Zurich American Insurance Company v. Amerisure Insurance Company et al

Filing 66

OPINION AND ORDER granting 43 Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim. Third Amended Complaint due by 1/27/2017. Signed by Judge Donald M. Middlebrooks on 1/19/2017. (yha)

I THE UNI
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DI
STRI OF FLORI
CT
DA

Cas No.9: 6- 81 M I
e
1 CV- 393- DDLEBRO OKS
ZURI AM ERI
CH
CAN I
NSUM NCE
COM PANY,
Pl ntf,
ai if

AM ERI
SURE F
NSURANCE COM PANY,
AM ERI
SURE M UTUAL W SUM NCE
COM PANY,HARTFORD FI I
RE NSURAN CE
COM PANY,
HARTFORD CASUALTY
I
NSUM NCE COM PAN Y a HARTFORD
w nd
UNDERW RI
TERS m SURAN CE COM PANY,
De e
f ndant.
s
/
O R DE R A ND O PI I N G R A NTI G DE FEN DA N TS A M ER I R E I SU M N C E
N O
N
SU
N
COM PANY AND AM ERI
SURE M UTUAL I
NSUM NCE COM PANY' M OTI TO
S
ON
DI I THE SECOND AM ENDED COM PLAI
SM SS
NT

THI CAUSE c e be or t Co ton Defnda sAme iur I ur nce Compa a
S
om s f e he ur
e nt
rs e ns a
ny nd

Ameiur Mut ll urnceCo ny' (ogehe,SAmeiur ' M otont Dimist Sec
rs e ua ns a
mpa s t t r ' rs e'
) i o s s he ond

Ame d d Co lit ($ o in' fld o De e e 8 2 6 ( 43 . Plitf Zu ih
n e mpan $ to ', ie n c mb r , 01 . DE ) anif rc
M
)
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rc n ns rn e mp n ' ih' ie
zu )
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alge oblgai t defnd a i urd i a undel nglws t Sec Amende Compli
le d i ton o e n ns e n n
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ant

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al e o m y t her y o e
e
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itrs fo ten l e p n iei u e s (d. t! 3 , 6 6 , 4 .
ne et r m h oz s o sv ns r r. 1 a ! 2 4 , 0 7 )
r
Th u d ryi a to se fo a c n tu to prj c i Pam Be c Co ny, oi a
e n el ng cin tms r m o sr ci n oe t n l a h u t Flrd
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p
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M
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Co sr cin l c (d b a', Co tu to o Flrd sl c (C Co sr cin',a d Gls
n tu to , n . d r ' KD nsr cin f o i a n . S
Co )
KD n tu to ' n a s
)
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i ei
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Gl
r t s' 1
)

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s
a t
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he ubc r cor d. 1 t
27)
he ubc r cor,
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neei wee s ue iis y
rs e i t
,
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e
rs r ol e o tie i i n l ns r d n o s me t' t e
c
Ad i
t ndore nt' whih gr e W P Sout t Addii l I ur saus r quie by t
i s me s'
e
)
c antd
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he

: Defendant H a f d Fie l urance Com pany, Hartor Casualy l urance Com pany, and
s rtor r ns
f d
t ns

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rf d
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)
t teS c ndAme d dCo an a dh v n t on dt ei sa tM o in
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s s d urhe
ow
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p iy. I patc ar i rfr esce t n t msconti d i S
olc n riul , t eeenc rai er
ane n s
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tng i i l' nd :
t
Ge a Conta or s ow n polc '- pr s a y bet e n W P Sout a M a yl nd Ca ua t
ner l
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whih Zurc cone wilneg t t f c ofAmers e' polces ( 51a 9)
c
ih tnds l ae he ore
iur s ii . DE
t .
2

s b o ta t ra x e ns(d. t 27 a d i o e ad t o Ame iu et d f n t a dio a
u c nrco ge me t i a ! ) n mp s d uy n rs r o ee d he d t n l
i
i urd i lws t c r b t polc t ms (# a ! 3 ) Th s e d re nt ae
ns e n a uis oveed y he iy er / t 0 . e e n o s me s r
.

c
ompone s of polces t t Zurc i
nt
i i ha
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rt
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i niey. (d. t!2 . Th yi ld l te i s r n e' lus s whi r ad:
i trt ' 1 a J 7) e ncu e s h r n u a c 'ca e , ch e
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o
Any c r pr vi d i t sendor e nti e es ove a ot rvald
ove age o de n hi
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ns anc e r s ha hi ns r e
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l
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.

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1 t
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ut
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'
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oi e mp s d u h b iain . 1 t 9 .
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ga ns t
t
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.
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ome undicl ed poi ,W P Sout a M a ylnd Ca ualy e cu e a ot r s
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nt
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'
ete nt ti n
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as
)
ut o ylnd s t i 4 c pors
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ie n he hee h udii l r ui n nd or l
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t
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Gar ns LLC,e a1,Cas No.502009CA 001 XXXXM B- (
de ,
t . e
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AE. ComplEx.1a 1.
.
t)
4 A c or ng t Zurc t condo a s a i s c pl i a l ged da a s t t r ule f om
c di o
i h, he
s oci ton' om a nt le
m ge ha es t d r

wor ati a et t s onta tr .(
k trbutbl o he ubc rco s Compla !23)
.t
.
3

t g a t lte t powe t sa i t f
o r nt he at r he
r o t nd n he onne ' s sa e or any ofW P Sout srg s
rs hoe nd nf ce
h' i ht

a i ti urr ofiss ontacor ont bassoft Addii lI ur polc prvii (d
gans ns es t ubc r t s he i he
tona ns ed iy o sons i

.

a ! 1 ) I i u ce rfo t e fc o t Co litwh t e i wa tr u h te stlme t
t 7 . t s n la r m h a e f he mp an eh r t s h o g h ete n
ag e
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ome ot r i tu e t t M a ylnd Ca uat c
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s ly ompe aed W P Sout f t
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a t ne sf esa c t t tt l te e nd de e ng is fa ns t unde l ng s t
tor y' e nd oss ha he at r xpe ed f ndi tel gai t he
ryi ui.
Zurc asM ar a Cas t ss c s i i er s ,fld a amende compli on J y
ih,
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d
ant ul
26,201 i Fl i sa e c ti o de t pur ue t a sgne rght . ( 12)5 On Augus 8
6 n orda tt our n r r o s he s i d i s DE - .
t,

201 Ame iu e r mo e te c s t t i Cou t algn f d r ls be tmatrj rs ci n
6, rs r e v d h a e o h s r, l i g e e a u j c te u idito
e
bas d on t Pa tes co plt di r iy of cii ns p a a a ount i contovery ove
e
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tze hi nd n m
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r s
r

