MINTON v. BRADLEY et al

Filing 66

ORDER granting in part and denying in part 43 Plaintiff's Motion in Limine; denying 56 Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment. Ordered by US DISTRICT JUDGE TILMAN E SELF, III on 5/6/2022 (TES)

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF GEORGIA
MACON DIVISION
STEPHANIE MINTON,
Plaintiff,
CIVIL ACTION NO.
5:20-cv-00102-TES

v.
WILLIAM BRADLEY, et al.,
Defendants.

ORDER

Plaintiff, Stephanie Minton, brings a number of claims against Defendants Dr.
Paul Buczynsky and CorrCare, Inc. (“CorrCare”) on behalf of her late husband William
Jeffrey Minton. Specifically, Plaintiff brings a deliberate indifference claim pursuant to
42 U.S.C. § 1983 and a state law claim of medical negligence against Dr. Buczynsky, and
a state law claim of respondeat superior liability against CorrCare for Dr. Buczynsky’s
alleged medical negligence. Complaint & Demand for Jury Trial, Minton v. Bradley, et
al., No. 5:20-cv-00298-TES (M.D. Ga. July 23, 2020), ECF No. 1, ¶¶ 119–32.1 Now that

Before we begin, the Court needs to clear up a couple of procedural matters. First, Plaintiff initially
brought the claims against Defendants Buczynsky and CorrCare in a parallel case, 5:20-cv-00298-TES,
which the Court later consolidated into this case. See [Doc. 15]. Next, Bridgette Minton, the decedent’s
daughter, originally brought the case; but, after learning that Mr. Minton was married, the Plaintiff filed a
Consent Motion to Substitute [Doc. 26] Stephanie Minton, the rightful holder of the wrongful death claim.
The Court granted this motion on October 6, 2020. [Doc. 27]. And finally, because Plaintiff previously
settled her claims against the other Defendants, these motions necessarily only deal with Dr. Buczynsky
and his company, CorrCare.
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discovery is over, Plaintiff moves to exclude two opinions of Defendant’s expert, Dr.
Johnny Edward Bates [Doc. 43] and Defendants move for summary judgment [Doc. 56].
Having reviewed the evidence presented by the parties and their respective arguments,
the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine and
DENIES Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. Bottom line, a jury will have to
decide if Defendants did anything wrong.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND 2
Plaintiff, Stephanie Minton, brings this action on behalf of her late husband,
William Jeffrey Minton. [Doc. 27]. On January 25, 2018, Mr. Minton pled guilty to the
sale and possession of methamphetamine and received a sentence of ten years in prison,
with the first three to be served in confinement. But, if he successfully completed a drug
court program, the sentencing court agreed to suspend the confinement portion. [Doc.
53-1, pp. 93–102]; [Doc. 61-2, ¶ 1]. On March 28, 2018, Mr. Minton visited the WellStar
Spalding Regional Hospital emergency room complaining of abdominal pain, nausea,
and emesis.3 Doctors diagnosed him with a small bowel obstruction and performed

Plaintiff filed a document entitled “Plaintiffs’ [sic] Statement of Additional Material Facts to Which
There Exists a Genuine Dispute for Trial.” [Doc. 61-3]. While the Northern District of Georgia requires the
nonmovant to file such a document, see LR 56.1(B)(2)(b), NDGa, this Court’s Local Rules only permit
“[t]he movant for summary judgment” to attach a statement of material facts. LR 56, MDGa. In the
Middle District of Georgia, the nonmovant may only respond to each of the movant’s material facts and,
where appropriate, contend “there exists a genuine dispute to be tried.” Id. Despite the difference in local
rules, the Court considered the document and the evidence included as exhibits.
2

3

“Emesis” is just the fancy medical word for vomiting. See [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks Depo., p. 136:13–17].

2

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surgery to remove a portion of his colon. Exhibit H-Autopsy, Minton v. Bradley, et al.,
No. 5:20-cv-00298-TES (M.D. Ga. July 23, 2020), ECF No. 1-8, p. 1; [Doc. 61-2, ¶ 2]. Six
weeks later, officers arrested Mr. Minton for purchase, possession, manufacture,
distribution of marijuana and possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine
and booked him into the Baldwin County Jail. [Doc. 53-2, p. 2]; [Doc. 61-2, ¶ 3].
Dr. Paul Buczynsky, a medical doctor, solely owns CorrCare and works as one of
its providers. [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., pp. 9:16–18; 23:14–19]. CorrCare provides
medical services to inmates at the Baldwin County Jail pursuant to a contract (“the
Medical Contract”) between it and Baldwin County. [Doc. 56-4]; [Doc. 61-2, ¶ 4]. The
Medical Contract required a CorrCare Provider to be physically present at Baldwin
County Jail for at least “2 days per week, and at such other times as needed.” [Doc. 56-4,
p. 2]. Dr. Buczynsky testified that he generally would visit the jail on Tuesdays and
Nurse Estes, a nurse practitioner and CorrCare provider, would visit the jail on
Thursdays. [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., pp. 23:10–22; 25:10–20]. In addition to the
physical visits to the jail, the Medical Contract obligates CorrCare to maintain on-call
availability 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, to include “consulting via telephone,
physically being present at jail, and/or transferring the inmate to a hospital Emergency
Department, as determined by the sole, sound medical judgment of CorrCare’s
Provider.” [Doc. 56-4, p. 2]; [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., pp. 30:21–22; 149:17–20].

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Separate from the CorrCare Providers, Baldwin County employs its own nursing
staff who provide medical care to inmates at the jail. [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks Depo., pp.
10:23—11:3]. These nurses staff the jail from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm Monday through
Friday. [Id. at pp. 23:24—24:10]. On weekends, Baldwin County reduces the number of
hours nurses staff the jail and requires someone to be at the jail from approximately 7:00
am until 11:00 am and then from 3:00 pm until 7:00 pm. [Id. at p. 24:12–20]. Baldwin
County Jail policy requires medical staff to check on inmates in medical isolation at
least every 30 minutes. [Id. at pp. 26:21—27:7]. Katherine Eubanks, a registered nurse
employed by Baldwin County, works at the jail and serves as the immediate supervisor
to the various Licensed Practical Nurses who work at the jail. [Id. at pp. 6:4–5; 11:20–25].
On May 8, 2018, the day after Mr. Minton arrived at the Baldwin County Jail,
Nurse Eubanks saw Mr. Minton and filled out his intake Health Assessment form. [Doc.
56-3, pp. 1–2]; [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks Depo., pp. 43:16—44:2]. During this initial health
assessment, Mr. Minton informed Nurse Eubanks that he had surgery for a partial
bowel obstruction prior to his arrest. [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks Depo., p. 48:9–17]. He also
told Nurse Eubanks that he had a normal bowel movement the day before and had a
good appetite, and Nurse Eubanks noted she heard active bowel sounds during her
exam. [Id. at p. 51:7–19]; [Doc. 56-3, p. 2]. The following week, Dr. Buczynsky
evaluated Mr. Minton; during his evaluation, Mr. Minton told Dr. Buczynsky that he
had abdominal surgery in March for a “blockage.” [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., pp.
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156:5—157:14]. Dr. Buczynsky reviewed Mr. Minton’s medical records and noted that
he had no complaints of nausea, diarrhea, constipation, or vomiting since the surgery—
indicating a good recovery—and encouraged mild exercise moving forward. [Id.]; [Doc.
56-3, p. 10].
On May 25, 2018, Mr. Minton submitted a Confidential Inmate Medical Request
Form complaining of “hurting and swelling in left side [of his] stomach” and “feeling
sick to [his] stomach.” [Doc. 56-3, p. 5]. On the same day, Nurse Eubanks evaluated Mr.
Minton and recorded that he told her that his abdominal pain was severe and he had
not experienced a bowel movement since the day before. [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks Depo., pp.
99:18—100:21]; [Doc. 56-3, p. 5]. Following this sick call, Nurse Eubanks referred Mr.
Minton to the local emergency department for further evaluation. [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks
Depo., pp. 99:25—100:2]; [Doc. 56-3, p. 5]. After returning to the jail from the ER, Dr.
Buczynsky evaluated Mr. Minton and found that he appeared comfortable and well
hydrated but that he had a mild area of protuberance mid-right and left abdomen. [Doc.
43-2, Buczynsky Depo., pp. 154:4—155:4].
On June 25, 2018, Mr. Minton submitted another confidential intake form
requesting medical attention and complaining of stomach pain and asserting that he
thought he had a hernia. [Doc. 56-3, p. 7]. Dr. Buczynsky evaluated Mr. Minton the next
day and noted that Mr. Minton didn’t complain of any nausea, vomiting, or bowel
problems, and appeared comfortable and well-hydrated. [Doc. 43-2, pp. 155:15—156:3];
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[Doc. 56-3, p. 7]. During the examination, Dr. Buczynsky found that Mr. Minton had no
active bowel sounds and discovered a ventral hernia and recommended a follow up
with a general surgeon upon release. [Doc. 56-3, p. 7]. Mr. Minton weighed 182 pounds
during this check-up. [Id.]. Less than a week later, Mr. Minton submitted another intake
form requesting to be transferred to the bullpen4 because of his hernia. [Id. at p. 8].
Medical personnel responded that the bullpen didn’t have any availability and he
should take advantage of his bottom bunk profile. [Id.]. Dr. Buczynsky clearly knew of
the response because he signed the form. [Id.].
Almost a month later, July 20th, Nurse Bell—an LPN employed by Baldwin
County—referred Mr. Minton to the local emergency department after he complained
of severe abdominal pain and jail personnel saw him vomit twice. [Doc. 43-4, Bell
Depo., pp. 94:23—95:6]; [Doc. 56-3, pp. 9, 83]. That afternoon, Mr. Minton left the jail to
visit the local emergency department—his second trip since the start of his
incarceration. [Doc. 56-3, p. 31]. At the ER, providers performed CT scans and
discovered a new shallow umbilical hernia that they hadn’t discovered during his first
trip. [Id. at pp. 88–89]. Mr. Minton weighed 181 pounds. [Id. at p. 86]. The emergency
department discharged Mr. Minton with instructions to follow up with his primary care
physician and to return to the emergency department with any worsening condition or

