Voss v. City of Key West, Florida

Filing 53

ORDER Granting Summary Judgment as to Liability Signed by Senior Judge James Lawrence King on 5/9/2014. (jw)

I THE UNI
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FOR THE SOUTH ERN DI
STRI OF FLORI
CT
DA
KEY W EST DI SI
VI ON
CA SE NO. 1 l 06- K1
3- 01 CV- NG
KA REN CABA NA S V O SS,

Pli if
antf ,
VS.

CI O F K EY W EST,
TY
Dee n .
f nda t

O RDER GRANTI SUM M ARY JUDGM ENT AS TO LI LI
NG
ABI TY

THI CAUSE co esbef e t Cour upon Pl ntf' M oto f Pa ta Summ a y
S
m
or he
t
ai ifs
in or ri l
r

J d me t st Lib l y(h f to ' ( 8, ie o J l 1 , 01 Theen P an ifcams
u g n a o a ii te k in' DE ) fld n uy 7 2 3. ri , litf li
t
Mo )

ta s
h t ummayj d me ti a p o raeo h ro b h l b c u et eu ip tdfcs
r u g n s p r p it n e wn e af e a s h nds ue a t
de onsr t t tDe e ntspolc ofd ug t tng a1a ia sf e pl m e wasa i t
m tae ha f nda ' i y r esi 1 pplc nt or m oy nt
ppled o
he i a unc tt i lm a r TheCour he r or la gu e o t M oton on Aprl29,
r n n onsiutona nne .
t a d a r m nt n he
i
i

201 du i whi t pa tesag e d t dic r i c
4, rng ch he ri r e hat s ove y s ompl t f rpur e ofa la lt
ee o
pos s
i biiy
dee m i ton. trc e ulc i r ton oft pla ngsandar
tr na i Afe ar f onsde a i
he e di
gument r ied by t pa tes
s as
he ri ,
t Cou tfndst tPli ifsM oton mus begr t d.
he
r i ha antf
i
t
an e
1. Background

The Ciy ofKe W et(he lciy' i e ntd a Dr Fr e W or a e Polcy (he
t
y s t i t ' mplme e
)
ug- e
kplc
i t

l oiy' o J n 2 1 9 t o y We tDr g Fr e Wo k ac Po iy a 1(u e 2 1 9 )
k lc ' n u e , 9 9.Ci fKe s u e rpl e lc t J n , 9 9
p
)
y
( r natrPolc .The pur eoft Polc i $o elmi t aco a il aldr us i
heei fe iyj
pos
he iy s % i nae l hol nd leg ug e n

gh Ciys wo k lc be a s o g Ci s r s nsblt f rtes f ,ef ci ea d etce t
t e t 'l r pa e c u e f t t q epo i ii o h a e fe tv n fs in
he y'
y

dei r ofpublcs r c s'1 Tot te t Polc pr de f ,i e ala,1 dr t tngof
lve y
i evie . d. ha nd,he iy ovi s or ntr i ) ug esi
'
a1 a plca s f e oyme wih t Ciy, wih r us l t s i t t tng r s tng i
l p i nt or mpl
nt t he t
t ef a o ubm t o esi e uli n

rjcino a a plc to f re o me t 2 d u tsi go c re te o e si nteCi
ee to f ny p iain o mply n , ) r g e tn f u rn mply e t
whe h t
y
ha ar a ona e s pii t ta e oye i usng orhasus d dr oracoholi vi a i of
s e s bl us con ha n mpl e s i
e ugs l
n olton

Ciy polc ' a 3) rndom,unamounc d dr tsi f empl es i t i s ey
t
iy, nd
'
a
r
e ug etng or
oye n i c aft
publ
postons' s h a c rii fr tg e s a s n polc of e s a e oye i ts eyii ,' uc s e tfed iei ht r nd wor
ie sc r , nd mpl es n saf t
s ii posto s's h asc
enstve iins' uc
omm e c a drve s 1 a 2- 11 The i t nta ton c lngest
r i l i r . d. t 5, .
nsa c i hale
he
Ciy' a i a i oft Polc t Pl ntf ,
t s pplc ton he iy o ai if whos condii loferofe pl e wih t Ciy
e
tona f
m oym nt t he t
wa wihdr wn afe s r us d t s i t apr e pl e tdr t s .
s t a
l r he ef e o ubm t o e-m oym n ug e t
1 Fact
l.
s

The Ciy' J De c i i f rt ne y c e t d poston ofçsold W ase Coor nat '
t s ob s rpton o he wl r a e
ii
s i
t
di or'

sae ,i j ep i r f c o t i hihl v sbemak tn a p mmi p sto i t d v l p
tts çth rmay o us f hs g y iil r eig nd l ng o iin s o e eo ,
g
i e nta expa t Ciy' r cyci pr r ,wih as onda y f usofove s e ng ot r
mplme nd
nd he t s e lng og ams t ec
r oc
re i
he

ts s wi i t e Ciy s S ld W a t Utlt ' Ci o Ke We tS ld Wa t Co r ia o J b
a k t n h t ' o i se ii ' t f y s o i se o dn tr o
h
y. y
Dec i in a l ( 14 (eenatrJ De c lto j Ad iin ly t e p sto o Soi
s rpt t DE - ) h ri fe ob s r i n . dto al, h o iin f l
o
p
d

W a t Co r i ao i l e t ef lo ngd te /a k /o s
se o d n tr ncud s h ol wi u ists s b :
j
* Desg deveop a i e ntpr
i n,
l nd mpl me
omotona a e a i r cyci matrasf
i l nd duc tonal e lng e i l or
dis m i ton t t publc.
s e na i o he
i
@ Fa lt t t Ciy' r sde i ,mulif m iy, nd c
ciia e he t s e i ntal t-a l a omm e c a r yc i pr mn t
r i l ec lng ogr o
e our e i r s d pa tcpai n i a co da ew ih t Ciy' Sold W ase M a t rPln.
nc ag nc ea e rii to n c r nc t he t s i
t
se a
* Cole a anayzer cyci d t vi s e ds et a da a s m a
lct nd l e lng a a a pr a he s nd t ba e nage nts t m ;
me yse
mant i m ont y r pori
i an
hl e tng.
* Esa ih and mait n r f r es t m f publc i or ton wih a e
t bls
n ai e e enc yse or
i nf ma i
t n mpha i on
ss
u tng a c i ly i ovi Ciy' we iepage
pda i nd ontnual mpr ng t s bst
.
@ Pr e t cvi gr ,publcor ni tons i vi busnes e ,a t c muniy
es nt o i c oups
i ga zai , ndi dual i s s nd he om
t
t i r s a a e sand pr m oton oft Count sr cyc i pr a s asw el ast
o nc ea e w r nes
o i
he
y' e lng ogr m ,
l he
o
pporuniy f busnes est c tc t t ough r cyc i pa tcpai n.
t t or i s o u oss hr
e lng ri i to
* W or w ih s c a e nt or ni r t f ciia e r yc i pa tc pa i a e ur t i
k t pe i l ve s ga ze s o a lt t ec lng ri i ton, nd ns e he r
co pla e w ih Ciy' s ci le nt r qui e e s f r c i
m i nc t t s pe a ve s e r m nt or e yclng.