$75000. ( 1 . Zurc fl aSe ond Ame d Compli on Dec mbe 5,2016,whih
, 00. DE )
ih ied c
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ant
e r
c

wa mae ilyi e tc l o i Fis Ame e Co an b tfrt j i d ro a oh rAmeiu e
s tral d nia t t rt nd d mplit u o he o n e f n te
s
rs r
e iy a aDeenda . ( 39) TheCompli lsst eec sc rs
ntt s f nt DE .
ant it hr ount ore pondi t t polces
ng o he ii
f e c oft t e s
or a h he hre ubcontacor -t ls t ofwhi aea i tAmeiur ( mpl a !!
r t s he at wo
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rs e. Co . t
47- & 6174) The onl r dy Zurc s ksi decaaor r le underFl Stt j86. 1
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- .
y eme
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a. a.
01

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l rs ito f ra o l l 1 . t ! 4, , 2 . p cfc ly t e u ss ha h u t
.
d e m i t t t s onta t r 'polc e r quie Ame iur t def nd W P So h i t
etr ne ha he ubc r c o s
ii s e r d
rs e o
e
ut n he

u e lig s i (# a ! 6 .. d. e,f,g, 7 c,d,e,f,g) t a Zu ih i e tte t b
nd ryn ut /. t ! 0c, , . . , 4.. . . . .; h t rc s nild o e
r mbur e by Ame iur f t at e s f es and c t pa d t W P Sout f is def e
ei
sd
rs e or he tom y' e
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ens

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g i the n el n ut n o h e x e d d n h rs n c s i . t ! 0h, .7 h.i)

a ta Zu ih ma a s rc v rp e a d p t u g n itr s (d.a ! 6 j,k,7 j,k.
nd h t rc y lo e o e r- n os- d me t nee t i t ! 0. . 4. )
j
.
, .

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rc s t t our ton
ie n he fee h udi al r ui n nd or m a
C o y,Fl i a i s yl d Zur c Am .I . Co. v Amersu e l . Co. etal, Ca e N o.50unt
orda nd s t e
ih
ns
.
i r ns
,
. s

201 CA- 706- 0081 XXXX- B.( 12a 2)
M
DE - t .
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iur
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( 43a 1.
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nt
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r i
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nt tons
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x
1 t r 6) cii
l

v Conv rys Cor ,430 F.d 11 11 n. ( 1h Ci.2005)( di t tdititc tmus
.
eg
p.
3 32, 38, 3 1 t r
hol ng ha src our
t

a l fdea De lrtr J dg n Ac, ahe t a saed ca ao yj d me ta wh n stig
ppy e rl caao y u me t t rt r h n tt e lrtr u g n d, e i n
t
6

i d v ri a to l. Bengp o e u a,h F o iasaued e n ta pl i t sdv ri c s
n i est cin ) i r c d rl te l rd ttt o s o p y n hi ie st a e
y
y

.

I ta lmus act ti t s ofrviw unde t fdea De aaor J
nse d,
t s ran he cope e e
r he e rl clrt y udgme Ac ( A)
nt t DJ
.

Se 28U. C.j2201.
e
S.
Se ond,and c r y t Zu i h' t r , purui one' rg s by s e ng a deca aor
c
ontar o rc s heo y
s ng
s i ht
e ki
lr t y

j d me td sn tpemi ap ry t a od s rtn u d rRul 1 ( )6 , ast whet ri i has
u g n oe o r t a t o v i cuiy, n e e 2 b ( ) o
he t s
s e suly sa e a c am f r i . l i t u t t a moton t dim is ma c l ge t
ucc s f l t t d l i or elef t s r e ha
i o s s
y halen he

s f in y o a d ca ao y j d me ta to t te e tn te c mpan fis t p e e ta
u sce c f e lr tr u g n cin o h x e t h o lit al o rs n n
i c ua c tove s 'ha m ir sAri l Ilsd s - - ntove s ' equie e . W al n v C/ .
k t l on r r y't t ror tce 1' t e orco r r y'r r m nt
a
ca
de . r
ForDiea e Contol& Pr ve i 66 F.d 1 , 1 ( 1h Ci. 2)6 Bu t sgr
s s
r
e nton, 9 3 277 284 1 t r 201 . t hi ound f r
o

dim is i c uren wih,nota s tt e f , t oblga in t sa e acli upon whi r le
s s al s onc r t t
ubsiut or he i to o tt
am
ch e if
ma begr nt d. Tha i be a et DJ ( r t a r m e notaca e ofaci .' Buc v Am.
y
a e
t s c us he A ç eaes e dy,
c
us
ton ' k .

Ailne,I . 476 F. 29,33,n. ( s Ci.2007) As s h,a pli ifmus pr e vai
ri s nc,
3d
3 1t r
.
uc
antf
t esnt ld
Ss tntve c am s'i o d t s t i t ' eque t f de l a o y r i i r lton t t e
'ubsa i l i ' n r er o usan he f
r s or car t r elef n ea i o hos

c am s' fon v.Wels Far Bank N A.
li .
'
g
l
go
,
,

F.App'
x

,

201 W L 6803706,a * ( 0t Ci.
6
t2 1h r

201 (ii Fe owizv Pe c 641F.App' 773,776,n. ( 0t Ci.201 ;Adamsv Fe
6) ctng dr c . ar e,
x
2 1 h r 6)
. dEx
Gr
ound Pack ge S . I ,546 F.App' 772,776- ( 0t Ci.201 ) And snce a Rul
a ys, nc.
x
77 1 h r 3).
i
e
1 b)6)moi atc t s fcenc ofapli ipss tntvecli ,i i i e s nc as an
2( ( ton ta ks he ufii y
antf ubsa i ams t s n s e e lo
a s ul on t r m e t t t s ca ms s
sa t
he e dy ha he e li
uppor. Thus i of r as Am e iur con e t t
t
, ns a
rs e t nds ha
Zurc s puttve rg s as c r nty pl d,a e ba r d a a m at r ofl w , t s çme is ba e '
i h'
ai i ht , ure l e r re s
te
a he e s rt- s d'
a g nt ar e iel a oprae a t ssa
r ume s e ntr y ppr it t hi t ge.