Baldwin County Jail personnel refer to the area of the jail that houses inmates in protective custody or
needing assistance for basic tasks as the “bullpen,” and it is distinct from the medical isolation cells. See
[Doc. 43-3, Eubanks Depo., p. 106:2–17].
4

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concern. [Id. at p. 90]. Mr. Minton returned from the hospital to one of the jail’s medical
isolation cells after about five hours. [Id. at 31].
Around midnight on July 21, 2018, Deputy Bradley—one of the jailers who
worked at Baldwin County Jail—witnessed Mr. Minton vomit in his cell. [Doc. 56-3, p.
32]; [Doc. 43-5, Bradley Depo., p. 103:2–19]. This prompted Deputy Bradley to call Dr.
Buczynsky so he could talk with Mr. Minton. [Doc. 56-3, p. 32]; [Doc. 43-5, Bradley
Depo., p. 103:2–19]. Dr. Buczynsky instructed Deputy Bradley to give Mr. Minton 8mg
of Zofran, a nausea medication, and to continue monitoring him. [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky
Depo., pp. 86:7—87:4]; [Doc. 56-3, pp. 30, 32]. Deputy Bradley called Dr. Buczynsky
back less than an hour later and told him that Mr. Minton was still feeling ill but was
vomiting less than before. [Doc. 56-3, p. 29]. Dr. Buczynsky told Deputy Bradley to
simply continue to monitor him and gave no other orders. [Id.]. At 9:15 am, Mr. Minton
left his cell for a medical check and Dr. Buczynsky ordered nursing personnel to
administer 30cc of milk of magnesia to Mr. Minton, and to place him on a liquid diet for
three days and continue monitoring his condition. [Id. at p. 4]. During this morning
check-up, Mr. Minton weighed 175 pounds, six pounds less than the previous day.
[Doc. 56-3, p. 4]. The next day, jail personnel again witnessed Mr. Minton vomit in his
medical isolation cell. [Id. at p. 35].
Two days later, July 24th, Dr. Buczynsky personally examined Mr. Minton in
person for the last time. [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., pp. 123:7—124:19]; [Doc. 56-3, p.
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4]; [Doc. 61-2, ¶ 9]. During his examination, Mr. Minton told Dr. Buczynsky that he had
severe abdominal pain the previous week, vomited the previous night and the morning
of his exam, had not had a bowel movement for three days, and had abdominal
cramping, but acknowledged that he otherwise felt better during his exam. [Doc. 43-2,
Buczynsky Depo., p. 123:10–20]; [Doc. 56-3, p. 4]. As part of his assessment, Dr.
Buczynsky found that Mr. Minton had mildly diminished bowel sounds, a ventral
hernia, no McBurney’s tenderness, and no guarding. [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., p.
124:3–10]. Following this examination, Dr. Buczynsky prescribed Mr. Minton 20mg of
Prilosec per day, 100mg of Colace per day for five days, and 25mg of Vistaril twice a
day and ordered him to stay on a liquid diet for two days. [Id. at p. 124:11–19]; [Doc. 563, p. 4]. Prilosec treats acid reflux, Colace softens stool, and Vistaril helps anxiety
unrelated to Mr. Minton’s abdominal complaints. [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., p.
125:21—126:11]. Mr. Minton weighed 167 pounds during his last check-up with Dr.
Buczynsky—a loss of 14 pounds in four days. [Doc. 56-3, p. 4].
Mr. Minton left medical isolation and returned to the general population on July
25, 2018. [Id. at p. 47]. Other general population inmates testified that they witnessed
Mr. Minton pass out and vomit a substance that resembled dark blood or fecal matter.
[Doc. 61-5, Butts Depo., p. 24:20–23]; [Doc. 61-6, Lewis Aff., ¶¶ 6, 7]. Jail officials
returned Mr. Minton to medical isolation on July 27, 2018, just two days later. [Doc. 563, p. 49]. At 10:20 am, Nurse Eubanks and Dr. Buczynsky talked over the phone about
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Mr. Minton’s status and Dr. Buczynsky ordered that Mr. Minton should return to a
liquid diet for five days and remain under monitor every 30 minutes. [Doc. 43-3,
Eubanks Depo., pp. 132:22—133:11]; [Doc. 56-3, p. 3]. During his morning check-up, Mr.
Minton’s blood pressure was 100/57 and he weighed 167 pounds. [Doc. 56-3, p. 3].
At approximately 1:30 pm that day, Mr. Minton told a deputy that he had
thrown up in his cell. [Id. at p. 50]. Following this report, Nurse Eubanks saw Mr.
Minton about 90 minutes later. [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks Depo., pp. 136:4—137:22]; [Doc. 563, p. 50]. During this check-up, Mr. Minton reported to Nurse Eubanks that he had
thrown up and that he needed something for nausea and requested ice. [Doc. 56-3, p. 3].
Nurse Eubanks recorded in Mr. Minton’s progress notes that the yellowish liquid on his
cell floor did not look like vomit and confirmed that the kitchen had served chicken
broth and red punch for lunch. [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks Depo., pp. 136:10—137:3]; [Doc. 563, p. 3]. Despite his reports of vomiting, Nurse Eubanks noted that Mr. Minton didn’t
complain of pain, had warm and dry skin with good turgor, and his skin color was not
pale or cyanotic. [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks Depo., pp. 136:22—137:9]; [Doc. 56-3, p. 3]. At this
time, Mr. Minton had a recorded blood pressure of 100/62. [Doc. 56-3, p. 3]. Nurse
Eubanks called Dr. Buczynsky again to discuss Mr. Minton’s status. [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks
Depo., p. 137:10–14]; [Doc. 56-3, p. 3]. The parties dispute whether Dr. Buczynsky issued
any new orders at the time or told Nurse Eubanks to continue monitoring Mr. Minton
pursuant to the orders he gave that morning. [Doc. 61-2, ¶ 12]. Regardless, medical staff
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did not change Mr. Minton’s care plan and continued to monitor him in medical
isolation and kept him on a liquid diet. See [Doc. 56-3, pp. 3, 50–51]. No one called Dr.
Buczynsky following his afternoon phone call with Nurse Eubanks.
During a routine cell check, Deputy Bradley found Mr. Minton unresponsive,
naked, and in an unusual position on the floor at 12:23 am, the next day, July 28, 2018.
[Doc. 43-5, Bradley Depo., p. 135:7–21]; [Doc. 56-3, p. 51]. Deputy Bradley testified that
he entered the cell to check on Mr. Minton, found that he had a faint pulse and then
called for other officers for assistance to attempt CPR. [Doc. 43-5, Bradley Depo., 135:7–
21]. Deputy Bradley called EMS to alert them to the situation and they arrived at the jail
approximately eight minutes later. [Doc. 43-5, Bradley Depo., p. 153:2–5]; [Doc. 56-3, p.
51]. When EMS personnel arrived at the jail, they reported that Mr. Minton had already
died, and they made no resuscitation efforts. Exhibit F – Grady EMS Report, Minton v.
Bradley, et al., No. 5:20-cv-00298-TES (M.D. Ga. July 23, 2020), ECF No. 1-7. EMS
personnel also noted that Mr. Minton’s body had dependent lividity, a discoloration of
the body due to the pooling of blood, which indicated that he had likely been dead for
at least an hour. [Doc. 43-9, Bates Depo., p. 53:3–20]; [Doc. 53-5, Lutz Depo., pp. 106:24—
109:14].
Following Mr. Minton’s death, Baldwin County Jail personnel notified the
Georgia Bureau of Investigation (“GBI”) who then sent investigators to the jail. [Doc. 435, Bradley Depo., p. 153:11–19]. The GBI investigators established an investigation scene
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and interviewed jail personnel. [Id.]. The GBI’s autopsy report determined that Mr.
Minton “died as a result of peritonitis, due to small bowel perforation, due to small
bowel obstruction by fibrotic band, due to right hemicolectomy for probable cecal
bascule.” [Doc. 56-3, p. 172].
At the expense of repeating the preceding narrative, the Court has summarized
Mr. Minton’s medical information in the chart below to illustrate the events most
relevant to the claims at issue.

