Schiappa et al v. Charityusa.com LLC

Filing 48

ORDER AND OPINION granting in part 29 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge Donald M. Middlebrooks on 5/17/2017. (lh)

UNI
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
SO UTHERN DI
STRI O F FLO RI
CT
DA

CASE NO :16- vc 81617- I
M DDLEBRO OKS& M NNO N
J
OHN SCHI
APPA a SU SI
nd
E
GODm HO,

Pli if ,
antf s

CHARI
TYUSA .
COM ,LLC,
Def nt
enda .

O RDER AND O PI O N GRANTI I PART DEFENDANT' M OTI FO R
NI
NG N
S
ON
SUM M ARY JUDGM ENT

THI CAUSE c me beo et eCo r o Dee a tCh rtus c m,
S
o s f r h u t n fnd n aiy A.o LLC' (i A'
S1
CUS '
)
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r r n
r e s ry s

J n 1 20 7 ( 3 - i dn o De lrto ' ! 3 a d frtu e t e iv re h atmak i
u e , 0 DE 74, l ih caain' ) n is s d h n e td e r r n
Go
c mmec a e rya J n ay 1 , 01 (d. t 4 s eas DSOF !2 )l However Pli tff do
o r e s a 1 s a u r 0 2 0 i a ! ; e lo
0,
, ani s
n t a erc r so a ys lsb f r J n a y2 4.( OF! 1 , )
o h v e o d f n ae eo e a u r 01 DS ! 9 21.

lPu s ntt Loc lRul 56. 1a,CUSA fld aSttmen ofM aeralFacst smedayast
r ua o
a
e
()
ie
ae t
ti
t he a
he

i tntMoton. ( 30) Pli if ûld aCountrSttme ofFa t i opposton( 37) t
nsa
i DE . antfs e
e ae nt
cs n
ii DE ,o
whih CUSA fl afcualrpl ( 41.Exc twheePli if i r cea tonalf t or
c
ied a t e y DE )
ep
r antfs ntodu ddii
acs
diput t e r ied by CUSA,t Cour wilr f rs el t CUSA' Stt m e , whih i syld
s e hos a s
he
t l e e ol y o
S a e nt
c st e
(DSOF.' Pl i if ' Stt m e i opposton,whe e r f r e i l beed S
'
' antfs a e nt n
ii
r e e enc d, s a l S
PSOF.' CUSA'
'
S
f c ua r pl w he e r e e e i l be e iDFR.'
a t l e y, r ef r nc d, s a l d i
'
2

Pli if us t he r paw m a ksi c
antfs e he a t
r n onnec i wih t i c
ton t he r ompany, 3 Da whi s l
wg, ch els

c ran a p r la d a c so is (
e ti p ae n c e s re , Comp . t! 8 DS ! 1 ) Th P risds t t e tn o
l a ; OF 5 . e a te ipue he xe t f
Pl i if 'pr tlne. Buta eve Godi a knowl s Pli if i t y c it onl
antfs oduc i
s n
nho c
edge , antfs' nven or onss s y
oft nk t ,ts rs c p see d s rs j re s o t,a d has (
a ops -hit, a l ve hit, es y h rs n t. PSOF ! 1 ) Ot e a p r l
5 . h r p ae

mus bes cily or r (d.. Pl ntfsafi t he tpa makst t pr t t s l
t pe al deed. 1 ) ai if fx he ar w r o he oducs hey el

(
DSOF ! 1 )a das us te onterwe st,p o u tp c a i , d riigmaeil, hang
5 n lo e h m h i b ie r d c a k gng a ve t n tras
s

te ,a d o s ca me a(
is n n o il di PSOF ! 1 ) I tr o d sg Plitfss l co hn ta f au e
( 5 , n e ms f e in, an if el lt ig h t e tr s
dfee tp te sa d c mbiain o t maks( OF! 1 )i a e o t ec so rsrq e t
ifrn atm n o n to s f he r DS
8 t s d n h u tme ' e u s'
b
'
(d..
i4
M os of Pli if s es de i fom a m a r c or ot r '
t
antfs' al
rve r
ni l es ue
he ' e nt ' i Sout
dog ve s' n
h

Flrd .(
o ia DSOF!2 ) Sic 2 0 , d n oh satnd do et t ofte ee e t pe mo t ,
6 . n e 0 8 Go i h a te e n o wo h s v n s r nh

wh r - s e etmae - s ma e b t e $ 0 a $ 0 . ( OF ! 2 ) Atte e e e t,
e e h si ts he k s ewe n 2 0 nd 3 0 PS
5. h s v ns
Godi s t u adiply t bl ofclt f t i t ma ksa s i ise ntgoe s (
nho t s p s a a e
o hts eaurng he r nd olct ve - r , DSOF !

27 .S e as we r h rp o u t t g r t atn in fo pa sr -y.(J. t!2 ) So tme ,
) h lo a s e r d cs o an r te to r m se sb f a 9 . mei s
pa toft pr ee fom ani a r s e nt go t t r c or ni tons ( 36a 5;
r
he oc ds r
m l e cue ve s o he es ue ga zai . DE
t DE

37- Godi De ,1 7- .Be i doge nt, ai if ma s est ought rwe ie
2, nho po. 58: 17) sdes
ve s Pl ntfs ke al hr
hei bst

a h v f lilda la to eb l o d r ( OF !25 .Ad iin l , h r i s mee ie eo
nd a e ufl t e s n u k r e . PS
e
) dto al t ee s o vd nc f
y
iolt d s e t c t e s i saes o sde of Fl rda a i Ca
s a e als o usom r n t t ut i
o i nd n nada. (d a ! 2 ) Go iho
1 . t 3 . dn

t tsed t tPl n if 'ca h s l f 2014 a 2015 wer be we n $ 000 a $1 000 pe ye r
esi ha aitfs s aes or
nd
e t e 2, nd 0,
r a.

( OF, A,i ih De . a 1 :- 9 .Sae rc r r fe t a, ewt n J n r 2 4
DS Ex. t n o po' t 014 1 4 ls e o ds e ld h t b t e a uay 01
God
'
a De embe 201 Pli if e r da $2, fom a r l (
nd c
r 6, antfs a ne bout 500 r ppa e. DSOF !25) W ihr s tt
. t epcc o
adve tsng e f t,Pl ntfsha plc a i t publc ton SM oder Dog' a on Twit
rii fors ai if ve a ed ds n he
iai s
n
' nd
ter

a as p o t t erp o u o v ro s ca me i plto ms (
nd lo r mo e h i r d ds n aius o il d a afn , PSOF ! 3 - 2 . Go iho
( 0 3 ) dn
!
3

ha ,howe r e e s d doubtas t t efe i ene s ofa l s s
s
ve , xpr s e
o he f ctv s
t ea t o
me oft s e ndiu e .
he e xpe t r s

( OF!3 )
DS
2.
CUSA i a lm ied labiiy c
s i t i lt ompa t t ope a e $ ne wor of onlne a tvim
ny ha
rts ç t k
a
i ci s
we ies'ge r d t
bst ' a e owar t pr ec in ofûa ma s pe e, nd t plne. (
ds he ot to
tni l , opl a he a t' DSOF ! 1 .One
'
()

of CUSA ' we ie , www .t a m ar c ie.c
S bst s
he ni les uest om (ç s uesi ' s ls i malrltd
d c t ) el '
Re
e',
ani -eae

p o u t. ( OF !2 ,Pa t tep o e d fo t o es lsi d n td t a i ls etr a d
r d cs' DS
'
) r of h r c e s r m h s ae s o ae o n ma h l s n
e
s t re . (d.. Ma ofCUSA' pr sfaur grphi de i t tr s et uprght
ancua is 1 ) ny
S oduct e t e a c sgns ha eembl he i
a i red hea t w mar or i s e wa i om or c t he t s
nd nve t
rpa
ks
n om
y nc
at he ar ymbol i o pa prnt
nt w i

d sg s (
e in . DSOF!8 .Th s icud cohn b tas le l , Cl st asornam ents,cel phone
) e e n l e lt ig u lo j wer ui m
y
l
c s s wa lt ,bags l ge,m ugs o he kic n ie s magne s r n boot, s et,blnke s
a e , le s
, ugga
tm ,
t, ai
s he s a t ,
, t r the

a d ( oh r. (#.. Th Pa t sd s u ewh n CUS b g n s lig t e e kn so i msa d
n J t es' J ) e ri ip t e
'
e
A e a e l h s id f t
n
e n
whe he t e s e pr t Pli if us oft mar . ( OF ! 3 5;
t r hos als eda e antfs' e he
ks DS
! - PSOF! 3 5 DFR ! 3
! -;
& Ex. V)2
.

The e i no saitc e de e,s h a s v , sudi s or f us gr ,e t bls ng
r s
t tsial vi nc uc s ur eys t e , oc
oups sa ihi
a a t lco uson bewe n Pl i if ' ma ks a CUSA' pr t desgns (
ny cua nf i
t e antfs
r nd
S oduc
i . DSOF ! 3 )
9.

