Miracles House Inc. et al v. Secretary, Agency for Healthcare Administration et al

Filing 34

ORDER granting 25 Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment. Closing Case. Signed by Judge Federico A. Moreno on 3/29/2018. (da00) NOTICE: If there are sealed documents in this case, they may be unsealed after 1 year or as directed by Court Order, unless they have been designated to be permanently sealed. See Local Rule 5.4 and Administrative Order 2014-69.

UN I
TED STA TES D I
STRI CO U RT FO R TH E
CT
SOU TH ERN DI
STRI OF FLO RI
CT
DA
M i m iD i s on
a
vi i

Cas Num ber 17e
: 23582- V- ORENO
CI M
M I ACLES H OU SE, N C . e a .
R
l , t l,
Pl i if ,
a ntf s

J OR SENI
UNI
OR, Se r t r of A g y f
ceay
enc or
H e 1h Ca e A d i sr ton, a BARBA RA
at
r
m ni t a i
nd
PALM ER, Die t of Age
r c or
ncy f Pe s
or rons
wih Di abiii ,
t s ltes
D e e nt .
f nda s
O RD ER G R AN TI G DEFEN D AN TS'M O TI N FO R SU M M AR Y JUD G M EN T
N
O
Thi c s c
s a e once ns c pe i M edi a d rght - nam e y,a M e c i r c pi nt s r g t
r om tng
ci i s
l
di a d e i e ' i ht o
cho e a M e ca d pr de w ihout s a e i e f e , a a s a e' r g t m ai ai qua iy
os
di i ovi r t
t t nt r er nce nd t t s i ht o
nt n
lt

medialte mentf s
c r at
or ome of is mos vul r bl ctze . I J y 20l7,De e nt J tn
t
t ne a e ii ns n ul
f nda s usi
Se or Se r t r oft A ge y f He t Ca e A dm i s r ton,a Ba ba a Pal er D ie t of
ni , c e a y he
nc or alh r
ni ta i nd r r
m , r c or

t Agenc f Pes wihDiabiii ,t a ton a i tM ia lsHous (t iaces' whih
he
y or rons t s ltes ook ci gans r ce
e s r l ') c
M
t r i t d is a lt t obt i r i bur e e f c r a n he lhc r s r i s i pr de t
e m na e t biiy o
a n e m s m nt or e t i
a t a e e v ce t ovi s o
M edi ai r c pi nt .Pl ntf s a e M e c d r ci ent who r c i d hea t a e s r c f om
c d e i e s ai if r
di ai e pi s
e e ve
lhc r e vi es r

M ia l un i De e nt t r nae is M e c i r mbur e e prvie .1The a lge t t
r ces tl f nda s e mi td t
dia d ei
s m nt i lges
y le ha
De enda s de i d t m of t r rgh t s e M e cad s r ce fom a pr der of t i
f nt prve he
hei i t o e k
di i e vi s r
ovi
her
e c a i doi s vi a e f der l M edi i s a ut s a t Unied St t s Consiu i
hoi e, nd n ng o, ol t d e a
ca d t t e nd he
t
ae
tt ton.

Dee d nsmo e f rs mmayj d me t c ne dn t a t e a td i a c r a c wi te1w
f n a t v d o u r u g n , o tn ig h t h y ce n c o d n e t h a
h

1 The Cour pr ousl gr ed Def
t evi y ant
endant m oton t di ss M iacl fom t cas . As
s'
i o smi
r es r
he e

dic s d i te Cou ts No mb r 9, 2 7 Or er ( E. 1 ) M ia ls a a (o me ) M e iad
s use n h
r' ve e
0l d D. 8 , r ce s f r r
dc i
pr der l s andi beca e onl M edi d r ci ent m ay as erta cl m undert fee- ce- ovi
acks t ng
us
y
cai e pi s
s
ai
he r choi of
pr derpr si
ovi
ovi on.

a di notvi ae Pl i if 'rght . For t r s dic s d be o t Cour a ee wih
nd d
olt antfs i s
he ea ons s us e l w, he
t gr s t

De e d n s Ac or igy, fn nsmo inf rs mma yj d me ti g a td.
fn a t. c dn l Dee da t to o u r u g n s r ne
1.

