Wausau Underwriters Insurance Company et al v. Danfoss, LLC
Filing
84
PARTIAL ORDER ON PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND MOTION TO DISMISS DEFENDANT'S COUNTERCLAIM. The Court determines that New York law governs this dispute, as raised in 48 Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment and 45 Plaintiffs' Motion to Dismiss 38 Defendant's Counterclaim. Signed by Judge Robin L. Rosenberg on 10/26/2015. (dzs)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
CASE NO. 2:14-CV-14420 ROSENBERG/LYNCH
WAUSAU UNDERWRITERS INSURANCE
COMPANY and THE FIRST LIBERTY
INSURANCE CORPORATION,
Plaintiffs,
v.
DANFOSS, LLC,
Defendant.
/
PARTIAL ORDER ON PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
AND MOTION TO DISMISS DEFENDANT’S COUNTERCLAIM
THIS CAUSE comes before the Court on Plaintiffs’ Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s
Counterclaim with Prejudice [DE 45] filed August 19, 2015, and Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary
Judgment [DE 48] filed September 2, 2015. The Court held a hearing on both motions on
October 23, 2015. See DE 79. These motions, as well as the responses and replies thereto, see
DE 51, 56, 62, 69, 71, reveal a disagreement between the parties as to what law governs this
dispute.
This case was filed by Plaintiffs as a breach of contract action to recover unpaid
insurance premiums. Defendant has defended and counterclaimed on the grounds that Plaintiffs
improperly raised those premiums in bad faith. Plaintiffs’ pending motions argue that
Defendant’s defense and counterclaim are barred, under Florida law, because Defendant failed to
exhaust administrative remedies for challenging the calculation of premiums. Defendant
responds that such exhaustion was not required, because Florida law does not apply to this
dispute. The parties make various arguments as to why Florida, Maryland, or New York law
1
should be applied here, whether each of these jurisdictions have administrative remedies for
challenging premium calculations, and whether Defendant’s failure to exhaust such remedies
bars its claims or defenses. Accordingly, in order to resolve this threshold issue, the Court finds
it necessary to determine what law governs. As set forth more fully below, the Court finds that
the law of New York governs this dispute, because that is where the relevant offer and
acceptance occurred between the parties’ agents.1
I.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs Wausau Underwriters Insurance Company and the First Liberty Insurance
Corporation (hereinafter, “Liberty”) are insurance carriers owned by the same parent company,
Liberty Mutual Group. DE 48-2 and DE 61 at ¶ 1. Defendant Danfoss is a manufacturer of
valves and fluid handling components for industrial applications and employs hundreds of
employees in multiple states. DE 61-18 at ¶ 1.
Liberty brings this action under the Court’s diversity jurisdiction. See DE 5 at ¶ 5. Liberty
alleges three breach of contract claims against Danfoss based on Danfoss’ failure to pay
premiums on three insurance policies: two workers’ compensation and employer liability
policies, and a commercial policy. See DE 5-1, 5-2, 5-3. Danfoss filed a counterclaim for breach
of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. See DE 38 at 6-21.
The worker’s compensation policies are “guaranteed cost” policies, meaning that their
premiums are calculated based upon the insured’s actual payroll at the end of the policy period,
as affected by certain employee classifications and experience modification factors, rather than
1
This Order does not decide whether New York law bars Defendant’s claims and defenses due to its failure to
exhaust administrative remedies. This Order also does not reach the issues raised in Plaintiffs’ Motion to Dismiss
that are unrelated to exhaustion of administrative remedies: (1) whether Defendant’s counterclaim pleads a sufficient
basis for damages; (2) whether Defendant’s counterclaim is barred by the litigation privilege; and (3) whether
Defendant’s counterclaim violates Fed.R.Civ.P. 8. See DE 45. Those issues will be determined at a later date
pursuant to New York law.
2
the losses or claims activity during the policy period. DE 48-1 at DE 61 at ¶ 2-3. The policies
were issued with “estimated” annual premiums, but provided that the “final” premiums would be
determined at the end of the one-year policy period. DE 5-1 at 83; DE 5-2 at 86.
