cl eofPli ifsc e i c e .De e
te
a
t he os
antf ' as n hi f f ndan a gued, s ntt
tr
pur ua o

Fe ea Rueo CiiPr c d r 50 t t1 ra o a l j r wo l n t v alg lys f int
d r l l f vl o e u e ,ha ç e s n be u y ud o ha e e al u sce
a
e de ir ba i t fndf rt g antfj' t is s Durngt ti ,t Cour grntdt
vi ntay ss o i o he pli if'on wo sue . i he ral he
t a e he
m oton a t oneis a r s r e r lng o t o he is ,s cii ly, t rDe e ntha
i so
s ue nd e e v d ui n he t r s ue pe fcal whehe f nda
d

noieo ted n eo sc ndto p irt Plitf' a cd n .Afe t j r rtr e av r iti
tc f h n g r u o iin ro o an ifs c ie t tr he u y eun d edc n
fvorofPli i: t Cour or r dt parist s mi brei o t rmani is of
a
antf he
t de e he te o ub t ifng n he e i ng s ue
whe he De e nthadno ie. Thos m e a a a eno be or t Co ' Ha ng c i r
t r f nda
tc
e mor nd r w f e he ul. vi onsde ed
t
t ti lr c da t pa te 'm e a ,t Cour gr nt De e ntsm o i be us t r
he ra e or nd he ri s mor nda he
t a s f nda ' ton ca e he e

wa noe ie ep e e tda til ywh c ar a o bej r rc u dc n l d t tDee d n
s yd nc r sn e t ra b ih e s na l u o o l o cu e ha fn a t
kne ors d ha lnown a
w
houl ve c
boutt go son t iet t t t rwih t br n s t lce
he uge
he c ha , ogehe t he oke ka e a ,
ce tdt d
r a e he ange ous c ton.
r
ondii

1. Background

Pli ifsone c mtneg i ncec am a i tDe e ntwe t ti on Se e be 25,
a ntf
ot
lge
l i gans f nda
nt o ral
ptm r

2018.Pl ntf wasapa s nge onboa d De e ntss p whe hea hi da e d i d t
ai if
se r
r f nda ' hi
n
nd s ughtr ecde o
g i es tng o
o c kai nboa d t s p. Pli ifm ant i t toneoft i es t shewa gi n ha a
r he hi
antf i ans ha
he c ka e
s ve d

b o n l ea t ,c d notbepr ry l c d.Healo ma nt nst tt iei t i ernk
i ke ac nd,hus oul
ope l a e
s
i ai ha he c n he c i
t r he oke a e nd he
s
ha gouge i i,o ofwhih c us d Pli ift f l.Toge he ,t br n l c a t gouge
d
s n t ne
c a e a ntf o a l

i t ie c e t d ahaz r usco to t tDef nda f l d t wn nPl i ifa
n he c r a e
a do
ndii n ha
e nt aie o r antf boutort
o
cor ect
r .

De e nta gue i ismotont tPli tf pr en e noe de ei ha acua o
f nda z s n t
i ha a n if es t d
vi nc t d t l r
co t ci knowldgeoft ha r
nsnz tve
e
he za dousc ton oft br n l c a ie g
ondii
he oke a es nd c ouge.Asa

r ul,Pli iff ie t e t ih oneoft e e nt ofhi c am .Co e nty, f nd
es t antf a ld o sabls
he l me s
s li
ns que l De e ant

a g e ii e tte t j d me a am'te o lw o Plitf' ne l e ecam.
ru s t s n ild o u g nt s atr f a n anifs gi nc li
g
l . A pplc e St
I
i abl andar
ds
4. R ul 50
e

,

Unde Fe r lRul ofCi lPr edue50()1,a trapa t ha be nf lyhe r Ona
r de a e
vi oc r a( ) fe ry s e ul ad n

is e ac u t yg a t u g n a amatro 1w a an th t a t o t a is i tec u t
su , o r ma rn j d me t s te f a g i s ta p ry n h t sue f h o r
fn sth t r a o bej l wo l no h v alg l s f in e ie ir b sst fn f rte
id G a a e s na l uy u d t a e e al u sce t vd ntay a i o id o h
t
y
pa t on t tis ' Des t t smia sanda dsf g a i t ea le de a ofasl a y
ry ha s ue.
'
pie he i lr t r or r ntng, he ri r ni l
tmm r

j me motondoesnotprcudeacot'fom gz i aRul 50a)moto Abe v Dubbel
udg nt i
el
ut'
r
antng
e (
in. l .
ry,
21 F. 1 1 ( t Ci.2000)
0 3d 334, 337 11h r
.