2

@ De opi and i e tngenvionme a sr egis a ton pl ns polci and
vel ng
mplmen i
r
nt l tat e , c i
a , i es
pr ci est te ur waser duci a s t i lt pr c i s;
a tc ha ns e t e ton nd usanabiiy a tce
* Pe f m ot rplnni r s a c and o he t s asnee d f t Ciy' So i W a t
ror he a ng, e e r h,
t r a ks
de or he t s ld se
U tlt
iiy.
* Bea et r i veTr ns e St ton M ana ron occ son whe M a
bl o ele
a f r ai
ge
ai
n nage i on la
r s e ve.
* Pa tci t i e r
ri pa e n nvionmen ale a i e t/ ga z tons s i e nt a r ea c
t duc ton ven sor ni a i , pecal ve s nd es r h
orpiotpr r m s
l og a .
* l e atng a e urng c pla ewih f de a ,sae a l le r e a
ntgr i nd ns i om inc t e r l t t nd oca nvionm nt l
l gilton a r pori e r
e sa i nd e tng nvionme a peror nce
nt l f ma .

@ Pef r oh r o -eae d t sa a sg e
ro ms te j b r ltd ui s sin d.
e
JobDe c i i a 2. TheTr ns e St to i af ciiy i whih s i wa t r re d fom
s rpton t
a f r ai n s a lt n c old se eti ve r
r sde esa busne s a ound t Ciy i de iedont at i ng foor' wa t
e i nc nd i s es r
he t s post
o s ppi l 'by se
t
ma ge nttuc a prvat haulr a t tanse r d t lr ha i tuc f dipos
na me r ks nd i e
e s nd hen r f r e o a ge ulng r ks or s al
outi oft Ciy. av e pm e tucksand ma nesa e ofe oper tng smula usy a
sde he t He y qui nt r
chi r tn
a i i t neo l t
t Tr ns e St ton,a i i t Tr nse St ton M a ge ' r s
he a f r a i nd t s he a fr ai
na r s e ponsbiiy t s r s and
i lt o upe vie

oves et o rtonoft Trnse Stton.Neihe t Trnse Stton Mana rt a oft
re he peai
he a fr ai
t r he a fr ai
ge or ny he

Trn frSainsag n rt Soi W a t Co r iao aes be t or n o u amo n e d u
a se tto tf o he l se o dn tr r u j c t a d m, n l u c d r g
d
t t Ptr la t t Polcy.
CS S ls l nt o hC i

The ne posii des rbe a
w
ton, c i d bove wasc eaed i 201 I De mberof201 Pl ntf
,
r t n 2. n ce
2, ai if
a id t be t Ciy' fr tSold W a t Coo di t r I c meci n wih he a ia i f
pple o
he t s is
i
se
r na o . n or to
t r pplc ton or

e oyme ,Pli if 1 per te t Ciyt ma c ofhe drve ' lce e 2)pr de t
mpl nt antf: ) mitd he t o ke opy
r i rs i ns ; ovi d he
Ciy wih a de ci i ofhe educ tona hit y;3)pr ded t Ciy wih he e oyme
t t
s rpton
r ai l sor
ovi he t t r mpl nt
hit y; pr de t Ciy wihals oft eerfr nc ;5 a we e (nt negai )whehe
sor 4) ovi d he t t it hr ee e es ) ns r d i he tve
t r

s eh de e b e c n itdo ac i n l fe e6 wa s b e tdt aM o r eCo n yS rf
h a v r e n o v ce f rmia o fns ) s u j ce o
n o u t heifs
Ofi e s r h of he ar e t r c d.Se D E 9- On J nua y 28,201 Pl i if was ofer d t
fc ea c
r r s e or
e
3.
a r
2, a ntf
f e he
Sold W a t Coor na orposton.On J nua y 31,201 Pl i if w a a ove f t pos ton
i
se
di t
ii
a r
2, a ntf s ppr d or he ii
by t Ciy M a ge a t A s i t n Ciy M ana r f A dm i s r ton a Ope a i .O n
he t
na r nd he s s a t t
ge s or
ni ta i nd
r tons

Fe ua y 5 201 s r td t Hu a Res ce f t fna sageoft applca i pr e s
br r , 2, he epore o m n our s or he i l t
he
i ton oc s ,

3

at whih Pl ntf: wa pr ded wih a c
c
ai if
s ovi
t
opy of t Polc sgne bot a dr t tng
he
iy; i d
h
ug-esi

i ntfc to f m and a Empl e Ac
de ii ai n or
n
oye
knowldg m e Agr eme ,a
e e nt e nt cknowldgi r eptof
e ng ec i
t Polc a wa as t r por t t Ciy' dr g-esi s ci n c l ton st wihi one
he iy; nd s ked o e t o he t s u t tng pe me oleci ie t n
hourt g vea urne s i e f urnayss The Em pl e Ac
o i
i pecm n or i l i.
oye
knowldg ntAgr e e saes
e eme
e m nt tt

ta,$ aj b a p ia t Ife l a d v lna i a ret au i lssd u s r e a p r ofmy
h ti
As o p lc n, r ey n ou trl g e o rnay i r g c e n s a t
y
a iaton f e oyme . Iundert nd t t a r us t t t ...wildiqualf me fom
pplc i or mpl
nt
sa ha
ef al o es
l s iy
r

