Sams et al v. GA West Gate, LLC et al
Filing
77
ORDER granting in part and denying in part 39 Motion to Stay; granting 68 Motion for Extension of Time to File; denying 71 Motion for Reconsideration. Pursuant to Rule 21, the Court removes Debra Truell as a party. The Clerk is directed to un-refer plaintiffs' motion to amend. Doc 40. Signed by Magistrate Judge G. R. Smith on 6/10/16. (wwp)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA
SAVANNAH DIVISION
TENYIKA SAMS et al.,
Plaintiffs,
Case No. CV415-282
V.
GA WEST GATE, LLC et al.,
Defendant.
ORDER
In this Fair Housing Act (FHA) case, plaintiffs contend that their
current and former landlords and the City of Garden City discriminated
against them on the basis of race.
See doe. 31. Defendants CHG
Westgate, LLC (CHG) and American Apartment Management Company
(AAMC) 1 move to dismiss, arguing that plaintiffs fail to state claims. See
does. 34-1 & 36. Those motions are before the district judge.
Before the undersigned is CHG and AAMC's motion to stay
discovery pending resolution of their motions to dismiss (doe. 39);
plaintiffs' motions for leave to file a second amended complaint (doe. 40),
and for an extension of time to move to substitute Clyde Campbell for
1
CHG is the current owner of the apartment complex at the center of this FHA
storm. Doe. 34-1 at 3. AAMC manages the property for CHG. Id.
deceased plaintiff Debra Truell (doe. 68); and defendants' motion for
reconsideration of the Court's Order allowing substitution of Jeanine
Belalcazar for deceased plaintiff Carmen Rivers. Doc. 71.
I. BACKGROUND
After plaintiffs amended their Complaint a first time, CHG and
AAMC moved to dismiss (does. 34 & 36) and to stay discovery. Doc. 39.
Three days later, on March 28, 2016, defendant City of Garden City filed
a suggestion of death "noting the deaths of plaintiffs Debra Truell and
Carmen Rivers . . . prior to the filing of this suit."'
Doc. 37 at 1
(emphasis added). At the same time as they responded to those motions,
plaintiffs moved to amend their Complaint a second time. Doc. 40. They
said nothing about the deaths of Rivers and Truell until May 3, 2016,
when they moved to substitute Jeanine Belalcazar for Rivers. Doc. 57.
The Court granted that motion (doe. 62) without waiting for
defendants' response. Shortly thereafter, plaintiffs filed their extension
motion regarding Truell (doe. 68) (which defendants oppose, doe. 69) and
defendants moved the Court to reconsider its earlier substitution Order.
2
CHG and AAMC had by that point already suggested Truell's, but not Rivers',
death. Doc. 23 (filed February 17, 2016). And Garden City, three days before filing
its suggestion of death, asserted in its Answer four affirmative defenses related to
Rivers' and Truell's deaths. Doc. 35 at 2-3 (filed March 25, 2016).
2
Doc. 71. The Court treats the death-related motions first and then turns
to the interrelated motions to stay and amend.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Death Motions
Plaintiffs' motion for extension of time to "complete substitution of
party" (doe. 68) and defendants' motion for reconsideration (doe. 71)
each involve, in slightly different ways, the permissibility of substituting
a new party for one who died prior to a multi-plaintiff action's filing.
Defendants argue that a deceased person has no legal existence and thus
that any suit brought in his or her name is a legal nullity. Doc. 71 at 5.
Because of that, they urge, any substitution also is a nullity.
Id. at 9.
The Court's Order allowing substitution therefore is contrary to law and
any extension of time to move for substitution moot. Id.; doe. 70 at 1.
Disagreeing, plaintiffs highlight that "the complaint [they] seek to
amend is not void ab initio because all plaintiffs except Rivers and Truell
are alive and therefore legally exist." Doc. 75 at 17. Even if Rivers
and Truell had no legal existence (and thus no capacity to sue) at its
inception, this action -- which indisputably was filed by a group that
included living and still-alive plaintiffs -- therefore survives their deaths.