Godi tsii d t a a dot li t nc i whih a fi nd i caed t ts had s en pr t
nho e tfe o n nec a nsa e n c re ndi t ha he
e
oduc s
on t Res sie whih s t
he cue t
c he houghthad c
ome fom Pli if , (
r
antfs DSOF ! 3 ;PS ! 3 - 8
8 OF ! 6 3 ;

Godi De 209: 21 1 . Shealo rf rd t t a
nho po. 4- 3:2)
s eere o wo nonymousi vi l who alo may
ndi duas
s

h v ma esmi ro s r ain .( OF!3 )
a e d i l b e v to s DS
a
8.
2CUSA c am s t t is i - hous de i n t m c e t d he r paw desg as e l as 200 and
l i ha t n
e s g ea r a e a t
i ns
ary
4
be n s lng pr udswih t edesg i 2004 o 2005. (
ga eli
od
t hes
i ns n
r
DOSF !3) Torbutt sase ton,
. e hi s ri
Godi
nho,i he de a a i sats t ts r ser a a counton t Re cuesie on J 22
n r clr ton, t e ha he egit ed n c
he s
t
une
2
007 an a t ttme, é t s e no' alege y i rngng m aks
d t ha i
,
s ne s d ' l dl nfi i
wi
r . ( nho De .a I 20 .
Godi
cl t J )
CUSA,i r pl at c a prnt fom is i e na daa s , whi conti e res s
n e y, ta hes
i out r t ntr l tba e
ch
a ns nti howi
ng
t ts
ha ome pr
oduct wih paw-ea e de i we e frts d i 2004. (
s t
r lt d sgns r is ol n
DFR,Ex.V) Buti i
.
ts
uncla how m a - i a - oft e desgnsc n be c i r d s fcinty r lt d t t m a ks
er
ny f ny
hes
i
a
onsde e uf e l ea e o he r
s ast have pr em pt Pl i tf s'fr tus i c m e c .
o o
e
ed a n if is e n om r e
4

Se r lt r pa t e iis t ts l pe ie sempl hea tpaw desgns on pr t f
ve a hid ry ntte ha el t t m
oy r
i
oduc s or

sl (
ae DSOF !4 )a d a lattr eic r o aes mef r o i i ar gsee mak(d a !46 .
3 n t e s h e n o p rt o o m f t n e itr d r i t )
.

l 2008 an b we n 201 a 201 , Godi s nts
n
d et e
4 nd
6
nho e ome oft s t r pa tes d nd lte s
he e hid ri ema e tr

,

i itng t ce e t i al ge y i rngi us ofPl i if 'ma ks
nssi hey as her le dl nfi ng e
antfs r .

(
DSOF ! 4 - ;PS
! 445 OF

!J4 - 5 . S me o te t id p risc mpid b toh r dd n t ( OF ! 45) Godiho
! 4 4 ) o f h hr a t o le u te s i o DS
e
.
n
.

co aced CUSA b e ai on M a c 23, 2 5 ( OF!48 . I h rme sge Go ihoa vie
nt t
y m l
rh
01 . DS
) n e sa , dn d s d
CUSA a
bout he r se e m a ks a a ke a t t opporuniy t s l he pr t on
r egitr d r nd s d bou he
t t o el r oduc s

Resuesie. (#., Conves tons co i d bewee Godi a CUSA' CEO, James T.
c t f)
rai
ntnue t n
nho nd
S

Ku n (k n',and t t sde c me cos t r c ng a a ee ntpurua t whi
ni çKuni '
)
he wo i s a l e o ea hi n gr me
s nt o ch
CUSA woul buy Pli if 'i td he r m a k. (d.. Howe r t de bokedown a t
d
a ntfs nvere a t r 1 )
ve ,he al r
nd he
Pa tesnow diput whet rac r c waseve f med. ( OF!4 ;PS !4 )
ri
s e
he onta t
r or
DS
8 OF ( 8 .
Pl ntfs fl a Compl nt a i t CUSA on Se e
ai if ied
ai gans
pt mber 21 201 ( 1. The
,
6. DE )

Co an a s rs f u c u e o a to a ans CUS ( ) ta e r ifige n u d r 1
mplit se t o r a s s f cin g i t
A: 1 rd mak n rn me t n e 5

U. C. 1 1 ( mp . t !2 - 8 ;()fled sg ain d s rp in, n rp e e tto u d r
S. j 1 4 Co l a ! 4 2 ) 2 as e in to , e cito a d e r s nain n e
1 U. C.j 1 2 ()( 4 ()oft La ha Ac)(d. t! 2 3 ) ( )c mmo 1w ta e r
5 S.
1 5 a j 3 a he n m t i a ! 9-3 ; 3 o n a rd mak
ifig me t(#.a ! 3 - ) a d ( )volto o te Flrda De e tv a d Un ar Trd
n rn e n / t ! 4 38 ; n 4 i ain f h o i
c p ie n
fi a e
P a tc sAc (i
r cie t $
FDUTPA' , a S . j5 .01 e s q (d a ! 3 - 3 . On Oco e 28 2 6
' Fl. t j 012 , / e . i. t ! 9 4 )
)
tb r , 01 ,
CUSA fl d a Ans r wih afima i def ns s a co e cl m s
ie n
we
t fr tve
e e nd unt r ai .

( 1 . The
DE 5)

c er am sal t tt m a ksa tvoi f non- e a non- si tve s a be us , at
ount cl i lege ha he r r
d or
us nd
ditnc i ne s nd ca e
las i t ca e oft e i re hea tpa ,CUSA us d t tdesg i commer e tr t (d. t!
e t n he s
h nve td r w
e ha
in n
c i s, I a !

2150) Addii l CUSA cli t tPlitfsbr c d t c r tt purhas t i red
- .
tonaly,
ams ha anif ea he he ontac o c e he nve t
hea tma k a s d bepr ve ed,asa mat rofpr is r e t
r r nd houl
e nt
te
om s o y soppel fom wihdr ng fom
,r
t awi r

te a re n . (#.a !(517 ) I tr o r le,CUSA rq e t t tt e Co r c n e
h g e me t 1 t ! -4 . n e ms f eif
e u ss ha h u t a c l

Pl ntf s tade ksa or s cii peror
ai if ' r mar nd der pe fc f manc oft puttve c r c , (d..ThePa t s
e he a i onta t 1 4
ri
e
e ged i dic y a t i t tM oton f l d.
nga
n s over nd he nsan
i olowe
I.
I

LegalSt
andar
d

lf e c u ts alg a ts mmayj d me ti t emo a ts wst a t ee i n g n n
s' o r h l r n u r u g n f h v n ho h t h r s o e uie
-h
d s uea t a ymaeilfc a d temo n i e t ldt j d me ta amatro lw ' Fed,
ip t s o n tra a t n h va t s ni e o u g n s te f a '
t
.

R.Ci P,56a) The mova d l ysbeast i ta rs i lt ofi or ng t ditit
v.
(.
nt i wa
a
r he niil e ponsbiiy nf mi he src
co toft bass f is moton,a i ntf ng t e pori of ihe pladi , depostons
ur
he i or t
i
nd de iyi hos
tons t
e ngs
ii ,
a we st i e r t i ,and a s i on fl , t t rwih t a fda t ,i a 'whih i
ns r o nt roga ores
dmisons
ie oge he t he fi vis f ny,
c t

bei sde onsr t t a e ofage ne is ofm a e ilf c .' Cel e Cor v Catet
leve m ta e he bs nce
nui s ue
t ra a t ' otx p. . r t,

47 U. 31 323 ( 986)( i Fe R.Ci P.56()1( ) W her t no movi pat
7 S. 7,
1
quotng d.
v.
c( )A).
e he n- ng ry
be r t bur n ofpr on a is e a til t mova ma smpl (g nt outt t ditit
as he de
oof n su t ra,he
nt y i y spoi l o he src

c u t( t a teei a a e c ofe i e c t s p o tten n igpat sc s . I a 3 5
o r 1 h t h r s n bsn e v d n e o u p r h o movn ry' a e' d t 2 .
'
Ahe t mova hasme isbur nunderRul 56( ,t bur s fst t non- ng pa t
r he
nt
t t de
e c) he den hit o he movi ry
t e t bls t tt r i a ge ne i s ofm ae ilf t M atus t El c I .Co, Lt v
o sa ih ha he e s
nui s ue
tra ac .
s hia e . ndus
, d.

.

Ze ihRa oCop.47 U. 5 4, 8 ( 98 )
nt di r , 5 S. 7 5 5 1 6 .
Alhough al r s bl i e e e a e t be dr wn i f vor oft non- ovi pa t ,
t
l ea ona e nf r nc s r o
a
n a
he
m ng ry

Andes v.Li ry Lobb I .477U. 242,255( 986) t non- ngpat tmus domor
ron be t
y, nc,
S.
1 ,he movi ry i t
e
t n smpl s
ha i y how t tt r i s
ha he e s ome m e a i a doubta t t m aeralf c s' M atus t
t physc l
s o he t i a t . '
s hia,
475 U. a 586. ThenonS. t
movi pa t m ay notr tupon t me ealega i orde al oft
ng ry
es
he r l tons
ni s he

a r epary' pl di s,bu i t a mus come f wa d wih i pe ii f t s
dve s
t s ea ng
t nse d
t
or r t i c fc acs howi t tt r
s
ng ha he e

i age neisu ti .bI a 58 (ii Fe R. v.P.56().tW her t r or tke as
s nui s efor ral' d t 7 ctng d. Ci
e) s e he ec d a n
a w hol c d not l a a r tonal t i r o f c t fnd f t non- ovi pa t , t e i no
e oul
e d ai
r e f a t o i or he
m ng ry her s

i nui e is f til'' I $ m e e Sci il 'ofe de s
ge n sue or ra .' d i
A
r s ntla
vi nce uppori t opposng pa t s
tng he
i
ry'

6

po iin wi n ts fi e te emu tb e o g o as wi t ttej r c ud r ao by tn
st
o l o u fc ; h r s e n u h f ho ng ha h u y o l e s na l s d
l
f rt tpa t ' Wal rv Dar y,911F.2d 1
o ha ry.' ke . b
573,1 7 ( 1hCi,1 .I t non- ngpa t
57 1 t r 990) f he movi ry

f is t ma a s fc e s
a l o ke ufi i nt howi on a es e i ee e of he c e on whih s ha t
ng
n s ntal lm nt
r as
c he s he

b r e o prof t emo ig p ry i e tte t aj d me ta amatroflw. Ceoe Cop.,
u d n f o , h vn a t s n ild o u g n s te a
ltx r
477U. a 323.
S. t
11
1.

D i c s on
s us i

4 Pli t s Cli
. a n t ' ams

a

Pl ntfs ha alege t saut y cai s unde t La m Ac , as wel as one
ai if ve l d wo tt or l m
r he nha
t
l

common lw ta m a k cai a one sa e saut y cl m unde FDUTPA . l i not necess r
a r de r l m nd
t t tt or ai
r
ts
ay
t s pa atl e m i t lte t be a e ihe a l i i t s m e'f t e a f t f de a
o e r e y xa ne he at r wo c us i na yss s he a ' or hes s or he e r l
t

ca esofaci Babbi El c,I v Dynas an Cor .s 38F. 1 61 1 81( 1h Ci.1 4) s e
us
ton.
t e . nc. .
c
p
3d 1 , 1 1 t r 99 ; e
alo I sac p,l .v Ar an l v.Bankig Cor (nve tor E. ,931F. 1 9,1
s nve t or nc . abi n
n
p l sc p) C.
2d 51 521
.