2

' N otc
#.
ie

I t El nt Cic t f de a martm e1 w ho dst tt S nc r ag ns whi h a
n he eve h r ui, e r l ii a
l ha he l hma k ai t c
be
s powne ' be ormus bem e ur d i o di r r a ona ec eunde t c r lmsa e ,a
hi
rs havi
t
as e s r na y e s bl ar
r he icl tnc s
sanda d whih r quie ,a apr r quiie t i
t r
c e r s s e e st o mposng la lt t tt c ni rha had a t lor
i i biiy, ha he a e ve
c ua

c n tu tv n tc o t rs -r ai c ndto . Kef v Ba a Cr ieLie I c, 6 F.d
o sr ci e oie f he ik ce t o i n' ee . h ma us n , n . 8 7 2
ng
i '
1 8 1 2 ( 1hCi.1 9 .M eeyce tn o mananngt ed n e o sc ndto i no
31 , 3 2 1 t r 98 ) rl raig r itii h a g r u o i n s t
i
s fce t i ela lt Ev r t v Car v Cr s Li s 91 F. 1 1 ( 1hCi.
uf into mpos ibiiy. e et . nial uie ne , 2 2d 355, 358 1 t r
1 .Co t ci notc r quiest tt ha a dousco tc e se f as fce l
990) nsnztve ie e r ha he z r
ndiim xitd or ufiinty

lngh p ro o tmea t p tas io e o n tc o ise itnc .Kef , 6 F.da 1 2
e ty e id f i s o u hp wn r n o ie f t x se e ee 8 7 2 t 3 2.
1 1 D i c s on
1 . s us i

Th Co r r ldp irt t esa t ftetil a da s to ti t j r isr cin ,h t
e u t ue ro o h tr o h ra, n s e u n he u y n tu to s ta
t da r c ton a is i t sc s i t c bi ton oft br n l c a t gouge
he nge ous ondii t s ue n hi a e s he om na i
he oke a es nd he
on t i . SeeDE 297 a 8,9,1 Thus i or rt hol De e ntla e t r m us be
he cel
t
2.
, n de o d f nda i bl , he e
t
e de et tDe enda ha a t lo c nsr tveknowl e ofbo h t br ke s t l c a
vi nc ha f nt d c ua r o tuci
edg
t he o n kae a es nd

t eg u eo teie W hl t r i s fi in e ie eb whihar a o b e u yc udfn
h o g n h c . ie hee s u fce t vd nc y c e s na l j r o l id
t tD e e ntkne ors d ha l
ha f nda
w
houl ve c
nown aboutt b oke s t l e ,t r i nots fc e
he r n ka e ac s he e s
uf i i nt

l hi r lng wa ba e on Pli ifsown s n de ii t si on Pl i ift tfe
' s ui
F
s sd
antf
wor poston e tm y. antf esii d
tl you a k mewha c us d my f l, woul t l yo i' ac
ûf
s
ta e
al I
d el u ts ombi ton ofbot t ngs t
na i
h hi , he

p o lm i t eiea dt ed fc i tes ae' DE 1 9 1a 1 4: 1 (sc re tdb
rbe n h c n h eetn h k t.
'
1 - t 2 4- 0 a o rce y
i e ee) Pli ifscli s e dt e veo rt c ureoft ltgai t rf e,twa
ntmr tr. antf' am e me o vol ve he o s he ii ton;heeor i s

ne es a y t c a iy e c l w ha t i s w e e f t i l Gi n t ta pl i ifi t prnc pa
c s r o l rf xa ty
t he s ues r or r a . ve ha
a ntf s he i i l
andhi lwye i t a nti a a t ne ci ntr ltons p,heCour f l d t lad o t
s a r s he ge n ny tor y- le ea i hi t
t olowe he e f he
pr nc pa a hel t tt i s t be t i d w asw he hert com bi to oft i e a s t
i i l nd d ha he s ue o
re
t he
na i n he c nd ka e

c us dPli ifsa i nt Se C.R.v Ba s,543U. 426, ( )( i t tt
a e antf ccde . e 1 . nk
S. 436 2005 notng ha he
a t ne ci ntr l tons p i :aq nt s nta prnci la ntr a i hi 'a Ehe ci n
tor y- le e a i hi s 1 ui es e il i pa - ge eltons p' nd G le t
t

rti uli t domi ona c r ove t t ryi cli ).
eans tmae
ni nd ontol r he mdel ng am'

e ie c b wh c ara o bej r c udfn t a De e a t e o s o l ha ek o za o t
vd n e y ih e s na l u y o l id h t fnd n kn w r h u d v n m b u
t gouge i t ie t t t t rwih t br n s t l e,c e t d t da r c mdii
he
s n he c ha , oge he t he oke ka e ac r a e he nge ous c ton.