The instant dispute arose when, after the end of the policy period, Liberty audited the
policies, re-classified some of Danfoss’ employees, and demanded premiums higher than the
estimated premiums. Liberty asserts this was done because Danfoss refused to cooperate with the
audit process and did not provide necessary documentation to determine the proper
classifications. See DE 48-2 at ¶ 17; see also DE 48 at 2 ¶ 5. Danfoss asserts the re-classification
was done in bad faith in “a frivolous attempt to generate additional revenue for Liberty,” after
“Danfoss notified Liberty that it would not be purchasing a new worker’s compensation policy
from Liberty.” DE 62 at 8, 4; see also DE 38 at 6-23.
Liberty has moved for summary judgment on Counts 1 and 2 of the Amended Complaint,
i.e., the claims based on the worker’s compensation policies. See DE 48. Liberty argues Danfoss
is barred from contesting whether Liberty properly calculated the premiums at issue, because
Danfoss failed to exhaust available administrative remedies for doing so with the National
Council on Compensation Insurance, Inc. (“NCCI”) and the Florida Workers Compensation
Appeals Board, as required by Florida law. See DE 48 at 9-10. Danfoss responds that Florida law
does not apply to this dispute, and therefore the exhaustion requirement cited by Liberty does not
apply. See DE 62 at 8-9. Danfoss argues that either Maryland or New York law applies, because
that is where the insurance policies were executed, and neither of those jurisdictions requires
exhaustion of administrative remedies in this context. See DE 62 at 9-14. At the October 23,
2015 hearing on the motions, the parties agreed that the subject policies do not contain any
choice-of-law provisions.
3
II.
SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). The existence of a factual dispute is not by itself sufficient grounds to defeat a motion for
summary judgment; rather, “the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). A dispute is genuine if “a
reasonable trier of fact could return judgment for the non-moving party.” Miccosukee Tribe of
Indians of Fla. v. United States, 516 F.3d 1235, 1243 (11th Cir. 2008) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S.
at 247-48). A fact is material if “it would affect the outcome of the suit under the governing
law.” Id. (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-48).
In deciding a summary judgment motion, the Court views the facts in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party and draws all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor.
See Davis v. Williams, 451 F.3d 759, 763 (11th Cir. 2006). The Court does not weigh conflicting
evidence. See Skop v. City of Atlanta, 485 F.3d 1130, 1140 (11th Cir. 2007). Thus, upon
discovering a genuine dispute of material fact, the Court must deny summary judgment. See id.2
III.
ANALYSIS
“Since this is a diversity action, we are required to apply the substantive law of the forum
state, namely Florida, . . . including its conflict-of-laws rules.” Fioretti v. Massachusetts Gen.
Life Ins. Co., 53 F.3d 1228, 1235 (11th Cir. 1995) (citing Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64
(1938) and Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elect. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487 (1941)). However, “[b]efore
beginning a choice of law analysis, a court should determine whether a conflict of laws truly
2
The summary judgment standard, rather than the dismissal standard, is appropriate here, even though the parties
have addressed the choice-of-law issue in the memoranda on both the motion to dismiss and motion for summary
judgment. This is a factual dispute on which the parties have presented evidence outside the pleadings, and this
Order does not address the adequacy-of-pleading issues raised in Liberty’s motion to dismiss Danfoss’ counterclaim.
4
Unknown
Field Cod
exists.” Estate of Miller ex rel. Miller v. Thrifty Rent-A-Car Sys., Inc., 609 F. Supp. 2d 1235,
1244 (M.D. Fla. 2009); see also Cooper v. Meridian Yachts, Ltd., 575 F.3d 1151, 1171 (11th Cir.
2009) (“In any conflict of laws analysis, the first issue that needs to be addressed is whether a
conflict actually exists. In other words, are we dealing here with a false conflict?”). “[A] true
conflict exists when two or more states have a legitimate interest in a particular set of facts in the
litigation and the laws of those states differ or would produce a different result.” Miller, 609 F.