5zurch a a s t i
i ppe r o nvoke a a l
n na ogous sa r under Fl i l . Se Ok oo a I l
tnda d
orda aw
e al s sand

Le e de sAs ',I .v Okal a Il Aut ,308 So,2d 1 1 ( a.DCA 1 t1
as hol r sn nc .
oos sand h.
20, 22 Fl
s 975)
( e ci igt es o n n c say t s r ieamoin t d s s ad ca ao yj d me ta to
d srbn h h wi g e e s r o u vv
to o imis e lrtr u g n ci n
unde t Fl i DJ .
r he orda A)

DI
SCUSSI N
O
Am e iur a gues t tt Compl nte tbls s on is f c t tAm e iu e c tt e
rs e r
ha he
ai sa ihe
t a e ha
rs r onsiut d

onl a e s i ur . Ther f e,unde Fl i i ur nc l w , Zurch coul not cl i t t
y n xce s ns er
e or
r orda ns a e a
i
d
a m ha
Amers e owed W P Sout a du y t defnd wihoutalo al ng t tW P Sout e use is
iur
h
t o e
t
s legi ha
h xha t d t
prm m. co r ge wih Zurc - r aly,is pr c s r M a ylnd Cas t . l t at r tve
i y ve a
t
ih e l t ede es o , r a
ualy n he lc nai ,

Ame iur m ant i t tt t e e Zu ih s ks c rbu i n o e t bl s oga i a tr
rs e i ans ha o he xt nt rc ee onti to r quia e ubr ton fe
t f c f r de e e c t , t t ki of r co r i pr bie Zurch fr t r s
he a t o f ns oss ha nd
e ve y s ohi t d.
i is e ponds t t
ha
Am e iur ha m e ey r s d afima i def est i ne nota i pa e a o c
rs e s r l aie fr tve ens hat t ed
ntci t nd ver ome i is
n t
own pladi
e ng. Se ond, i ct s t e e i t t ge r r l on e e s i ur nc a
c
t ie o xc ptons o he ne al ues
xc s ns a e nd

c rbuton,rs ci y:() whe t opposng i urr mut ly pur tt is e e s
onti i e pe tvel a
n he
i ns e s ual por o sue xc s
polcis a ( wheeonei urd e iyha a e d by c r tt i
i e ; nd b) r
ns e ntt s gre
ontac o ndemniy a he . Thid,
f not r
r
Zu i h s
rc ubmis t t e i t s onta t s Addii
t ha , ven f he ubc r c or '
tonalI ur d polcis we e oft e es
ns e
ie
r
he xc s
va i t t e ba i f la lt a nc i t underyi s tsilb ough t a ton wihi t
rey, h ss or ibiiy dva ed n he
l ng ui tl r
t he c i
t n he
s opeoft polcis'c a a t r byti r Am e iur sdut t def nd.
c
he i e over ge nd he e rgge ed
rs e' y o e

Ameiu eso j cin t t e Compan ' alg to sh vemei. W i rs e tt t e
rs r ' b e to s o h
lits l ain a
e
rt t e p c o h
h
dut t de e t El nt Cic ti e r t Fl i lw s h t twhen a i ur nc polc
y o f nd, he eve h r ui ntp e s orda a uc ha
n ns a e i y

dei sisc r ge a s conda y orS xce s't aprma y polc t e s i ur rhasno d y
fne t ove a s e
r
i s' o
e
i r
i y, he xce s ns e
ut
t d e t i ur d - s l a t prma y polc pr desf ra d e e a iscove a has
o ef nd he ns e
o ong s he i r
iy ovi o ef ns nd t
r ge

n tb e e a se Na ' Uno Fie Is Co f Pis u gh v T a ee s l s Co,21 F.d
o e n xh u td. t1 in r n . .o t b r . r v lr n . . 4 3
t
1 1 73( 1h Ci.
269, 272- 1 t r 2000)(xce si ur rs' yt dee wasc e tvet rt t n
e s ns e' s o fnd
dut
ons cui o, aher ha
c ure wih,a ot runde l ng i urrsdut t defnd' s e alo U S.FieI .Co
onc rnt t ny he
ryi ns e ' y o e ); e s
r ns .

Fr e o Vl.O n ( y C/.f/. 2 9 F. px 8 9 8 ( 1h Ci.2 0 )(eyng o Na 1
e d m il fsu 71 r, #, 7 Ap ' 7 , 81 1 t r 0 8 rli n t
Uni r ef Fl i ca e ;Cok rv Am.Gu .( Li lt l .Co.825F. 1 7,1 4 ( 1h
on ul or orda s ) e .
ar Q abii ns ,
y
3d 28 29 1 t

8

Ci. 01 )(o sr ig Ge r i lw i i nia mame ) Th c u t e s n dta t i r s l wa
r 2 6 c n tun o ga a n de tc l r r. e o r ra o e h t hs e ut s
compele by Fl i a pr ce ntwhi h mea ur d t pa te 'i e 's e yby t lngua oft
ld
ord e de
c
s e he ris ntnt ioll
he a
ge he
polc e unl s t lngua i nmbi uo .' Nat1Uni 21 F. at1
ii s e s he a
ge s
g us '
' on, 4 3d 272 (uoi Towne
q tng

Re l I c v Sae oI s Co o q , 5 F2 1 6 ,1 6 ( 1hCi.1 88)
a t n . . f c n . . fzm.8 4 .d 2 4 2 7 1 t r 9 )
y
.

l t sca e,Zurc expr s l i m or t t S ntr t 'oft Am e iur polcisis d
n hi s
ih
e sy nco aes he 6 iey' he
e
rs e i e s ue

t KD Consr ton a Gls Engi rng ( mpl a ! 27) t Addii l I ur
o
tuci nd a s
neei Co . t
he
tona ns ed
,
e sme sf whi aeatc t t Co ai a exhi t (d.a Exs 5 6 . Zurc doe
ndore nt or ch r ta hed o he mpl nt s bis i t
-)
ih s
.

no diput t tt endor e nt una bi
t s e ha he
s me s m guousy de i t Ame iur scove age ofW P Sout
l sgna e
rs e'
r
h
asS xc s'u e sa ot rpolc hed by W P Sout r quied t Addii lI ur d c r e
f es ' nls ny he
e
iy l
h e r he
tona ns e ove ag

t beprmay(hed xprs exc pton'.(d.a Ex.5a 2& Ex.6a 2) s ealoGov'Emp I
o
i r t t es e i ' 1 t
e
)
t
t ;e s
t
ns.
.

Co.v Lal ,327 F. 568,572( t Ci.1 (ntmrtng f ny ot ri ur e'lng
. l
y
2d
4h r 964) i e ei i
a he ns anc ' a uagei
n
e s mt t mea 'ns a e s pa ae a ditnc fom t polc of whih t
ndor t nt o
n s ur nc e r t nd si t r
i
he i y
c he

.

e s ntf msac tt tpa t'.Furhe ,heCompl ntdoesno a rt tW P Sout had
ndoreme or
onsiuen r'
) t rt
ai
t ve ha
h
no prmar polc ,7 nor does i ale t W P So h' polc wih M ar and Cas t ora
i y iy
t lge hat
ut s iy t
yl
ualy
ny
ot i ur r aci td t e e s e p i , or t t s h a polc s c a had bee
her ns e tvae he xpr s xce ton
ha uc
iy' over ge
n

e used. On isf e t t Compl ntsde a f a r i onAm e iur sd y t def nd
xha t
t ac , hen, he
ai ' m nd or ulng
rs e' ut o e
woul appe rt bef e l e byNat Uni Nat Uni 21 F.3d at 1272d
a o
or c os d
1 on.
1 ons 4
73.
Ame iur alo c r ty sa e t 1w on c rbuto be we n i ur nce c ri s
rs e s orec l t t s he a
onti i n t e ns a
a rer .