March 28, 2018

•
•

May 7, 2018
May 8, 2018

•
•
•
•

May 15, 2018

May 25, 2018

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

May 29, 2018

•
•

Mr. Minton visits WellStar Regional Hospital emergency
room complaining of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Providers diagnose him with a small bowel obstruction,
perform emergency surgery, and remove a portion of his
colon.
Mr. Minton booked into Baldwin County Jail.
Mr. Minton’s first evaluation by medical personnel at
Baldwin County Jail.
Notified Nurse Eubanks of his previous abdominal surgery.
Normal bowel movement the day before, good appetite, and
active bowel sounds.
Mr. Minton weighed 180.5 pounds.
Mr. Minton’s first in-person evaluation by Dr. Buczynsky.
Dr. Buczynsky made aware of his previous surgery.
No nausea, vomiting, or bowel problems and appeared
comfortable and well hydrated.
Mr. Minton weighed 184 pounds.
Mr. Minton submitted sick call slip complaining of
abdominal pain and feeling sick.
Nurse Eubanks evaluated Mr. Minton and referred him to
the local emergency department for further evaluation.
Mr. Minton weighed 182 pounds.
Mr. Minton’s second in-person evaluation by Dr. Buczynsky.

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•

June 25, 2018

•

June 26, 2018

•
•
•

July 2, 2018

•
•

July 20, 2018

•
•
•
•

July 21, 2018

•
•
•

•

•

July 22, 2018
July 24, 2018

•
•
•

Found a mild area of protuberance in the mid-right and left
abdomen but otherwise appeared comfortable and well
hydrated.
Mr. Minton submitted sick call slip complaining of stomach
pain and asserting he believed he had a hernia.
Mr. Minton’s third in-person evaluation by Dr. Buczynsky.
Found that Mr. Minton had a ventral hernia but otherwise
wasn’t sick.
Recommended a follow-up with a general surgeon following
his release.
Mr. Minton submitted sick call slip asking to be moved to the
bullpen citing problems with his hernia.
Request denied by medical staff because of lack of
availability.
Jail officers witness Mr. Minton vomit twice, and he
complained of severe abdominal pain.
Evaluated by Nurse Bell who referred him to the local
emergency department for further evaluation.
3:03 pm: Mr. Minton leaves for emergency department.
Providers perform CT scans indicating a new shallow
umbilical hernia. Discharged with instructions to return if
condition worsened.
8:18 pm: returned to jail and placed in medical isolation.
12:00 am: Deputy Bradley sees Mr. Minton vomit in his cell.
12:18 am: Deputy Bradley calls Dr. Buczynsky to notify him.
Dr. Buczynsky and Mr. Minton talk on the phone. Mr.
Minton given 8mg of Zofran, a nausea medicine.
1:16 am: Deputy Bradley calls Dr. Buczynsky to notify him
that Mr. Minton continued to vomit, but less than before.
Deputy Bradley ordered to continue monitoring him.
9:15 am: Mr. Minton checked by nursing personnel. Dr.
Buczynsky ordered staff to give Mr. Minton 30 cc of milk of
magnesia and to place him on a liquid diet for three days.
Mr. Minton weighed 175 pounds.
Jail personnel witness Mr. Minton vomiting in his cell.
Mr. Minton’s fourth and last in-person evaluation by Dr.
Buczynsky.
Mr. Minton informed Dr. Buczynsky that he had severe
abdominal pain the week before, vomited the previous night
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•

•

July 25, 2018

July 27, 2018

•
•
•

•
•

•
•

•
July 28, 2018

•

•
•

and that morning, no bowel movement for three days, had
abdominal cramping, but otherwise felt good during the
exam.
Dr. Buczynsky’s assessment found that Mr. Minton had
mildly diminished bowel sounds, a ventral hernia, but no
other evidence of illness.
Dr. Buczynsky prescribed Mr. Minton 100mg of Colace per
day for five days, 20mg of Prilosec per day, and 25mg of
Vistaril twice a day (unrelated anxiety medication) and
ordered he remain on a liquid diet for two days.
Mr. Minton weighed 167 pounds.
Mr. Minton returned to general population.
Fellow inmates witness Mr. Minton vomit a dark black
substance resembling blood or fecal matter. Also witness him
falling.
6:30 am: Mr. Minton returned to medical isolation.
10:20 am: Nurse Eubanks evaluates Mr. Minton and notifies
Dr. Buczynsky of his status. Dr. Buczynsky orders her to
return Mr. Minton to a liquid diet for five days and to keep
him under monitor. Mr. Minton weighed 167 pounds.
1:30 pm: Mr. Minton notifies jail personnel that he had
vomited in his cell.
2:50 pm: Nurse Eubanks re-examines Mr. Minton who told
her that he had vomited in his cell. Nurse Eubanks noted in
Mr. Minton’s progress records that the liquid didn’t resemble
vomit and noted kitchen served chicken broth and red punch
for lunch. Called Dr. Buczynsky updating him. No new
orders at that time.
10:54 pm: Deputy Bradley witnessed Mr. Minton sitting in
his bed making noises.
12:23 am: Deputy Bradley found Mr. Minton unresponsive,
naked, and in an unusual position on the floor. Called EMS
and attempted resuscitation.
12:31 am: EMS arrive.
1:00 am: Mr. Minton pronounced dead.

Plaintiff identified Dr. Martin Lutz as a medical expert who would offer
testimony on the question of whether Dr. Buczynsky departed from the applicable
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standard of care when treating Mr. Minton. Dr. Lutz is licensed to practice medicine in
the state of South Carolina and has maintained an active practice as a board-certified
Emergency Medicine physician for 36 years. [Doc. 61-7, p. 2]. He is currently an
Attending Physician with the Greenville Health System, Co-Medical Director of the
Greenville County Detention Center, and a member of the faculty of the University of
South Carolina School of Medicine – Greenville. [Id.]; [Doc. 53-3, Lutz Depo., p. 20:14–
16]. In his report, Dr. Lutz asserts that he developed opinions which he “hold[s] to a
reasonable degree of medical certainty” that Dr. Buczynsky owed a duty of care to Mr.
Minton, that he breached that duty of care in numerous ways, and Mr. Minton died as a
result of his breach. [Doc. 61-7, pp. 10–13].
Defendants designated Dr. Johnny E. “Rusty” Bates as their medical expert to
offer testimony of “the standard of care ordinarily exercised by physicians and other
providers generally in the diagnosis, treatment and management of the medical care of
inmates in correctional facilities.” [Doc. 43-8, p. 2]. Dr. Bates is licensed to practice
medicine in Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisiana. [Id. at 1]. He has
continually practiced medicine for 36 years, been certified by the American Board of
Internal Medicine since 1987, earned a board certification with the American Board of
Preventive Medicine with a specialty in addiction Medicine in 2020, and has over 28
years’ experience in correctional medicine. [Id.]. The National Commission on
Correctional Health care certified Dr. Bates as a Correctional health Professional14

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Physician. [Id.]. In his expert report, Dr. Bates offers six opinions relating to Dr.
Buczynsky’s care of Mr. Minton, and more generally opinions relating to the prognosis
of Mr. Minton. [Id. at 2–3].
DISCUSSION
As noted above, the Court now considers both Plaintiff’s Motion In Limine [Doc.
43] and Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. 56]. The Court will first
resolve the evidentiary question before moving onto the appropriateness of summary
judgment.
A.

Plaintiff’s Motion In Limine to Exclude Testimony

On June 15, 2021, Defendants designated Dr. “Rusty” Bates to testify on their
behalf as an expert witness. [Doc. 43-7, p. 1]. Consistent with FRCP 26, Defendants
produced a copy of Dr. Bates’ report and his curriculum vitae. See generally [Doc. 43-8].
Dr. Bates offers six opinions in his report. [Id. at pp. 2–3]. Plaintiff only takes issues with
opinions five and six. [Doc. 43-1, p. 4]. The Court will address each, in turn.
1.