BACKGROUND

M ia l s ope ats t gr homes t t ofer he t r s r ce t t pe m a nty
rce
r e w0 oup
ha f
alhca e e vi s o he r ne l
dia e l pr vi l owne t no - os d t
s bld. t e ousy
d he w cl e s zi W o r ' as it lvi f ciiy.
Ama ng
nde s' s sed i ng a lt
Thos t t pes ofhea t ar f ciii i ol s l ,ye i por a ,di tnc i .Spe tc l
e wo y
lhc e a ltes nv ve ubte t m t nt s i tons
cii aly,
(a s s e lvi f iii s ' a tg oup hom es' a e r ul t d by dif r nt s a e age i a
C s i t d i ng ac lte ' nd ' r
' r eg a e
fe e tt
nc es nd
r r s par t lc ns . l Fl i t A ge y f H ea t Ca e A dm i s r ton r l t
equie e a e i e es n orda, he
nc or
lh r
ni ta i egu a es

a ssed lvi f ciiy lce es a over e s t qualt ofca e a t e f c ltes By c r t
s it i ng a lt i ns nd
s e he
iy
r t hos a iii .
ontas,
Flrda' Age y f Pe s wih Dia lte i r ponsbl f r moniorng gr home a
oi s
nc or r ons t s biiis s es i e o
t i
oup
s nd
i s ng lc ns s t gr hom e ope a or .l t s c e,M i a l s hel a as i t d lvi f ciiy
s ui i e e o oupr t s n hi as
rce
d n s se i ng a lt

lc ns t ope aeAma i W ondes(heçAsitd Li ng Liens ',and as pa ae lc et
ie e o r t
zng
r t c sse vi c e'
)
e r t iens o
opeaet t Mia lsg ou ho (heS ou HomeLie e'
rt he wo rce r p mes t ç p
Gr
c ns ).
M or i pora l , M ia es ie m t nty
lfed
c d
rcl s -or was a Medi i pr de . Quaii M edi ai
cad ovi r2
pr der m us m a nt i a f ciiy lc e a e e i o a M e c d Pr de A gr em e w ih
ovi s
t i a n a lt i ens nd nt r nt
di ai ovi r
e nt t

Fl i s Age y f Pe s ns wih Dia lte . The e quaii pr de s ha d e c i
orda'
nc or r o
t
s biiis
s
lfed ovi r ve t di a d
M
Pr vi r Aut i aton, whi h a l s t m t ob a n a M e ca d pr de num be a r e ve
o de
horz i '
' c low he o t i
di i ovi r
r nd ec i

M edia d r i r eme f c ra n he t a e s r i s. l a M e ca d pr vi r l es is
c i embu s nt or e ti
alhc r e vce f
di i o de os t
M ediai Pr der Aut i a i by, eg. s pe i of is lc ns or tnni ton of is
c d ovi
horz ton
. , us nson
t ie e
e na i
t
M e c d Pr vi r Agr eme t pr de l e t rghtt f nih M e cad s r i e a
diai o de
e nt he ovi r os s he i o ur s
di i e v c s nd

rc vepa ntfom Mediai 42C. R.j43151b)1.
e ei yme r
c d. F.
. ( ()
II
.

SUM M ARY OF FACTS

On J y 21 2017,Fl i sA ge
ul ,
orda'
ncy f Hea t Ca e A dm i sr i s pende M iac es
or
1h r
ni taton us
d r l '
A s i t d Li ng Li e e a s i t d w ih is owne s p a o r ton of t Am a i W onde s
s s e vi
c ns s oc a e
t t
r hi nd pe a i
he
z ng
r

2Pl ntfssa M iacl pr ded M edi d s vi onl a isgr homes notatt Am azi
ai if y r es ovi
cai er ces y t t oup
he
ng
w onder as it Ivi f lt
s ssed i ng aciiy.

nur i hom e.D e e ntJ tn Se or he of t A ge
s ng
f nda us i ni - ad
he
ncy f Hea t Ca e A dm i s r i
or
lh r
ni taton-

c e t tt Age y s pe d M ia e A s it Li ng Lie e bec us oft defcen
ont nds ha he
nc us nde
r cls' ssed vi
c ns
a e he i i t
pa i ntc r atA m a ng W onde s e de i M iac es f l e t m a nt i a oprat condii
te a e
zi
r vi nc ng r l ' aiur o i a n ppr i e
tons

a pr de a
nd ovi dequae m e c ls r i sa t a sse lvi f c lt The Age y f Heat r
t di a e vce t he s it d i ng a iiy.
nc or lhca e
Adm i s r ton pum or e y i pe t d A m az ng W onde st e tm es d i M a a J 201
ni ta i
t dl ns c e
i
r hr e i
ur ng y nd une
7,

a f
nd ound t tthe r i nt oft s fclt ( e not r i ng i a s f and dec ntlvi
ha d esde s hi a iiy wer l esdi n ae
t
e i ng

e vr n n fe fo a u e a d n g e t' ( E.1 a 4. Th Ag n y' rp r a d d tn o
n io me t re r m b s n e lc. D. 6 t ) e e c s e o t d e , s l
'
g
r sde ofa as it d lvi f iiy s d beplce orm ant i i s a e r
e i nt n sse i ng aclt houl
a d
i aned n uch n nvionme .' d.
nt'1
Be us of t e defc enc e ,t Agenc f H e t r A d i s r ton s pe ed M ia es
ca e
hes
i i i s he
y or alhca e m nit a i us nd
r cl '

As it d Li ng Li ns a cl e Ama ng W onder .
sse vi
ce e nd os d
zi
s
Butas no e a
t d bove,M iac es hel t o lc es t s pe d A s i t d Li ng Li e e
r l
d w i ens : he us nde
s s e vi
c ns

a t Gr
nd he oup Ho e Liens Thus des t l i t As it d Li ng Li e e, M ia l s
m
c e.
, pie osng he sse
vi
c ns
r ce
r t ne is Gr
e ai d t oup H om e Li e e pe m itng i t c i ope a i t t o gr
c ns r ti t o ontnue
r tng he w
oup hom es
.