Fl i cou t ha consse l hed t t onc t dut t de end i a tva e , e ey s be t
orda rs ve
itnty l ha , e he y o f
s c i t d v r u jc
1By r m ani sl nt i t Com pli t on t orgna r l to hi be we n W P Sout a
e i ng ie n he
an
he i i l e ai ns p t e
h nd
M a ylnd Cas t Zurc ke ps o t t or tca pos i lt t tAmers e wa t onl
r a
ualy, i h e pen he he e i l sbiiy ha
iur
s he y
i ur t is e a polc c i W P Sout whih woul negae t e es i ur r r l .
ns er o s u
iy overng
h, c
d
t he xc s ns e ue
Howeve ,f c ua alega i mus not be mer y t sbl ' but a s t ausbl .' Re ni v
r a t l l tons
t
el t i e'
pos
lo i
pl i e ' s ck .

AvMe l . 693 F.d 1 7,1 ( 1h Ci.201 . 1do notfnd i plusbl t an i urr
d ncs
3 31 326 1 t r 2)
i t a i e hat ns e
woul s bsdiet c tofacompa sdee e(
d u i z he os
ny' fns Compl a ! 3 a nego it t a quiii
. t 2) nd
tae he c ston

o ta c mpa y' rg t (d a ! 1 )u ls teewa a u d ryn ta fro rs fo te
f h t o n s ihs i. t 7 nes h r s n n elig rnse f ik rm h
com pany t t l er
o he nsur .

9

i ur ra s m e i on a pe s
ns e s u s t
r onala i vii e bass Pe Lumbe me ' M ut l .Co.v I
nd ndi s bl
i . nn.
r ns
ns
. nd
.

Lumbe me M ut l .Co., 43 So.3 1 1 1 ( a.4t DCA 201 ;Cont Cas Co.v
r ns
. ns
d 82, 86- 88 Fl h
0)
1 .
.
Unie Pac l s.Co. 6 So.2d 270, 271275 ( a.5h DCA 1 ; gonautI .Co.v Md
td
.n
, 37
- Fl t
994) Ar
ns
.

Ca .Co. 37 So.2d 960,963- ( a.3r DCA 1 . Thatme nst twhen a i ued
s , 2
64 Fl d
979)
a ha
n ns r
t nde s a cai t muli e i ur nc pr de s t e iy t tacual e ge i t defns
e r
lm o
tpl ns a e ovi r , he ntt ha t ly nga s n he e e
a i ur t f es a c t a s i t wih i c m ot s e n l s e c rbuton or
nd nc s he e nd os s s oc aed t t al
ubs que ty e k onti i

e utbes b o ainfo tef l w is rrwh ûa gld b hnd' Con 1Ca ., 6?7 So.2d at
q ia l u r g to r m h el n u e o l g e l e i .
o
l
' t s
8
a i l or hi
ti s oot d n
i i f ns er
d u c he
273. The r tona e f t sdoc rne i r e i publc polcy:i i ur scoul s e ea h ot r
f r i r e e , he S ul ha no i en i t s tl a pr e tt i e e toft i ur ,
or embu s m nt t y s d ve nc tve o e te nd ot c he nt r s he ns ed
wo
snc ano he l w s t woul be f t omi t r ol t c ag diput be wee t
i e
t r a ui
d
orhc ng o es ve he over e s e t n he
i ur nc com pa e . Ar
ns a e
ni s ' gonau ,?72 So. 2d a 964. He e,Zurc uli t y bor t cos of
'
t
t
r
ih tma el
e he t

W P Sout s de e e. l di s bt us of is pr de es ori i e e ts i pe nto i ton.
h' f ns t d o ca e
t e c s n nt r s ' nde nde blgai
Re r e sofwhe he Am e iur wa alo bound a t tm et def nd W P So h, Zur ch car ot
ga dl s
t r
rs e s s
t he i o e
ut
i
m
ke he ut
now s e t di u t c t d i fom ispr c s ' unia e albur n.g Li t d y
e k o vvy p he oss erved r t edt es ors lt r
de

8An e s i ur r who de e
xce s ns e
f nded is i u e wihoutis du y beng ti r d may, howe ,
t ns r d t
t t i rgge e
ver
obt i e t bl s ogai fom a no e po i prmar i ur r Phoe x I . Co. v Fl
an quia e ubr ton r
nr s nsve i y ns e .
ni ns
. a.

Fa m Bu e uMu, n . .5 S . d 1 4 ,1 5 ( a 2 dDCA 1 9 )
r r a tI s Co, 58 o 2 0 8 0 0 Fl. n
9 0.

9Ia notpe s de by Zurch' at mptt ditng s t Ar nautlne ofca e . Zurch c t s
m
rua d
i s te
o si uih he go
i
ss
i ie
s r l opi ons f t unc r r i l pr posto t t c r c ua rg s a e ge r l
eve a
ni
or he
ontove sa o ii n ha onta t l i ht r
ne aly
a sg bl l a s r f st aFl i de son i whi h a i ur d t te ora sgne isrght t
s ina e. t lo e er o orda cii n
c n ns e orf as s i d t i s o

a ij rd plitf,wh t e c u tp nni e t e o c a s tlme ta an tt e s l i u e
n nu e an if o h o r e t d o nfr e ete n g is h oe ns rr
t
r f i t co rbut t t s tl ntf
e usng o nti e o he eteme und. Fl .I .Guar As ' v Gi dano,485 So.2d 453
a ns
. s n , or

( a 3r DCA 1 6) Fr t s s res Zu ih co udest tt a ic rbutonprncpl
Fl. d
98 . om he e ouc , rc ncl
ha he nt-onti i i i e
d sn ta pl t a sg e s Th ti n ttec s . Gir an iv le arc vey b a ij rd
oe o p y o s in e . a s o h a e o d o n ov d e o r y n n u e
t r pa t no a i ur e pr de . Gi dano, 485 So.2d a 455. M or i pora l
hid ry, t n ns anc ovi r
or
t
e m tnty,
Pe ylani Lumbe me ' s cik a l a es edt vibiiy ofa aci pr s d on s h an
nns v a
r n s pe f ly ddr s he a lt
n ton emie
uc
a s g e , fndi i S ontar t c e l a publc polc 'bec us i a t m pt t el va e
s i nm nt i ng t û r y o as aw nd
c
i
i y'
a e t te s o e t
f m over s t nce Pe Lumbe m e ', 43 So.3d a 1
or
ubs a . nn.
r ns
t 88. The a iconti ton r l w as
nt- r bu i u e
desg t de i e i ze i urr fom s r ng t i oblga i t t i i ur ds 1 Tha
i ned o -nc ntvi ns e s r
hiki her i tons o her ns e . d.
t
pur e woul be fusr t d i ca r c d r ope t door t ltga i t ough t l l
pos
d
r ta e f nie s oul e n he
o ii ton hr
he ega
sci ofo ani t i i ur ds rgh s 1 Zurc sco e i t tt r ul i Pe yl ani
ton bt i ng he r ns e ' i t . d. ih' nt nton ha he es t n nns v a
10