Daubert Legal Standard

Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides:
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:
(a) the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help
the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the
product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably
applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
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Rulings on the admissibility of expert testimony—like all evidentiary rulings—
necessarily involve the exercise of the Court's discretion. See Burchfield v. CSX Transp.,
Inc., 636 F.3d 1330, 1333 (11th Cir. 2011). Trial courts must act as “gatekeepers” to
ensure that speculative and unreliable opinions do not reach the jury. Daubert v. Merrell
Dow Pharms, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589, n.7 (1993). “This gatekeeping role, however, is not
intended to supplant the adversary system or the role of the jury: vigorous crossexamination, presentation of contrary evidence, and careful instruction on the burden of
proof are the traditional and appropriate means of attacking shaky but admissible
evidence.” United States v. Ala. Power Co., 730 F.3d 1278, 1282 (11th Cir. 2013).
Expert testimony is admissible if “(1) the expert is qualified to testify
competently regarding the matters he intends to address; (2) the methodology by which
the expert reaches his conclusions is sufficiently reliable . . . ; and (3) the testimony
assists the trier of fact . . . to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.”
United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1260 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting City of Tuscaloosa v.
Harcros Chems. Inc., 158 F.3d 548, 562 (11th Cir. 1998)). The “‘burden of establishing
qualification, reliability and helpfulness’” lies with the party offering the expert
opinion. McClain v. Metabolite lnt'l. Inc., 401 F.3d 1233, 1238 (11th Cir.2005) (quoting
Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1260).
In assessing whether an expert’s methodology is reliable, the Court generally
should consider the following factors: “(1) whether the expert's theory can be and has
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been tested; (2) whether the theory has been subjected to peer review and publication;
(3) the known or potential error rate of the technique; and (4) whether the technique is
generally accepted in the scientific community.” Adams v. Lab. Corp. of Am., 760 F.3d
1322, 1327 (11th Cir.2014) (per curiam). These factors, of course, represent a nonexhaustive list and “‘do not constitute a definitive checklist or test.’” Id. (quoting Kumho
Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 150 (1999)). “While those factors may help in
assessing the reliability of scientific or experience-based expert testimony, the district
court's ‘gatekeeping inquiry must be tied to the facts of a particular case.’” Id. (quoting
Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 150).
In its gatekeeping role, the Court must focus on the reliability of the testimony,
not simply whether it fits within the narrow confines of lawyer-urged litmus tests.
While “‘each stage of the expert's testimony [must] be reliable, . . . each stage must [also]
be evaluated practically and flexibly without bright-line exclusionary (or inclusionary)
rules.’” Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1262 (quoting Heller v. Shaw Indus., Inc., 167 F.3d 146, 155 (3d
Cir.1999)). The Court's goal is to ensure that an expert “‘employs in the courtroom the
same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant
field.’” Id. at 1260 (quoting Kumho Tire, 526 U.S. at 152). “Sometimes the specific
[traditional] Daubert factors will aid in determining reliability; sometimes other
questions may be more useful.” Id. at 1262. Testimony that the parties plan to present to

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a jury must be “‘properly grounded, well-reasoned, and not speculative.’” Id. (quoting
Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory comm. note (2000 amends)).
Finally, the Court must assess whether the expert testimony helps the trier of
fact. This factor turns on whether the expert testimony “concerns matters that are
beyond the understanding of the average lay person.” Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1262.
“Proffered expert testimony generally will not help the trier of fact when it offers
nothing more than what lawyers for the parties can argue in closing arguments.” Id. at
1262–63. “Nor does expert testimony help the trier of fact if it fails to ‘fit’ with the facts
of the case.” Stoner v. Fye, No. 5:15-cv-102 (CAR), 2017 WL 2434461, at *4 (M.D. Ga. June
5, 2017) (quoting McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283, 1299 (11th Cir. 2004)). “Expert
testimony lacks ‘fit’ when ‘a large analytical leap must be made between the facts and
the opinion.’” Id. (quoting McDowell, 392 F.3d at 1299); see also Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522
U.S. 136, 146 (1997). “A court may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical
gap between the data and the opinion proffered.” Joiner, 522 U.S. at 146. “Thus, the
court may exclude otherwise reliable testimony if it does not have ‘sufficient bearing on
the issue at hand to warrant a determination that it [is helpful to the trier of fact].’ ”Fye,
2017 WL 2434461, at *4 (quoting Bitler v. A.O. Smith Corp., 400 F.3d 1227, 1234 (10th Cir.
2005)). “At all times when scrutinizing the reliability and relevance of expert testimony,
a court must remain mindful of the delicate balance between its role as a gatekeeper
and the jury's role as the ultimate fact-finder.” Id.
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2.

Opinion 5

Plaintiff first takes issue with Dr. Bates’ fifth opinion:
To a reasonable degree of medical probability, Mr. Minton’s death
was not caused by any act or omission by Dr. Buczynsky; prior to
July 27th Mr. Minton had been sent twice to the local emergency
department with similar complaints, he had been evaluated by the
emergency physician and discharged back to the jail on both
occasions, and by the time his condition suddenly worsened
enough for anyone to recognize a surgical emergency on the
evening of July 27, 2018, it is impossible to say with any reasonable
degree of confidence that Mr. Minton would have survived the
emergency surgery itself.
[Doc. 43-8, pp. 2–3]. Plaintiff asserts that this opinion does not pass muster because Dr.
Bates isn’t qualified to give such an opinion and his opinion isn’t reliable. [Doc. 43-1,
pp. 8, 12].
Plaintiff primarily takes issue with the fact that this fifth opinion relates to
emergency medicine and Dr. Bates is not qualified to give testimony on that subject.5
Indeed, Plaintiff seizes on Dr. Bates own admission during his deposition that “[he]
wouldn’t qualify as an ER expert anymore” because “[he] [hasn’t] done that [work] in
quite some time.” [Doc. 43-9, Bates Depo., p. 18:12–14]. Prior to this admission, Dr. Bates

The Court isn’t convinced by Plaintiff’s characterization of Dr. Bates’ fifth opinion as one being solely
related to emergency medicine. There isn’t any doubt that this opinion relates to a medical emergency as
Dr. Bates discusses Mr. Minton’s survivability during a hypothetical emergency surgery. [Doc. 43-8, p. 3].
However, the opinion also lends the reader another interpretation: that due to the undetectable nature of
Mr. Minton’s condition, that despite his repeated transfer to the local emergency department and
evaluation by jail medical staff that his survivability was uncertain as of the evening of July 27, 2018,
when his worsened condition was discovered. This interpretation may be characterized as relating more
to his condition’s general prognosis as opposed to one about emergency medicine. Nevertheless, the
Court finds that Dr. Bates is qualified to give an opinion on emergency medicine.
5

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testified that he “worked in the emergency room for probably 15 years” but now most
of his cases primarily “involve inmates and jails and jail health care.” [Id. at p. 18:8–12].
In her Motion, Plaintiff asserts that “[c]ourts in the Eleventh Circuit routinely exclude
the expert testimony of physicians where they offer opinions in areas for which they
have insufficient knowledge, experience, or training.” [Doc. 43-1, pp. 10–11 (first citing
Everett v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 949 F. Supp. 856, 857 (S.D. Ga. 1996); and then citing
Jenkins v. Corizon Health Inc., CV418-099, 2020 WL 7330533, at *4–5 (S.D. Ga. Aug. 5,
2020)).
While Plaintiff’s statement is correct, the cases cited in her Motion are inapposite
to the present case. In Everett, the court stated that because of the expert’s “complete
absence of any specialized knowledge with regard to toxicology,” his testimony must
be excluded. Everett, 949 F. Supp. at 858 (emphasis added). Moreover, the court in
Jenkins held that the expert was “not qualified under Georgia law to offer opinions on
the standard of care.” Jenkins, 2020 WL 7330533 at *5. Dr. Bates neither completely lacks
specialized knowledge of emergency medicine, nor has Plaintiff moved to exclude him
on state-law grounds.
Here, Dr. Bates’ testimony and CV clearly reflect that he has extensive prior
experience and knowledge in emergency medicine. This experience and knowledge
sufficiently qualify Dr. Bates to offer an opinion on the subject. The Court acknowledges
that Dr. Bates hasn’t practiced emergency medicine for some time, but that doesn’t
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automatically disqualify him. Instead, his lack of recent experience weighs heavily on
the reliability of his testimony and is best left to the crucible of cross-examination and
the judgment of the jury. See Ala. Power Co., 730 F.3d at 1282.
Plaintiff also contends that Dr. Bates’ fifth opinion lacks reliability. Plaintiff
argues that Dr. Bates’ failure to identify at what point Mr. Minton was salvageable, and
his opinion that it would be nearly impossible to identify such a time, presents a
reliability problem. According to her, his failure to do so results in an opinion that is
mere ipse dixit. However, Plaintiff does not attack Dr. Bates’ methodology of arriving to
this opinion, rather she just attacks the opinion itself. Dr. Bates asserted in his expert
report that his opinions “are based on [his] background, training and experience as a
physician practicing correctional medicine, as reflected in [his] attached CV, as wells
[sic] as [his] review of the medical records and depositions listed above.” [Doc. 43-8, p.
3]. In fact, Plaintiff’s own medical expert based his opinions on an almost identical
methodology. See [Doc. 61-7, p. 11 (asserting that he formed his opinions on the basis of
his “education and experience as outlined above, and on the attached curriculum vitae,
and commonly accepted peer reviewed literature regarding history and physical exam
findings of patients similar to Mr. Minton, and the materials reviewed for this case as
listed above.”)].
As such, the Court doesn’t find Plaintiff’s argument persuasive and determines
that Dr. Bates’ methodology is sufficiently reliable. Again, Plaintiff’s contention with
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Dr. Bates’ refusal or inability to identify a point in time where Mr. Minton was
salvageable is best left to cross-examination at trial. Accordingly, the Court DENIES
Plaintiff’s motion to exclude Dr. Bates’ fifth opinion.
3.