Pl i if e
antfs mphasz t s r t nes oft g oup homes a Am a i W onde s a g ng t t
i e he epa a e s he r
nd
z ng
r , r ui ha
t p oblm s a Amazng W onde sdo no r l ctt qualt ofca e a i ser d a M iaces
he r e
t
i
r
t efe he
iy
r dm nit e t r l '

g o p h me . anif n t t a wh r a t zn W o d r ga jo y b e i e itn ea d
r u o s Plitfs oe h t ee s s
Ama ig n e s h d nl e n n x se c n
opertngf l s t n 2 yea s't gr p homesha t n i e se e f ma ye r wih no
ai or e s ha
r s he ou
'
ve s
bee n xit nc or ny a s t

ve iid c ant. ( E. 1 a 3. Addii l Pli if cam t t M iaces pr de
rfe ompli s' D. 7 t )
'
tonaly, antfs li ha r l ovi d
M e c i s n i es onl a is gr
di a d e c
y t t oup ho e - not a A m a i W o r . A s s h, Pl i if
m s
t
z ng
nde s
uc
a ntf s

c e t t t e t a Am a i W on r s d nota f tM ia es saus as a qualfe
ontnd ha he ven s t
z ng
de s houl
fec r cl ' t t
ii d
M edi a d pr de i is gr hom e .
c i ovi r n t oup
s

Dee da t rj c ti a g me t Th y efciey te tAma ig W o d r a d M ia ls
fn ns ee t h s r u n . e fe tv l ra
zn
n e s n rce '
gr hom e as one i t s m e a gui t tA m a ng W onde s defc e e r tec M ia es
oup
s
n he a , r ng ha
zi
r ' i i nci s e l t r cl '
m e c l com pe e
di a
t nce a q lfc tons or l k t r of A cc di t Def nda Seni , t
nd ua ii a i -- ac he e .
or ng o
e nt
or he

pr e sa Amazng W onde s a s e
oblm t
i
r , nd ubs quen s pe i ofM ia l s As it d Li ng Li e e
t us nson
r c e ' sse vi
c ns

Ge gheAge f Heat CaeAdmi srtonlt concudet tM iaceswa no l rttt
çd t
l
ncy or 1h r
nitai o
l ha r l s onge i o
pe f m M edia d s r ce i apr es i l compe e ,s e,l la e hi lm a runde 42
ror
c i e vi s n of sonaly
t nt af ega nd t ca nne
r

C. R.j 4 . ( )1. ( E.1 a 4) I ohe wo d ,t e sae d tnnie ta M ia ls
F.
3151b ( )' D. 6 t . n t r r s h tt ee n d h t rce '
'
ow ne s p of a as i t lvi f c lt w ih s e e i de i i i unde m i d M ia l s
r hi
n s sed i ng a iiy t uch xt ns ve f c enc es
r ne
rce '
tt s t pr de M e c d s vi es e n a s pa a e e ii . The A g y f He t Ca e
i nes o ovi
di ai er c ve t e r t nttes
enc or a1h r

Adm i sr ton t r or tr i t d M ia e M edi i Pr de Aut i to and M e c i
nita i he ef e e m na e
r cls'
cad ovi r horzai n
dia d
n
umbe e f c i Se e r2,201 W ihouta M e c d pr de num be ,M iacesno l ng
r fe tve pt mbe
7. t
di ai ovi r
r r l
o er

quaii d asa M ediai Se v c sPr de , omptngt A g y f Peronswih Di a ltest
lfe
c d r i e ovi r pr
i he enc or s
t s biii o
t r i t isM e c i Pr de A g e m e w ih M ia e .
e m na e t
di a d ovi r r e nt t
r cl s

Plitfs rj c Dee d n s came j ttc to f rtr n tng Mia ls M e iad
an if ee t fn a t' li d usi ains o emiai
i
r ce ' dc i
Pr de Aut i ton a Ag e m e s Pli if a gue t t M ia es was la e e lnt
ovi r
horza i nd r e nt. a ntfs r
ha
r cl
in xc le
M e c i pr de ' and not t t t Dem a va Founda i
di ad ovi r'
e ha he l r
ton a non- oft or ni ton t t
pr i ga za i ha
c
onducs a nua a t of gr hom e i M im i a r M iac e a 94% on is De mbe
t n l udis
oup
sn a
wa ded r l s
t ce r
2016 a t Pl i tf s a s c e t t one w e be or t nui tng M i a e ' M e c i
udi. a n if l o ont nd ha ,
ek f e e na i
r cl s
di a d
Pr vi r Aut i to a M e ca d Pr de Agr m ent , t Age y f Pe s
o de
horza i n nd
di i
ovi r
ee
s he
nc or r ons w ih
t