Co e u nl ,heei n ts fiint v d n eb whc ar a o a l uy c udfn ta
ns q e ty t r s o u fce e i e c y ih e s n b ej z o l id h t
Def nda kne o s dha known a
e nt W r houl ve
boutbo h t b o n s t lce and t gouge on t
t he r ke kae a s
he
s he

ie Th rf r , fn a ti e t ldt j g n a amatro lw.
c . ee o e De e d n s n i e o ud me t s te f a
t
4. N otceA boutt Làc s
i
he e

z

D e e ntm a nt i t tt r i no e denc i ha notc oft br n s t l c
f nda
i a ns ha he e s
vi e t d i e he oke ka e a e.

Evi nc wasi r e a tilt tDe e nti pe tdt s t a tre r voya (
de e
ntoduc d t ra ha f nda ns ce he kaes fe vey
ge. DE

1 9 1a 3 : - 7:9) De e d n ' rp ee ttv tsiidt t n e lye i p ce tes ae
7 - t 6213 1 . fn a ts e r sn aie etfe ha a mp o e ns e td h k ts
a ha dt m t Pli ifbefr hes td.( 291a 9:3- 9. Pl ntf tsiidt t
nd nde he o antf o e kae DE
t 1 1 2 ai if e tfe ha
s ty afe r e ptoft s e f om D e e nt he di c r w hie puti o t s t s t t
horl t r ec i
he kat s r
f nda ,
s ove ed, l
tng n he ka e , ha

b t e d o telc o terg t k t weetr ( 31 a 7 :2 1 . Th s t r i e ie e
oh n s f h a e n h i h s ae r o n. DE 6 t 9 1 - 41 u ,hee s vd nc
b wh c ara o a l j r c ud:n ta Plitf r c i e t s tswi atz rg tlc a d
y ih e s n b e uy o l d h t anif e ev d he kae t o' ih a e n
h n
t tt l c wast r whe Def nda ' e oye ha d t s tst Pl i if A r a ona e
ha he a e
on
n
e nts mpl e nde he kae o antf
e s bl

j r c ud as c n l d , a e o t i tsi n ,h t fn a t n w o s udh v l wn
u y o l lo o cu e b sd n hs e tmo y ta Dee d n k e r ho l a e c
no
a
boutt t r lc bec us De e nti peced t s t sprort ha ng t m t Pl i if
he o n a es a e f nda ns t he ka e i o ndi he o antf

S eA nev Ro a Ca ib a Cr ieLie Lt , 3 Fe Ap x 5 1 5 6( 1hCi. 01 )
e po t . y l rb e n us n s d 7 9 d. p' 3 , 3 1 t r 2 8 .
W hieDe e nta gue t tt r wast si onyt tal i pe ton oft s t a trt
l f nda r s ha he e
e tm
ha l ns c i
he kaes fe he

i i ntdi notr ve lbrke lc ,ar s na ej yc dc et bei Pli ifs
ncde d
e a o n a es ea o bl ur oul hoos o leve antf'
t s i o i t a ofD e e nts e pl yee' t tm ony. I i notf rt Cou tt de de w hi h
e tm ny ns e d
f nda ' m o s es i
ts
o he
r o ci
c

e d n et b l ve Onamo inf r u g n a amatro lw,h Co u mu t nyd tn n
vie c o ei .
e
to o j d me t s te f a te t' s o l ee uie
t

i t r i s f in e ie c b wh c ar a o a l j r c udfn ta Dee d n k e o
f hee s u sce t vd n e y ih e s n be u y o l i d h t fn a t n w r
s d ha known a utt br ke l e Cons que l t r i s fc e r o d e de ef
houl ve
bo he o n ac s.
e nty, he e s ufi i nt ec r vi nc or

ar a o a l j r t c ncu et a Dee a t a a t lo c n tu tv k o e g o t etr
e s n b e u y o o ld h t fnd n h d cua r o sr ci e n wld e f h o n
lc
a e.