Supp. 2d at 1244 (citing Tune v. Philip Morris, Inc., 766 So. 2d 350, 352 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
2000)); see also James River Ins. Co. v. Med Waste Mgmt., LLC, 46 F. Supp. 3d 1350, 1355-56
(S.D. Fla. 2014) (“[W]here the laws of [ ] two jurisdictions would produce the same result on the
particular issue presented, there is a ‘false conflict,’ and the Court should avoid the choice-of-law
question.”).
A.
Whether there is a False Conflict of Laws
The three states that the parties contend have an interest in this litigation are Florida,
Maryland, and New York. Accordingly, the Court will examine the law of each of these states
with regard to whether they require a workers’ compensation insured, such as Danfoss, to
exhaust administrative remedies for challenging the calculation of premiums.
1)
Florida Law
Florida statutory law sets forth the method of determining and fixing rates for workers’
compensation and employer’s liability insurance. See FLA. STAT. § 627.072. Florida statutory
law also requires every insurer to file, with the Florida Department of Financial Services, a
manual setting forth the insurer’s “classifications, rules, and rates, and every rating plan, and
every modification of any of the foregoing which it proposes to use.” FLA. STAT. § 627.091(1).
However, the insurer may satisfy this obligation by “becoming a member of, or a subscriber to, a
5
licensed rating organization which makes such filings[.]” FLA. STAT. § 627.091. The NCCI “has
operated the only rating organization in the State of Florida for several decades,” and “has filed
on behalf of its member carriers the Florida rates and rules contained in its Basic Manual for
Workers Compensation and Employers Liability Insurance (the ‘the NCCI Manual’).” Cont'l
Cas. Co. v. First Fin. Employee Leasing, Inc., 716 F. Supp. 2d 1176, 1179 (M.D. Fla. 2010). The
filings of the NCCI are binding on its subscriber insurers. Id. (quoting FLA. STAT. §§ 627.191,
627.211). Liberty is an NCCI subscriber. See DE 48-2 and DE 61 at ¶ 3.
Florida requires rating organizations such as NCCI to establish a dispute resolution
process:
As to workers' compensation and employer's liability insurances, every rating
organization and every insurer which makes its own rates shall provide within this
state reasonable means whereby any person aggrieved by the application of
its rating system may be heard, in person or by his or her authorized
representative, on his or her written request to review the manner in which
such rating system has been applied in connection with the insurance
afforded him or her. If the rating organization or insurer fails to grant or rejects
such request within 30 days after it is made, the applicant may proceed in the
same manner as if his or her application had been rejected. Any party affected
by the action of such rating organization or insurer on such request may,
within 30 days after written notice of such action, appeal to the office, which
may affirm or reverse such action.
FLA. STAT. § 627.291(2) (emphasis added); see also FLA. STAT. § 627.371(1). NCCI provides for
such an appeals process, in which disputes are initially heard by the Florida Workers
Compensation Appeals Board and may be appealed to the Florida Office of Insurance
Regulation. See NCCI Manual (2001 ed.), Florida Section at pp. 1-6. According to the NCCI
Manual:
The purpose of this Process is to review the application or interpretation of NCCI
manual rules (including but not limited to class codes, experience rating, etc.).
The Appeals Board does not have the authority to interpret, apply, or provide an
opinion on state or federal laws, rules, or regulations; or decisions of courts or
administrative proceedings; or to hear disputes brought by carriers.
6
NCCI Manual (2001 ed.), Florida Section at p. 1 ¶ B(1).