e oyme .' o eAc nowld me Agr me ( 98)
mpl nt'Emplye k e ge nt ee nt DE - .
The Polc r quie al a i nt f e pl e t r por t Key W e tUr ntCa e t
iy e r s l pplca s or m oym nt o e t o
s ge
r o
pr de a s i e f u i l i .Applc nt pr de t s ci
ovi
pecm n or rna yss
ia s ovi he pe men fom wihi a prv e
r
t n
i at
bahr ;a ia sa enotmonior d orwathed whie pr ucng t s i e Thes c me
t oom pplc nt r
t e
c
l od i he pecm n.
pe i n

i t n ta poredt Ques Dignosis albo aor lc ns d by t Fl i Age ofHeat
s he rns t o
t a tc , a r t y ie e
he orda ncy
lh
Ca e Adm i sr ton, f a tn- ld ug s r n t s. The Polcypr des t tt r s t oft
r
nita i or e pane r c ee e t1
i ovi : ha he e uls he
t s wilbe mai ane i c i ntaiy by t Ciy,t tt t s r ulsm a no be us d i a
et l
nti d n onfde ilt
he t ha he e t es t y t
e n ny
c i na pr e ng a ns t a plca , a f r a pr edu e by whi a ia s m a
rmi l oc edi gai t he p i nt nd o
oc r
ch pplc nt
y
c le a postve t tr s t Polc a 8- Applca s who et rr f e t s i t t dr
halnge
ii es e ul. iy t 9.
i nt
ihe e us o ubm t o he ug
t s orwhos t s r t 'sapostve r ul a enothiedf empl e .
et
e e t eul
n
ii es t r
r or
oym nt

Pl ntf di notr por t t c lc i st asi t u t d,buti tad we i e a ey t
ai if d
e t o he ole ton ie nsr c e
nse
nt mm dit l o

te Ciy At me ' o fc a o j ce t b ig s be td t pr-mpo me td u -ce nn
h t t y s fie nd b e td o en u j ce o ee ly n r g s re ig
o
pu s ntt t Polc On Fe u r 28,201 Pl ntf wa i onned t tt Ciy ofe e t
r ua o he i y.
br a y
2, ai if s nf
ha he t f r d he
Sold W a t Coor naorposto t a t rc ndi t be aus Pl ntf r f e t t ket pr
i
se
di t
ii n o no he a da e c e ai if e us d o a he ee pl e dr t s .
m oym nt ug e t

'Theurnal i ts sf rt pr s nceof ac ,a
i yss e t o he e e
: lohol mphe a nes c mmbi ds c ai ,opi t ,
t mi , a
noi , oc ne aes
phe
ncyci ne me ha one, r t a e ,be odiz phi ,m eha
ldi , t qual babiur t s nz a e nes t done a pr
, nd opoxyphe
ne.
4

I I Le St
I . gaI andar f Sum m ar Judgm e
d or
y
nt

Su r j dg n i a p o raewheet epe dn sa ds p o t gmaeil e tbl h
mmay u me t s p r p it r h la ig n u p ri
n tra s sa i
s
t tt r i no ge ne is a t a ma e i lf tandt tt m o ng pa t i e ild t
ha he e s
nui s ue s o ny t ra ac
ha he vi
ry s ntte o

j d me t samatro lw.S eFe . Ci P. 6; ltxCop.r Car t 47 U. . 7 3 2
ug na
te f a e d R. v. 5 Ceoe r . tet 7 S 31 , 2
,
( 98 .l t rc dasawhol c dnotl dartona fc-i rt fndf t nonmovi
1 6) f he e or
e oul
ea ai l a tfnde o
or he
ng
pa t t r i no ge neis off c f ti l SeeM atu hia Elc I s Co.v Ze t Radi
ry,he e s
nui s ue a t or ra .
s s t e . ndu .
. nih
o

Cor ,475U. 574,587( 986)
pS.
1 .
Them ovi pa t b r t bu de ofpoi i t t pa toft r c d t ts
ng ry ea s he r n
ntng o he r he e or ha howst
he
abs nceofage ne is ofma e i lf ct Se Adi e r S. Kr s (rCo. 398 U. 1 1
e
nui s ue
t ra a . e ck s . H
es : ,
k
S. 44, 57

(970) Ale v T onFoods I ,1 F. 642,646( 1h Ci.1 .Onc t movi pat
1 ; ln . ys
, nc. 21 3d
1 t r 997)
e he
ng ry
e t bls t a e e ofage neis ofma e i lf ct t bur n s fst t nonmovi
sa ihes he bs nc
nui s ue
t ra a , he de hit o he
ng
pa t t go be
ry o
yond t pl di a desg t is ii f c ss
he ea ngs nd i nae tpecfc a t howi t tt r i age ne
ng ha he e s nui

is ef r ra. Ceotx 4 7U. a 3 4; e as Ch n l I c v lai Acie a o a,f c,
su o til' l e , 7 S. t 2 s e lo a e, n . . t l
'
an tv we r fFl. n .
931F. 1 1 ( 1h Ci.1 )( di t tt nonmovi pa t mus S omef wad
2d 472, 477 1 t r 991 hol ng ha he
ng ry t t
c
or r

wi sg iia tp o tv e ie ed mo srt tee itnc o atibeis eo f c.)
t infc n , r bai e v d nc e n tai h xse e f ra l su f a t'.
h
ng
'

Onamoin f rs mmayj dg n ,h c u t s ve tee i e c a drs l ea1
to o u r u me tt e o r mu t iw h v d n e n e o v 1
i e enc si t lg mos f r et t nonm ovi pa t Se Ande s v fi ry Lobb
nf r e n he i ht t avo abl o he
ng ry. e
r on . be t
y,

f7 , U. 242,255( 986) Howe r ameesi il ofevi ncei s
?c.477 S.
1 .
ve, r cntla
de n uppor oft
t he

n n v n pat spo ii ni is fce tt d fa amo inf rs mma yj d me t S ei a
o mo i g ry' sto s n ufiin o ee t to o u r u g n. e d. t
252.l t e d e o f r d by t no ovi pa t i m e el c or bl ori notsgniian l
f he vi enc f e e
he nm ng ry s r y ol a e s
i fc ty

p o aie s mmayj d me t sp o e . e i a 2 9 5 .
r b tv , u r u g n i r p r S e d. t 4 - 0
1 . Le Fr e or f A nal i ofSus ci l s D r Tes i
V
gal am w k or
ys s
pi on- e s ug
t ng

l i wel- etedt tdr t si whih utlz urnayssi açs z h't f lswihi
t s ls tl ha ug e tng c iies i l i s 'ea c 'hat a l t n