(1 t Ci.1 1 . Fi ngs wih rs d t t La m Ad cli a e t rf r i ual
1h r 99 ) ndi
t e pe o he nha
ams r hee oe i ly
eq
c usve'oft c mon 1 w a FDUTPA ca ms. Babbi El ., 38 F,d a 11 Sunte
oncl i ' he om
a nd
li
t ec
3 t 81)
re

T c . I c v Ec s n e I tl I c, 93 F.d 1 3 ,1 4 ( 1h Ci. 01 )(û anifsf i r t
e h, n . . o e s n ' n . 6
,
3 3 8 3 5 1 t r 2 2 s itf al e o
pl
u
e t bls a lke i
sa ih i lhood ofc uson a t is La m Actc am alo e i s s isc am unde
onf i s o t nha
l i s xtnguihe t l i
r

Flrdal ')(iai omit .
o i aw. ctton ted)
'
The t r
wo emai ng cl m s ea h alegi La m Ac vi a i , s e a smia
ni
ai , c l ng nha
t oltons har
i lr
a ytc fa
nal i al r mewo k a gove i prncpl s Two Pe os I .v. Fcc Cabana,I . 505 U .
r nd
m ng i i e .
s , nc
o
nc ,
S.

7 3 7 8( 9 2 .Th mandfee c bewe nt m i ta j3 4 )d p le (oey t rg see
6 , 6 1 9 ) e i ifr n e t e he s h t 2 1 s pis s ll) o e itrd
a
maks' i. whi j 43 a a p is t b t rg see a d u r gse e maks Br ohed
r , d, l
'
e
() p le o oh e itr d n n e itr d r . o k l
Comm ',I .v FlCoas Ent' tCor ,1 F.d 1
n nc .
t m
p. 74 3 036,1 n. ( t Ci.1 , Notbei
046, 8 9h r 999)
ng

lmie byt r srton fcor j43( i ohi t abr de rngeofpr c t ndoe j32.
i td he egitai a t , a) s bis oa r a
pr
adies ha
s
'
'
7

Fwt Pe os 5 U. a 768. Butt s ha notsopped t El ve h Cic tfo a ovi a
) s , 05 S. t
hi s
t
he e nt r ui r m ppr ng

dititc tsunia y a ysswhe a s h dif e e i s ope woul nota f
src our ' t r nal i
n ny uc fer nc n c
d
f

e tt out om e
c he c

oft c e AmBrtv Krj,l c,81 F.d 1 31 1 45 n.3 ( e pt j4 ()sS n lss' en
he as .
i . at n . 2 2 5 , 5 , 7 d s ie 3 a ' t ay i'b ig
a

i o wh tb o d rt n ta i a j 3 4 ) cam, Elv n h Cic i afr d d src c u ts
t me a r a e ha h t n
s
2 1 li ' e e t ru t fime itit o r'
'
detr naton on bot cl msdepieexcusve dic so oft f me ) W here,asher ,onl
emi i
h ai
s t l i s usin he or r
e y
.

r gitr m a ksa e a is , avaguedifr nc i s ope bewe t sa u or pr sonss d
e se ed r r t s ue
fe e e n c
t en he t t t y ovii houl
notpr ve aunior a ys sofPl ntfs c am s Tha i e pe a l t ca e whe e t c t
e nt
f m nal i
ai if ' l i .
t s s cily he s
r he our
pr ce ds no f t t n e m i ng t lke i
o e
urher ha xa ni he i lhood ofco uson be we s t of ma ks a t
nf i
t en e s
r
, s he

s v n f co s o t a iq iy,d s u s d i ï ae t e s me u de e c s cin Tana
e e a tr f h t n ur ic se n a, r h a n r a h e to
j
.

Dant
anna',611 F.d 767, 773,n. ( 1h Ci. 0) Theeor Ite tPli if t La m
s
3
5 1 t r 201 .
rf e, ra antfs wo nha

Ac cli t t r
t a ms oge he ,
A ta m a k i ça wor na , s mbo, rde ie o a y c mbiaint ee ( s d t
r de r s iny
d, me y lo vc , r n o n to h rof u e ) o
i ntf an ditnguih hi o he goods . . . fom t e m a a t e or s d by ot r a t
de iy d si s s r r
r hos
nuf c ur d
ol
he s nd o
i c t t s ur oft goods eve i t ts r e i unknown.' 1 U. C. 1 27.Or na i
ndia e he o ce he
, n f ha ou c s
' 5 S. j 1
di rl
y,

Sto p e alo ata e r ifi e n cam u d rt eLa a Ac, p ry mu tpr v ta
' l rv i n r d mak n rng me t li n e h nh m t a a t s o e h t
g
()i owns a vai a pr e t e mak,a ( t o i pat sus ofa i ntc or
1 t
ld nd otcabl r nd 2) he pposng ry' e n de ial
smia m a k i lkey t ca e c uson.' FN Her t S v Cl Ar y I ., 8 F. 1 1
i lr r s i l o us onf i '
sal A . yde mor nc 38 3d 07 ,

1 ( 1hCi. 6)
080 1 t r 201 .
Ic i t va i t pr o y brefy. W he e, a he e, heenf c ng pa t ha a r a
onsder he ldiy ong nl i l
r s r t
or i
ry s le dy

rgit e is maks wih t Unied Stts Pae a Trdema ks Ofi (t ', such
e serd t r
t he t
ae tnt nd a
r
fce (
PTO'
)
r gi ta i c e t s ( r buta e pr s pton t t t m a ks a e pr e t bl .' Wedig Se v.
e s r ton r a e i e t bl e um i ha he r r ot c a e '
a
l n
r,

I .v For
nc . man,509F. 1 ,1 7,n, ( 1h Ci.2007)( tng 1 U. C.j 1 b) (ntr l
3d 351 35 3 1 t r
cii 5 S.
057( ) i ena
quotton maksomitdl se alo Coac Hous Re t,l .v Co h trSi Re t, l . 934 F.
ai
r
te ; e s
h
e s nc . ac f x s nc ,
2d
8

1 51 1 6 ( 1hCi.1 91 ((. Se to 7b o teLa h m Ac c e tsap e u to t a t e
5 , 5 2 1 t r 9 ) $ . cin () f h n a t r ae rs mp in h t h
.
r gita has t e usve rg t us is m a k t
e sr nt
he xcl i i ht o e t
r l
uoughout t Unie St
he
td

ae ' (iai
ts' ctton
)

o te ) Ho v r s l g a te ta e r sa en tic ntsa l, t aleged i rngerm ay
mi d . we e , o on s h r d ma k r o n o e tbe he l
t
nfi
r butt spr s
e hi e umpton b s
i y howi , by a pr ponde a oft e de e, t tt tade r a e
ng
e
r nce he vi nc ha he r ma ks r
i ald.Se ku Iz kçLt v RM C 1 ' Lt ,96 F. 1 1 ,
nv i
ngo fbr
d .
ntI d
,
3d 2 7 1 20( t Ci.1 9 ) l ti c s ,
2 9h r 9 6 . n h s a e
i i notne e s r t dde m i whe he o notCUSA hasm e t sbur n bec us e i i ha ,
ts
c s ay o
r ne
t rr
t hi
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a e ven f t s
t r i no lkei odofc uson.
he e s i lho
onf i

d -l t u hso e o la ii i ata e r ifi g me ta to i n tsmpl wh t r
dlhe o c tn f ib ly n r d ma k n rn e n c in s o i y ehe
lt
t r i una horze us ofapr e t d ma k, butwhe he s h us i lkel t c e cons r
he e s ut i d e
ot c e
r
t r uc e s i y o aus
ume

c n u in. Cu tm Mf & En ' l c v Miwa Se vtl c,5 8 F 3d 641 647 ( 1h Ci.
o f so ' so g.
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gr n . . d y r. n . 0
,
,
1t r
.

2007 . Cons rco uson i key be aus t vey pur e ofta mak pr tci i to
)
ume nf i s
c e he r
pos
r de r oe ton s t
t
r cet c tofi or i t co umer by ma ng i ea y f t m t i ntf t pr t
edu he os
nf maton o ns
s
ki t s or he o de iy he oduc s
orpr uce swih whi t y ha ha eihe good expe inc s s t tt y wa t ke p buyi
od r t
ch he ve d t r
re e , o ha he
nt o e
ng

t pr duc ( buyi fom t pr e ) orba e re es s t t y wa t a d t
he o t or ng r he oduc r,
d xpeinc , o hat he nt o voi he
pr tort pr eri t f t e. B(T Roge s Co. v Kee 778F. 33 33 (t Ci.
oduc
he oduc n he u ur '
'
r
. ne,
2d 4, 9 7h r

1 . I acompeio ' us ofasmia ori nte makdoesnothi rt publc' a lt t
985) f
ttrs e
i lr de ial r
nde he i s biiy o
dic i nae b we n t te iy' goodsand t orgi pr ers t r i no pr e a f ra
s rmi t et e ha ntt s
he i nal oduc ' , he e s
oblm s a s
tade r lw i c
r ma k a s once ne Seei
r d.
d.
Two g r lpoi s a
ene a
nt boutlke i
i lhood ofco uson a e worh hi i i a t outet
nf i r
t ghlghtng t he s .
Fis,t bu de ofpr vi s h a pr pe tr t wih d he pa t c r ng i rnge e .' KP
rt he r n
o ng uc
os c ess t i
t
ry ha gi nf i m nt '
Per
mane M ak nt
e up, I . v Las i I e si 1 I . 5 U. 1 , 11 (
nc . tng mpr s on , nc, 43 S. 11 8 2004) St ond,
. c

'a l o g l eio d o c nf in g n rlyi aq sin o f c,i ma b d cd d a amatr
i lt u h i l o f o uso e e al s ueto f a t t y e e ie s
l h
k h
te
ofl w .'Ali e M e al ,I .v. i l l ï , I .222F. 895, ( 1hCi.
a ' lanc
t s nc H ney ndu nc,
3d
907 1 t r 2000)
.