Courts applying Florida law have held that, when an insured under a workers’
compensation and employer liability policy fails to exhaust the administrative remedy provided
for in FLA. STAT. § 627.291(2), it cannot contest the calculation of premiums in a lawsuit by the
insurer to recover those premiums. See Fla. Welding & Erection Serv., Inc. v. Am. Mut. Ins. Co.
of Boston, 285 So. 2d 386, 389-90 (Fla. 1973) (upholding constitutionality of FLA. STAT. §
627.291(2) and affirming summary judgment for insurer, which had brought action to recover
insurance premiums, on the basis of the insured’s failure to exhaust administrative remedies); see
also Am. Home Assurance Co. v. Phineas Corp., 347 F. Supp. 2d 1231, 1236 (M.D. Fla. 2004)
(granting summary judgment for insurer and finding the insured’s “challenges to the final
premium on the basis of ‘improper classification’ and other premium calculation defenses are
themselves improper” under Florida Welding, because insured failed to exhaust administrative
remedies); FCCI Ins. Co. v. NCM of Collier Cty., Inc., 15 So. 3d 5, 6-7 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2009)
(“[A]n insurer's motion for summary judgment should be granted in an action to collect
retrospective workers' compensation premiums when the insured defends against the motion
based on a challenge to the good faith calculation of the premiums but has not exhausted its
administrative remedies pursuant to section 627.371”). Accordingly, Florida law contains a
strong exhaustion of remedies requirement for disputes over premium calculations.3
2)
Maryland Law
Similar to Florida law, Maryland law requires each workers’ compensation insurer to “be
a member of a workers’ compensation rating organization” and to “adhere to the policy forms
3
Danfoss presents several arguments as to why, even if Florida law applies, the exhaustion requirement does not
apply here, including lack of notice. See DE 62 at 17-21. The Court does not find it necessary to reach these issues
because the laws of Florida, Maryland and New York are sufficiently different so as to warrant a choice-of-law
analysis and, as discussed further infra, Florida law does not apply under such an analysis.
7
filed by the rating organization.” MD. CODE INS. § 11-329(a). NCCI operates as such a rating
organization in Maryland. See NCCI Manual (2001 ed.) at p. P1. However, Liberty has cited no
statutory provision, NCCI Manual provision, or case law that establishes an exhaustion of
remedies requirement or a dispute resolution procedure similar to Florida’s.
First, Liberty cites portions of the NCCI Manual User’s Guide that provide a “generic
overview of typical state dispute resolution procedures” and state that Maryland has an “Internal
Review Panel” for reviewing such disputes. NCCI Manual (2001 ed.), User’s Guide at p. UG6UG9 ¶ E; see DE 69 at 5 (Liberty’s summary judgment reply, citing this provision). Yet nothing
in these provisions states that this Maryland dispute resolution process must be exhausted prior
to filing suit in court.
Second, Liberty argues that Danfoss is barred from contesting the premium calculations
because Danfoss has not filed a claim for violation of the Maryland Unfair Trade Practices Act
with the Maryland Insurance Administration (“MIA”). See DE 56 at 8. In making this argument,
Liberty relies on MD. CODE INS. § 27-216, which provides in relevant part: “A person may not
willfully collect a premium or charge for insurance that . . . exceeds or is less than the premium
or charge applicable to that insurance under the applicable classifications and rates as filed with
and approved by the [Maryland Insurance] Commissioner[.]” MD. CODE. INS. § 27-216(b)(1)(i).
Liberty cites no case law that specifically applies this provision to a worker’s compensation
insurance dispute.
Liberty does cite to Carter v. Huntington Title & Escrow, LLC, 24 A.3d 722 (Md. 2011),
which held that the MIA was vested with exclusive, primary jurisdiction over claims of title
insurance overcharging. Id. at 724. There, the insured brought a putative class action raising
common law claims for money had/received and negligent misrepresentation, alleging that his
8
title insurer had charged him an inflated rate in connection with a refinancing of his mortgage.
Id. at 725. The insurer moved to dismiss on the grounds that the insured had failed to exhaust
administrative remedies. Id. at 726. The Court of Appeals of Maryland conducted a lengthy
analysis as to whether the remedies were “exclusive,” “primary but not exclusive” or “fully
concurrent,” considering four factors: (1) the comprehensiveness of the administrative remedy;
(2) the agency’s view of its own jurisdiction; (3) the claim’s dependence upon the statutory
scheme which also contains the administrative remedy; and (4) the claim’s dependence upon the
agency’s expertise. Id. at 729 (citing Zappone v. Liberty Life Ins. Co., 706 A.2d 1060, 1070
(1998)); see also Renaissance Centro Columbia, LLC v. Broida, 27 A.3d 143, 148-49 (Md.