Di a ltes viie M iaces gr hom e an r pore no vi a i
s biii
st d r l ' oup
s d e td
oltons.Ac or ngl Pli tfs
c di y, a n if
a lge t t t sa e tnni t d M ia l s M e c i Pr de Aut i ton a is M e cad
le ha he tt e na e
r c e ' di ad ovi r
horza i nd t
di i
Pr de Agr e en s f r as ns unr l t d t M ia es ft s t pr de m e c l s r i s
ovi r
e m t or e o
e a e o r cl ' ines o ovi
di a e v ce .

l e Pli if s
nde d, a ntf s ugges t sae a t d a t be t of a sngl Agenc e oye Kik
t he tt c e t he hes
i e
y mpl e
r
Ryon who alege y hasape s lve taa ns M iaces owne .
l dl
r ona ndet gai t r l '
r
I s t Pl ntfs al ge t t Def nda s tmpos d a s nci of e l i fo
n hor, ai if le ha
e nt s
i
e
a ton
xcuson r m
M e c i o M ia l Hous wihou a fndi ofa t olton'by M ia l s Hous a wihout
di ad n r ces
e t t i ng
vi a i
r ce
e nd t
pr di M ia esHous t opporuniy f a pr - prva i hea i as sae l r quies'
ovi ng r cl
e he
t t or
e de i ton rng
t t aw e r .
'

( E.7a 8. l as t Cour f at
D. t ) t ks he
t or emporr r tai ngor rand,afe f t pr ee ngs a
a y esr ni de
tr urher oc di ,
prlmi r ij to r sri ng De e nt,hi e oye ,a nt,and s e s si ofie
ei nay n uncin etani
f nda s s mpl es ge s
ucc s or n fc
f o t r i tng t M edi ai pr de a e m e sofPl i ifM ia esH ous
r m e m na i he
c d ovi r gr e nt
a ntf r cl
e.
1
11.
A rzum ent
s

Dl l oN
sctssl

Pli if c e t t () t Age y f Heat Cae Admi srton wr uly
antfs ontnd ha i he
nc or
lh r
nitai
ongf l

t nae M iaces Me c d Pr de Aut i ton,a (i t Age y f Pe s wih
enui td r l ' diai ovi r horzai nd i) he nc or rons t
Dia lte wr uly tnui t d is M ediai Pr de Agr e e s wih M ia l .
s biiis
ongf l e na e t
c d
ovi r
e m nt
t
r ces
Spe fc l Pl ntf s s
cii aly, ai i f ugge t t t t s a e t nni t d M ia es M e c i Pr de
s ha he t t e na e
r cl '
di a d
ovi r

Aut i a i a Pr de Agr eme s f r as u ea e t is ft s t pe f r s e
horz ton nd ovi r
e nt or e ons nr lt d o t ine s o ro m af ,

efci me ca s vi s avi ai oft feec c ofprvi rpr son.Se 42U. C.j
fe tve di l er ce
olton he r -hoie- - o de ovii
e
S.

1 9 aa( 3 .Plitfs f rh r c ne d t a Dee d ns a to s v oae ter fe d m o
3 6 ()2 ) an if u te o tn h t fn a t' cin i ltd h i r e o f
a s ai
s ociton, e
qual pr e ton, a due pr es rg s unde t Fis a Foure t
ot c i
nd
oc s i ht
r he r t nd
ten h
Ame
ndm e s
nt .

The Ag y f Heat Ca e Adm i sr ton a guest ti rghtuly t r i t d M iaces
enc or lh r
nita i r
ha t i f l e m na e
r l '
Pr de Aut i a i be us c r r t Pl i if a s ri ns i de e ne t tM ia l
ovi r horz ton ca e onta y o antfs' s e to
t t nni d ha r ces

c d no f ror M e c i s r i s i a pr es i l c peent s f l l a ehi a
oul t i f m
pe
di a d e vce n
of sonaly om t , a e, ega nd t c l

ma runde 42 C. R.j431. ( ( )'( E.1 a 8;D. 1 at4. Furhe e,t Age
nne
r
F.
51b)1.' D. 5 t
E. 6 ) t nnor he ncy
f Pe s nswih Dia lte co e t ti ha t t r na et M edi i Pr de Ag ee t
or r o
t s biii s nt nds ha t d o e mi t he
cad ovi r r men
onc M iacesl tisM e c i pr vi rsaus Acc di t De enda s Pli if d i y as
e r l os t
di ad o de t t .
or ng o f nt , antfs l mpl k
s
t s Cour t a l t m t c i t r c ve M e c i s r c f om a pr de w ho i no
hi
t o low he o ontnue o e ei
di a d e vi es r
ovi r
s
l rqualf e '
onge
ii d.'
B. St t oa Fr e or oft M edi ai Pr am
a ut
am w k
he
c d oar