Ast s cii ,c t l ats n f cor t de e m i whet c ume c nf i i
o pe fcs ours ook eve a t s o t r ne
her ons r o us on s
s fcinty lkel Thes a et
ufi e l i y.
e r he:

( )srngh oft mak alge t ha bee i rng ( smiaiy of t
1 te t
he r le d o vc n nfi ed; 2) i lrt
he
i rnge a i rngng maks () smia iy bet en t g
nfi d nd nfi i
r ; 3 i lrt we he oods a s vi s
nd er ce
ofe e unde t t mar ;( smiaiyoft a ua s esmehodsus byt
fr d
r he wo ks 4) i lrt he ct l al t
ed he
hol r oft mar ,s h a t rslsoutesa c t rbas ( smiaiy
de s he ks uc s hei ae lt nd usome e; 5) i lrt
o a v riig meh d ;( )i tn ofte alg d i fig rt mia p o rae te
f d e tsn t o s 6 ne t h le e n rn e o s p r p it h
prp itrsg o wi ;a d ( )t ee itn ea d e tn o a t a c n u in i te
o reo ' o d l n 7 h x se c n x e t f cu l o f so n h
l
co umi publc.
ns ng
i

T n , 1F,d a 77 - 5 Th Elv nh Cic i sr se ta S p lc to ofte (e e lfco s
a a 61 3 t 4 7 . e e e t rut te s s h t s p iain h sv n a tr
a
e a l m or t t mec nitc s
ntis
e han he
ha si umm ai oft num be off c or on e c sde;i i ve
ton he
r at s
a h i t nvol s
a e uai oft ç r lba a e.' Cu tm Mf . 5 8 F.d a 6 9. Th mo ti o tn
n val ton
he ove al l nc '
' so g , 0 3 t 4 3 e s mp ra t

f c or a et sr ngt oft ma k a t pr s eofa t lconf son, Frehlng Ent n,l .v.
a t s r he te h he r nd he e enc
c ua
ui
i
e nc
l 1Se e tGr ,l . l F. 1 , 1 35( 1h Ci.1 .
nt l c p. nc, 92 3d 330 1 1 t r 999)
Ste h oft M a k
r nct
he r

Tr dii l cou t cls iy mar a be ongi t o of f r caeg is al a
a tonaly, rs a sf
ks s l ng o ne
ou t ore ong
s c r of sr ngt a or ng t t i i si tve s' W edi g Se v ,509 F, a 1
pe tum
te h cc di o her ' tnc i nes . '
di
ln
r.
3d t 357.

Fr sr es t wt kes,t cae isofmaksae:( abir y orf nciul ( s si ;
om tong t o a t he tgore
r r 1) r tar
a f ; 2) ugge tve

( d ci i a ( ge i I Ast Elvent Cic tha e aned:
3) es rptve; nd 4) ntrc, d. he e h rui s xpli
An a bir r or f ncf m a k be r no l c r ai ns p t t pr t or
r ta y
a iul r a s
ogial elto hi o he oduc
s r cei i us d t r pr e . A s ge tve mar r e st s
e vi t s e o e es nt
ug si
k ef r o ome cha ace itcof
r trsi
t goods bu r uies a l p of t i a nai t g fom t mar t t
he
, t eq r
ea
he m gi ton o et r
he
k o he
pr
oduc . A de crptve ma k i ntfesa c r t itc orqua iy oft s r c or
t
s ii
r de i
ha acersi
lt
he e vie
pr uc .
od t
The e a e s r dif r a oa est de i ng ' ne i .' By one t t
r r eve al fe ent ppr ch o fni t rc '
ge
es ,
a ge i na e r f r t a pa tc a genusorc a sofwhi a i vi la tce
nerc m e e s o
riul r
ls
ch n ndi dua ri l
or s r ce i but a m e b , By a her m e ur , a gene i na e i t t r by
e vi s
m er
not
as e
r c m s he e m
w hi h t pr
c he oduc or s vi e is f i comm onl know n. Stl ot c t s y a
t
er c t el s
y
il her our s a

3And asi r ae t t s
t elts o he ummay j me sa r , a fndi t any one f ct f vor a
r udg nt tndad i ng hat
a or a s
l eio d o c n u in d e n tn c saiy p e l d j g n a a matr o lw f r te
i l o f o f so o s o e e s rl rcu e ud me t s
k h
te f a o h
de e nti t ove a lbalnc cea l tlsi t o
f nda f he r l a e l ry it n he ppost die ton. Tana,611 F. at775,n.
ie r c i
3d
7.
10

ge rc na de cst p oduc ors r c a awhol , r t rt n a pa tc ar
ne i me pi t he r
t e vie s
e ahe ha ny ri ul
f t t,qua iy,orc r c e ite o t whol . Ge rc s le noti t t r
eaur
lt
ha a t rsi f he
e
ne ine s i s
n he e m
is f buti t us oft tr :A wor may begene i ofs
tel, n he e he e m
d
rc ome t ngsand notof
hi
ot s lvor 'i ge rcofelpha t ksbuta bir r asa i t s p.
her : ' y' s ne i
i
e nt us
r ta y ppled o oa

l (iainsa itr quotto maks o te , A g rc mak i lnca bl' ofbei
d. ctto nd nenal ain r mitd)
enei r s ' pa e'
i
ng
ditnc i ,ades rptve ma k may be ditnctve, but' y i i a quiesa s conda y m e ni '
si tve'
ci i
r
si i
i
onl f t c r
e
r
a ng';

a a s ge tve or a bir r ma k a hi s ditnc i s wihout a pr of s onda y
nd ug si
r ta y r c eve si tvene s t
ny oof
ec r
me ni Am.Te e si d:Comm ' Co p. v Am.Comm ' (7Te e i on I . 81 F.2d 1
a ng,
l vi on
n r .
n t l vsi , nc , 0
546,

1 4849 ( 1h
5 - 1t

1 7) A mar a quie s c r me ng whe t dhe prmay
98 ,
k c rs e onda y ani
n he s
t
i r

sg iia c o t e g r l i te mid o t e c ns me pu lc i n tte p o u tb tt e
in f n e f h mak n h n s f h o u r bi s o h r d c u h
c
pr e . I a l
oduc r' d. t 549. To decde whe he am a k ha r a he t s be hma k, court exam i
'
i
t r
r s e c d hi nc r
s
ne

t 1 t l t a ma ofisus ( t naur a e e ofa rii p omoton and
: ) he engh nd nner t e; 2) he t t nd xtnt dve tsng, r i
(

sls ( )t plitf' ef rst p o t ac n co c n e to i t ep bl ' mi db t e
ae ; 3 he an ifs fo t o r mo e o s ius o n cin n h u i s n ewe n
c
t na andt pl ntf pr torbusne s and ( t e e t whih t publca t l
he me
he ai ifs oduc
i s;
4) he xtnt o c he i cualy
i nttest na wih t pli ifspr uc orve ur .' 1 The s tum - e a oa h i
de is he me t he a ntf
od t
nt e ' d.
pecr bas d ppr c s
ofe r f r e t ast ç r r mbi t t'be us i de i fom J
tn e e r d o he ç c o e es' ca e t rves r
Abe
udge Frendl s opi o i
i y' ni n n
Abe c o e drFich Co.v H u i Word I ., 537F. 4 (d Ci.1 . l a tont t
r r mbi
t
. ntng
l , nc
2d 2 r 976)4 n ddii o he

4CUSA ur st tt Abe c ombi s tum i nott a o it fa e k f evauai t
ge ha he r r
e pecr s
he ppr pra e r m wor or l tng he
ditnci ne s of viua m a ks I r le i t ad on t Fi Cic ts opi on i Amazn
si tve s
s l r . t ei s nse
he hh r ui'
ni n
ig

S e,l .v MetoM i St a ,608F, 2 ( h Ci.201 ,wheet tcour dic r t
pac s nc . r nî or ge
3d 25 5t r 0) r ha
t s aded he
Abe c ombi c a sfc tons a a ptd a s r t t s f r de i m a ks t t t Co t of
rr
e l s ii a i
nd da e
epa a e e t o sgn r ha he ur
Cusomsa Pa e Appea shad orgi ly de ope Se Ama n S e ,608 F.3 a 243t
nd t nt
l
i na l vel d. e
zig pac s
d t
45

(v laiq wh te rgsee sriemak,a syie fv -one sa crumsrb d wihn
e au tn eh r e itrd evc r tlzd iep itd tr ic cie ti
crl, rtdpoe to )(iijS a r o Fo d ,Ic v Ba - lFo d Lt.5 8F,d 14 ,
ice mele rtcin ctn e b o k o s n . . rWel o s d, 6 2 3 2
1 ( C. A,1 ) W hiel i tue t tt Elve h Cicui e s t Se r ts i
344 C. P. 977).
l t s r ha he e nt r t ndores he ab ook e t n

t co e ofta dr s c am s a ha r ogni d t difc t i a yi Abe c ombi s
he nt xt r de es l i nd s ec ze he fi uly n ppl ng
rr
eb
s cr m t
pe tu ennst pit i i
o c oral mage , eM il r' Al Hous ,I v Bo on Car i Al Hous ,
s se le s e
e nc. . ynt
olna e
e

LLC,702 F. 1 2,13 & n,3 (11h Ci.201 ,t r i no e de e t ti hase e d
3d 31 23
1 t r 2) hee s vi nc ha t
xtnde

Se ook t r git e ta m a ks And i e t El nt Cic t has r le on t
abr
o e ser d r de r .
nde d, he eve h r ui
e id
he
Abe c ombi s c r t e l t t sr ngt ofar it r de i m a k. Uni. fGa Atltc
rr
e pe tum o va uae he te h
eg se ed sgn r
v o . h ei

dyN' v Laie 756F. 1 1 ( 1h Ci.1 (s nguni riy' Engls buldogl
,n . t,
2d 535, 541 1 t r 985) tndi
vest s ih l ogo

a

Abe c ombi ditnc i nes s ctum , t El ve h Cic ta s sc t t consde t e en
rr
e si tve s pe r
he e nt r ui dvie ours o
i r he xt t
oft r pa t us oft m a k, Fr hln , 1 F. a 11 The f we t a tonalus r t
hid- ry e he r
e ig 92 3d t 36.
e r he ddii
e s he
,

i r ditn tv gst emak ,a d teeo emo ee sl r c g ie b c n u r ' 1 The
ç e sicie i h r ) n h rf r r a i e o n z d y o s me s ' d.
mo
y
,

mor us s t mor ditc tt ma k i t r ogni Fl . 1 t Unv Bd o T u te v Fl.
e er , he
e fi ul he r s o ec ze. a n 1 i.
f r se s . a

Nat Uni.l ,830 F. 1 1 - (1lhCi,201 .A ma ki aloçrltvey sr 'i
1 v, nc.
3d 242, 25758 t r 6)
r s s 'eai l tong' f
i i i onts a e. l 5
t s nc e t bl d.