2011) (noting that exclusive or primary administrative remedies must be exhausted before resort
to the courts). While this case provides the general principles to be considered in considering an
exhaustion of remedies argument under Maryland law, it does not definitively establish an
exhaustion requirement such as under Florida law.
Thus, Liberty has cited no authority conclusively establishing that defenses and claims
such as Danfoss’ are barred unless raised before a Maryland administrative forum. This appears
to be an issue of first impression under Maryland law. While the type of analysis utilized in
Carter might lead to such a result, the Court finds it is unnecessary to undertake such an analysis
at this juncture. The analysis of this issue under Maryland law is sufficiently different than the
analysis under Florida law that the Court finds there is a genuine conflict of law requiring a
choice-of-law analysis.
3)
New York Law
The New York regulatory scheme for workers’ compensation insurance is significantly
different from both Florida’s and Maryland’s, in that it does not involve the NCCI. See DE 48 at
9
7 n.7; NCCI Manual (2001 ed.), Preface at P1 (listing New York as a jurisdiction where the
manual does not apply). In New York, workers’ compensation insurance is administered by an
independent government bureau called the State Insurance Fund. See N.Y. Workers' Comp. Law
§ 76 (McKinney).
In arguing that New York has an exhaustion requirement similar to Florida’s, Liberty
relies on three cases: Liberty Mutual Insurance Company v. John Gailer, Inc., No. 96 CIV.
4978(LMM), 1997 WL 328074 (S.D.N.Y. 1997); Investors Insurance Company of America v.
Karbel Wholesale Autos, Inc., 569 N.Y.S. 323 (N.Y. App. Div. 1990); and Di Pietro v. State
Insurance Fund, 619 N.Y.S.2d 456 (N.Y. App. Div. 1994). In Gailer and Karbel, the courts held
that, in an action by the insurer to collect unpaid premiums, the insured could not raise incorrect
re-classification of the insured employer’s business as a defense, because this re-classification
decision was made by the New York Worker’s Compensation Insurance Rating Board, rather
than the insurer. See Gailer, 1997 WL 328074 at *3; Karbel, 569 N.Y.S. at 323. In Di Pietro, the
court found that because petitioner had elected to a pursue an administrative remedy, he was
required to exhaust them before pursuing an action in court, but noted that “if sued by the State
Insurance Fund for unpaid premiums, petitioner could challenge the Fund’s calculation of the
premium by raising that issue as a defense in that action[.]” 619 N.Y.S.2d at 214.
These cases highlight the difference between New York’s worker’s compensation scheme
and that of Florida and Maryland. Furthermore, Di Pietro actually suggests that Danfoss’ defense
regarding improper calculation of premiums would not be barred by any exhaustion of remedies
doctrine applied by New York courts. Accordingly, without deciding, at this time, whether New
York law would impose such an exhaustion requirement in this case, the Court finds that the
10
differences between Florida, Maryland, and New York law on this issue present a true conflict of
laws necessitating a choice-of-law analysis.
B.
Under Florida Choice-of-Law Principles, What Law Governs the Present Dispute
1)
Whether the Florida Supreme Court would apply the doctrine of lex loci
contractus to the instant dispute
In a diversity action such as this one, this Court must apply the substantive law of the
forum state, Florida, including its choice-of-law rules. Fioretti, 53 F.3d at 1235. “When
resolving conflict-of-laws issues in contract actions, the Florida Supreme Court has
unambiguously indicated its intent to reject the more modern (and flexible) ‘significant contacts’
analysis of the second Restatement of the law of conflicts, . . . choosing instead to adhere to the
traditional rule of lex loci contractus.” Id. This rule “directs that, in the absence of a contractual
provision specifying the governing law, a contract (other than one for the performance of
services) is governed by the law of the state in which the contract was made, i.e., where the last
act necessary to complete the contract is done.” Id. “[T]he basic assumption behind the lex loci
contractus doctrine is that when a contract is executed in a particular state, the parties can be
assumed to have intended to have that state’s laws govern their contractual relationship.” Id. at
1236 n.27.