Opinion 6

Plaintiff also takes issue with Dr. Bates’ sixth opinion: “[t]he use of
methamphetamines, especially IV use, has been associated with an increased risk of
multiple co-morbidities and a marked decrease in life expectancy.” [Doc. 43-8, p. 3].
Plaintiff takes issue with this opinion on the same basis as Dr. Bates’ fifth opinion: he is
unqualified to give it, and his opinion lacked reliable methodology to sustain it. The
Court disagrees with Plaintiff’s contention that Dr. Bates isn’t qualified to give such an
opinion and that his methodology lacks reliability—but, it finds that his opinion doesn’t
assist the trier of fact.
As noted, experts must be qualified to give their opinions by special “knowledge,
skill, experience, training, or education.” Fed. R. Evid. 702. As outlined in his expert
report, Dr. Bates earned a board certification with the American Preventive Medicine
with a specialty in Addiction Medicine in 2020. [Doc. 43-8, p. 1]. Further, Dr. Bates is a
Fellow with the American Society of Addiction Medicine. [Id. at p. 5]. Moreover, Dr.
Bates has given at least three presentations on the subject of substance abuse detox as it
relates to correctional medicine. See [Id. at p. 7]. The Court finds that he is qualified to
give an opinion on the deleterious effects of methamphetamine addiction.
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Furthermore, the Court finds that Dr. Bates employed a proper methodology in
arriving at his sixth opinion. As stated above, for expert testimony to be admissible the
expert must use a sufficiently reliable methodology. See Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1260.
Defendants argue that “[b]ased on his education, training and experience in the
treatment of patients who abuse methamphetamines and alcohol, Dr. Bates has
articulated a reasonable basis” for his sixth opinion. [Doc. 53, p. 10]. More specifically,
Defendants argue that Dr. Bates reviewed “Mr. Minton’s criminal history related to
possession and sale of methamphetamine, the testimony of [his] wife, daughter and
mother regarding [his] history [of] alcohol and drug abuse, [and] [his] medical charts
and criminal records documenting a history of abuse.” [Id. at p. 9]. The Court finds that
Dr. Bates’ tailored review of Mr. Minton’s medical history as well as the documented
history of his substance abuse, along with his extensive experience caring for
individuals with similar backgrounds constitutes sufficiently reliable methodology for
the basis of his opinion.
The two cases cited by Plaintiff discussing the exclusion of expert testimony
related to life expectancy are inapposite and unpersuasive. First, the court in Noon v.
Carnival Corp., 18-23181-CIV, 2019 WL 5784689 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 6, 2019) noted that
nothing in the record could have supported the proffered expert’s opinion and
specifically asserted that the expert did not review the decedent’s medical records. (“Dr.
Myerburg falls far short of these requirements because it is entirely unclear how the
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depositions of other lay witnesses, vague records from Jackson Memorial Hospital, and
life expectancy tables support” his opinion.). Conversely, Dr. Bates reviewed Mr.
Minton’s medical records, including his autopsy which contained a myriad of
information related to his overall health. Second, while the court in Morgan v. Emeritus
Corp. 1:09-CV-1292-CAP, 2011 WL 13175078 (N.D. Ga. Jan. 19, 2011) noted that
differential diagnosis is an acceptable method to arrive at an opinion on life expectancy,
it did not hold that it is the only means to do so. As such, the Court doesn’t find
Plaintiff’s argument persuasive and finds that Dr. Bates’ sixth opinion is reliable.
However, the Court determines that Dr. Bates’ sixth opinion wouldn’t assist the
trier of fact, and as such should be excluded. In order for expert testimony to assist the
trier of fact it must “concern[] matters that are beyond the understanding of the average
lay person.” Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1262 (citing United States v. Rouco, 765 F.2d 983, 995
(11th Cir. 1985)). This factor “goes primarily to relevance” because “[e]xpert testimony
which does not relate to any issue in the case is not relevant and, ergo, non-helpful.”
Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591 (quoting 3 Weinstein & Berfer ¶ 702[02], p. 702–18). The Court
notes that the reasonable juror likely already understands that methamphetamine use
isn’t good for you and can certainly affect your health in various negative ways. Dr.
Bates’ very general opinion that meth use can markedly decrease your life expectancy
would likely not help jurors understand the medical issue at hand.

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Indeed, the general nature of Dr. Bates’ sixth opinion—that methamphetamine
leads to negative health risks in everyone—isn’t directly relevant to whether Dr.
Buczynsky committed malpractice or was deliberately indifferent to Mr. Minton’s
serious medical needs, the real questions in this case. Perhaps this sort of testimony
could be potentially helpful (e.g., on the issue of damages) if it was tailored to Mr.
Minton, but it’s not. Without a more definite opinion as to how much Mr. Minton’s
particular drug use and unique history supposedly affected the length of life he had
remaining, the jury doesn’t need specialized expert testimony to help them with general
facts. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion to exclude Dr. Bates’ sixth
opinion because it wouldn’t assist the trier of fact.
B.

Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment

In her Complaint, Plaintiff brings two separate claims against Defendant Paul
Buczynsky—deliberate indifference under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and medical negligence—
and one claim against Defendant CorrCare—respondeat superior liability. Complaint &
Demand for Jury Trial, Minton v. Bradley, et al., No. 5:20-cv-00298-TES (M.D. Ga. July
23, 2020), ECF No. 1, ¶¶ 119–32. In addition to these claims, Plaintiff asks for punitive
damages and attorney’s fees against both Defendants. Id. at ¶¶ 133–135.
In their Motion for Summary Judgment, Defendants addressed the two claims
brought against Dr. Buczynsky and the claims for punitive damages. Specifically,
Defendants argue that the record doesn’t contain any evidence that shows he acted with
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deliberate indifference toward the decedent. [Doc. 56-2, p. 4]. According to Defendants,
the evidence clearly shows that Dr. Buczynsky met the applicable standard of care and,
accordingly, did not act with negligence. [Id. at p. 7]. Last, Defendants argued that the
record does not support Plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages. [Id. at p. 8]. The Court
will address each contested claim in turn.
1.

Motion for Summary Judgment Legal Standard

A court must grant summary judgment “if the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A factual dispute is not genuine unless, based on
the evidence presented, “‘a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving
party.’” Info. Sys. & Networks Corp. v. City of Atlanta, 281 F.3d 1220, 1224 (11th Cir. 2002)
(quoting United States v. Four Parcels of Real Prop., 941 F.2d 1428, 1437 (11th Cir. 1991));
see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). “The moving party bears
the initial responsibility of informing the court of the basis for its motion.” Four Parcels,
941 F.2d at 1437. The movant may cite to particular parts of materials in the record,
including, “‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on
file, together with the affidavits, if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the absence of a
genuine issue of material fact.” Id. (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323

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(1986)); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A).6 “When the nonmoving party has the burden of proof
at trial, the moving party is not required to ‘support its motion with affidavits or other
similar material negating the opponent’s claim[]’ in order to discharge this ‘initial
responsibility.’” Four Parcels, 941 F.2d at 1437–38 (quoting Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323).
Rather, “the moving party simply may show—that is, point out to the district court—
that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Four
Parcels, 941 F.2d at 1437–38 (quoting Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324) (cleaned up). Alternatively,
the movant may provide “affirmative evidence demonstrating that the nonmoving
party will be unable to prove its case at trial.” Id.
If this initial burden is satisfied, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party,
who must rebut the movant’s showing “by producing . . . relevant and admissible
evidence beyond the pleadings.” Josendis v. Wall to Wall Residence Repairs, Inc., 662 F.3d
1292, 1315 (11th Cir. 2011) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324). The nonmoving party does
not satisfy its burden “if the rebuttal evidence ‘is merely colorable or[] is not
significantly probative’ of a disputed fact.” Josendis, 662 F.3d at 1315 (quoting Anderson,
477 U.S. at 249–50). “A mere scintilla of evidence supporting the [nonmoving] party’s
position will not suffice.” Allen v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 121 F.3d 642, 646 (11th Cir. 1997).
Further, where a party fails to address another party’s assertion of fact as required by

Courts may consider all materials in the record, not just those cited by the parties. Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(c)(3).
6

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Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), the Court may consider the fact undisputed for
the purposes of the motion. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2). However, “credibility
determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences
from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.
Succinctly put,
[s]ummary judgment is not a time for fact-finding; that task is reserved for
trial. Rather, on summary judgment, the district court must accept as fact
all allegations the [nonmoving] party makes, provided they are
sufficiently supported by evidence of record. So[,] when competing
narratives emerge on key events, courts are not at liberty to pick which
side they think is more credible. Indeed, if “the only issue is one of
credibility,” the issue is factual, and a court cannot grant summary
judgment.
Sconiers v. Lockhart, 946 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2020) (internal citations omitted).
Stated differently, “the judge’s function is not himself to weigh the evidence and
determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for
trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249. “The evidence of the [nonmovant] is to be believed, and
all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Id. at 255. And “if a reasonable
jury could make more than one inference from the facts, and one of those permissible
inferences creates a genuine issue of material fact, a court cannot grant summary
judgment”; it “must hold a trial to get to the bottom of the matter.” Sconiers, 946 F.3d at
1263.
2.