M e iadi aj itfd r lsaep oga t a h l sae p o ieh at c r t tepo r
dc i s on e e a-tt r rm h t eps tts r vd e l ae o h o .
h

S e4 U.. j 1 9 -1 9 v s ealo Ph r Ree r h d Mh'. fAm.v M e d ws 3 4 F.d
e 2 SC. j 3 6 3 6 ; e s a m. s a c r s o
. ao , 0 3
11 11 200 ( 1h Ci.2002 .Sttsc ewhehe t pa tci t i M e c i t et t
97, 99-1
1t r
) ae hoos
t r o ri pae n diad; hos ha

d mu t c mpy wi fd r l sau o y a r g ao y rq rme t.Fl As ' o Re ab
o s o l t e e a ttt r nd e ultr e uie n s a. sn f h .
h
Fa iiis I c v Fl.De .o a t & Re a .S r s,2 5 F.d 1 08 1 l ( 1h Ci. 0 0 .
cl e, n . . a pt fHe lh
t
h b ev. 2 3 2 , 2 1 1t r 2 0 )
St t a nc e a i serM e ca d r le pur ua t a pl n a oved by t U . D e r m e of
a e ge i s dm ni t
di i e i f s nt o
a ppr
he S. pa t nt
H e lh a H um a Se v c s M e
a t nd
n r i e . adows 3 F. a 11 -1
, 04 3d t 99 200. The A ge
ncy f H e 1h Ca e
or a t
r

Admi sr ton ç dm i ser t M ediai pr a i Fl rda. Edmondsv Levne,41 F.Su
nitai s nit s he
a
c d ogr m n o i '
'
. i
7
pp.

2 1 1 ( D. a.2006)(ii Fl St .jj409. ( 4) 409. 2 (
d 323, 326 S. Fl
ctng a. at
901 1 , 90 2004).
)
Fe r lw r uiespa tc pai saest m a c ran s l c ava lbl t a1M e c i
dc al a eq r
rii tng t t o ke e ti ewies ia e o l di ad

r i e t.See42 U. C.j 1
ecpins
S.
396a( ( 0) Stt ma ofe a tona medi ls r c i t y
a)1 . aes y fr ddii l
ca evies f he
wih.I ;s alo 42 U. C.j 1
s d ee s
S.
396d()1 .Butonc t sae elcst pr de a optona
a( 2)
e ( tt e t o ovi n i l
a

sr ie t ts r ieb c me pat ft esaeM e iad pa a di s be t ot rq ie n so
e vc ,ha ev c e o s r o h tt d c i ln n s u j c t he e ur me t f
f erllw. Doev Chie ,1 F. 709,71 ( 1hCi.1 .
ed a a '
'
. ls 36 3d
4 1 t r 998)
C. A nal s
vsi

Fr e choi -f- ovde Ri s
e - ceo pr i r ght
M e c i sf e c ce ofpr de pr son g a e s M e c i r ci e s i he rghtt
di a d' r e- hoi - - ovi r ovi i uar nt e
di a d e pi nt s i o
t
c
hoos am ong a r ng of qua ii pr de s w ihout govenz e i e f r e. O '
e
a e
lfed ovi r t
m nt nt r e enc ' Bannon v.
'

Ttwn Cou tNurig Ct 447 U. 773,785 ( 980) Howe r a Deenda se
l
r sn n,
S.
1 .
ve , s f nt mphasz t s
ie, hi

rg t o c o s i l tdt q ase p o ie s TheS p e Co r e tb ihe ln a o ta a
ih t h o e s i e o u l d r vd r.
mi
u r me u t sa ls d o g g h t
M edi ai r ci e d no e or e bl expe t ton of co i
c d e pi nt '
has
nf c a e
c ai
ntnued be i s t pay f c r i a
nett o
or a e n n

i tt ton t thasbe de e mi t beunqualfe 'I a 78
nsiu i ha
en t r ned o
ii d. d t 6.
'
St t ha t r ght t e or m i m um s a
a es ve he i
o nf ce ni
t ndar of c r f M edi ai pr de s
ds
a e or
c d ovi r .