t d fndq e to ,tep rin o teCo an s e i g aj d me to Zu ih' e tte n t
o ee u sin h o t f h mplit e k n u g n n rc s n i me t o
o
l
ri
embur e e f at ne ' f esa cossi doc rnaly ba r d. l Ac or ngl , unl sZurc
s m nt or tor y s e nd t s ti l r e o c di y
es
ih
ca i ntf a a i a e e e i t t exc s i ur r or a ic rbuton docrnes t
n de iy n pplc bl xc pton o he es ns e
nt- onti i
ti , he
ope a i Compli doe notsa ea c us ofa i f rwhi h r le ca begr nt d.
r tve
ant s
tt a e cton o
c ei f n
a e

Zurc s fr t c t r t Am e iur s lne of at ck i plc t s t r es r a i t
i h' is oun e o
rs e' i
ta m i a e he ul eltng o
i o o ai by r e e
nc m r ton
ef r nce. Zurch pr
i
opoundst tby dic sng t tr soft polci i s d
ha
s us i he e m
he i es s ue
t t s onta t s Ame iur a kst Cour t d nsde doc e sou sdet f urcor r '
o he ubc r c or ,
rs e s he
t o t i r um nt t i he o
co
ne s'

oft Complit ( 51 a 8) I is viw,Ameiur ha meel diguie afr tve
ht
an. DE
t . nt e
rs e s r y s s d fimai
detns ,e rnsct t Compl i ,a c ii
f es xti i o he
ant s rtquesofZurc spl di . M o e r c i ue t
i h' ea ngs
r ove , ontn s he

ag e ,
r um nt Ame iur demandsal velofde a lt tt e t r quie
rs e
e
t i ha xc eds he e r ment oft f de a r l s
s he e r l u e
whe i i it t t i or rt s vi a moton t dim is Zu i h m us plad f c sand a tc
n t nsss ha , n de o ur ve
i o s s , rc
t e at
ta h

doc nt an i pa i a r pondi t t eafim a i de ens .
ume s tci tng nd es
ng o hes fr tve f es
Thi r buta m is s t m a k bec us i doesno t ke i o ac ountt f c t tZurc
s e t l s e he r
a et
t a nt c
he a t ha
ih
volnt rl m a t Am e iur polci - a t ,t c tt ntendor e
u a iy de he
rs e i es nd hus he onsiue
s ment - a pa tofis
s
r
t
Co ant A diti t c r c n ge al c i r doc e s ç t he t a c pli t or
mpli .
src ou t a
ner ly onsde
um nt i ac d o
at
om a n

i poae i t compli by rfrnc ...on a moton t dimisund Rul 1 b)b)'
ncor rtd n he
ant eee e
i o s s er e 2( ( .'
Saundesv Du ,766 F. 1 1 ( 1h Ci,201 ( tng Telabs I .v Mak ls s&
r . ke
3d 262, 270 1 t r 4) cii
l , nc . or s ue
Ri s Lt 551U. 308,322 ( ). Hee,Zu ih hasdone bot Eve ha Zurc not
ght, d,
S.
2007)
r rc
h.
n d ih
fu r ' c be e a ne by t r e r ve s - c
mbe men s an
xpli d
he ol e r al ompar d t t i t ca e - ofge r
e o he nsant s
ne al
a s c r ct si nots
nd ub- onta or s
upporedby a lngua fom t to ni
t
ny a
ge r ha pi on.
1 Furhe m or ,t r i me i t Am e iur s ar um e t t wihout a diput o r fna i
9 t r e he e s rt o
rs e' g nt ha , t
s e ve i ncal
c
ompe a i t Cour c d not c i r Am e iur s dut t de e by is l. Tha i
ns ton, he
t oul
onsde
rs e'
y o f nd
te f
t s
be a e on is own, t l te c
c us ,
t
he a t r once ns a ac m i que t o of a pas oblga i
r n ade c
si n
t i ton. Bu a
t

decaaor j
lrt y udgme ca r e s onl a lve c r ry i whih khee i a s t tal
nt n edrs y i ontoves n c t r s ubsani
t
l eio d ta ( e pan if wils fe ij r i te f tr . Malwn y v Fe Colcin
i lh o h t t litfl l u fr nu y n h uu e'
k
h
'
o e . d. l to
e
De st p. 1 3F.d 1 4 ,1 4 ( 1h Ci. 9 9 .Ana j dc to o a Sin u yi t ep s .
po iGr , 9 3 3 2 3 6 1 t r 1 9 )
d u iain f n ' jj r n h a t
g
. .

woul be not ng mor t n a gr t t c me wihouta f c orefe t' 1 a 1 48
d
hi
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'

(nena q ai a atrtonsomit .
itr l uottons nd leai
ted)
11

ad e t polci e i ty, Rul 1 c saest ta' py ofawrte i tume ttati a
opt d he i es xplcil
e 0() tt ha '
co
itn nsr n h s n
e bi t a pl di i a pa toft pl a ng f ral pur es' Fe R.Ci P.
xhi t o
ea ng s
r
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v.

1 c ;s alo
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S l - mie v Untd S ae De 'o u tc ,7 8F 2d 1 1 ( 1h Ci.1 ( di
o i Ra rz . ie tts p t fl sie 5
s
426, 430 1 t r 985) hol ng
.

t tRul 1 c)a s e c tsconsdeai ofdoc ntatc d t c antdoesnotc vert
ha e 0( sur s our'
i rton
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on
t
moin t d s s it moi n f rs mmayj d me t l Adm it dl cours m ustconductan
to o imis no to o u r u g n ) 1
te y,
.

i r i o t nat e oft doc e t isr la lt and t pur e f whi h i i at c
nquiy nt he ur
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he pos or c t s ta hed
bef e as u i t ti sandsf t tut oft cont tf i l r pr ent t r i Goi es v,
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n
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ly
)
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ah

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9 3 1 9 1 33 D. Ci. 1 ) N n
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1 F.d 449,455 (t Ci.1 ;Gantv Wali or Bd o u . 6 F.d 6 9,6 4- (
63 3
7h r 998)
. lngf d
fEd c, 9 3 6 7 75 2d
.