On t ditnc i s i r Pl ntfs a s r t tt i m a ks ar s
he si tvene s nquiy, ai if s e t ha her r
e uggesi be us
tve ca e
t f i oft ani motf wih a he r s
he uson
he mal i t
a t ymboll ds c ume s t i e t t S antfs'
ea ons r o nf r ha d i if
pl
goods c rbut t c pa son,ki s ,a a f c i f a m as' ( 36 a 5 . cusA
onti e o om s i
ndne s nd fe ton or ni l. ' DE
t )6
a g s t tt m a ks a e m e e y de c i i be us t y do no m o e t n t ie a l sa e : #
r ue ha he r r
r l s rptve ca e he
x ha s t r ly t t 1
l

Do s o $ lv d g ,' ( 4 a 6 .1fn t a t ehe r p w ma k a es g e tv .Ben a
g ' r 1 o e o s' DE 0 t ) i d h t h a t a
'
r s r u g sie ig
sylz g aphi - notwor - t m a ks c nnotItr l sae a hi . The c ranl do not
t ied r c
ds he r a
ie al t t nyt ng
y
y e ti y

desrbe any tcie chaace itc oft a r lbeng s d (. ,whehe t y ar welkni,
ci
a tl
r trsi
he ppa e i ol ie.
t r he e l- t
wam,ec.. l t c
r t ) f hey ommuni t t me s get tPli if pr t be i a mal ort t
cae he s a ha antfs' oducs neft ni s ha
Pl n if t m s l ca e f r a m a s t y do s i e e ily, a t r f e s
aitfs he eves r o ni l, he
o nf r nta l nd he e or uggesi l .
tvey
l ed, ti d fi ul t pe c veho o c n e r ta mea ng fo t m a ksw ihoutal a
nde i s ifc t o r ei
w ne a xtac ny
ni r m he r
t
ep
ofi gi ton orabsr c i gi n t tno known a malla a pa prntt ti pr iey i
ma na i
ta ton, ve ha
ni
e ves
w i ha s ecs l n
f ahltc t a s çs
or t e i e m iuggesi ' or C r ta y' be aus i
tve' ' bir r ' c e mage a mos s
a
t
t uggese t t a hlt
t d ha t e es

s r atiut ofabuldogbutdi nota t l desrbewha ac l eahlt l dlke)
haed trb es
l
d
cualy c i
t oleg t ee ooke i .

5A ta ema k m a ac e i t t bl sat i, afe bei r it r d,i r mai i con i ous
rd r
y hive ncon esa e t us f tr ng eg se e t e ns n tnu
us f a perod of fve yea s and t o
e or
i
i
r
he wner t n t e an a fda t (a fr i t t ce t n
he sls
fi vi 'fim ng ha rai

sauo y rq ie n sh v b e me. Wi m Pu e z Gmb Lilf s ,I c,1 7 F.d 1 0 ,
tttr e ur me t a e e n t' l
' he d n , H t eu e n . 7 3 2 4
t
1 (1 t Ci.1 . Onc ata mak i desg t i ontsa e,c le
208 1h r 999)
e rde r s inaed nc etbl halngest isvaldiy
ot it
a elmie t t s cfc l enumert dee espr de i 1 U. C.j 111 b) 1 Tha i
r i td o he pe iialy
aed fns ovi d n 5 S.
5( . d. t s
i c r t t pr - n es a e s a us w he e a alege i rnge c n r f e a t a m a k'
n ontas o e i cont t bl t t ,
r n l d nf i r a e ut
r de r s
valdiy by d ovi a lgalorequia e de e e ordef c ...whi h m i ha bee as e t
it
s
pr ng ny e
t bl f ns
et
c ght ve n s red

i s hmak ha notbee rgitrd. 1 U. C.j111 a .
f uc r d
n e see ' 5 S.
'
5()

6V i w i t f t i t r f vor las um e Pl i if r e t t i r nue s ng a r ngem e
e ng he ac s n hei a ,
s
a ntf s ef r o he r eve
hmi r a
nt
w ih a m a r s or ni atons
t ni l e cue ga z i .
12

t s pe of a he d. The ca es CUSA ct s a e i ppost .
he ha
a
s
ie r na
ie Wie v Ame i an Gr etngs
ly .
rc
e i
i vol d a c mon l m a k, notoner gitr d wih t PTO .
n ve
om
aw r
e se e t he

Wîe v Am.Gr tn Cor .,
ly .
eei gs p

7 2 F.d 1 9 1 0 ( s Ci.1 8 ) (e yig ta e r p o e to f rh a ts mb plced on
6 2 3 , 4 1 t r 9 5 d n n rd mak r tcin o e r y ol a
tddy be che t. The Fis Cic trle ont Seabr t t whi as dicussed i n.4,t
e
ar s)
rt rui eid he
ook es, ch,
s
n
he
Elve h Cic tha e s d onl i t ta dr s c e . Se su a,n. M or er
e nt r ui s ndore
y n he r de e s ont xt e pr 4.
eov , t
he
he r paw m a k i ditnc fom t tddy bea he ti Wie be aus i i
at
r s s i t r he e
r ar n ly c e t

s s ylz d s as t
t ie o
o

con y a c r cersi aboutt goodsmor s cii t n l i t a tac . CUSA' ditit
ve
ha a t itc
he
e pe fc ha ove n he bsr t
S src
c tca e f i f t s m er as Be us t he tpa m a ksa e s
our s s al or he a e on. ca e he ar w r r ugge tve Pl i if ne d
si
antfs e
,

n e t bls s onda y mea ng t pr t t t mar a e ditnc i . Am. Teevson,81
ot sa ih ec
r
ni o ove ha he
ks r si tve
l ii
0
F.d a 15
2 t 49.

Nonehel s t ot rsr ngt f c or poi agans Pli tfs Fist as C U SA observes
t es , he he te h a t s nt i t a n if. r ,
,
a l s t e ot ra m a s viesb i s e notonl us ahea tpa i t i l , butha i
t ea t hr e he ni l er c usne s s
y e
r w n he r ogos
ve n
f c r gitr d t e ma kswih t PTO . l a ton,CUSA pr de e de e ofva i ot r
a t e se e hos r
t he
n ddii
ovi s vi nc
rous he

c mp ne t a ofe cohng a do j wer whc ic m o ae ah a ti t ap w p iti g
o a is h t fr l ti n /r e ly ih n o r t e r no a rn ma e

.

Tha e den de
t vi ce monsr t t t i woul be difc t f co um e s t i ntf t he tpa
taes ha t
d
fi ul or ns r o de iy he ar w
e usvey wih Pl ntfs br nd, SeeFl 1 1 Uni ,830 F. a 1 58;Fr hlng, 1 2 F.
xcl i l t ai if ' a
a nt
v.
3d t 257e i
9 3d
.

a 11
t 36. W ih r s c t i nt sa lt, at
t e pe t o nco e tbiiy lhough Pl i if as e ti t rCompl i t tt r
antfs s r n hei
ant ha hei

mak h v atie s h sau ( mp .a ! 1 ) t y ha e n ts mitd a y e i e c o
r s a e tan d uc tt s Co l t 1, he v o ub te n v d n e f
ha ng fld t r quiieaf vi.Ac or ngl , Pl ntfs m a ksa econ esa e.
vi ie he e st fda t c di y ai if ' r r
t t bl
Gi n t c a h be we n t s i c or ,Iconcud t tt ma ks ha i e di t
ve he l s t e he e ndiat s
l e ha he r
ve ntnne ae
sr ng h, The s
te t
y ugge t r he t n des r be a val t 3 Daw g seeks t r es i is
s , at r ha
ci ,
ue hat
o epr ent n t

a r . Butm a ot re ii shavehi upon t s me e bodi e oft tv ue. Thi f c or
ppael
ny he ntte
t
he a
m
m nt ha al
s at
doesnotwe g i f
i h n avorofet rPa t
ihe ry.

2. Si ia iy oft M a ks
m l rt
he r
The m or sm iar t pu a i i rnge ' mar t t pl i ifs 'he gr a e t
e i l he t tve nfi r s
k o he antf
t
e t r he
, i
lkelhood ofc uson.' S e eg Mii r Hopi lrOr e o S n J h o e u alm o
i i
onf i ' ov r in lt y s t e d r f ait o n fl r s e f
a
al

Rh d s & o M at v Fl Pro y o t eKni t Hopi le so teSo e eg Or e o a n
o e f l . a. ir f h ghs s t lr f h v r in d r fs it
a
a
J h o e u a e Kni t o Mat ,t e Ec me c lOr e , 809 F. 11 ,118 ( lh Ci.
o n fl r s lm, ghs f la h u nia d r
3d 71
6 1t r
20l ( i Exxon Cor v Fe Mot Exch O Ho s,f c,62 F.d 5 0 5 5 (t Ci.
5) quotng
p. . x. or
f u . n . 8 2 0 , 0 5h r
.