W hee a tdiquaiiai decson (s co ce t t sae' e ore ntof is he lh a
r s s lfc ton ii ij nne td o he tt s nf c me
t at nd
s et r ul tons ' t t de s on does not vi a e M e c d r i e s rgh s unde t f e
af y eg a i , ha ci i
'
ol t
di ai ec pi nt ' i t
r he r ec c ofpr vi r pr s on.1 a 461.kl s m a s ns l i w e e o he wi e,pa i t co d
hoi e- - o de ovi i d. t
l-hi kes e e: f t r t r s
ten s ul
fee y i e ve i s a e e o ce e a tons a i t f c lte t t vi at he t a s f t
r l nt r ne n t t nf r m nt c i
ga ns a iii s ha ol e alh nd a e y
s a r . l On t ot r ha a s a e vi a es t f e choi - - ovi r pr son i is
t nda ds ' d
'
he he nd, t t ol t he r e- ce of pr de ovi i f t
de i i t di qua iy a M edi a d pr de i i e a e t t pr de ' ft s t t e t
c son o s lf
c i ovi r s ' l t d o he ovi r s ines o r a
unr

Me c i paint. Pl d Par nt d o l ana,I .v Comm ' o l ana St e De '
diad te s' anne
'
e hoo f ndi
nc .
r f ndi
at p t
He t 699 F.d 96 978 (t Ci.201 ( i t t ûhe tr ç lted' a usd i j
alh,
3 2,
7h r
2) notng ha ç e m quaii
t
s e n
1 ()23)una guousy r ae t a pr dersft st pef m t medials nr st
396aa(
mbi
l elts o ovi ' ines o ror he
c e i he
ce
pain rquies'.
te t e r ')

4 U. C.j 1 2 a7 d suse S c ns Re c to a Ex l in'I sae t a Sth
2 S.
3 0 - ic s s i e e vo ain nd cuso . t tts h t d l e
Li
'
l
Se r t r m a exc ude t f l ng i vi l a en ii fom pari pa i i a Fe r l
ceay y
l
he olowi ndi dua s nd ttes r
tci ton n ny de a

h at c r p o rm g '
e l ae r g a :'
h
l
(
4)

Any i viua ore iy
ndi d l ntt
w hos lc e t pr de he t ca e ha be n
e i ens o ovi
alh r s e
r
evoke or s pende by a St t lc nsng
d
us
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ny ae i e i
aut iy,or who ot w i l such a lcens
hort
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i e,
f r s bea i ont i vi lsorentt s
or ea ons rng
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iy'
pr es onal
of si
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ence,
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(
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who s rndeed s a lc e whie a f l
ure r uch iens
l onna

di ci i r pr e ng w aspendi be or s h
s plna y oce di
ng f e uc
an a hort a t pr e di conc ne t
ut iy nd he oc e ng
er d he
i vi ' or e iy' pr es i
ndi duals
ntt s of s onalc pe enc
om t e,
pr es i lpe f m a e,o tna a i e iy.
of s ona r or nc r i nci l nt grt

42 U. C.j 1 - s e alo 42 C. R.j 1 3 ( ovi ng t tça Stt ma e l a
S.
320a7; e s
F.
002. pr di ha d ae y xcude n
i vi l or e iy f om pari i ton i t M edi ai pr a f any r as f whi h t
ndi dua
ntt r
tc pa i n he
c d ogr m or
e on or
c he

Se r t r coul excude t t i vi l or e iy fom pari pa i i Fe r l he lh ca e
ceay
d
l
ha ndi dua
ntt r
tci ton n de a a t r

pr a unde sci 11 11 A,or1 b)2)oft Act'.
ogrms r e tons 28, 28
866( (
he '
)
Pl i tf s c e t t 42 U . C. 1
a n if ont nd ha
S. 320a 7 doe not a y i t s c e be us i r e s
s
ppl n hi as ca e t ef r
onl t e ii lc ns d t o pr de he t ar t a t t A m a ng W onde s a s s e lvi
y o nttes i e e û
t ovi
alhc e ' nd ha
zi
r s i t d i ng

f ciiy S snotlc ns t pr dehe t r 'Thi a g e i t chni ly i orec unde t
a lt l
wa
ie ed o ovi
alhca e. s r um nt s e cal nc r t
'
r he
r l va s a ut a f c ualy una ii gi t s a e' he lh- el t r as f s pe ng
e e nt t t es nd a t l
va lng ven he t t s a t r a ed e ons or us ndi
M ia e ' A s i t d Li ng Li ns Fi s , Fl r da' é e lh Ca e Li ns ng Pr e es Ac '
r cl s
sse
vi
ce e. r t o i s $ a t
H
r ce i
oc dur
t'
gove ns lce i of c r a n hea t c r f c ltes a s cii ly a i t d s it d Li ng
r i ns ng
e ti
lh a e a iii nd pe fca l pples o û s s e
A
vi

Fa iiis'See Fl.Stt jj 408. -408. Sec Defnda sase tt tt Age f
clte .
'
a a.
801
802. ond, e nt s r ha he ncy or
Hea t Ca e Adm i sr ton s pe d t lc ns of M ia es dM i m ibas d a s s e lvi
lh r
ni ta i us nde he i e e
r cl ' d a - e s i t d i ng
f c lt be aus of s g fca de i e e r l t t t he t s f t a w e f r of t
a iiy c e
i nii nt tci nci s e a ed o he alh, a e y nd
la e
he