Ci.1 .Ho ver i i i ce rt tt docu ntlswha t co ai sy i i'a t tt
r 995) we ,f t s la ha he
me s
i
t he mpl nt a t s' nd ha he
a tc ng pa t endor e is r es t tons t n i d l be r a t e denc wha
ta hi
ry
s d t epr en a i , he t i l
wi
e d o vi e
t
i nt sa y s
nco e t bl hows' Gant 69 F. a 674. Tha i t c e he e. Zurch i t r or i ore
.'
,
3d t
t s he as r
i s he ef e nc r ct
t des rbe t e s m e s a t e e s polcy c a e as ( sde t f c ne s'oft
o c i he ndor e nt nd he xc s
i l us
t i he our or r ' he
out
Co ant
mpli .

Ac e i t e s polc clus as par of t Com pl i , I m ay ent rai an
c ptng he xce s iy a e
t
he
a nt
et n
st
a fr tvede e e1 t a i
fima i
f ns 2 h t nvoke i. Tha i bec us
t s a e:

1 I e unde t i i t fi or a i by r e e ' docrne t Cour c d pr bl
1 nde d,
r he mplci inc por ton
ef r nce' ti , he
t oul oba y
ha co i e t c e soft polcis e n had t y bee i r ed f r t frttm e i
ve nsder d he ont nt
he i e ve
he
n ntoduc o he is i n
t i tnt M oton, See Hor e v Fel ,30 F.3d 1 25,1 34 ( 1h Ci.2002)( ume
he nsa
i
sly . dt 4
1
1 1t r
doc nt

atc d t moin t dimisma b c i rd i d 1 c r t t pli ifscai a (
ta he o to o s s y e onsdee f 1 ) ental o he antf' l m; nd 2)
(
u iputd' ;Da v.Ta or, F. 1 1 ( 1hCi.2 )(a )
nds e ' y
)
yl 400 3d 272, 276 1 t r 005 sme .

1 W hehe Ame iur s ar
2
t r
rs e' gume s d be des rbe as a S fim a i de e e'wihi t
nt houl
ci d
n d fr tve f ns ' t n he
a

me nngo Rue8 c i q e to a l,A d fn ei ç fsmaie' e i tase )n wf csa d
a i f l () s u si n bc
e e s s i tr tv 'wh n t ' ils e a t n
a
r
a gu e st t i t e wildef a t pl ntf' orpr e uton' cai , e n i a lale ton i
r m nt ha , f nz , l e t he ai ifs
os c i s l m ve f l l ga i n
t c
he ompli a e tue. Sak v Fr ln C/v y Co., 31 F. 337, ( Ci.
ant r r '
' s . ank i
e
6 3d
350 2d r 2003 ( i
) quotng

Bl k' La Ditonay)(mpha i ad . By r ee ng t e sme s Ameiur does
ac s w ci r e
ss ded)
efrnci he ndore nt, rs e
notr s a ne f c ,butm e e y i olt sa e e
aie
w at
r l s a e n l mentofZurc spl di . Se Am.Goo e c ,
ih' ea ngs e
s ne k
12

. . .

ac antmay bedimisd underRul 1 b)6)whe isown ale tons
ompli
s se
e 2( (
nt
lgai

i c t t e senc of a afi ma i def ns , s l a t de e e cla l
ndia e he xit e
n tr tve e e o ong s he f ns e ry
a
ppea son t f eoft c
r
he ac
he ompl nt The cai ma beade t l sa e . . . but
ai .
lm y
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i
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ddii o he l m he ompl i m a i l mat r of a da e t t
ant y nc ude te s
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p e l etepla e' a ii t rc v r Wh nti o c r,tec mpan h sa
rcud h e d rs bly o eo e. e hs c us h o lit a
t
buiti de ens a i es e lly s l- e tng. The pr e i nott tpl i if
l-n f e nd s s nta l e fdef a i
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mer y ha a ii td a d ti d t ne t a d e ehe bele shi op
el s ntc pae n re o ga t ef ns
ive s pone wil
nt l
at mptt us ag ns hi ; a he pl i ifsown alegai s
te
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l tons how t tt de e e
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Qule v Ba ca sAm. e tI c,7 7 F.d 1 6 ,1 6 ( 1h Ci 1 (ntma qtoai
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/ di n 2 2 0 7 0 9 1 t r 984) i e l lttons
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.

a dctto so te ) a c r T yov Blg j vc ,5 6F 3d 1 1 6 ( h Ci. )($f
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c s r a s n r ompl nt t def ntma us t e
ai , he enda
y e hos
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a t o m nsr t ha he s
ntte o ei f ' nc he xc s i lus ve ie
)
c
t t Nat Uni de e e,isi l i wa f e fde e tng.' Qule ,7 7 F.d a 1 6 F r
o he
1
on f ns t ncuson s i l- f a i ' i r 2 2 t 0 9. o
s
l

smia r a ons Am e iur s i itnc t tZurch pl a a f t pr cae f cic ve i
i lr e s ,
rs e' nsse e ha
i
e d acual edi t or r um ntng

teNa 1 Unin r l d e n tg b y n t eb u d o Rue8a ( ) W hl Zu ihha n ii a
h t
o ue o s o o e o d h o n s f l ( )2 . ie rc d o nt l
i
b re t r iet e is ,o c t le ain o (Jp an ifsc mpan ee td t e afr tv
u d n o as h sue n e i lg to s f a litf o lit rce h fimai e
a
d fn e y i wa h sd tl)i o d rt e tiae hms l t eer mgjt pla a y e c p in
e e s ll t s i uy , n r e o xrc t i ef h rfo , o e d n x e to s
upon whih he r i ' Marh v Bute C@. 268 F. 1 4,1 ( 1h Ci.2001 ( i
c
eled.
'
s . lr ,
3d 01 022 1 t r
) quotng

Kic lev Fa me , 1 F.d 6 4 60 ( t Ci.1 5 )(n e l l r to so te ) a r gae
n heo . r r 2 4 2 0 , 5 7h r 9 4 itma at ai n mi d , b o td
e
t
on ot r gr ds b Twombl 550 U, at561 63. As a c e nc , i wasi umbe upon
he oun y
y,
S.
ons que e t
nc
nt
Zurc t al f t ora t c doc e sfom whi h a e e i t t Nat1 Uni r eco d
i h o lege ac s ta h um nt r
c n xc pton o he
on ul ul
be i e r d.
nf re

I .v Wats Tr kig Se v,I . 1 F. 1 19 W L 698937,a *4 ( t Ci.1
nc . t uc n r . nc, 59 3d 355, 98
t 5h r 998)(
not
publs d)(1 de a t ta e sntalelmentofacli e ssi nott s mea a afnnai
ihe d nil ha n se i e
A
am xit s he a s n fi tve
d e et t cli ...) l t slgh,t r i no quesi Ameiur hasf und a i enal
efns o he am
' . n hi i t hee s
'
ton
rs e
o
n ntr
ic n itn y t tbas a d ca ao y j d me to t e fcs p e No ehee s b c us t
n o sse c ha r e lr tr u g n n h a t ld. n t ls, e a e he
out o e i uli t l t s me a be aus us e of t t nn Sa fr a i def ns 'i mor
c m s tma e y he a
nd c e ag
he e tfim tve e e' s
e
co itntwih t El ve h Cic tso docrnepe ti ng t t s cic sa s lcontnue
nsse
t he e nt r ui' wn ti
rani o he e r um t nce ,
i
t e pl i .
o m oy t
13