Liberty argues that the lex loci contractus doctrine is inapplicable here because “[w]hile
this action was filed in the form of a contract case (because Liberty had to bring claims in some
legally cognizable manner), it is in fact a regulatory matter[.]” DE 48 at 4. Liberty cites no
authority for the proposition that an action—explicitly filed as a common law breach of contract
action—should be treated otherwise for purposes of determining the applicable choice-of-law
rules. Moreover, Liberty provides no alternative choice-of-law rule for this Court to apply,
merely concluding: “What is left to the Court to apply, then, is Florida substantive law since this
11
Court sits in diversity in Florida[.]” DE 48 at 4. This is a misinterpretation of cases such as
Fioretti, which state that federal courts must apply the substantive law of the forum state: in this
context, applying the substantive law of the forum state means applying the choice-of-law rules
of the forum state, not merely concluding that the forum state’s law applies with regard to the
dispute.
“In interpreting Florida law, we look first for case precedent from the Florida Supreme
Court. Where we find none, we are ‘bound to adhere to decisions of the state's intermediate
appellate courts absent some persuasive indication that the state's highest court would decide the
issue otherwise.’” Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. v. Dolgencorp, LLC, 746 F.3d 1008, 1021 (11th Cir.
2014) (quoting Provau v. State Farm Mut. Aut. Ins. Co., 772 F.2d 817, 820 (11th Cir. 1985)).
The parties have not provided, and this Court has not found, any precedent from the Florida
Supreme Court or Florida appellate courts addressing the question at issue here: what choice-oflaw rule applies in a breach of contract action to collect unpaid premiums for a multi-state
worker’s compensation insurance policy. Generally, “[s]ince 1990, the Florida courts have
consistently applied the rule of lex loci contractus to resolve choice of law issues in insurance
policies.” U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Liberty Surplus Ins. Corp., No. 606CV-1180-ORL-31UAM,
2007 WL 3024345, at *4 n.7 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 15, 2007). Recently, in State Farm Mutual
Automobile Insurance Co. v. Roach, 945 So. 2d 1160 (Fla. 2006), the Florida Supreme Court
emphasized it has “long adhered to the rule of lex loci contractus” and indicated its intention to
continue doing so. Id. at 1163 (applying lex loci contractus doctrine to automobile insurance
dispute). The court noted that, although lex loci contractus was an “inflexible rule,” that
inflexibility was “necessary to ensure stability in contract arrangements.” Id. at 164 (quoting
12
Sturiano v. Brooks, 523 So. 2d 1126, 1129 (Fla. 1988)); see also Lanoue v. Rizk, 987 So. 2d 724
(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2008) (lender’s suit on promissory note was governed by lex loci contractus).
The Court acknowledges that Liberty Mutual Insurance Company v. Precisionaire, Inc.,
No. 8:00-CV-1971-T-17EAJ, 2006 WL 905389, at *4 (M.D. Fla. 2006), predicted that the
Florida Supreme Court would not apply the lex loci contractus doctrine to the type of dispute at
issue here. Precisionaire relied on Shapiro v. Associated International Insurance Co., 899 F.2d
1116 (11th Cir. 1990), which predicted that the Florida Supreme Court would not apply the lex
loci contractus doctrine to disputes that did not implicate the “migration rationale” expressed in
its decisions related to automobile insurance. See Shapiro, 899 F. 2d at 1119 (finding that, in
Sturiano v. Brooks, 523 So. 2d 1126, 1129-30 (Fla. 1988), “the court specifically limited its
holding to contracts for automobile insurance, reasoning that we live in a migratory, transitory
society and ‘[t]o allow one party to modify the contract simply by moving to another state would
substantially restrict the power to enter into valid, binding, and stable contracts’”). Yet other
decisions of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida have expressed “doubts
that Shapiro and its progeny remain good law,” since “Florida law has not followed the path
predicted” therein. Liberty Surplus, 2007 WL 3024345 at *4 n.7; see also CNL Hotels & Resorts,
Inc. v. Houston Cas. Co., 505 F. Supp. 2d 1317, 1320 n.4 (M.D. Fla. 2007) (“The Shapiro court
was making an educated guess that Florida was in the process of abandoning the ‘antiquated’
doctrine of lex loci contractus in favor of the approach advocated by the Restatement (Second of
Contracts),” but “Florida’s choice of law rules have yet to follow the path it predicted.”).