De e ntalo a gue t t i t lcewa b oke a ha r c e edby t br ke l e
f nda s r s ha , f he a
s r n, ny za d r at
he o n ac
wasope a o ols. A co ii n i o n a obvi i ar as
n nd bvi z z
ndto s pe nd
ous f e onabl pe s woul have
e r on
d
e 39 d.
x t
obs r d t c ton'nd a e i td t naur oft c ton.Apont ,7 Fe A pp' a
e ve he ondii a ppr c ae he t e he ondii

5 7 Dee d n d e n t on t a ye d n efo ï ih ara olbl j r rc udifrt a a
3 . fn a t o s o p it o n vie c r n whc e s i e u o o l n e h t
a
r as bl pe s woul unde sand t rs as oc ae wih s tng usng ie s t st tdi not1
e ona e r on
d
r t he iks s i td t kai
i c ka e ha d
l c a1 t wa t t t Thus t r i i ufi e e de et e tbls t tt ha a d
a e 1 he y o he op.
, he e s ns fcint vi nc o sa ih ha he z r
c e t d b t br n l c wasope a Obvi .
r a e y he oke a e
n nd
ous
B. N otceA boutt Gouge i /l Ice
i
he
s n /c

Dee a t o e d ta t r i n e i e c fo whihar a o a l j r c u di fr
fnd n c ntn s h thee s o v d n e r m c e s n b e u y o l n e
t tDef nda knew ors dha krown a
ha
e nt
houl ve l
boutt c to oft i eort s c scgouge
he ondii n he c
he pe i
o whi h Pli ifti d.The ewa no e de eofprorc
n
c antf rppe
r s
vi nc
i ompl i sa no e de et tt
ant nd
vi nc ha he
gougee se f s h aperod oftmet ti woul ha be n di c r upo r a ona e
xit d or uc
i
i ha t
d ve e s ove ed n e s bl

s he c
i pe ton.Pl ntf r s ndst tPl i i sdaug e t si d,t t ewe egouge on t ie
ns c i
ai if e po
ha antc
ht r e tse hat her r
whe t y sr tg on t i e, f nda had e oy si t vii t oft i ,a De e nt
n he s ot hé c De e nt
mpl ee n he cniy he ce nd f nda
f ie t i pe tt i e. H ow e r ass tou be ow,none oft s t ngs a e s fci ntf ra
a l d o ns c he c
ve , e t l
he e hi
r uf i e o

ra o a ej r t fn ta Dee d n h dn tc o ah z r o sc n iino t ie
e s n bl u y o i d h t fn a t a o ie f a ad u o dto n he c .
2 pa teswe e no as d t bre t is ofope and obvi
The ri
r t ke o if he s ue
n
ous.Thus Pli if
, antf
pur ey di no r s
pos l d t e pond t t sa gumen .
o hi r
t
5

The e de epr e e a ti last t sis i De e ntse oye i c r oft
vi nc es nt d t ra o hi s ue s: f nda ' mpl e n ha ge he
a e wher t iernk i l td, n Noel t tfed t thewa nota r ofa o he r pore
ra
e he c i s ocae Ro
, esii ha
s
wa e ny t r e td
i de si vi i e s tng f t t o yea st the wasi c r oft a e w he e t i
nci nt nvol ng c ka i or he w
r ha
n ha ge he r a
r he ce

rnki l ae ( 1 1a 1 23- 9: 1Heas t tfedt tDee ntdoe a i pe tonof
i s oc td. DE 79- t 8: 1 4.
lo esii ha fnda
s n ns ci
t ie a tri i r urac d a aloprort an als t s son,lket onei whi h Pli if
he c fe t s es f e nd s i o
l-ka e es i i he
n
c antf

p ro k. DE 1 9 1a 6 :- . Mr No ltsiidt a ç ly e d awak a dvs a
a to g 7 - t 9924) . e e tfe h t mp o e s o l n iu l
i pe i bef r t s a t a a l s t s s i a a e tai d t r por a y i s s w ih.he
ns cton o e he t r of n l- ka e e s on nd r r ne o e t n s ue t t