5

t a bi oft Fo t a Fouree h Ame m e s Ski rv Ry.Labo Exec .' s',489
he m t he urh nd
t nt
nd nt . nne .
r
s As n

U. 602,61 ( 989)(dcl lci a t tngofurnei r uponexpe ttonsofprva
S.
71
çg ole ton nd esi
i ntudes
cai
i cy
t ts it ha l rc z dasras e.) Tober s nabl unde t Fo t
ha ocey s ong e ognie e onabl ' .
'
ea o e
r he urh
Ame
ndme ,as a c o di rl mus bebas d o i vi lz d s pi on ofwr ng ng.
nt e r h r na iy
t
e n ndi dua ie us ci
o doi

Ve noni Sc Ditv. t 51 U. 646,652- ( 995) s ealoSki r, U. a 61
r a h. s. Acon, 5 S.
53 1 ; e s nne 489 S. t 9

(i s ac o s iu e. .sn t e s n beu e sii a c mp ih dp ru n t aj dca
$Aj e rh r ez r . i o r a o a l nls t s c o ls e u s a t o u iil
g
warntis duponpr bl c e' .
ra sue
oba e aus .' Howe r t SuprmeCour ha rc z
)
ve,he
e
t s e ognied
pa tc a ie e e i t t ma n r ei st tonswhe et g nmen pr f r a S pec a
riulrz d xc ptons o he i ul n iua i
r he over
t ofe s l i l
s
ne d' orSmpora go r
e ' t
i
tnt ve nmen a i e es'whih i f t r d by t i r i Sk nne ,
t l ntr t' c s urhe e
he ntuson. i r 489
U , a 61 624.M or ve ,t Supr m e Cour has a s f
S. t 9,
eo r he
e
t
l o ound t tng r gi e s bs a i ly
es i e m s u t nta l

smia t t onea is i t sa ton t bet ea i y noni i ' s h t t i t Ciy
i lr o he
t s ue n hi c i o i ltvel
r
nvasve,' uc ha , f he t
m a sisS pe a nee 's
ke t l cil ds' howi t Ciy c d pr bl notbe f ule f exc sve
s
ng, he t oul oba y
a t d or es i

i r i Se Chandlrv. ilr 520U. 305,31 ( 997) Acc di y,t pr valt Ciy
ntuson. e
e M le ,
S.
8 1 . or ngl o e i he t
m us s
t how ane d ori e es,k yond t nor lne d f 1 w e or eme 'orçc i e
e
ntr t '
be
he ma e or a nf c nt' srm
de e tony'hati i ufi e l via t s es t Fourh Amendme ' nonnalr quie e of
t c i 't s i fcinty t l o uppr s he
s
t
nts
e r m nt
i vi ied s pi on.' eSknne ,489 U. at61 624; e alo Chandl ,5 U . a 31
ndi dualz us ci 'Se i r
S.
9,
se s
er 20 S. t 8.
V . D i si
scus on

Pli ifm o s pur ua t Rul 56 oft Fe r Rul ofCi lPr dur f rpari l
antf ve , s nt o e
he de al es
vi oce e, o
ta

s mma yj d me t g i s t eCi a df ra o de o t eCo r d cai t a teCi sP iy,
u r u g n a an t h t n o n r r f h u t e lrng h t h t ol
y
y' c
whih r quie alapplc nt f e pl
c e rs 1
i a s or m oymentwih t Ciyt s
t he t o ubmi t pr empl m e dr
t o eoy nt ugs r e ng,wasa i t he unc tt i ly.Pl i ifa guest tt Ciy hasf ied t m a
c e ni
ppled o r ons iutona l a ntf r
ha he t
a l o ke

t er q ie s o n o as e il e do i o tn g ven na itr s whc j siisis
h e urd h wig f p ca n e r mp ra t o r me tl ne e t ih u tfe t
i ason ofPl ntf sFourh Ame
nv i
ai if
t
ndme prva y i e es.TheCiy oppos ss ma y
nt i c nt r t
t
e um r

6

j d me ta d ag e :1 teCi h sd mo srtdas e il e dwhc j siiss p co -e s
u g n , n r u s ) h t a e n tae p ca n e ih u t e us iin ls
y
f
tsi ofa i nt frt SoldW aseCoor nao poston; atr tvel 2)t tt
e tng pplca s o he i
t
di tr ii and, lenai y, ha he
c le d pori oft Polcy, c a i onl t a ia sf e oyme ,doesnot
ha lnge
ton he i whih pples y o pplc nt or mpl
nt

pr de f a un ea ona e s a c Th Cour wilfr tdicus whehe t Ciy hass
ovi or n r s bl e r h. e
t l is s s
t r he t
hown a

s e il e dori o tn g enme tln ee t u tf igt ePoiy a ,i ly teCo r wi
p ca n e mp ra t ov r n a itr sj siyn h lc , nd fnal,h u t l
l
ad es t Ciy' a gumentt ts pi i ls t si ofa lc si notunr s bl .
dr s he t s r
ha us con-e s e tng pp iant s
ea ona e
A. TheCiy' Spe i N e d orl
t s cal e
mpor antGover e a l er s
t
nm nt l nt e t
The Supr me Cour e pl abur n-hitng a ysswhe consde i t pr i yof
e
t m oys
de s fi nal i
n
i rng he opret

s pii l sdr t tng r quie e s W hen i i demonsr t d t adr t thasbe n
us con-es ug esi e r m nt .
ts
ta e hat ug es
e
ad i se e wihouti vi lze s pi i ofwr
m nitr d t
ndi duai d us con
ongdoi t bur n i tal f lsupon t
ng, he de nii ly al
he

g v r n t s o as e iln e o i ra tg v r me tlitr s t t u tfe t Fo rh
o enme t o h w p ca e d r mpo tn o en n a ne et ha j siis he u t
Am e
ndme i r i Chandl r 520 U. a 31 l t ts
nt ntuson.
e,
S. t 4. f ha howi i made co t S
ng s
, urs t ra a
unde tke

c e -pecfci r e m i ng cl el t c
ontxts ii nquiy, xs ni os y he ompetngprvae a publci e essadva ed
i
i t nd
i ntr t
nc