Plaintiff’s Deliberate Indifference Claim

Plaintiff argues that Dr. Buczynsky’s conduct relating to Mr. Minton’s treatment
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“exhibits a total disregard to [his] constitutional right to be free from deliberate
indifference to his need for medical care, founded upon the Eighth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution.”7 Complaint & Demand for Jury Trial,
Minton v. Bradley, et al., No. 5:20-cv-00298-TES (M.D. Ga. July 23, 2020), ECF No. 1, ¶
122. According to Plaintiff, this deliberate indifference directly and proximately caused
Mr. Minton’s wrongful death and caused him to “endure[] great pain and suffering
before his death.” Id. at ¶ 123. Defendants focus the thrust of their defense on their
contention the record doesn’t support that Dr. Buczynsky subjectively knew of a risk of
serious harm to Mr. Minton. [Doc. 56-2, p. 6].
To survive a motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff alleging deliberate
indifference to provide medical treatment in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment
“must ‘produce sufficient evidence of (1) a substantial risk of serious harm; (2) the
defendants’ deliberate indifference to that risk; and (3) causation.’” See Goodman v.
Kimbrough, 718 F.3d 1325, 1331 (11th Cir. 2013) (quoting Carter v. Galloway, 352 F.3d
1346, 1349 (11th Cir. 2003)). “Stating a[] [Fourteenth] Amendment Claim of denial of
adequate medical care requires satisfying both an objective and subjective component.”

The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment for prisoners while the Fourteenth
Amendment does the same for pre-trial detainees. Although inmates are governed by different
constitutional amendments, the standard remains the same. See Patel v. Lanier Cnty. Ga., 969 F.3d 1173,
1188 (11th Cir. 2020) (citing Goebert v. Lee Cnty., 510 F.3d 1312, 1326 (11th Cir. 2007)). Although not
specified by the parties, the Court assumes Mr. Minton is a pretrial detainee because his incarceration at
Baldwin County Jail related to different charges than the ones he pled guilty to in January of 2018. See
[Doc. 53-2, p. 2]. As such, the Court will conduct its analysis under the 14th Amendment.
7

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Gifford v. Rathman, No. 1:14-CV-1179-SLB-JEO, 2017 WL 4340454, at *19 (N.D. Ala. Sept.
29, 2017) (citing Hervy v. McDonough, No. 5:07cv58/RS/EMT, 2007 WL 1482392, at *3–4
(N.D. Fla. May 18, 2007)).
Our law doesn’t provide an exhaustive list of what constitutes a “serious medical
need.” In accordance with Eleventh Circuit precedent, “a serious medical need is
considered ‘one that has been diagnosed by a physician as mandating treatment or one
that is so obvious that even a lay person would easily recognize the necessity for a
doctor’s attention.’” Farrow v. West, 320 F.3d 1235, 1243 (11th Cir. 2003) (quoting Hill v.
Dekalb Reg’l Youth Det. Ctr., 40 F.3d 1176, 1187 (11th Cir. 1994)). In both scenarios, “the
medical need must be ‘one that, if left unattended, ‘pos[es] a substantial risk of serious
harm.’” Farrow, 320 F.3d at 1243 (quoting Taylor v. Adams, 221 F.3d 1254, 1257 (11th Cir.
2000)).
With respect to the subjective element of deliberate indifference, Plaintiff must
prove: (1) prison officials had subjective knowledge of the risk of serious harm; (2)
prison officials disregarded that risk; and (3) prison officials’ conduct is more than gross
negligence. See Goodman v. Kimbrough, 718 F.3d 1325, 1331-32 (11th Cir. 2013) (quoting
Townsend v. Jefferson Cnty., 601 F.3d 1152, 1158 (11th Cir. 2010)). “[A]n inadvertent
failure to provide adequate medical care cannot be said to constitute ‘an unnecessary
and wanton infliction of pain’ or to be ‘repugnant to the conscience of mankind.’” Estelle
v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976). Liability will only stand against a prison official if they
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“know[] of and disregard[] an excessive risk to inmate health or safety.” Farmer v.
Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994).
To show that a prison official possesses such knowledge, he “must both be aware
of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of harm exists,
and he must also draw the inference.” Id. “Whether a prison official had the requisite
knowledge of a substantial risk is a question of fact subject to demonstration in the
usual ways, including inference from circumstantial evidence . . . and a factfinder may
conclude that a prison official knew of a substantial risk from the very fact that the risk
was obvious.” Id. at 842 (internal citations omitted).
“[G]rossly incompetent medical care or choice of an easier but less efficacious
course of treatment can constitute deliberate indifference.” Waldrop v. Evans, 871 F.2d
1030, 1035 (11th Cir. 1989) (citing Rogers v. Evans, 792 F.2d 1052, 1058 (11th Cir. 1986)).
“Moreover, when the need for treatment is obvious, medical care which is so cursory as
to amount to no treatment at all may amount to deliberate indifference.” McElligott v.
Foley, 182 F.3d 1248, 1255 (11th Cir. 1999) (first citing Mandel v. Doe, 888 F.2d 783, 788
(11th Cir. 1989); then citing Ancata v. Prison Health Servs., Inc., 769 F.2d 700, 704 (11th
Cir. 1985)) (cleaned up).
Defendants don’t contest that the evidence shows that Mr. Minton faced a
substantial risk of serious harm, and they don’t challenge the causation element.
Indeed, considering Mr. Minton’s deteriorating condition and ultimate death,
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Defendants would be hard-pressed to legitimately challenge those elements.
Accordingly, the Court only needs to determine whether Plaintiff has provided enough
evidence that Dr. Buczynsky acted with deliberate indifference to create an issue for
trial. To survive summary judgment, Plaintiff must provide some evidence from which
a jury could find that Dr. Buczynsky had subjective knowledge of the risk of serious
harm, that he disregarded that risk, and that his conduct constituted something more
than gross negligence. See Goodman, 601 F.3d at 1158 (quoting Townsend, 601 F.3d at
1158). And, the Court finds that she has made such a sufficient showing.
Drawing all justifiable inferences on behalf Plaintiff, a reasonable jury could
review the evidence and find that Dr. Buczynsky had subjective awareness that Mr.
Minton faced a risk of a serious harm. Mr. Minton informed Dr. Buczynsky that he had
undergone abdominal surgery six weeks prior to arriving at Baldwin County Jail. [Doc.
56-3, p. 10]; [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., p. 156:16–19]. Further, Dr. Buczynsky testified
that he felt comfortable dealing with the recovery of inmates following abdominal
surgery, understood that bowel surgery can lead to complications, and agreed that
bowel obstructions may be lethal or very serious. [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., pp.
13:6–12; 15:9–15; 136:12–22]. Considering the above, Dr. Buczynsky clearly understood
that Mr. Minton faced the possibility of negative consequences following his abdominal
surgery.