1 :. Thecour dee mi smiaiy by drwi aholsi i esi oft ma ks whie
980
t tr nes i lrt
a ng
itc mpr son he r , l
alo c i rng the ma ri whi h t m a ksa e us d.' 1 ( otngJohnH Harand Co v
s onsde i s
t
nne n
c he r r e ' d.qu i
l
..
Cl keChe a I . 711F, 966, 975( 1hCi,1 )
ar
ck , nc,
2d
1 t r 983).
CUSA a gues a a t e hol m at r t Pl ntfs ha f ie t e
r
s hr s d te hat ai if ve al d o ven i tf whi h
den iy
c

s ii ie i s l i rnge on t i ma ks. N or do t y e ai whih pa tc a de i
pec fc t ms t els nfi
her r
he xpl n
c
riul r sgn
f t esofa s h ie si tt Pl ntfs m a ks Tha i ne es a y,t y i it bec us m a
eaur
ny uc tm mia e ai if ' r ,
t s c s r he nss, a e ny

oft i de i difrfom Pli if i ( t popori oft heatsr
her sgns fe r
antfs' n a) he r tons he r' ounde pa t;( t
d rs b) he
d ha a eoft r
ept nd ngl he ounde pat S e age'()t s r soft botom oft he r;(
d rs'' av '; c he hapnes he t
cl
he a t d)
t s pe oft di tlpa a t rdiposton r ai t t meac m a pad;a ()t
he ha
he gia ds nd hei s ii eltve o he t a l
nd e he
pr s nc ofs r
e e e uroundi t pe ac
ng y f e.

CUSA d snotpoi t a ca e lw s si t tata m a k pl ntf m us p od
oe
nt o ny s a ugge tng ha r de r ai if t r uce
a e usi ls ofale y i rngi g goods a a de a ld compa ion ofe h g t t
n xha tve it
lgedl nfi n
nd
t ie
rs
ac ood o he
pl n ifs own. Bec us oft vare y ofpaw prntd i on pr t t tCUSA s l, i i
aitf
a e he it
i esgns
oduc s ha
els t s

i o sbl t ioae wi mah maia p e iin whc g o sa e ç oo a e i tto lj'
mp si e o s lt t te tc l rc so
h
ih o d r s lrbl miai n s'of
c
Pl nif maks 1 U. C.j 111 Sufiei t s t tt ei a grdain ofpa s pe ,
aitfs' r . 5 S.
4. fc t o ay ha her s a to
w ha s
fom t e on oneend,wih r a i y un-nden e m eac m a padsdepitng s ehi cos t
r hos ,
t eltvel
i td t a l
c i om t ng l e o

a a t ialy c r c pa prnt t t e pa a t ot e , whih f at e he vy
n naom c l ore t w i , o hos
ds t he her nd
c e ur
a

14

i d nt tonsa s m a s cea l i iatng t plt c i a oft he r s bol; Thes
nd ha pexe , l ry m t i he a oni m ge he a t ym .
n e ai
e
l tr d ins evo t s me t m e as Pl ntfs m a ks- t t i, l a compas i f
ate esg
ke he a he s
ai if ' r
ha s ove nd
son or
a mal i ge r ,a dogsi pa tc a .
ni s n ne al nd
n ri ulr
M o e sgni a i t ma ri whi h t s de i a e us d. Tr de a k pr t c i
r i fc nt s he nne n
c he e sgns r e
a m r o e ton
e sst d bl a b i s t i ntf is l e fcinty a t s r e ofa gi pr t' Roul
xit o '
ena e usne s o de iy t ef fi e l s he ou c
ven oduc . '
o

v Ru sBered Co,I c,8 6 F.d 9 ,9 5( t Ci.1 9 . Co e ue ty te La a Ac
. s r i r . n . 8 2 31 3 7h r 98 ) nsq n l, h nh m t
doe notpr ec a e e prs sus ofa m a k t tdoesnotha a s c -de iyi f ton,
s
ot t n nt r ie' e
r ha
ve our e i ntf ng unc i
i ft us ofa ma k s r s onl a f tona pum os , t e i no a lkelhood ofc uson.''
d he e
l
r e ve
y unc i l
e her s t i i
onf i
Gr l/r Anch age I . p Nowel, 97 F.2d 1
e e
or , nc .
l 4
342 a * ( h Ci. 1
t 3 9t r 992) ( b1 . Thi
Ta e)
s

if nctonaiy doc rne'pr de t tn ta ma k rght wili r i a m a k' f a ur s i i
iu i lt
ti ' ovi s ha o r de r i s l nhe e n
r s et e f t
wilputacompe iora a sg fc ntd s va age bec us t f t ei d s e i lt t us or
l
tt t ini a iad nt
a e he eaur s e s nta o he e

p pos o t e atce o Sfe t gtlc s o q ai ' Qu i x Co v J c b o Pr d.
u e f h ril' r af cs is o t r u lt ' ale . . a o s n o
y.'
t
Ic,5 4 U. 1 9 1 9 ( 9 )( u tn I wo d La .I c v I e La . I c, 6 U. 8 4, 5 ,
n . 1 S. 5 , 6 1 95 q oi g n o b, n . . v s b, n .45 S. 4 8 0
n.0( 9 2 ) s eas Dlpi ' t, n . . o t Bie Ditiu in , LC,3 9F.d 1 9 ,1 0
1 1 8 ); e lo p n Dos I c v Fr sy ts srb to s L
6 3 17 2 3
( 1h Ci.200 (riultngd mpeii nec st ' Safci c torquaiy'i re a
1 t r 4) a tc ai '
co ttve esiy'and ife tng os
lt 'nquiis s
t s paae t t) Thus whe t be
wo e rt ess.
, n he nestof a de in less el i isae t tc a alt
sg i ol y n t shei ppe o

c n umes i i f n to la dte eo talgtmaeo jc o i tto Clc sBila d , n .v
o s r,t s u cina n h rf r e ii t b e t f miain. ik lir s I c .
Sis er,l v 251F. 1 1 2 ( h Ci.2001,Eveni o sasume,asPl ntfswoul
x hoot s nc,
3d 252, 26 9t r
)
f ne s
ai if
d
ha i,t tt y us t rm a ksf ra s c i ntf ng pur e8t ti e iey dif r ntfo
ve t ha he e hei r o our e-de iyi
pos , ha s ntr l fe e r m

7 How ever none of CUSA ' us ar pa tc a l sm ia t t 3 Dawg m a k. Si iart
S es e riul ry i lr o he
r
m l iy
,
be wee t f a u e oft m a ksi lke yt c us c uson onl whe t S
t n he e t r s wo r s i l o a e onf i
y
n he s
domi ntpori
na
tons

o tet mak aet s me' Co nr Flo s I c v # 'hi Co s d o Ge e t Fo d
f h wo r s r he a , u ty o r, n . . S p mpo e f pn r t r ,
'
930 F. 1
2d 056,1 ( Ci.1 ) l t 3 Da ma k,t he tpa i nota domi nt
065 3d r 991 . n he
wg r he ar w s
na
f t e, i i onl a embelihm e o t t pe ac f t i Da ' me. NoneofCUSA'
eaur as t s y n
ls nt n he y f e or he $ wg'na
3
S
us son t r cor cont n r f e st i Da '
e
he e d
ai e er nce o t wg.
3
'

8Thsi as be tha t Pa t svio o syd b t o t ev l t p o .
i s u jc t t he ri g r u l e ae n h ai y r ng
e
di
15

t co e i whih CUSA us st rdesgns( t ru i ori re A r ew oft
he ntxt n c
e hei i whehe prght nvetd)
evi
he
.

r c d r ve st ta 1ofCUSA ' us sofhe r pa desg a e de or tve
e ox e al ha 1
S e
a t w i ns r c ai .

l e CUSA ofen
nde d,
t

mak t isco hn a d j wer t i dc t t c mb n to o h a ta d p w d sg s That
r es t lt ig n e ly o n iae he o i ai n f e r n a e in
.

ma ke i pr c ie de
r tng a tc monsr est ts de i ar ore e t r a
tat ha uch sgns e int d owa ds ppe
ai t c t
lng o usomer '
s

ae t tc pr f r nc , t r i ntf ng CU SA a t make oft ie s
shei e e e es not owa ds de iyi
s he
r he t m .
Pr l n CU SA fom i r a i t e de i i o t i pr
ecudi g
r nco por tng hes sgns nt her oduc swoul putt m a
t
d
he t
ac
ompettve dia nt i t ma ketf a mall r . D i n D ot 369 F.3 a 1
ii
s dva age n he r or ni
ove s ppi
s,
d t 203,n.
7

(iol ,s pe a szeofdi n'dosaet shei f i 't ea iy stsyt c
ç or ha , nd i
c
ppi t r aet tc unctons hat sl aif he ompeii
ttve
nec s iy t tbec us pr cudi c peior . , . fom c ng any oft e a pe t ofdi n'
e st es a e e l ng om tt s
r
opyi
hes s c s
ppi

dot woul elmi t al c
s
d i nae l ompeior i t fas foze ie cea maket' Ther or t
tt s n he l h-r n c r m r '
)
ef e, he
.

f tonalt doc rne i a efe tve s el t pr ec CUSA' c
unc i iy ti s n f c i hi d o ot t
S ompettve us oft he r paw
ii
e he a t

d sg s S e 1 t Or e o o ' Dau h es v fid b r d Co 633 F. 91 920 ( h Ci.
e in . e n 1 d r fl bs g tr . n e u g : .s
2d 2,
9t r
1 8 )te lrdi n ti fig o o g niain' c le t e mak b p od cn j wer b ai
9 0 'wee d o nrn e n r a z to s o lci
v r y r u ig e ly e rng
mak t a lt cusomersde ie t ex e salgi e t o ga z ton) Flic rSt os
r o ppea o t ' srs o prs le anc o r niai ; es he udi ,
l .v a VE L, ,l . 925 F. Supp.2d 1
nc . 1.
a nc ,
d.
067,1 75 ( D.Cal 201 (efnda di not
073- C.
. 2) d e nt d

i rngeonpr e t i geofBet Boop b usngcha a t a de i o t l) A ccordi y,
nfi
otced ma
ty
y i
r cer s sgn n owes
ngl
.