(s itd lvng fcly'jrsd n s'( E.1 a 4)An ato g Plitfsma o j c t t e
a sse ii a ii s e ie t. D. 6 t . d lh u h an if y b e t o h
t
'

s pe i t y c ede t t () t sae s pende Ama ng W onde s As itd Li ng
us nson, he onc
ha i he tt us
d
zi
r ' sse vi
Li ns (i Miaces hed t tAs itd Li ng Li ns a (i) Ama ng W onder i a
ce e, i) r l ' l ha sse vi
ce e, nd ii
zi
ss
s i a yofMia l .( E.1 a 2. Furhemoe,t sae' ras f s pe ngM ia e '
ubsdir
r ces D. 7 t ) t r r he tt s e ons or us ndi
rcls
As it d Li ng Li e e Le ,t tt lvi c tons a A m az ng W onde s twer no s f or
s s e vi
c ns
. ha he i ng ondii
t
i
r t e t ae
de e ' be ron M iac e 'd of s i lcom pe e e' a S of s i lpe f m a e.
c nt' a
r l s i e s ona
pr
t nc ' nd k e s ona r or nc '
pr
'

l s o t De e d n sh v ado - a s 'j si ain, eae t me ia c mp tn y fr
n h r, fn a t a e d rc u e'u tfc to r ltd o dc l o ee c , o
f
dee m i ng t tM ia l si çno l rquaii d unde f de a a sae l t f nih M edia d
tr ni ha r c e s s onge
lfe
r e r l nd t t aw o ur s
ci

sl c st a one'( E.16a 4 )Pli if t r o ec
ewie o ny .' D.
t -5. antfs heefr annotpr i on t rcai t tt
eval hei l m ha he
sae' t r nai of M iaces M ediai Pr de Aut i ton vi a e t fe c ce of
t t s e mi ton
r l '
c d ovi r
horzai
olt d he r e- hoi - -

prvi rpr son. 42U. C.j 1 ()23)
o de ovii See
S.
396aa( .
2. Constt i
iutonalCl m s
ai
Pl ntf s c e t t D e e n s ac i vi a e t i f ee
ai i f ont nd ha
f nda t ' tons ol t d he r r dom of a s i ton,e l
s oc a i
qua

p ot c i a d pr s rgh s unde t Fis and Foure t Am e
r e ton, nd ue oce s i t
r he r t
ten h
ndment Al oft e
s. 1 hos
cai f i a ama t oflw .
l ms a l s
ter a

Fis,c t a e t tfll r ae t ditnc f
rt ours gre ha ithee z wo si t onns offe
redom ofasocain:( )
s ito 1
fee
r dom of i i ae a s iton,pr ece unde t Subsa i Due Pr es Clus of t
ntm t s oca i
ot td
r he
t ntve
oc s a e
he

Fouree h Ame
t nt
ndme ;a ( fee ofe esi a s ai prt td unde t Fre
nt nd 2) r dom
xpr sve sociton, oece
r he e dom
of Spe c Cl e of t Fis Am e m e . Er i Se v Pr i r Legal Educ drRe e c
e h aus
he rt
nd nt' otc r . ovde
'
.
s ar h

Prje tv Gas on,880 F. 45 458 ( h Ci.,ame
oc . c
3d 0,
9t r) nded,881 F. 792 (t Ci.201 .The
3d
9h r 8)
sc
e ond f m
or

C r edo of e e s ve a s i ton' does nota y he e be aus as Pl ntf s
de m
f
xpr s i s oc a i '
-ppl r c e,
ai i f

c ede S he e has be no i rnge e on t Pl i if r ght t s c a s bl a
onc , ' r
t
en
nf i m nt
he a ntf s' i s o pee h, s em y, nd

rlgi ' ( E.26 a ll. W ih r pe t t tfe dom ofi i t asociton,'t Suprme
ei on.' D.
t ) t es ct o he dr e
ntmae s ai ' he
e
Cour hasexpl i d t tlc c t en e i o and m ai ai ce t n i i a e hum an r l tons ps
t
a ne ha û hoi es o t r nt
nt n rai ntm t
e a i hi
m ustbe s
ecured agai tundue i r i by t St e because oft r e of s r atons ps i
ns
ntuson
he at
he ol
uch el i hi n

s f gua di t i vi lf e dom t i c nt a t our c tt i ls m e ' Robe t v U S.
a e r ng he ndi dua r e
hat s e r l o
ons iutona che .'
rs .