b tepat s'I Th Ciyag e t atr aieitr ss u tf tePoiy sr q ie n o
y h ri . d e t r u s wo len t nee tj siy h l ' e urme t f
e '
v
c
s pi i l sdr t tng f a ia sf t Sold W a t Coor n orposton. r t t Ciy
us con-es ug esi or pplc nt or he i
se
di at
ii Fis, he t
ar uest ti ha a i pora i e e ti t S a e, f c i and e fcintde i r ofpu i
g
ha t s n m tnt ntr s n he ç f efe tve,
s
fi e
lve y
blc
s r c ,' e ond, heCiy a g t tt Sold W ase Coor na ori as f t s nstveposton
e vies's c
t
t r ues ha he i
t
di t s a e y- e ii
ii

frt r s ;1 t Sold W a t Coor naormus o asonalys viet Trnse
o wo eaons ) he i se
di t
t cc i l uper s he a fr
Stton,a 2)t SoldW aseCoo di t mus gi pr e ai t s hoola dchidrn.
ai nd he i
t
r naor t ve esnttons o c -ge l e
1. The Ciy' l e e ti t isaf ,Efe i and Ef ii ntDe i y ofPublcSe vi e '
t s nt r s n he s e f ctve
fc e
lver
i r c s'
The t r ti er s r le upon by t Ciy i s a e w ihi t Polcy is l .The Polc
i s nt e t e i d
he t s t t d t n he i t e f
iy

pr de t tisgoa i çoei naeac a ilgaldr us i iswor a be us ofghe
ovi s ha t l s i lmi t lohol nd le
t
ug e n t kplce ca e t

Ciy') e p n iiiyf rtesf , fe tv a d efce t eie yo pu lcs r ie , t a çdlu
t s r s o sb l o h ae e fcie n fiin d l r f b i e vc s' h tt r g
t
v
'
g

7

o ac h l ei t ewo k lc ma rs l i o c nrb t t o -h -o a cd n s mo o v hil
r lo o us n h r pa e y e ut n r o tiue o n tej b c ie t, tr e ce
a cd n sa dp ro a ij r t Ci e ly e a dtep bl , a dta i mply e wh
c ie t n e s n lnu y o t mpo e s n h u i ' n h tç o e s o
y
c'
e
ilgal us dr tndt be ls pr duc i ls r la eandpr t g e t ra e e im t
le ly e ugs e o e s o tve, e s ei bl
one o r a e bs nt e s han
t i f l e o ,' c i t n,ç par t e fce ofCiy de rme s c e t sa
her elow mpl yees'whih n ur ûm is he f incy
i
t pa t nt , r a e
g e t rbur n on r i bl empl sa unde m i spublcc i nc i a lCiy e oye .
rae
de
ela e
oyee nd
r ne
i onfde e n l t mpl es'
'
Polc a 1 2.W hieundoubt dl we lme ng,t pur e oft Polc outi a ç y bolc'
iy t l
e y l- ani he pos
he iy lnes : m i'
s

itr s, iht eSu rmeCo r h sp e iusy rj ce a as e il e dj siyn s s iinnee twhc h p e
u t a rvo l ee td s p ca n e u tf ig u p co
l s dr t tng.Se Chandl r 520 U. a 3 e s ug esi
e
e,
S. t 2122.

I Ch n lr teS p e Co r rj ce Ge r i ' a srint tasmi ritr s
n a de ,h u r me u tee td o g as se t ha i l n ee t
o
a
j si e t esaess s co ls d u tsi o c n iae f rhg o fc .d.Ge r i
u tf d h tt' u piin-e s r g etng f a dd ts o ih f e I
i
o ga
m ant ne t i ha as cili e e ti t tng a1 c da e be a e lhe us ofil aldr
i ai d hat t d pe a ntr s n esi 1 andi t s c us ç
t
e leg ugs

d a i t q e to a o fca' j dg n a itg i j o adie t d sh r eo p b i
rws no u sin n fiils u me t nd ne rt e p r z s he ic a g f u lc
y;
f tons i l ngantd u lw e or e e e f t;a under nespublc c
unci , ncudi
i r g a nf c m nt fors nd
mi
i onfd e a
enc nd

tu tn ee tdo fcas'1 . t3 8 Th Co r f u dta Ge r i' j siiain, n i
r s i lce fiil. d a 1 . e u t o n h t o ga s u tfc to a d t
'
s
c
omm im e t t sr e a i td ugabus f l s tofde
t nt o he tuggl ga ns r
e, e l hor
monsr tngt t peofSs cil
ta i he y
%pe a
ne d's fcintt s e st Fo t Am e
e ' ufi e o uppr s he urh
ndmentsr quieme ofi vi ied s pi i
' e r nt ndi dualz us con.

J ti eteprpo e u tfc to i Ch n lr t ePoiy s u tfc to i n tby
us lk h o sdj siiain n a d e ,h l ' j siiai n s o a l
c
lc ng a i c ton ofac ee da r Se i a 31 1 I e t r i no e de ei t
a ki ny ndi ai
oncr t nge . e d t 8- 9. nde d, he e s
vi nc n he
r c d s wi as rouspr e ofdr a ea o s applca sf e pl e wih t
e or ho ng e i
oblm
ug bus m ng t i nt br m oym nt t he
ner ly
Ciy, ore a
t 2 ven mongs Ciy e pl esge a l , whi h mi hts r t c im t Ciy'
t t m oye
c g e ve o onfr he t s

a sri ofas ca nee f as pii ls dr tsi r mea j tf ade rur fo
se ton
pe il d or us con-e s ug etng egi nd usiy pa t e rm

2The onl e de e s ges st t snc i plm e ai oft Polc i 1
y vi nc ug t ha , i e m e ntton he i y n 999 t Ciy hast se
he t
etd
937 a i n s wih onl t e y- a i a s or 2. pe ce , f ii t i pr - m pl e
pplca t t
y w nt one pplc nt ,
2 r nt a lng he r e e oym nt
d ug t t . E 34r es s D
8.