whie s eofCUSA ' pr t bea sm ia desgnst t he r pa ma ks t y a enotus i
l om
S oduc s r i lr i o he a t w r , he r
ed n
amar rt twoul beconf e wih a s ce i iyi f ton t ema ksm a s r e f
me ha
d
us d t ny our -dentf ng unc i hos r
y e v or
Pl i if . Ifnd t tt sf c orwe g i CU SA ' f r
antfs i ha hi a t
i hs n
S avo .
3. Si lrt ofGoods
mia iy
S s f ct r qui e a de e m i ton a t w he he t pr
i
Thi a or e r s
t r na i s o
t r he oduc s a e t ki t t
t r he nd hat he

publc ati es t a sngl s c not whe he or not t pur ha i publc ca r diy
i trbut o
i e our e,
t r
he
c sng
i n ea l
ditnguih be wee t pr t oft r pe tve pari ,' Fr hln 1 2 F. a 1
si s t n he oduc s he es c i
tes ' e ig, 9 3d t 338. CUSA

16

a g t tis pr tlne i m uc br rt n Pl ntfs . Des t ove l p i s li ts rs
r ues ha t oduc i s
h oade ha ai if '
pie ra n elng -hit
a ha s CU SA,a cor ng t Kuni , as s lsSe ly Ch it so me t, el o ec s s
nd t ,
c di o
n lo el i wer , rsma ma ns c lph n a e
j

,

wal t,ba ,l
les gs uggag m ugsa ot rkic iems mag s r i boot,s t a bl nke s
e,
nd he t hen t ,
net, a n
s hees nd a t

,

a ma ot rie ,' ( 29a 20 . Be aus t rngeofPli if pr tlne i lmie
nd ny he tms' DE t )9 c e he a
antfs' oduc i s i td
t s rs s t,a hat,i i unlkey t ta c umer woul c us CUSA ' nono hit, hors nd s t s i l ha ny ons
s
d onf e
S

gar ent
m

pr t wih Pl ntfs . Butt f c t ta al gedl i rngi en iy s lsgoodsbe nd t ose
oducs t ai if '
he a t ha n le y nf i ng tt el
yo h
oft ki t ta pli ifs e t pr ec does n mea t tt publc wo d notnec s a iy
he nd ha
antf e ks o ot t
ot n ha he
i ul
e s rl
atrbut t pr t t t do ove lp t t s m e s c . He e t r i no que ton t t
ti e he oduc s ha
ra o he a
our e
r , he e s
si ha
Pli if a CUSA bot s l ts rs hat,a s t. The ef r , t ofersmia goodsand
antfs nd
h el - hit, s nd hors
r o e hey f i lr
t sf corwe g i Pli if f vor
hi a t
i hs n antfs' a .
4. Si lrt ofSal M ehods
mia iy
es t
(r s f c ortke i o c i r ton whe e how,and t whom t pa tes pr t a e
i hi a t a s nt onsde a i
r,
o
he ri ' oduc s r

s d. Fr hln 1 F. a 1
ol '
' e i g, 92 3d t 339. The e i no diput t t bot Pa te s l t r pr t
r s
s e ha
h ris e l hei oduc s
onlne Howe r Godi t sii d t s di not bei ve Pl i if we ie ha r ceved
i .
ve ,
nho e tfe hat he d
le
antfs' bst s e i
muc tafi M or i
h r fc.
e mpora l Pli tfs ad i t tmos oft i s e derve fom i per on
tnty, a n if m t ha
t her als i r
n s
-

c h s esa dog e nt . Ther i no evi ncet tCUSA pa tci t si a s eve s. M os
as al t
ve s
es
de
ha
ri pa e n ny uch nt
t

ofiss e come fom t Res sie. Thus t t ofm akeplc f rea h Pa tes s l sar
t als
r he cue t
r t a e o c ri ' a e e
, he ype
q t dif r nt
uie fe e .

9pl ntf sdo notdiput t s tnceoft sc am . The a gue o y t tKuni ssa e ti
ai if
s e he ubsa
hi l i
y r
nl ha
n' t t men n
a a fda ti nota s fcintba i t e t ih CUSA' pr ctlne. How ever,lam convi ed
n fi vi s
ufs e
s s o sabls
S odu i
nc
t tas CEO,Ku n i c
ha
ni s ompe e t ofe e de about hi c pa s pr t lne. The
t nt o f r vi nce
s om ny' oduc i
Fe a Rul s pr vi t a pa t m a ofe a de l r ton t s
der l e o de hat
ry y f r
c a a i o uppor or oppos s
t
e umm a y
r

j d me ts ln a ii i d o p ro a k o e g , eklo tfcst two l b a misb e
u g n o o g s t s i e n es n l n wld e sts u a t ha u d e d sil
ma
i e i e c ,a d s o s ta t e a fa to d caa ti c mp tn t tsiy o te matr
n v d n e n h wlj h t h fin r e lrn s o ee t o e tf n h
t s
e
sae ' Fe . Ci P. 6 c( ; e as Da t v As e Re o eyS l to s LLC,1 F. p
ttd. d R. v. 5 ()4) s e lo ta . s t c v r o u in ,
'
91 Su p.
3 1
d 022, 1 (our c d r l on CEO' aûdavi be us knowldge a
027 c t oul ey
s f
t ca e
e
bout rl i hi
eatons p
bewee ownco nyandve swa wihi s opeofCEO' co e )
t n
mpa
ndor s t n c
s mpetncy .
17

Tha i tu oft geogr phi mar ta wel, whi h t Elve h Cic tha de c i ed as
t s r e he
a c ke s l
c he e nt r ui s s rb

a i elva ' consde a i t de e m i ng t lkelhood ofc uson. Tana,611 F. at780.
' e nt' i r ton o t r ni he i i
r
onf i
3d
Alho Pl ntfs i itt tt y ha s d t rap r a r st c ty a i Ca da,a
t ugh ai if nss ha he ve ol hei pa el c os he oun r nd n na
r viw oft r c d demonsr t st ts h e de i palr .
e e
he e or
ta e ha uc vi nce s ty

Asn td a o e tevatmao i
oe b v ,h s j rt
y

ofPl i if 's l socc a dog e s whi h a 1t ke plce i Sou h Fl i . Furt er or t
antfs a e
ur t
vent,
c l a
a n
t orda
h m e, he
onl e de t tPl ntfs have pr duc d f s e outi of Fl i a e t e i c s f r
y vi nce ha ai if
o e or als sde
orda r hr e nvoie o

or r t Ke uc Orgon, Ca da(otlng$979 ) pusf u s i ig lb l f ro d r t
des o nt ky, e and na t ai
5 , l o r hppn a es o r es o
.

Ge gi,M ane,Caior a,a Ne Yor (o whiht r i noevi eofprce Seven s es
or a i
lf ni nd w k fr c hee s
denc
i)
al
.

ou sde ofFl i i note
ti
orda s
nough t putt ge a c s ope ofPli if 'busne s i m ae il
o
he ogr phi c
a ntf s
i s n tra
diput 3 Da s c t m e ba e i obvi l l alt Sout Fl i . CU SA hasnotofe e
s e.
wg' uso r s s
ousy oc o
h orda
fr d
evi nc oft g og aphi diti i ofiss l s Butby isver nat e,a s e m ode t ti
de e he e r c srbuton t a e .
t
y ur
als
l ha s
de nd nton we iepur has will a t geogr phi ly dipe s d c t e s
pe e
bst
c es l e d o
a ca l s r e usom r .
As t t t of c t e t t e c Pa t a tac s i s ems cea t t bot t r tpe
o he ype
usom r ha a h ry tr t, t e
l r ha
h a ge t
owne s a ani l s t
r nd mal over, hough a pr vi l alude t , t f c t tt m a ksa is ma ,
s e ousy l d o he a t ha he r t s ue y
i a of t m s l ,a
n nd
he eves ppea t s h c t e s c eaes s rousdoubtt tt y ha a s ce
l o uc usom r r t e i
ha he ve our i ntf ng pum os Ico l t t i lg oft dif r ntmet
de iyi
e.
ncude ha , n i ht he fe e
hods and ge r phy of s e ,
og a
als
t sf c orwe ghsi f vorofCUSA .
hi a t
i n a

5. Si lrt ofAdve tsng M ehods
mia iy
rii
t
I i ditcul t ga e t s f c orbe us t r i i ufi e e de t c
t s fi t o ug hi a t
ca e he e s ns fcint vi nce o ompa e t
r he
t sde a rii e f t. Pli tfsf uson t rs i lm e a pr c e a mai ena e of
wo i s' dve tsng fors a n if oc
hei oc a di es nc nd nt nc

t i we ie. CUSA poi st Godi st tm o t ts ha nots ntmor t n $1,000 per
her bst
nt o
nho' esi ny ha hc s
pe
e ha
yea on a rii a Godi s pe e pton t the a tsng i sm e swe e notbea i
r
dve tsng nd
nho' r e i ha r dverii nve t nt r
rng
fui. ButneiherPa t e ans how CUSA a ries is pr t orhow muc i i ss i
rt
t
ry xpl i
dve ts t oduc s
h t nve t n

18

do ng s Gi t sf l e, Imus c ude - i t a e ofciai n t r cor e de
i o. ven hi aiur
t oncl
n he bs nce
tto o e d vi nc

e-

t tt sf c ori ne r l
ha hi a t s uta .
6. I e t I rnae
ntnt o nfi

The r c d doesnots ppo tt c e i t tCUSA ha a i e t ca t i e on
e or
u r he ont nton ha
d ny nt nt o pialz
Pl ntfs mar l f c , i a ar t tCUSA di notbec
ai if ' k. n a t t ppe s ha
d
ome a r oft m a ksuntl2015
wa e he r
i

,

whe Godi c ace Kuni . Pl ntfsa gue t tCUSA wason consr tve no i oft
n
nho ont td
n ai if r
ha
tuc i
tce he
m a ksby vit of CUSA' i e na pr dur s f i iyng i rnge e sand t e exi t nce
r
rue
S ntr l oce e or dentf i nfi m nt
h
se

ofPl n if we ie YetPli if do no ct t a c e lw s esi t s f c orca be
aitfs' bst .
antfs
t ie o ny as a ugg tng hi a t
n
s ts d b a s
a ise y howi ofconsr tve knowldge Norcoul t y. The 1 oft s Cic ti
ng
tuci
e .
d he
aw
hi r ui s
c e r t t t wa r t a fndi on t s f t i a pli ifs f , t r m us be died or
l a ha o ran
i ng
hi acor n
antf avor he e
t
r
cr um santal evi nce t t t d e nt c c ousy a e a mar k t t i e of
ic t i
de
ha he ef nda ons i l dopt d
k i h he ntnt
wi
de i ng be ft fom t rputton of t pl ntf ' Hos t l r Or r 8 F,d a 11
rvi
ne i r
he e a i
he ai if'
piale
de , 09 3 t 88