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In fairness to Dr. Buczynsky, that risk of harm didn’t present itself at the
beginning of Mr. Minton’s incarceration. In fact, Mr. Minton appeared healthy and
comfortable during his first examination by Nurse Eubanks and Dr. Buczynsky. [Doc.
56-3, pp. 1–2, 10]. The first inkling of that risk forming appeared May 25th, when Mr.
Minton complained of swelling in his stomach and feeling sick. [Doc. 56-3, p. 5].
However, even after Mr. Minton returned from his first trip to the emergency
department, he reported feeling well. [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., pp. 154:4—155:4].
And despite complaints of a hernia, Mr. Minton appeared relatively healthy, if not
uncomfortable due to his hernia, during most of his incarceration between May 25th
and July 20th.
The events that started to unfold on July 20th and ran until his death, just over a
week later, sufficiently put Dr. Buczynsky on notice that Mr. Minton faced a risk of
serious harm. Starting on July 20th, Mr. Minton started vomiting with increased
frequency, complained of severe abdominal pain, and returned to the emergency room
following Nurse Bell’s evaluation. [Doc. 56-3, pp. 9, 83]; [Doc. 43-4, Bell Depo., pp.
94:23—95:6]. The evidence offered by Plaintiff shows that Mr. Minton continued to
vomit, had trouble with bowel movements, continued to experience abdominal pain,
possibly threw up blood or fecal matter and possibly passed out on different occasions.
[Doc. 56-3, pp. 3, 4, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 47, 49, 50, 51]. Dr. Buczynsky knew of Mr. Minton’s
medical issues that presented during this week because he evaluated him in person
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once and talked with Deputy Bradley and Nurse Eubanks multiple times regarding his
status. [Doc. 56-3, pp. 4, 29]; [Doc. 43-5, Bradley Depo., p. 103:2–19]; [Doc. 43-3, Eubanks
Depo., pp. 132:22—133:11]. Despite knowing of Mr. Minton’s worsening condition, Dr.
Buczynsky kept in place his standing orders of medication and liquid diet.
The Eleventh Circuit has stated that “[c]hoosing to deliberately disregard,
without any investigation or inquiry, everything [an] inmate says amounts to willful
blindness” that can impart constructive knowledge onto the willfully blind party.
Goebert, 510 F.3d at 1328. Based on the evidence Plaintiff presented and viewed in a light
most favorable to her, a reasonable jury could find that Dr. Buczynsky’s allegedly
cursory treatment of Mr. Minton constituted willful blindness so as to impart
constructive knowledge of the fact that he faced a risk of a serious harm. Because
evidence exists from which a jury could find that Dr. Buczynsky knew of Mr. Minton’s
risk, Plaintiff satisfies the first prong of the subjective awareness element.
The Court must next determine whether Dr. Buczynsky disregarded Mr.
Minton’s serious risk of harm. Dr. Buczynsky undeniably provided some medical care to
Mr. Minton during the course of his incarceration. Indeed, the Court finds that he likely
provided competent, constitutionally-sufficient medical care at various points while
providing Mr. Minton care. As such, the Court must tread hesitantly before finding that
evidence of a constitutional violation exists. See Paulk v. Ford, 826 Fed. App’x 797, 806
(11th Cir. 2020) (citing Waldrop, 871 F.2d at 1035). However, even when inmates
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previously received competent care, “one episode of gross conduct would be sufficient
for a jury to make a finding of deliberate indifference.” Rogers, 792 F.2d at 1062.
Despite administering some medical care to Mr. Minton, the Court finds Plaintiff
provided evidence from which a reasonable jury could determine he actually
disregarded that risk. Looking at the record in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the
evidence paints a picture of rapidly declining health for Mr. Minton, which became
readily apparent starting July 20, 2018, and a course of little to no action by Dr.
Buczynsky. Mr. Minton visited the local emergency department on July 20, 2018, a little
more than a week before he died, complaining of abdominal pain and vomiting. [Doc.
43-4, Bell Depo., pp. 94:23—95:6]; [Doc. 56-3, pp. 9, 83]. After returning from the
hospital—with instructions to return should his condition worsen—Mr. Minton
continued to struggle with abdominal pain, lack of bowel movements, and vomiting.
See [Doc. 43-5, Bradley Depo., p. 103:2–19]; [Doc. 56-3, pp. 4, 30, 32].
By the time Dr. Buczynsky examined Mr. Minton on July 24, he still complained
of vomiting and lack of bowel movements. [Doc. 43-2, Buczynsky Depo., p. 123:10–20];
[Doc. 56-3, p. 4]. Once Mr. Minton returned to the jail’s general population on July 25th,
his condition quickly worsened: fellow inmates testified that he was throwing up a dark
substance—either blood or fecal matter—and that he had been falling down. [Doc. 61-5,
Butts Depo., p. 24:20–23]; [Doc. 61-6, Lewis Aff., ¶¶ 6, 7]. This testimony coincides with

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what Mr. Minton reported to jail personnel, which prompted his return to medical
isolation on the 27th.8 [Doc. 56-3, p. 3].
Even assuming Dr. Buczynsky had not yet disregarded Mr. Minton’s health
problems, his actions (and inactions) on July 27th seriously call that assumption into
question. That morning, Nurse Eubanks notified Dr. Buczynsky that Mr. Minton
returned to medical isolation after possibly passing out. [Doc. 56-3, p. 3]. Despite later
reports that he had thrown up in his cell, Mr. Minton’s progress notes at 2:50 pm on
July 27th reflect an understanding between Nurse Eubanks and Dr. Buczynsky that the
liquid found in the cell was likely the chicken broth and red punch served at lunch. [Id.].
Despite believing Mr. Minton that he had vomited and passed out (a new symptom
showing his weakened state), Dr. Buczynsky chose to stand by his previous order given
that morning.
A reasonable jury could look at the evidence above and find that Dr. Buczynsky
disregarded the fact that Mr. Minton possibly faced a life-threatening complication from
his prior abdominal surgery. Mr. Minton had lost 17 pounds from his heaviest (184
pounds on May 15th) by the time Dr. Buczynsky last examined him in person (167
pounds on July 24th). He continued to vomit, struggled with having bowel movements,
constantly complained of cramping, and had possibly passed out. Instead of referring

In order to decide the question of deliberate indifference, a jury could certainly consider the 48-hour
delay in moving Mr. Minton back to medical isolation.
8

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Mr. Minton to the emergency department following the barrage of these worsening
(and new) conditions, Dr. Buczynsky prescribed acid reflux medication, a stool softener,
and kept Mr. Minton on a liquid diet—a diet that he had been on for at least five days
prior to his death, and would have been subject to for five more days had he survived.
Furthermore, a jury could find that Nurse Eubanks and Dr. Buczynsky didn’t
believe that Mr. Minton had actually vomited in his medical isolation cell the day
leading up to his death. Despite reporting to Nurse Eubanks that he vomited, Mr.
Minton’s progress notes seem to suggest that Nurse Eubanks believed that the liquid
was the chicken broth and red punch served at lunch. In a light most favorable to
Plaintiff, a jury could infer that Nurse Eubanks and Dr. Buczynsky chose to disregard
Mr. Minton’s report and believe that he spilled his lunch instead. 9 This inference
suggests that Dr. Buczynsky directly disregarded Mr. Minton’s risk.
Despite the possibility of surgical complications, the worsening conditions, the
severe weight loss, and the continued complaints, a jury could determine that Dr.
Buczynsky chose the path of least resistance and status quo. Accordingly, a jury could
find that his actions evince a disregard for Mr. Minton’s risk of serious harm because
they were so basic, so minimal or so cursory that they really amounted to no treatment

Indeed, Plaintiff’s expert, Dr. Lutz, raised this point. See [Doc. 53-3, Lutz Depo., p. 159:7–13 (“I tried to
justify in my mind how Mr. Minton says he vomits all over and how nurses say that it’s just spilled soup.
. . . That’s the only—I’m trying to reconcile that in my mind.”)].
9

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at all. See Waldrop, 871 F.2d at 1035 (citing Rogers, 792 F.2d at 1058); McElligott, 182 F.3d
at 1255 (citations omitted).
Last, the Court must decide whether Plaintiff has offered enough evidence from
which a jury could find that Dr. Buczynsky’s actions constituted more than gross
negligence. The meaning of this element “is not self-evident.” Goebert, 510 F.3d at 1327.
In fact, the Eleventh Circuit recently stated that there is an “inconsistency” in its case
law with respect to the description of “this element as exceeding gross negligence or as
exceeding mere negligence.” Smith v. Wood, 2021 WL 4452526, at *3 (11th Cir. Sept. 29,
2021). In Smith, the Eleventh Circuit asserted that conduct must be “the equivalent of
recklessly disregarding the risk.” Id. (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 836, 839 (quoting
Model Penal Code § 2.02(2)(c))). The Model Penal Code defines recklessness as a
conscious disregard of a substantial and unjustifiable risk. Model Penal Code §
2.02(2)(c). In accordance with this definition, the Court finds that a reasonable jury
could find that Dr. Buczynsky consciously disregarded Mr. Minton’s risk of harm, and
as a result acted with recklessness sufficient for a claim of deliberate indifference to
stand.
Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Plaintiff has provided sufficient
evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that Dr. Buczynsky subjectively
disregarded Mr. Minton’s serious risk of medical harm so that a jury must ultimately
decide the issue. By making this determination, the Court isn’t deciding that Dr.
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Buczynsky violated Mr. Minton’s constitutional rights or that he committed medical
malpractice. The Court’s decision merely reflects that Plaintiff provided enough
evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact. And, because a genuine issue of
material fact exists, the Court cannot grant summary judgment and must hold a trial so
that a jury can decide the issue. See Sconiers, F.3d at 1263. As such, the Court finds that
her claim of deliberate indifference to provide medical care pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983
may go forward. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants’ summary judgment
motion with respect to this claim.
3.