8

t Fo t Am e
he urh
ndmen ' us lr quie ntofi vi lz s pi on. c di y,t Ciy'
ts ua e r me
ndi dua ied us ci Ac or ngl he t s
s
ymbolci e es i t 's e e f tvea e fci tde i r ofpublc s r c 'i i ufi i t
i nt r t n he taf , feci nd fi en lve y
i e vies' s ns fcent o

j siyteitu ino Pli ifsrg t u d rt Fo rhAme d n .
u tf h n r so n ant ih s n e he u t
f
n me t
W he hert Sold W as e C oor nat i a Saf t se ii Pos ton
t
he i
t
di or s
e p ns tve
ii

TheCiy a g st ts pi on-es dr t tng ofa la ia sf rt Sold W ase
t r ue ha us ci l s ug esi
1 pplc nt o he i
t
Coo di t poston i wara edbe a e i i as e y- e ii poston. ti undiput d t
r naor ii s r nt
c us t s aft s nstve ii l s
s e hat
t Sold W a t Coor naorsdu i i l s r sngt Tr f rStton whe t Tr nser
he i
se
di t ' tes ncude upe vii he ans e a i
n he a f
St to M a geri on lavea m a ng e r
ai n na s e
nd ki nvionme a educ ton pr s nt tonsa s hool t
nt l
ai
e e ai
tc so
s ool a d c l e The que to be o e t sCour i whe he t e dute r nde t Sold
ch - ge hidr n.
s i n f r hi
ts
t r hes
i s e r he i

W a t Coor na oras f t s nstveposto
se
di t
a e y- e ii
ii n.
The Supr m eCour ha a ove s pi i l sdr t tng ofe pl si ce ti
e
t s ppr d us con-es ug esi
m oyee n ra n
C aft s nstve' ii . eSk nne , U. a 620- .l Ski r,heCoul r i d on t
' e y- e ii 'postons Se i r 489 S. t
s
21 n nne t
' ele
t
he
doc e ed lnk be we n dr a aloholi r d r ir d e pl yee a t i i enc of
um nt i
t e ug- nd c -mpaie a loa m o s nd he nc d e

tana cd n st fn t ttu p sigs ft itr ss'u t idama d t r , us iin ls
ri c ie t o id ha t r a sn a ey n ee t'j si e
s
f
n ao y s p co -e s
t si pr a f r load e oye si ve i c ra nta n a ci nt be a er ir d
e tng ogr m or air
mpl e nvol d n e ti r i c de s c us aloa
wor er ar posto t çc us gr thum a l sbef ea sgnsofi par e bec e
k s e ii ned o da e ea
n os or ny i
m im nt om
notc abl t s r ior .' nne ,489U . 607- 628.Thus i Ski r t Cour pe f m e
ie e o upe v s s'Ski r
S.
08,
, n nne , he
t ror d
ac e - pe fci r a f
ont xts cii nquiy nd ound, e on evi nc ,t tr ir d empl esoc
bas d
de e ha a loa
oye
cupy s eyaf t
s nstvepostonsbe aus t neglge ope a i ofal omotvepr e t agr ve pot talf
e ii
ii
c e he
i nt r ton
oc
i es n s a
en i or
ha m t pe ea pr pery.
r o opl nd o t
The Ciy a gue t tt Sold W a t Co di t rposton i lke s s e y- e ii
t r s ha he i
se or na o
ii s i wie aft s nstve
be a e i i undipu e t thea e pm e and t u ksa e ofe o a i s m ula ous y on
c us t s
s t d ha
vy qui nt
r c r t n per tng i t ne l

t eCipn fo r' ft eTr n frS ain a dkwl e t ( oi ( lseCo r i ao flsi
h dp ig l o 'o h a se tto n ' h n he Sl ld W at o d n tr il n
t
l

9

f rteTrn frS ai nMa a e ,h ( oi g lse( o r n trmu tb p y ial p e e t
o h a se tto n g r t e Sl ld W at Cl odiao s e h sc ly r s n
o tetp ig fo r t eta se sainr q ii gila ee ae lv l fa rn s t a od
n h ipn l o of h r n f r tto e urng sc n lv td e e o wae e s o v i
c u igh r t h refa doh r , a dSheg l ld g l seE o r i t rmus b p e e to
a sn am o es l n te s' n s s o i W at cl o dnao
' t
t e r sn n
t tppi foo t f fl t poston' dute t tcole ta a l erc i daavi
he i ng l r o ulilhe ii s is o gj lc nd nayz e yclng t a

s ra s e a dd t b s sgijma a e n s se ' DE 3 a 1 . eCi sp sto i n t
p e d he t n aa a e sc n g me t y tm.' 2 t 3 Th t o ii n s o
'
y'
s po t d by t e de .
up r e
he vi nce

Fis,heCiy' curentSoldW aseCoodi t ,W ila Thomps n (hepes t
rtt t s r
i
t
r naor lim
o t ron o

whom t Ciyofee t posto atrr ngisofert Pl nig,tsiiddurnghi
he t frd he iin fe evoki t f o aitf etfe i s
de iin t tt SoldW ase Coor nat c n c lc a a yz r c i daar m ot l
posto ha he i
t
di or a ole t nd nal e e yclng t e ey
wihoute rha ng t vii t Tr nse Stton,m uc l st tppi toor DE 39- a 76.
t
ve vi o st he a f r a i
h es he i ng l .
5 t
Sec
ond,t e de e doe nots
he vi nc
s
uppor t tt Sold W aseCoor na ormus bephysc l
t ha he i
t
di t
t
ialy
pr s ton t tppi toorwhiefli i f t Tr ns e Stton M a
e en
he i ng l
l ilng n or he a f r a i
nage .Tho ps as
r
m on lo

tsi e ta teTrn frSainM a a e s e d t emao i of stmei hi o fc -n to
e tf d h t h a se tto n g r p n s h j rt hi i n s fie o n
i
y
t tppi foor- a t t w hie he hasne rha t i e g m ont as Sold W as e
he i ng l
nd ha , l
ve d o n i ht
hs
i
t

Co di t ,i he di ha t fl i f t Tr ns e Stton M a
or naor f
d ve o il n or he a f r a i
nage ,hewoul s
r
d pend mos of
t
hi tm ei t ofi eSnumbe c unchi a t ki ca eofpay ol. DE 39- a 73.
s i n he fc ç
rr
ng nd a ng r
r l'
'
5 t
Addii ly,t UtltesM a e f rt Ciy,Rhue J ks Ge n, e tfe t tt Tr nse
tona l he iii
nag r o he t
l ac on wi t sii d ha he a f r
St ton us ss te s- Tr nse Stton e pl eswho unde go ac rii a i pr s - t die t
ai
e po tr
a fr a i m oye
r
e tfc ton oce s o r c
t move e ofhe vy e pme ar
he
m nt
a qui nt oundt f iiy t m i m i t c nce ofa ci nt ,a
he aclt o ni ze he ha s c de s nd
t tt Sold W ase Coor na o i no c ri d a as te .DE 39- a 46- Ast e de e
ha he i
t
di t r s t e tfe s po tr
6 t 49. he vi nc
de ons r t t tt Sold W as e Coor na ori ne t ra tvel i ve i s f t r a e
m t a es ha he i
t
di t s ihe c i y nvol d n a e y-el t d
dute ar
i s ound t Tr f St ton,norne dst be physcaly pr e a t Tr f rSt ton t
he ans er a i
e o
i l es nt t he ans e a i o

cole ta a yz r yclng da a t Ciy' poston i wihoutm e i.
lc nd nal e ec i
t , he t s ii s t
rt