Zurc sf iur i t sr ga d die ty a f c st valdiy ofiss cond r buta a gument
i h' a l e n hi e r r c l fe t he i t
t e
e tl r
.
Thoug not lbe e a s h,Zurc b ialy a s rs a par of r cognied exc tons u r
h
a l d s uc
i h asc l s e t
i
e
z
ep i
nde
Fl i lw, one dea i wih a exc s i ur rs dut t de e , t ot r wih t a i
orda a
lng t n
es ns e '
y o f nd he he t he nt-

conrbuto r l . Fis ,Zurc obs r e t twhe a i ur d hol muli e i ur ncepolces
ti i n u e r t ih e v s ha
n n ns e
ds tpl ns a
ii
t t al pur t t be i e s t a prm a y polc , t t l
ha 1 por o
n xce s o
i r
i y ha angua i ' e e mut ly
ge s f m d
de
ual
r pugna ,' T ave e sI .Co.v fe n on I . Co, 8S 2 3 3 3 5 ( a 5hDCA 1 8 )
e
nt' r l r ns
. xigt ns .47 o. d 6 , 6 Fl. t
9 5;

Alst e l .Co.v T1 l s Co ,711 So. 2d 8 85 ( a.1tDCA 1 ) Fieman' Fu l .
l at ns
. G n. .
4, Fl s
998 ; r
s nd ns
Co.v Tr pi alShi n t Con t.Co., Lt , F. 987,1 ( 1t Ci. 1;
. o c
ppig t
sr
d. 254 3d
005 1 h r 200 ) Cons .S .
ol ys,

I v Alsat ls Co.411F. 1 1 ( t Ci.1 .Hee,Zurcha r ,heeaetr i
nc. . lt e n . ,
2d 57, 62 5h r 969) r
i ve s t r r ems n
t d he l ur nc ' pr son of i ompei polc i l't twoul i t s wa t r
he d r ns a e' ovii
ot
i
c
tng iytes' ha
d, n hi y, hwat
Ameiur se es i urrsaus ( 51at9) Amers e' Re y brefdiput whehert
rs e' xc s ns e tt . DE
.
iur s pl i s es t he
e pton woul a y i t sst ton. Howe r i i notpos i e t detr i t a we t
xce i
d ppl n hi iua i
ve , t s
sbl o e m ne he ns r o
t sque to be a eZurch hasnotpld t co e soft polc is d by M ar a Ca uat
hi
si n c us
i
e he nt nt
he i y s ue
ylnd s ly

t w p So h.1 w hie t Cour m us a ce as tue a 1f t l a lga i co ane i t
o
ut 3
l he
t
t c pt r 1 acua le tons nt i d n he
Compli t Erc s 551 U. a 93- t s me does nothol f new f c s t ta pl ntf
a n , ik on,
S. t 94, he a
d or
a t ha
ai if
beltdl r iesi r s
ae y a s n e pons t am o i t dim is Tha a o t t an i pe misbl at m p t
eo
ton o s s . t m un s o m r s i e te t o

a e t Co a ntwihou l veofCour.Bur sv. lgi Te h.Ct l . 600 F.App'
m nd he mpli
t t ea
t
ges Re i ous c
n, nc,
x

657,665( 1hCi.201 (i erpe tdl ha hel t tpli if c nnota ndt i compl nt
1 t r 5) i e ae y ve d ha antfs a
w
me her
ai
t oughars et amoto t dimis' ac or CarCar ir,I .v For MotrCo. 7
hr
e pons o
in o s s.); c d.
re s nc . d o
, 45

F. 11 ,11 (t Ci.1 4)(i i a omai t tt c an ma notbea
2d 01 07 7h r 98 tt s xi tc ha he omplit y
i
mende byt
d he

1l c
3 n onne ton w ih t s a g e ,Zurc s a es i pas i t tw he a ge r lcon r c or ha
ci
t hi r um nt
i h t t n s ng ha
n
ne a
ta t
s
b n a d a a a tonali u ed t is s
ee dde s n ddii
ns r o t ubcon r c orspolc t tpolc i tne rexc st
ta t ' iy, ha
i y s ' ve
es o

t ( e rl( ontacorsown polcy. ( 51a 9) Besde beng abar lgalc uson
he glnea cj r t '
i ' DE
'
t . i s i
e e oncl i
wihouts pori a hort t st or f isf t s mer s a sa e a ve.
t
up tng ut iy, hi he y al or he a ea on s t t d bo
14

b if i o p iint amoint d s s' Asa r sul,Zurch has notaleged enough t r ie
res n p osto o
to o imis'
)
e t i
l
o as
,

a S nc lng- 'e pton t t Nat1 Uni do rne.
i eli out' xce i o he
ca
on cti
A smia def c i r Zurc ss c cied e pton. Fl i c t have c afe a
i lr e t mpais ih' e ond t xce i
orda ours
r td
na r wor a ou t t a ic rbuton doc rne. A ç e ponsve 'i ur who co ple
row
k- r nd o he nt- onti i
ti
's
r
i ' ns er
m id
wih isi ur d' t nde f de e eca ex r c r i
t t ns e s e r or f ns n ta t e mbur e
s mentfom t ç es nsve' i ur r
r he s
nonr po i ' ns e
whe t i ur d had s pa a ey con r c ed wih ano he en iy is f a i ur d of t
n he ns e
e rtl
ta t
t
t r tt tel n ns e
he
,
no es i c r ir t i mniy t frti ur d. Co t1Ca .Co v C/ o Da o a, 0
nr ponsve a re , o nde f he is ns e
n ' s . . @ fs. ytn 8 7

So.2d 91,93 ( a.5h DCA 200 ( di t ct or is i urrc d rc expe e
Fl t
2) hol ng hat iy t ns e oul e over ns s

-

r ltng t def e of t ta i - fom ltl lague' i ur r snc ltl l a
ea i o ens
or cton r
ite e
s ns e , i e ite e gue ag ee t
r d o

i mniy ct ;s ealoPr gr s Ex e sl s Co.v Fl.De 'o n S r . 1 5 S 3 2 ,
nde f iy) e s o es pr s n .
a p t fFi. e v, 2 o. d 01
.