p y ia c n iino t ie r .7 - a 26 :4 2 6 1 . Ont d yo Plitf' a cd n ,
h sc l o dto f he c . DE 1 9 1 t 5 1 - 6 : 91 he a f an ifs c ie t
n is e we erp re . g 1 9 1a 26 : - 3. M r No l lotsi dt a t e e ly e
o su s r e o td DE 7 - t 6202 ) . e as e tfe h thre mpo e s
aeawa sp ee t o a als aes sin, n who e o i t wac t ie g 1 9 1a
r l y r s n f r n l-k t e so o e s j b s o th he c . DE 7 - t
1 5 1 1 . An t ro Dee d n ' e ly e as tsi dt a, n ted yo Plitf
0 :- 9) ohe f fn a ts mp o e s lo e tûe h t o h a f anips
ac i ,t i wasi pe t d a t i wa c e ne a t n a i prort t c me e e of
cdent he ce
ns c e fer t s l a d nd he gan i o he om nc m nt

t eals t s sind rn wh c Pli ifs ae ( 29 a 1 1 - . Pro t Plitf fl,
h l-kae e so u i g ih ant k td.DE 1 t 2:3 21) ir o an ifs al
f
pa s nge sw e e s tng on t i e f r a
s e r r ka i
he c o bouta hou and t r w e e no f ls i t a e whe e
n
r
he e r
a l n he r a
r

Pli iffl.( 1 1a 268: 1 2 Pli iftsiidt tf t a oxi ey1 mi e
antf el DE 79- t 9- 6. antf e tfe ha, or he ppr matl 5 nuts

ta hewa s aigp irt hi fl, ed dn t tc a yg o v so g u e o teie ( 31
ht
s k tn ro o s al h i o noie n r o e r o g s n h c . DE 6
a 9 :- 6 1 . Pli t fsd u h e tsi dta wh n s g to teies en tc dta teie
t 59 9 :02 ani ' a g tr e tfe h t e he o n h c h oie h t h c
f
h dg u e o i.DE 3 a 9:- 2q Ho v r s eddn t etf t ts en tfe , r
a o g s n t ( 20 t 8 1 . we e , h i o tsiy ha h oi d o
c pl i d t a e pl e a
om a ne o, ny m oye s boutt gouges Pl i if a s poi st t CCTV f t ge oft
he
. a ntf l o nt o he
oo a
he

1 mi e be or Pl i ifsf l whi h s w sot rpe e l i t i balnc i t s m ea e
0 nut s f e antf' al, c ho
he opl osng her a e n he a
ra
whe ePl ntf f l
r ai if el.

6

Ba e on t e de ead it a tilt r i no hi i t r or fom whih a
s d he vi nc m ted t ra he e s t ng n he ec d r
c

ra o a l j r rc udc ncu eta De e a t a n tc o t g u e i t ieta,o eh r
e s n be u o o l o ld h t fnd n h d oie f he o g s n he c h tt g te
wih t br n s t l e, r a e t da r c ton.The ei no evi nceofaa r po t
t he oke ka e ac c e t d he nge ous ondii
r s
de
ly è rs
o pr e wih t i on t da oft i i ntby e o so pa s nge s W hiePli if
f obl ms t he ce he y he ncde
mpl yee r s e r .
l antf

a gue t tDef nda ha e oye si t vi niy oft i ,t te de e i no s ic e t
r s ha
e nt d mpl e n he ci t
he ce ha vi nc s t uf int o
s
how t tt em pl
ha he
oyee l w o s d ha know n a
c
ne r houl ve
boutt gouges Pl ntf r la e on
he
. ai i fs e i nc

Apont ,739Fe App' a 536,t esa ih t tDe e ntkne ors dha known a tt
e
d.
x t
o t bls ha f nda
w
houl ve
bou he
gouge ba e on isempl s pr miyt t i e i m ipl e UnlkeApont ,whe et
s sd t
oyee ' oxi t o he c s s ac d. i
e
r he
l gepuddl ofs le s p and t l r s p botl o t foo w o d bevii et a
ar
e pild oa
he a ge oa
te n he l r ul
sbl o nyone
sa ngne r pa tc ary a e oye who sood rghtne t i, he ei no hi i t
tndi
a by, ri ul l n mpl e
t
i
xt o t t r s t ng n he
i t ntr co dt i c t t t gouge t t t t rwih t br ke s t l e c e edt
nsa e r o ndi a e hat he
s ha , ogehe t he o n ka e ac , r at he