10

M or ove ,he i t tc e i ditnguiha efom Sknner l Ski r t Cour f md
e r t nsan as s si s bl r
i . n nne , he
t ot

t a ç u sigs ft itrss'u tfe s s iin-e stsiga tri wa p e e tdwi
h ti pa sn aey ne e t'j si d u p co ls e t fe t s r sn e t
s
n
h
e ie c ta o -h -o itxiaini t erir a id tyc u e t n y o ea cd n so e a
vd n e h t n tej b no c to n h alo d n usr a s d we t - n c ie t v r

tn y a p ro , e utn i t ny fv ft lis sxy o en n ftlij re , n p o e t
e - e r e id r s lig n we t - e aai e , it- n o -aa nu is a d r p ry
t
d ge e tmatd a $1 milon. d.a 607,
ama si e t 9 li 1 t
634. r i a ol ey no e de ei t i t nt
The e s bs ut l
vi nc n he nsa

c s whihs g sst a a ya cd n sa t Trnse Sainweears l o o -h -o d u
a e c ug et h t n c ie t t he a fr tto r e ut f n tej b r g
i im e orit ca i a t dn ge whi h oc ur dtrng a ci nt att Tr f
mpa r nt n oxi ton, nd he ma
c c s li c de s he anser
St to i nowhe enea t s or rofm a t a t a ci nt i Sknne .To wi, heonl
ai n s
r
r he ame de
gniude s he c de s n i r
tt
y
e de r lt d t a ci nt t thaveoc ured i t Tr ns e Stton waspr de by t
vi nce ea e o c de s ha
c r n he a f r a i
ovi d he
Ciy' UtltesM a
t s iii
nage ,who sae hewasa r ofoc asonsdurng hi f - art nur a
r
tt d
wa e
c i
i
s ourye e e s
UtltesM a ge whe e t Tr nserSt ton doo wa m itkenl l r d ont vehi e ,a
iii
na r r he a f ai
r s sa y owe e
o
cls nd
o oc ason w he a Tr ns e St ton s af m e ber' a i t w r s e a g c
ne c i
n
a fr ai t f m
l s n he ong pac nd ot over d
w
e
wih t as ' buti w a oka ' D E 3 6 a 11 76.
t r h,' i
he s y.
'
9- t ,
Thus unlke Ski r t r i no evi nce be or t sCour w hi h i c t st ton-he, i
nne , he e s
de
f e hi
t c ndi a e ha
t

j bitx c to i asg iia t r blm a n s e o e swo kn a teTr n f rS ai n( r
o no iai n s infc n p o e mo g t mply e r ig t h a se tto o
eve i t Ciy' Utlte Depat ntge al ,ora i c tont ta ient a pr ry
n n he t s iiis
rme nerly) ny ndiai ha ccd s nd ope t
dama i t Tr ns e St ton a eatrbut bl t aloholand dr us Addii ly, he Ciy'
ge n he a f r ai r ti a e o c
ug e.
tona l t
t s
poston t tt Sold W a t Coo di t i a s et s nstver ei f t unde m i d by t
ii ha he i
se
r naor s af y- e ii ol s urher
r ne
he

fc ta teCi d e n ts b e t h S l W at Co r i ao , h Trnse S ainM a a e , r
a th th t o s o u j c t e oi se o d n tr t e a fr tto n g r o
y
d
anyoft Tr nse St to sa ft t s m euna mou e r ndom dr t tng t whi h i
he a f r ai n t f o he a
r nc d, a
ug esi o c t

s jcse oy st Polc ca sfe a ' i sft postons'o ç aey-e ii
ube t mpl ee he iy ls iis s E c aey ii ' r t ft s nstve
publ
s

p sto s'S ePo iy a 4. c r n l,heCo l rj cst a t eSoi W a t Co r iao i a
o iin . e lc t Ac o digy t u. ee t h t h l se o dn t r s
'
t
d
s f t s nstveposton be us ofisdute a t Tr ns e St i
a e y-e ii
ii
ca e t is t he a f r aton.

11

The Ciy' fna a g e , ha t dut t m a envionm e aled ton pr s nt to
t s i l r um nt t t he y o ke
r
nt uca i
e e a i ns
t s hoolag c l e r nder t Sold W as e Coor nat a s f t s ns tve poston, s
o c - ed hidr n e
s he i
t
di or a e y- e ii
ii i

lkewieuna ii Asa sa tngpoi ,i i sg lc ntt not t tt Sold W ase Coor nat
i s
valng.
t ri
nt t s ini a o e ha he i
t
di or
ha ne ra t ly mades h apr e ai DE 39- a 35- Addii l t undiput
s ve c ua l
uc
es nt ton.
5 t 37.
tonaly, he
s ed
e de s st tt Sold W aseCoor na orha no i l opar ntsr ponsbiii t t
vi nce how ha he i
t
di t
s n oc
e i es i ltes o he
c l ent who pr s nttonsa e ma and t tt sude s't c r wilbe i t cas r
hidr o
m e e ai
r de
ha he t nt ea he s l
n he l s oom

d i t pr e ai t peha a he Ciy e oye ) Ast r i noe de e
urng he esnttons and r ps not r t mpl e . hee s vi nc
s si t tt Sold W a t Coor naorwilbee r t d wih t s r son,s f t o
ugge tng ha he i
se
di t
l
ntuse t he upe vi i a e y, r
s u iy ofc l e t tt Sold W ase Coo di t wilha unf te e uns r s d a e s
ec rt
hidr n; ha he i
t
r naor l ve et r d, upe vie cc s
t or byvit ofcontnuousi t r ton,bei aposton t e ti l nceove , l r n;or
o, ,
rue
i
n e aci
n
ii o xer ntue
r chid e
t tt Sold W a t Coor na orwilbei pos es i n oftda r m a hi r a haz r
ha he i
se
di t
l n s so
s nge ous c ne y nd a dous

s sa c s' urn p e e tto st c ide ,h Co r rj csta teSoi W a t Coo dn tr
ubtn e'd ig rs n ain o hlr n te u t ee t h t h l
d se r iao

i as ft-e stv po i o b c us o t i d t. e Au ryv Sc . .O a a et Pa ih
s a ey s n i e st n e a e f hs uy S e b e . h Bd fL f y t rs ,
i
i
e
1 F.d5 9 5 4(t Ci. 9 )(id n j ni rwa as ft -e iiepo i o b c u eh
48 3 5 , 6 5h r 1 98 fn i g a t s aey snstv st n e a s e
o
i
handldS ngeousma neya ha adouss tnc 'aoundc l e ;s ealoKno Cn/
e l
da r
chi r nd z r
ubsa es' r
hidrn) e s
x y.