Subsequent to Shapiro, in Roach, the Florida Supreme Court strongly endorsed the lex loci
contractus doctrine without expressly limiting its holding to automobile insurance contracts,
emphasizing: “We have never retreated from our adherence to this rule in determining which
13
state’s law applies in interpreting contracts.” Roach, 945 So. 2d at 1164 (emphasis added).
Accordingly, this Court concludes that the Florida Supreme Court would apply the doctrine of
lex loci contractus in determining what law governs the instant controversy.
2)
Where the insurance policies were executed
“The determination of where a contract was executed is fact-intensive, and requires a
determination of ‘where the last act necessary to complete the contract [wa]s done.’” Prime Ins.
Syndicate, Inc. v. B.J. Handley Trucking, Inc., 363 F.3d 1089, 1092-93 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting
Pastor v. Union Cent. Life Ins. Co., 184 F. Supp. 2d 1301, 1305 (S.D. Fla. 2002)). In the present
case, both Liberty and Danfoss assume that the last act necessary to complete the contract was
the delivery of the policy. See DE 51 at 3-4 (Danfoss arguing, “Maryland law governs, as
Maryland is the place where the Policies at issue were negotiated and executed” and “were
issued to Danfoss at an address in Maryland.”); DE 56 at 2 n.1 (Liberty arguing, “New York law
governs, as the last act necessary to complete the insurance contracts was done by Danfoss’
broker in New York, and the subject policies were issued to Danfoss’ broker in New York.”).
However, the case law takes a different approach.
Generally, “[t]he last act necessary to complete a contract is the offeree's communication
of acceptance to the offeror.” Prime Ins. Syndicate, 363 F.3d at 1093. In the context of insurance
contracts, courts have concluded this act is “an insurer’s (or its agent’s) communication of
acceptance of the insured’s (or its agent’s) offer to purchase insurance,” by issuing a temporary
“binder.” Sun Capital Partners, Inc. v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., Inc., No. 12-CV-81397-KAM,
2015 WL 4648617, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 5, 2015); see also Prime Ins. Syndicate, 363 F. 3d at
1093 (finding that insurer’s “communication of the oral binder to [the insured] constituted
acceptance of [the insured’s] offer to purchase insurance and, therefore, was the last act
14
necessary to complete the contract,” notwithstanding the fact that the written policy had not yet
been delivered). In this context, “the binder [is] the last act necessary to complete a contract for
coverage.” Sun Capital, 2015 WL 4648617 at *3 (citing The Celotex Corp. v. AIU Ins. Co., 194
B.R. 668, 673 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1996)). For example, in Sun Capital, the court found:
First, [the insured’s] agent, Marsh Inc., emailed the insurer's agent an offer to
purchase insurance by submitting a “formal order to bind coverage.” Next, the
insurer's agent accepted that offer and issued a binder for coverage from an office
in New York. This acceptance was effective at the time—and at the place—where
it was dispatched, i.e., New York. Granite State Ins. Co., 2011 WL 6025655, at
*5; Kendel v. Pontious, 261 So.2d 167, 169 (Fla.1972). The insurer's agent's
acceptance of Plaintiff's agent's offer to purchase insurance was the last act
necessary to complete the insurance contract. See Prime Ins. Syndicate, 363 F.3d
at 1093. The fact that only binders were initially exchanged, and not the actual
policies, does not alter the conclusion that Plaintiff's agent offered to purchase
insurance coverage, specifying the terms of the policy, and the insurer's agent
issued an acceptance based on those terms.