dd e ouscq to we ee iy vii et De e
ng r
ndii n r asl sbl o f ndan s e pl ye who we ei t ge r l
t ' m o es
r n he ne a
vi izt oft i ernk.Furhe ,t Cou t est tby t vey naur o i eand ie s tng,
cliy he c i
t r he
r not ha
he z t e f c
c ka i
gougeswilde l p on a i III whiepe ea e s tng.Not ng i t r c d i c t sf
l ve o
n ce 'IC l opl r ka i
i
hi n he e or ndia e or
how l t gouge e se
ong he
s xit d.
Pl i ifsr i nc on t CCTV f a t s
antf ela e he
oot ge o how notc i a s m ipl e bec us t
i e s l o s ac d a e he

f a s
ootge howspeo e l i t rba a eon a1 ar a oft ie.I i si r a m os oft
pl osng hei l nc
l e s he c ce s lppe y nd
t he
pa s nge ss tng t tda we eunlkey t bepr c i d i s t r .AsPl i ifse r
s e r ka i ha y r
i l o
a tqe ce kae s
antf' xpe t

tsiid,çher' g ngt bea1 off li j tbe us t y'eno goods tr . ( 3 a
etfe l es oi o
t
ot alng us ca e he r t
kaes' DE 21 t
'
29: 21. Thus afe viwi t CCTV f tge,heei nohi i t tf tgei c tngt t
0- )
, tr e ng he
ooa t r s t ng n ha ooa ndiai ha
t a eawhe ePli iff lwasmor pr blm ai t n a o he a e oft ie.
he r
r antf el
e o e tc ha ny t r r a he c

7

Pli ifas a gue t De e ntc d ha dicove e t gouge i De e
a ntf lo r s hat f nda oul ve s r d he
s f f ndan ha
t d

hade pl esr ul ry i pe t ie. Pli ifse r t tse t ts m e s d goout
m oye eg a l ns ct he c
antf ' xpe t esi d ha o one houl

o t iea dis e tta tre ey s sin a db f r t en xt k tn s sin.DE 3 a
n he c n n p c i fe v l e so n eo e h e s aig e so ( 21 t
25 1 - 9j Twoo De e d n ' e o e stsiidta t iewa i p ce a trt ep ir
;0 1 .
f fn a ts mply e etfe h t he c s ns e td fe h ro
s tng s s i n a be or t sone.Pl ntf a s a guest ti i a i ty sa r t havea
ka i e so nd f e hi
ai if lo r
ha t s n ndusl t nda d o
s t gua d on t i t c c f rgouges H o e r Pl nt f se r s a e t ti i a
ka e z
he ce o he k o
. w ve , ai if xpe t t t d ha t s n

id sr r c mme d to , o asa d r ,oh v as aeg r o t eie ( 3 a 4 4- .
n u ty e o n ain n t tn a d t a e k t uad n h c .DE 21 t 4: 9)
He as saed t tas t gua d i t r t pr nthor e a t gahe i or ai az pr de
lo t t ha ka e r s he e o eve
s pl y, o t r nf m ton ld ovi

a ssa ei s nei hur,andt i pe tt iepro t lti t publcon.g 3 a
sitnc f omeo s t
o ns c he z ir o etng he i
DE 21 t
28: 18.Theeor t r i nohi i t r o dt i c t t ti Dee ntha e r ie
8- j rf e,hee s t ng n he ec r o ndiae ha f fnda d xe cs d
r as bl c r as t gua d wo d ha be n pr e a npt ng t i caet tas t gua d
e ona e a e ka e r ul ve e es nt nd hi o ndi t ha kae r
Woul ha be n consa l i pe tng t ie.Thus t r i no e d nc t tDe e ntdi not
d ve e
t nty ns c i he c
, he e s
vi e e ha f nda d
f low i ty sa r orus r s bl ca eunde t cr um sa e t i pe tt i
o l ndusr t nda ds
e ea ona e r
r he ic t nc s o ns c he ce.
Co d De e ntha d s ove e t gouge ha i i pe t d t i ee n mor
ul f nda
ve i c r d he
s d t ns c e he c ve
e
feque l Pos i y.Butt ti nott sa r I or rt hol De enda la e Pli if
r nty?
sbl
ha s
he tnda d. n de o d f nt ibl , a ntf
m us s
t how t tDe e ntknew ors d haveknown, c l ha known, utt
ha f nda
houl
not ou d ve
abo he

c n iin.Th r wa noe ie ep e e tda til ywhihar a o b ej z c ud c n ld
o dto
e e s vd nc r sn e t ra b
c e s na l uy o l o cu e
t tDef nda s dha kno a
ha
e nt houl ve wn boutt gougesi t i et t t t rwih t b o n
he
n he c ha , ogehe t he r ke
s t l c c e t d t da r c ii n. Bas d o t r a ona e s a r o c r s to b
ka e a e, r a e he nge ous ond t o
e n he e s bl t nda d f a e e ut y