Edu . s' v Kn xCny ## O u . 1 8F.d3 , 7 , 8 ( t Ci.1 9 )( odigt a
c As n . o r. . fEd c, 5 3 61 3 5 3 4 6h r 9 8 h l n h t
t a he sa es ey- e ii postonsbe a et y ha f que i l par ntso i a i a
e c r r af t s nstve ii
c us he ve t
uni n oco e i blg tons nd

i ns i l nc ove sude s).
mme e ntue e r t nt'
B. A pplcant versus C urrentEm pl
i s
oyees

TheCiy ur st Cour t dr aditnc i be wee a iant f e oymen a
t ge he
t o aw
si ton t n pplc s or mpl
t nd
cure e pl e .The Ciy r i ex e i y o a c e f om t Cou tofA ppe s f t D .
r nt m oye s
t eles t ns vel n as r he
r
al or he C.
Cic tt s
r ui o ugges t t Cour s d fnd t ts pi i l s dr t tng ofa i ant f r
t hat he
t houl i ha us c on-es ug es i
pplc s o

e oyme , oppos t c r nte oye s i r as
mpl
nt as
ed o ure mpl e , s e onabl Se Wil rv Thor gh,928
e. e lne .
nbur

12

F. 11 ( C. r 1 ) I e s et Ciys esst ts pii l sdr t tngof
2d 85 D. Ci. 991 .n senc he t ugg t ha us con-es ug esi
a i nt i r as bl be us a ia sc n r fai fom a yi f postonswhih r quie
pplca s s e ona e ca e pplc nt a e r n r ppl ng or ii
c e r
pr - mpl e dr t si I Wil r,heD. Cic tdeer nedt tpr - mpl e dr
e e oym nt ug e tng. n lne t
C. r ui t mi ha e e oym nt ug
t si ofa i nt t beJ tceDe rm e at neyswa r as bl be a et a i nt
e tng pplca s o
usi
pa t nt tor
s e ona e c us he pplca s

hadunde g S xta di rl i r i 'ba kgr
r one d r or na iy ntusve' c ound i si tonswhih ls t d t i
e
nve tga i
e e s ne her
expe t i ofprvac f a 11 - Asasa tng poi , hei t ntca ei ditnguihabl
catons
i y. #. t 91 92.
t ri
nt t nsa
s s si s e

b c u et eS ldW a t Co r iao i s b e tdo l t r u ier frnc a ar s hso y
e a s h oi se o dn t r s u j ce ny o o tn eee e nd re t itr
c ks whe ea i Wil rt a i a sc e ed t a e e i ba r
hec , r s n lne he pplc nt ons nt o n xtnsve ckg ound i tga i by
nvesi ton
t Fe r lBur u ofI si ton. i Howeve , ve i Ski rwa no ditnguiha e,
he de a
ea
nve tgai See d.
r e n f nne s t si s bl
t r i n pr e ti t scr ui whi hol t tt gove nm e ca vi a eape s srght
he e s o ec den n hi ic t ch ds ha he
r nt n olt
r on' i s
unde t Fourh Amendme s l a prorno i oft i
r he
t
nt o ong s i tce he mpendi vi a i i gi n.
ng olton s ve
Ac or ngl t Cour fndsno r a on t a
c di y, he
ti
e s o doptt ditnc i be wee a i nt a
he si ton t n pplca s nd
e oye t tt Ciy hass
mpl es ha he t
ugge t
sed.
Vl.concl on
usi

The Ciy ha f ied t c ry is bur n of de onsr tng a s c a ne d or i ra
t s al o a r t
de
m tai
pe i l e
mpo tnt

g v mme tlitr s whc j siis te Fo rh Ame me tituson c mpli d o i t s
o e n a nee t ih u tfe h u t
nd n nr i o ane f n hi
a ton.W hies pii ls dr t tng ofa i an sf re oyme m a ha be omer utne
ci
l us con-e s ug esi
pplc t o mpl
nt y ve c
o i
f prva e e pl r ,t s Cour i bo
or i t m oye s hi
t s und by c r lng pr ee ntt tnd t tt Polc i
ontoli
e de o s ha he iy s
u nsiuto lasa i t Pli tf .
nco tt ina
ppled o a n if
Ac or ngl i i ORDERED,
c di y, t s
ADJUDGED,a DECREED t t
nd
ha :

1 Pl ntf sM oi f Pa ta Summay J
. ai if
ton or ril
r udgme ast Libiiy ( 8)be,
nt o a lt DE

a d t e s me i,h r b GRANTED.Su r j d me t o la ii i
n h a s ee y
mmay u g n n iblt s
y

13

entr i Pli ifKa en Ca na Vos 'f voron he cli f r pr pec i
e ed n antf r
ba s
s a
r a m o os tve
r i a ns Def nda Ciy ofKe W e t
elef gai t e nt t
y s.

2. Dee nts M oto f Summar J me ( 32)be,a t sme i,
fnda '
in or
y udg nt DE
nd he a s
he e DENI
x by
ED.

3. Thi aci r mai pe ng wih r pe t t t is of pr pe i r le
s ton e ns ndi
t es c o he s ue
os ctve e if
a ns De e ntCiy ofKe W e t
gai t f nda
t
y s
DONE AND ORDERED i Cha
n
mber ,a M i m i M im iDa Count , Fl i t s 9 h
s t n , a - de
y orda, hi t

da ofM ay, 4.
y
201
ES LA W REN C E K I G
N
I
TED STA TES DI
STR I J G E
CT U

Cc:

Al c
l ouns lofr c d.
e
e or

1
4