204 ( a,4t DCA 201 )( tng Sout Da o ;Ma e
Fl h
3 cii
h ytna) plwood Parnes L. v.I an Harbor
t r, P. ndi
l .Co. 65 F.App' 466,46869 ( 1h Ci.201 (a a y cii t
ns , 4
x
- 1 t r 6) fvorbl tng, hough ditnguihi ,
si s ng
Souh Da ona) The l c oft e e i i t tt i urd pari 'e e s de ii t
t yt .
ogi
he xc pton s ha he ns e
tes xpr s cson o

S hfl e p s r 'fo o et t eoh ri i ue t t eis r rr lto s i a do ec me t e
i itl x o u e'r m n o h t e s mp td o h n u e eain hp n v ro s h
s
g r la icon rbuton prncpl S.Da ona,807 So. 2d a 93.
ene a nt- ti i
i i e.
yt
t
Zu i h a g t tSout Da on c r sbec us W P Sout ss ontacorag e ment
rc r ues ha
h yt a ontol
a e
h' ubc r t r e
s

wih KD Consr c i a Gl s Engi rng r quie t e s onta t s t G end an
t
tu ton nd as
nee i e r d hos ubc r c or o i
def
d

id mn W P So t f ra y a d alcamsa ii g o to terwo k p ro me a t ePrj c.
ne h
u h o n n l li rsn u f h i r ef n d t h oe t'
'
( 51at1 (mpha i a
DE
4) e
ss dded) Ag i t salegai i f nd nowher i t Compli .
. an, hi l ton s ou
e n he
ant
Tr ,Zurc di plad t tt s conta t s we e co r ct ly bound t pl c W P Sou h on
ue
ih d e ha he ub r c or r nta ua l
o ae
t
t rge r la lt polcis a an Addii
hei ne al ibiiy i e s
tonall ur . (
ns ed Compl a !25 . And i f t sae
.t )
t urher ttd
t t W P Sout de a d t tAme iu e i mniy i unde t tr oft s nta t r '
ha
h m nde ha
rs r nde f t
r he e ms
he ubco r c o s

polcis (d.a !28) Butt et a s tonsaedifr ntfom t fcua i r di tt twas
i e. 1 t
.
hos wo seri r fe e r he a t l ng e en ha

15

decsve i Sout Da ona - a pr ie by one of t i su e , i pen nt of t i ur nc
ii n
h yt
om s
he n r d nde de
he ns a e

p l is t id mn? t eoh r S Da o a 8 So 2 a 91 9 . Be a s id mnfc to a d
oi e , o n e
c
h te . . ytn , 07 . d t , 3 c u e n e iiai n n
t dut t de e a e ditnc c ep s a a lga i t tt s onta t s we e oblga e t
he y o f nd r s i t onc t , n le ton ha he ubc r c or r
i td o
mak W P Sout a Addii ll ur i i de t . Se Li Tr e Vil Comm. Cl As ' v
e
h n
tona ns ed s na qua e e me e l.
ub s n .

St eFar Ge I .Co. 980F. 1 2,1 (11hCi.1 (( i urr' d t t dee i
at m n. ns ,
2d 40 405 t r 993) $ ns e s duy o fnd s
An
ditnc fom a br de t t d yt i
si t r nd oa r han he ut o ndemniy . . .')( i Bar Oi Co. , i de
f
' quotng on l v Natonwi
'

Mu . r I s Ct,4 0 So 2d 8 0, 3 ( a 1tDCA 1 5:. Dic u tn Zu ih' po th
t Fie n . ) 7 . 1 81 F1. s
.
98 )
s o ni g rc s s-oc
at mpt t e nc is pla ngs or ele is c
te
o nha e t e di ,
s t onqa i of t t r l nt conc pt , t
ton
he wo eeva
e s he

Compli t doe not pr de a s fce f c ua f
an
s
ovi
uf int a t l ounda i t o
ton hr ugh whih t Sout Dayt
c he
h
ona
e e in c d be i e r Bur s , F.App' a 665.
xc pto oul
nf red. ge s 600
x t
Fi ly,Zurc a nc t t y t tt na ur oft underyi s ta ns W P
na l
i h dva es he heor ha he t e
he
l ng ui gai t

Sou h ti r d Am e iur s d y t def nd, ir s c i of t e
t rgge e
rs e' ut o
e
re pe tve
he ndor eme s e ii
s nt ' xplct
qua ii a i Ye t s a gume smpl i est f eg ng a hortes The ca e ofer d by
lfc ton. t hi r
nt i y gnor he or oi ut ii .
ss f e
Zurc sa f t pr ii t ta i ur i oblga e t de e onc i i dee mi t ta
ih t nd or he oposton ha n ns er s i t d o f nd e t s tr ned ha

t r pa t s c r a ns t i ur d c
hid ry' ha ges gai t he ns e ome wihi t s ope oft polc See e. ,Pi er
t n he c
he i y, , g. one

Nat1 Til I . Co.p Fou t Co r Prp.Cor ,48 So.2d 1 , 1 4 ( a.1 .
te ns
. rh mmece o
p. 7
051 05 Fl 986)
Tur ng t t f c s Zurch nots t tt c
ni o he a t , i
e ha he ondo as oc ai sa l a i nsi t unde l ng s t
s i ton' leg to n he
ryi ui
pe ti t pr t dama a l scove e by t Addii lI ur e r eme s Thatm a
raned o opery
ge, os
rd
he
tona ns ed ndo s nt .
y
welbe tue. Buti doesnotf l t tAm e iur sdut ha bee ti r a t sar oft
l
r
t
olow ha
rs e' y d n rgge ed t he t t he

ltga i - bef eany prm a y i u e had con rbut d t t def e.A sar dy dic s an
ii ton
or
i r ns r r
ti e o he ens
lea
s us ed,
e es i ur ' dut t d e i pr pt d when t prm a y c r i r r ac t dola lm i of
xc s ns er s y o ef nd s om e
he i r a r e e hes he l r i t
is c e age N at' Uni 21 F. a 1
t ov r .
1
on, 4 3d t 27273. Pl nl t s doc r ne m odii s t br der
ai y, hi
ti
f e he oa

prnc pl t whi Zurc aludes
i i e o ch i h l .Zurc doe noti ntf a c essa i ot r s Nora e
ih s
de iy ny as t tng he wie.
r

16

s h a hortes lkey t e s,a a r quieme t def nd one' i ur r ga dl s of t
uc ut ii i l o xit s e r nt o
e
s ns ed e r es
he
polcy' e i i pr son ofe es sa uswoul s low t Nat1 Uni l e whol . Bec us
i s xplct ovii
xc s tt
d wa l he
on '
ul
e
a e

Ame iu ed mo tae t tad ca ao yj d me ti Zu ih' f v ri, nt alg to p e
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Acc di l i i ORDERED a ADJUDGED t tDe e nt Am e iur l ur
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Compa a Amers e M ut lI ur nc Co pa sM oton t Dimi st Sec Amen d
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Co ant( 43)i GRANTED. Count 1 and IIoft Se
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