Ja e ,468 U. 609,61 -1 ( 984)(xt ng t rghtofi i t a s iton t ma age
yce s
S.
7 8 1
e endi he i
ntmae s ocai o ni ,

he
ci
c l beai c l rarng, a c biai wih r ai ) H ow ever, t com m er al
hid
rng, hid e i
nd oha tton t eltves.

r a i hi be w e n a pa i nt a a hea t a e pr de doe no d t nd t c e ton a
el tons p t e
te nd
lhc r ovi r
s t i e he r a i nd
at
s t na ofa f iy' a t ,
us e nce
am l ' nd, hus doesnotqua iy f r c tt i lpr e ton. d a 61
lf o ons iutona ot c i I t 9.

Se ond,ûll pur eoft equa prtcton ca eoft Foure nt Ame me i t
c
ithe pos he l oe i lus he
te h
nd nt s o

sc r e ey p ro wih n te S ae s j rs ito a ans itn in l a d abi ay
e u e v r e s n ti h tt' u idcin g i t n e to a n r t r
r
dic i i ton,whe he oc sone by expr s tr s ofa sa ut or by is i ope e uton
s rm na i
t r ca i d
e s em
tt e
t mpr r xec i

tr ug d yc nsi td a e t. S n a La eIo Co v T o Wa e l , 4 U.. 0, 5
h o h ul o tt e g n s' u d y k r n . . wp. f khed 2 7 S 35 3 2
u
'
(918.Stt aci ge rly i t e ume vai 'i i i S ainal r ae t al tmaesae
1 ) ae ton neal s s s d ld' f t s t to ly eltd o egii t tt
pr
r

itr s. Ci o Clb r e v Clb r eLiig Ct 4 3 U..43 4 0 ( 98 ) Plitfscam
nee t' t f e u n . e u n vn n, 7 S 2, 4 1 5 . an if li
' y
t tt Age f He lhcaeAdmi srtonsngld ou t Pli if ib rvoki g rcesj
ha he ncy or at r
nitai i e t he antfs ûy e ng Mia l '

M e iadp o i e n mbe k o n t a iwo l d fn tl la t gh Ag n y frPes nswi
dc i r v d r u r n wig h t t ud eiiey e d o te e c o ro t
h
Dia lte ltnui tngt M e cad W ai rSeviesAg e me . ( E.26a 11)Butsti
sbiiis e nai he di i
ve r c
r e nt' D.
'
t .
etng
a i t i c l or a s ri ,Pl i if ha f l t pr
s de he r onc us y s e tons a ntf s ve aied o oduc a e de e es a i hi t t
e ny vi nc t bls ng ha
D e e nt ' ac i ns w e e unr a e t t gove
f nda s to
r
el t d o he
nune ' l tm a e i e es i m a nt i ng
nt s egii t nt r t n
i a ni

mii m sa ad o c r ,o wee oh r s moiae b a mu o ilwil Se Vl.o
nmu tnd r s f ae r r tewie tv td y ni s r l l. e il f
Wil ook v Ol h,528 U. 562,565-66 (
lowbr
. ec
S.
2000) Ac di y,Pli if'e lpr e ton
. cor ngl antfs qua otci
cl m f l
ai ais.

Fi ly,Def nda s c
na l
e nt ' onduc di notvi a e Pl ntf s Due Pr s r g s The Supr m e
t d
ol t ai if '
oce s i ht .
e
Cour ha he d t t a a r e i pa t on M e ca d r c pi nt r s tng f om t gove n en '
t s l ha n dve s m c
di i e i e s e uli r
he
r m ts
enf r e e ofm i m um s a
o c m nt
ni
t ndar of c r idoe nota ountt a de i ton ofa i t r ti
ds
ae s s
m
o
pr va i
ny n e es n

lf lbe t o pr ry. Se O '
ie, i ry, r opet ' e Bannon,447 U. a 787.Thus S ore ntby gheAge
'
S. t
, s c me
enf
t
ncy
f He lhc r Ad nitai a t Age y f Perons wih Dia lte l of t r vai
or at a e mi srton nd he
nc or s
t s biiis
hei ld
r ul tons di not die ty af e t t pa i t ' l gal r g s or de i t m of a
eg a i
d
rcl
f c he ten s e
i ht
prve he
ny
c tt i ly pr t c e i t r ti lf ,lbe t orpr r y. I a 790.
ons iutona l o e t d n e es n ie i ry,
ope t ' d t
'

9

I .
V

C ONCLUS ON
I

For t r a ons dic s Pl i if ' cai s f l as a ma tr of l w. I i t e or
he e s
s us ed, antfs l m ai
te
a t s her f e

ADJ
UDGED t a De e d n s moinf rs mmayj d me ti GRANTED.
h t fn a t' to o u r u g n s
DO NE AN D OR DER ED i Cha be s a M i i Fl i ,t s
n
m r t am , or da hi

VVHMah08
o r 21
f c

FED ERI A . O REN O
C
M
UN I
TED STATES DISTR I JU D GE
CT

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