Id. at *4 (footnotes omitted); see also Granite State Ins. Co. v. Am. Bldg. Materials, Inc., 2011
WL 6025655, at *4-5 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 5, 2011) (finding Massachusetts law governed where: (1)
the insureds, located in Florida, received a quote from the insurer, located in Massachusetts; (2)
the insured’s agent emailed the insurer an offer to purchase insurance at the prices quoted, by
requesting that coverage be bound; (3) the insurer then accepted the offer and issued a binder for
the coverage from the insurer’s Massachusetts’ offices).
The present case is substantially similar to Sun Capital and Granite State. The policies
that are the subject of Liberty’s motion for summary judgment were procured by and through
Danfoss’ broker, Marsh USA, Inc. See DE 48-2 and DE 61 at ¶ 8. The mailing address listed for
Marsh in the insurance policies is in New York. See DE 5-1 at 85, 285; DE 5-2 at 88, 294.
Liberty has submitted an affidavit from its corporate representative stating that “Liberty dealt
with Marsh and issued (mailed) the . . . policies to Marsh in New York City, New York.” DE 48-
15
1 at ¶ 7. Liberty has also submitted emails4 between Marsh broker Brian Rath and Liberty
underwriter Brian Conlon, which show that in December 2012, Liberty (via Mr. Conlon) emailed
a binder to Marsh (via Mr. Rath). See DE 69 at 16-25. The signature lines of these emails
indicate that both Mr. Conlon and Mr. Rath were located in New York. Id.
Danfoss has submitted nothing that contradicts this evidence. It has submitted an affidavit
from an employee with personal knowledge of the insurance negotiations, which states:
3. During the entire time period while these two policies were in the process of
being negotiated and placed, the Marsh USA offices were located [in] . . .
Baltimore, Maryland[.] Eve Clark [Danfoss’ head of human resources]
received dozens of emails from Emily Rollins, a Risk Analyst at Marsh, and
from Kristine Smith, a Senior Vice President and Client Manager, at Marsh,
and the address on those communications was always . . . Baltimore,
Maryland.
4. To my knowledge, no one who negotiated or signed the policy was in the state
of Florida and none of the negotiations occurred in the state of Florida.
DE 61-2 at ¶¶ 3-4.
Based on this evidence, the Court finds that, under a lex loci contractus analysis, New
York law governs this breach of contract action to collect insurance premiums. No evidence
supports the conclusion that the contract was executed in Florida. The evidence submitted by
Danfoss—that it dealt with Marsh agents located in Maryland—is not dispositive under the
analysis utilized in Sun Capital and Granite State. The evidence submitted by Liberty shows that
the relevant offer and acceptance occurred between the parties’ agents in New York.
4
These emails were submitted for the first time with Liberty’s reply memorandum in support of summary judgment.
See DE 69. The Court notes that Danfoss did not object to this evidence, either by filing a motion or orally at the
hearing on October 23, 2015. Danfoss also did not request leave to file a sur-reply in response thereto. See generally
Baltzer v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., No. 14-20140-CIV, 2014 WL 3845449, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 5, 2014)
(affidavits and declarations attached to a reply brief may contain facts not previously mentioned in the underlying
motion, as long as the facts rebut elements of the opposition memorandum and do not raise wholly new factual
issues).
16
Accordingly, it is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the Court determines that New
York law governs this dispute, as raised in Plaintiffs’ Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s
Counterclaim [DE 45] and Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment [DE 48].5
DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers, Fort Pierce, Florida, this 26th day of October,
2015.
_______________________________
ROBIN L. ROSENBERG
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Copies furnished to:
Counsel of record
5
Again, this Order does not decide whether New York applies an exhaustion of administrative remedies doctrine to
the instant case, such that Danfoss’ claims or defenses are barred. This Order also does not reach the other issues
raised in Liberty’s motion to dismiss Danfoss’ counterclaim, such as whether Danfoss has properly pled a claim for
damages.
17
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