(mp a i a d d , l oh rwo d ,i mu tb d n i lb a fih. 1 Theei a s ltl n
e h ss d e ) n te r s t s e o e n ' l d at ' d. r s b ouey o
l
'
e d e t tKuni or a e pl e of CU SA c e Pl i if 'm a ks i e i ly, or even
vi enc ha
n
ny m oye
opid antfs
r nt ntona l
wih a t lknowldgeoft ma ks e se . Thi f t we g i f vorofCU SA .
t cua
e
he r ' xit nce
s acor i hs n a
7. AcualConf i
t
uson
The ç t'i caorofwhehe cons e s a e lkey t be conf e by smia ma ksi
' ' ndi t
bes
t r
um r r i l o
us d
i lr r s
whehe t r i evi nce t ts conf i ha ale dy oc ure , 1 a 11
t r he e s de
ha uch
uson s r a
c r d d. t 89. S f s r ngt
i' te h
- he

of s h e de e de
uc vi nc
pends on t numbe of i t nc s of c uson, t ki of pe s
he
r
nsa e
onf i
he nds
r ons

c us d,a t degreofc uso ' 1 ( tton a i e n quotton maksomit , l
onf e nd he e
onf in. d. ciai nd ntr al ai
'
r
ted) n
t sca e t r i al tno e denc ofacualc uson. Pl ntfs i iy onl one na
hi s , he e s mos
vi e
t
onf i
ai if dentf
y
med
i vi l-tA1c ' afi nd ofGodi s- who i o me Godi ho t ts had r c ved e l
ndi dua : ie, re
'
nho'
nf r d
n ha he
e ei
mais
fom CUSA pr
r
omotng iems s a s
i t
he s umed we e Pli if . (
r antfs' DSOF a j 3 ) Th r i s me
t r 8 . ee s o

19

e de e t tGodi pr
vi nc ha
nho ovoke Alce sc
d i ' omme b m e i ng t s lws t ( di De
nt y ntoni hi a ui. Go nho po.

21 1 23 .Godi alorfre vag l i de ii tsi
0:8- )
nho s ee rd uey n poston e tmonyt t ot ri vi l who
o wo he ndi duas
mayhaver eved smia i pr s i ofCUSA ' pr
ec i
i lr m e sons
S oduc lne. (
t i DSOF a j3 )
t r 8.
A é ndf of a cdotl e de
i
ha ul
ne a vi nce i de m i mi ' f pur es of a c rani a t
s
ni s' or pos
s e ti ng c ual

c n u i n Kig o h Mo nai S rs I c v Chyse Cop., 185F. 108 1 (1 hCi.
o f so . n ft e u t n po t, n . . r lr r
3d 4, 092 0t r
1 . Hee Pli if'ane otlevi nc i e n l st n ahandf And whie t e i no
999) r, antfs cd a de e s ve es ha
ul
l her s
.

r quie e t t acua c uson be e nce t ough s veys or ot daa d i n r s a ch,
e r m nt ha t l onf i
vi d hr
ur
her t- rve e e r
Pl ntfs f l e t pr
ai if ' aiur o oduce any s s t ma i e de e i t lng. Cons nty,t act l
uch yse tc vi nc s eli
eque l he ua
c u i f c orweghssr y i f vorofCU SA .
onf son a t
i
tongl n a
Concl i
uson

I i icumbe on t diti c tn me el t t bul t whi h f ct s f vor whi
tsn
nt
he srct our ot r y o a ae
c a or a
ch
pa t butt ' l t t we g t be ac or t i vi ls i a y f t' ba e on t
ry,
o i uae he i ht o
eva
e ded he ndi dua ubsdi r ac s' s d
he
cr umsa esoft ca e.Je lbean , I c v S at g Clb o .I c, 6F.d 8 3 8 0 n. 7
ic t nc
he s
li s n , . k i
n u s fGa, n . 71 2 3 , 4 , 1

( 1hCi.1 ) TheCour as be r i mi a noe a ve,ha t sr ngt o t mak a
1 t r 983 ,
t lo as n nd, s td bo t t he te h f he r nd
t t senc ofa t lc uson ar t t mos pr tvef c o s Fr hln 1 F.d a 11
he xit e c ua onf i
e he wo
t oba i a t r . e ig, 92 3 t 35.

W ih t e prncpls i mi l c ude t tt s i a m a k of i e m e ae sr ngt , beng
t hos i i e n nd, oncl
ha hi s
r
nt r dit te h i
s e
om whats
ugge tveye wi y us d a ong a m a -ea e s r i . On t ot rha t r i
si
t del e m
ni lr lt d e vces
he he nd, he e s

ba ey a e de e of a t lc uson bewe Pli if a CUSA' c t c s l i al o
r l ny vi nc
cua onf i
t en antfs nd
S usom r . t s s
sgni a t t3 Da s s l a e lmie t a pa tc arl al. Fi ly,I fnd i c iialt t
i fc nt ha
wg' aes r i t d o
riul oc e na l
i t rtc ha
CUSA us shea tpaw de i i a pur y or m e a f hi t a alt pot ntalc t r '
e
r
sgns n
el na nt l as on o ppe o e i usome s
vaues a a t tcs The lkelhood t c u e s na i de wil bele t t CUSA'
l
nd eshe i .
i i
hat ons m r tonwi
l ive ha
S
d ins a e m e t denot t tPl i if 'co pa i t s ce oft ap r l i e r mel
esg r
ant o
e ha antfs m ny s he our
he pa e s xte y

l w.Un e t e ecru tn e , or aon bej r c ul fn alk lh o ofc n uso Th s
o
d r h s ic msa c s n e s a l uy o d id ieio d o f in. u ,
20

s mmay j dg n i CUSA' a o i a p o rae As dic se a o e ti fn n wi
u r u me t n
Sfv r s p r p it .
s u s d b v , h s idig t
h
r pe t t Pl i if ' La
es c o antfs nham Ac c am s i %
t l i s l ly concusve'of t r c
equal
l i '
hei omm on lw a
a nd
FDUTPA cli s Babbi El . 38 F. a 11 .
am .
t ec,
3d t 81
B. CUSA ' Countr ai
.
:
e cl ms
CUSA ' Ans r c ans fve countr a ms satng va i us gr
S
we ont i i
e cli t i
ro
ounds f c nce lng t
or a li he
uprght a i re he r pa m a ks W hie t quesi of a m a k' vai t r m ans
i
nd nve td a t w
r .
l he
ton
r s ldiy e i

j siibe frte Co r' a j dc to a rafn i g o no -n rn me t s eAle d ,LLC v
u tca l o h u ts d u iain he id n f n ifige n, e r a y
.

Nie l . 1 S.Ct 721 729 ( 3)(n ta r c s ,afimi prnci e t tû c ts
k, nc, 33
. ,
201 i rdemak a e fr ng i pl ha i our'
a
de son t rl on one of t posi e atmatve g o
cii o ey
wo sbl le i r unds ( nfi me r he t n
noni rnge nt at r ha
i ldiy)di notsrp i ofpowert de det scondquesi ' ( i Car nalChe cal
nvai t d
ti t
o ci he e
ton' quotng di
)
mi
Co. v Moron I ' I . 508 U. 83,98 ( 993),t de ii t he r t c ncelton
. t ntl nc,
,
S.
1 ) he cson o a he a lai
c e cai r m ansa m at rofdic e i Neey v Boan Mf Co,2 4 F.d 1 5 2 2 ( t
ount r l m e i
te
s r ton.
l
l d g. . 7 2 9 , 0 8h
.

Ci.1 0) ldeci t r eont valdiyquesi a t de nde countr ai r uetng
r 96 .
lne o ul
he i t
ton nd he pe nt
ecl ms eq si
t t Pli if ' ma ks be c nc le Furhe mor l do not be ive i a opra e t r t n
ha antfs
r
a e ld.
t r e,
le t ppr it o eai

j rs ito o e CUS S c ta tb s d cams wh c i tal c me wi n t e Co r'
u idcin v r
A' onrc- a e li , ih ni ly a
i
t h u ts
hi
s p lmt tl u id ci n 2 U. C.j 1 6
u pt n a j rs ito . 8 S.
3 7.Fe e a 1w p r t adsrc c u tt r l uih
d r l a e mis itit o r o ei s
nq

t tkn o j rs i o wh ni h sf imis dal li o e whihi h so ii l uidcin.
ha id f uiddin e t a s s se l cams v r c t a rgna j rs ito '
d
'
2 U. C.j 1 6 ( )3 .Asta i t ec s h r ,ld c iet e e cs s p lme t lu iddin
8 S.
3 7 c ()
h t s h a e ee t ln o x r ie u pe na j rs i o
ove CUSA ' br a h ofc r c andpr s or e t
r
S ec
onta t
omis y soppelc am s
li ,
Ac or ngl i i he e ORDERED a ADJUDGED t t
c di y, t s r by
nd
ha

( )Dee ntCha iyusA.
1 fnda
rt
com,LLC' (i
Si
CUSA' Moton f Summay J me (
'
) i or
r udg nt DE

2 )i GRANTED I PART. Fn l u me ti CUS Sfv rwilbee trd by
9 s
N
ia j dg n n
A' a o l n ee
s r t or r a
epa a e de ; nd

21

( )CUSA' c ecamsar DISM ISSED W ITH OUT REJU DICE.
2
S ountrli e
DONE AND ORDERED i Cha be s a W
n
m r, t

t Pal

e h,Fl i , ti ? dyo
orda hs Z a f

M a 201
y, 7.

D
LD M . I
M DDLEBROOK S
UNI
TED STATES DI
STRI J
CT UDGE

C
C*

A1 Co tlofRt d
1 uns
cor

22