Plaintiff’s Medical Negligence Claim

Plaintiff also brings a state law claim of medical negligence against Dr.
Buczynsky alleging that he “owned [sic] Mr. Minton the standard of medical care
required of physicians,” that he “breached the duty of care,” and finally that his breach
was the direct and proximate cause of Mr. Minton’s death. Complaint & Demand for
Jury Trial, Minton v. Bradley, et al., No. 5:20-cv-00298-TES (M.D. Ga. July 23, 2020), ECF
No. 1, ¶¶ 124, 125, 130. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges Dr. Buczynsky failed to “fully
review and act appropriately as a result of the changes in and worsening of Mr.
Minton’s conditions.” Id. at ¶ 128. Defendants contend that Dr. Buczynsky met the
applicable standard of care and that “[t]here is no expert testimony adequate to prove
that [his] care of Mr. Minton departed from the standard of care, nor that any such
negligence was a proximate cause of Mr. Minton’s death.” [Doc. 56-2, p. 7].
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Georgia law provides that “a person professing to practice . . . the administering
of medicine for compensation must bring to the exercise of his profession a reasonable
degree of care and skill.” O.C.G.A. § 51-1-27. Further, “[a]ny injury resulting from a
want of such care and skill shall be a tort for which a recovery may be had.” Id. Georgia
courts have interpreted this statute to require plaintiffs seeking recovery in a medical
malpractice action to prove: “(1) the duty inherent in the doctor-patient relationship; (2)
the breach of that duty by failing to exercise the requisite degree of skill and care; and
(3) that this failure [was] the proximate cause of the injury sustained.” Zwiren v.
Thompson, 578 S.E.2d 862, 864 (Ga. 2003) (quoting Hawkins v. Greenberg, 304 S.E.2d 922
(Ga. Ct. App. 1983).
In such cases, Georgia law presumes that “medical services were performed in
an ordinary and skillful manner[.]” Overstreet v. Nickelsen, 317 S.E.2d 583, 587 (Ga. Ct.
App. 1984). “The proof required to rebut that presumption must come from expert
medical witnesses.” Id. Thus, in a medical malpractice action, medical expert testimony
is not merely a suggestion to prove the causation prong, it is a requirement. Zwiren, 578
S.E.2d at 866; see Bowling v. Foster, 562 S.E.2d 776, 780 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002) (A “plaintiff is
usually required to ‘offer expert medical testimony to the effect that the defendantdoctor failed to exercise that degree of care and skill which would ordinarily have been
employed by the medical profession generally under the circumstances.’”) (citation
omitted; emphasis added); Porter v. Guill, 681 S.E.2d 230, 235 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009) (“To
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recover in a medical malpractice case, a plaintiff must demonstrate, by expert
testimony, a violation of the applicable medical standard of care [and] also that the
purported violation [of] or deviation from the proper standard of care is the proximate
cause of the injury sustained.”).
The reason why expert testimony is necessary in a medical malpractice action,
and not in an ordinary negligence action can be summarized as follows:
A malpractice claim requires expert testimony because the court and the
jury must have a standard measure which they are to use in measuring
the acts of the professional in determining whether he exercised a
reasonable degree of care and skill in caring out his professional duties.
The proper standard of measurement is to be established by testimony of
professionals; for it is a professional question.
Roberts v. Quick Rx Drugs, Inc., 807 S.E.2d 476, 480 (Ga. Ct. App. 2017) (quoting
Hopkinson v. Labovitz,28 499 S.E.2d 338, 339 (Ga. Ct. App. 1998)); see Wagner v. Timms,
281 S.E.2d 295, 297 (Ga. Ct. App. 1981) (“Testimony establishing the proper medical
standard [is] required because a jury cannot reasonably be expected to apply negligence
principles to medical conduct absent competent evidence of what degree of skill and
care the medical profession generally would have exercised under similar
circumstances.”). Accordingly, a plaintiff alleging professional malpractice must present
expert testimony to establish the proper medical standard of conduct.
Plaintiff’s proffered expert testimony must be based on “more than mere chance
or speculation” but does not need to use “the magic words ‘reasonable degree of
medical certainty.’” Anthony v. Chambless, 500 S.E.2d 402, 404–05 (Ga. Ct. App. 1998)
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(citing Abdul-Majeed v. Emory Univ. Hosp. 484 S.E.2d (Ga. Ct. App. 1997) overruled on
other grounds by Ezor v. Thompson, 526 S.E.2d 609 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999)). This standard
“has no greater meaning than a preponderance of the evidence, and the standard of
proof is preponderance of the evidence as to medical causation.” Estate of Patterson v.
Fulton-DeKalb Hosp. Auth., 505 S.E.2d 232, 234 (Ga. Ct. App. 1998).
Defendants’ arguments that the evidence shows that Dr. Buczynsky met the
applicable standard of care and that no expert testimony can controvert that fact simply
miss the mark. Defendants focus their first argument on the fact that Dr. Lutz testified
that Dr. Buczynsky met the standard of care on each of the four occasions he examined
Mr. Minton in person. See [Doc. 56-2, p. 7]. Dr. Lutz, in fact, did testify to this effect.
However, Dr. Lutz’s expert report also identified numerous occasions where Dr.
Buczynsky and CorrCare generally departed from the applicable standard of care and
specifically departed from the applicable standard of care when treating Mr. Minton.
See [Doc. 61-7, pp. 10–13]. Dr. Lutz asserted that he holds these opinions to a reasonable
degree of medical certainty. [Id. at p. 10]. Indeed, the Court already determined that
Plaintiff has offered enough evidence from which a jury could find that Dr. Buczynsky
acted with deliberate indifference in failing to provide Mr. Minton adequate medical
care—a standard that is markedly higher than required to go to trial on a simple
medical negligence claim. Because the Court allowed Plaintiff’s claim of deliberate

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indifference to go forward, then surely it must allow her claim of medical negligence to
go forward as well.
At bottom, the parties have provided two experts with differing opinions on the
ultimate issue for this claim—whether Dr. Buczynsky breached the duty of care he
owed Mr. Minton. Plaintiff has offered enough evidence of medical negligence to allow
the jury to hear all of the evidence and decide whether she met her burden of proof.
Juries exist for this exact reason—to serve as an impartial fact finder. As such, the Court
finds that there is clearly a triable issue of fact suitable for a jury to decide. Accordingly,
the Court DENIES Defendants’ motion with respect to this claim and allows Plaintiff’s
medical negligence claim to go forward.
4.

Plaintiff’s Claim for Punitive Damages

Plaintiff brings a claim for punitive damages against Defendants alleging their
acts as “willful, wanton, malicious and so extreme and oppressive as to entitle” her to
them. Complaint & Demand for Jury Trial, Minton v. Bradley, et al., No. 5:20-cv-00298TES (M.D. Ga. July 23, 2020), ECF No. 1, ¶ 133. Plaintiff did not specify in her
Complaint whether she brings this claim under federal law or state law. However,
Plaintiff argued in her Response that she is entitled to punitive damages under both
federal and state law. Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claims for punitive damages
“[are] unsupported by the evidence and should be dismissed.” [Doc. 56-2, p. 8]. The

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Court discusses the appropriateness of punitive damages under both federal and state
law.
a. Federal Law Claim
“Generally, before an award of punitive damages is authorized in a civil rights
action the jury must find, and the evidence must support its decision, that the defendant
was motivated by an evil motive or intent, or there must be reckless or callous
indifference to federally protected rights.” Anderson v. City of Atlanta, 778 F.2d 678, 688
(11th Cir. 1985) (citing Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30 (1983) (emphasis added)). Punitive
damages are available in proper § 1983 actions. See Smith, 461 U.S. at 35. “It is, indeed,
fair to say that acting or failing to act with deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of
serious harm to a prisoner is the equivalent of recklessly disregarding that risk.” Farmer,
511 U.S. at 836. Because the Court previously determined that Plaintiff provided
enough evidence to move forward with her claim of deliberate indifference, it also
determines that she can move forward with her federal claims for punitive damages.
b. State Law Claim
Georgia law provides that “[p]unitive damages may be awarded only in such
tort actions in which it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant’s
actions showed willful misconduct, malice, fraud, wantonness, oppression, or that
entire want of care which would raise the presumption of conscious indifference to
consequences.” O.C.G.A. § 51-12-5.1(b) (emphasis added). The Court found that Plaintiff
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provided enough evidence to sustain her claim of deliberate indifference, which
requires the showing that Dr. Buczynsky acted with recklessness with respect to Mr.
Minton’s substantial risk of serious harm. The Court finds that Georgia’s punitive
damages statute adequately captures such a deliberate indifference claim. As such, the
Court finds that Plaintiff provided evidence to put the question of punitive damages to
a jury. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants’ summary judgment motion with
respect to Plaintiff’s claims for punitive damages.
CONCLUSION
As detailed above, the Court DENIES in part and GRANTS in part Plaintiff’s
Motion in Limine [Doc. 43] by admitting Dr. Bates’ fifth opinion and excluding his sixth
opinion. Further, the Court DENIES Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc.
56] and determines that Plaintiff can move forward on her claims against Defendants
Buczynsky and CorrCare.
The Court will shortly issue an order requiring the parties to confer and present a
pretrial order to the Court in preparation of this case proceeding to trial. The Court will
tentatively schedule this case for trial in its August 2022 term, with a pretrial conference
scheduled in July. The parties should immediately begin to secure their respective
witnesses. Should the parties wish to make another attempt at mediation, they should
ensure that the mediation is complete before July 15, 2022.

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SO ORDERED, this 6th day of May, 2022.
S/ Tilman E. Self, III__________________
TILMAN E. SELF, III, JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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