3
Id. Coupled with the authority to add or drop parties at any time (see
Fed. R. Civ. P. 21), that, say plaintiffs, enables the Court to substitute
the administrators of the Truell and Rivers' estates. Id.
As both parties recognize:
'Only a real party in interest has the capacity to bring a lawsuit.'
Tennyson v. ASCAP, 477 F. App'x 608, 610 (11th Cir. 2012) (citing
Fed.R.Civ.P. 17(a), (b)). 'The capacity doctrine relates to the issue
of a party's personal right to litigate in federal court.' Id. (quoting
Glickstein v. Sun Bank/Miami, N.A., 922 F.2d 666, 670 (11th Cir.
1991), abrogated on other grounds by Saxton v. ACF Indus., Inc.,
254 F.3d 959 1 963 (11th Cir. 2001)). '[A] party must have a legal
existence as a prerequisite to having the capacity to sue or be sued.'
Adeisberger v. United States, 58 Fed. Cl. 616, 618 (Fed. Cl. 2003)
('The question presented is whether an action can be initiated in
the name of a deceased person. We think the answer is plainly,
'no."). Indeed, a deceased individual cannot be a party to a lawsuit.
In re Engle Gases, 2013 WL 8115442 at * 2 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 22, 2013),
affd, 767 F.3d 1082 (11th Cir. 2014); see also Mathews v. Cleveland, 159
Ga. App. 616, 617 (1981) ("A deceased person cannot be a party to legal
proceedings.").
Truell and Rivers both predeceased this action's commencement.
See doc. 37 at 1. Neither, then, is, or ever was, a proper party. Their
estates' administrators consequently may not be substituted as proper
parties. See In re Engle Cases, 2013 WL 8115442 at * 3 ("[A] personal
injury suit cannot be commenced by a dead person and thus, these claims
4
are nullities that must be dismissed. As such, no substitution or
amendment can save these claims."). Were they the only two plaintiffs
involved, this case too would be "a mere nullity" and no substitution or
addition of parties permissible. Mathews, 159 Ga. App. at 617; see also
Banakus v. United Aircraft Corp., 290 F. Supp. 259, 260 (S.D.N.Y. 1968)
(motion to substitute and amend denied because "[t]he action [was] void
at its inception, [and] there were no claims capable of amendment,"
where plaintiff died approximately thirty-five minutes prior to his
attorney filing suit).
Fourteen other plaintiffs joined Rivers and Truell in filing suit,
however. And no party suggests those plaintiffs ever lacked the existence
or capacity necessary to file suit. Hence, the Complaint carries on
without Rivers and Truell. Put differently, their deaths do not
undermine the claims of the remaining plaintiffs -- just their own
(though not, as discussed below, those of their estates).'
The cases defendants cite do not suggest a contrary conclusion. In each, the court
dismissed the action because the only plaintiffs involved died before its inception.
See, e.g., Destasio v, A-C Products Liability Trust, 311 F.R.D. 152 (E.D. Pa. 2015)
("[I]n each of these cases the only plaintiffs named in the original complaints died
before the complaints were filed on their behalf."); In re Engle Cases, 2013 WL
8115442 at * 2 (dismissing 521 individually-filed product liability cases because the
individual plaintiffs all predeceased filing). None of the cases involved multi-plaintiff
complaints where, as here, fewer than all plaintiffs died before filing suit.
5
The question, with substitution a non-starter, thus becomes: is it
proper to now add parties? Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 21, a court, "[o]n
motion or on its own . . . may at any time, on just terms, add or drop a
party." And Rule 20 contemplates joinder of plaintiffs if "they assert any
right to relief. . . with respect to or arising out of the same transaction,
occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences[,] and any question of
law or fact common to all plaintiffs will arise in the action." Fed. R. Civ.