Pl ntf own e r - i pe tngt i eprort as t s son - Def nda us r s bl
ai ifs
xpe t ns c i he c i o kae es i
e nt ed eabna e
c e.W hiePl ntf ti t r iet sa r ofc r b r rngDe e ntt i pe tt i
ar
l ai if res o a s he tnda d a e y equii
f nda o ns c he ce

8

mor ofe Pli ifsoFn e r s toutt i usa s a r a t e denc pr e e a
e tn, antf
xpe t e
he nd t tnda d3 nd he vi e ey nt d t
ti le t bls d t tD e e n m e t ts a r ofc r . Cons que l t r w a no e de
r a s a i he ha f pda t t ha t nda d
ae
e nty, he e s
vi nce

p ee e a til ywhihara o a l j r c u dc n l d t t fnd nt a noieo a
r sntd tra b
c e s n b e u y o l o cu e ha Dee a h d tc f
c ton t t t t rwih t br n s el c c e t d adange ousc ton ofwhih i
ondii ha , oge he t he oke kat a e, r a e
r
ondii
c t
f ie t wa' orf ie t tkec r c i a ton.
al d o l
n a ld o a ore tve c i
C. Concur e Caus i n
r nt
ato

Pli ifar ue t te n i hedi no e t bls no i east oneoft c tons t
antf g s ha ve f
d t sa ih tc
o
he ondii , he
br n l c o t gouge i t i ,i i s fcentt he e t bls d notc ast o be us of
oke a e r he
s n he ce t s ufi i hat sa ihe
ie o ne ca e
co u r ntca ato Thi a gum e a a st bean a tmptt bypa st e ri rCour nzi
nc r e
us i n. s r
nt ppe r o
te
o
s he a le
t lng
t tf
ha ound t t da r usco ii n a is i t sca ewast co bi to o t br ke
hat he nge o
nd to t s ue n hi s
he m na i n f he o n

lc a t g u e i teie Th s teCo r f u d a t ej r wa isr ce ,h the
a e nd he o g s n h c . u ,h u t o n , nd h u y s n tu td ta t
dange ousc ndii wa t co bi ton o t a l edl i ope l m ait ne i ea t
r
o ton s he m na i f he leg y mpr ry n ai d c nd he
pr son ofa s t wih a br ke l c net roft et ngsa onec tt e t da r
ovii
ka e t
o n a e; ihe
hes hi
l
onsiut d he nge ous

c ton u whih Pl ntf ba e hi cli .Cons que l e tbls ng t tDe e
ondii pon c ai if s d s am
e nty, sa ihi ha f ndantha
d
notc ofoneoft c tonswoul bei ufi intt e t bls t tDef nda kne o s d
ie
he ondii
d ns fc e o sa ih ha
e nt w r houl
ha kn
ve own oft da r c ton a f ie t co r c i orwa nPl i ifofi. Thus
he nge ous ondii nd al d o r e t t
r antf t
,
c
oncu r ntc a i doesno s vePli if scli .
re aus ton
ta
a ntf' am
A c or ngl i i
c di y, t s
O RDERED t t
ha :

1.Dee ntsor tnu moinf rj
fnda ' e e s to o udgme a amatrof1w i GRANTED.
nt s te a s
3 a n ifr i on t i usr sa a dt esa ih t r as bl sa r ofc r t t
pli tf eles he nd ty tnd r o t bls he e ona e t nda d a e ha
D e e ntw asoblga e t f l .
f nda
i t d o olow
9

2. J m e i f vorofDe e ntwilbee e ed bya s pa a eor r
udg nt n a
f nda
l
nt r
e r t de .

DONEANDORDERE iMimiFoiati /Z dyo Dee e,08
D n a ,lrd,hs
a f cmbr2 1.
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10