P. 20(a)(1). Consequently, a "court's decision to permit joinder [under
Rule 211 is based on whether the claims of the additional plaintiffs arose
out of the same or separate acts or occurrences, whether the party
seeking joinder has unnecessarily delayed the proceedings, and whether
the nonmovant would be prejudiced by the addition." Four Star Capital
Corp. v. Nynex Corp., 183 F.R.D. 91, 98 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (cites omitted).
Truell and Rivers' claims (regardless of ultimate merit) without
question "aris[e] out of the same" set of facts as those of other plaintiffs
and involve common questions. See, e.g., doc. 31 at 23-24 ("Rivers [and
Truell were] subjected to the same pattern of discriminatory treatment
and intimidation suffered by other plaintiffs. . . ."). And defendants
Consequently, nothing about those cases suggests that entire complaints must perish
because the claims of a few technically never existed. For the same reason, they also
do not prohibit adding new parties to replace deceased plaintiffs.
won't suffer any prejudice (other than the inherent prejudice of
additional liability exposure) from adding two new parties because (1)
their claims will mirror those of existing plaintiffs, and (2) this case
remains mired in pre-discovery motions machinations. Adding
replacement parties for Truell and Rivers therefore is appropriate.
That, in turn, means that reconsideration of the Court's Order
substituting Jeanine Belalcazar for Rivers is inappropriate. Although
it's true that courts cannot substitute for a person who died before filing
suit, In re Engle Cases, 2013 WL 8115442 at * 3, granting
reconsideration here while at the same time approving the addition of
new parties would force a pointless exercise: the Court would vacate the
substitution of Belalcazar for Rivers (grant reconsideration), then add
Belalcazar as a party. The Court will not hop on that inefficient merrygo-round, so it DENIES defendants' motion for reconsideration. Doc.
71.
Plaintiffs' extension motion, however, rides a slightly different set
of rails. Unlike Rivers, Truell's estate lacks an administrator that could
press her claims. Her son apparently filed for letters of administration
on May 13, 2016, see doe. 68-2 at 2, but they have not yet arrived. Hence,
7
the requested extension of time to move to substitute.
See doe. 68. In
that regard, these plaintiffs note that they sought the extension before
Fed. R. Civ. P. 25's 90 day time period expired.
Id. at 1. They also
contend that an extension would not prejudice CHG and AAMC because
they "have moved to delay litigation of this action while their motions to
dismiss are pending." Id. at 2 (cites omitted).
The Court agrees. As discussed above, it is entirely appropriate to
add a party whose claims mirror those of other plaintiffs and whose
addition imposes no prejudice on defendants. Because an additional
slight delay, regardless of whether the Court grants defendants' stay
motion, will not meaningfully increase that prejudice or hamper this
case's progress, the Court GRANTS plaintiffs' extension motion (doe.
68). Plaintiffs have until August 1, 2016 to move to add Truell's estate's
administrator as a party. In the meantime, pursuant to Rule 21, the
Court removes Debra Truell as a party.
B. Motion to Amend
"Very few of the Plaintiffs," say CHG and AAMC, "have included
any allegations [in the Complaint] with respect to [them], and the ones
who have simply have failed to allege facts to support discrimination
under the [FHA] and conspiracy pursuant to Sections 1985(3) and 1986."
Doc. 39 at 5. They therefore want a stay pending a decision on their
motions to dismiss in order to avoid the "substantial and unnecessary
harm and expense" from participating in useless discovery. Id. at 2.
Plaintiffs, of course, disagree that their Complaint suffers any
deficiencies. Even if it does, they argue that "a lack of sufficient factual
allegations" is a curable defect and one they "have, in fact, sought to
cure" through their motion to amend. Doc. 60 at 4. They also highlight
that CHG and AAMC are only two of six defendants and contend that
"[w]here a plaintiff pursues multiple interrelated claims against multiple
defendants . . . [and] where the defendants will be subject to discovery
whether or not their motion to dismiss is granted. . . [that] a stay is not
appropriate." Id. at 5.
Once the time for "as a matter of course" pleading amendments
passes (as it has in this case, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1)), a party must
ask permission to amend its complaint. Id. at (a)(2). Still, courts should
"freely give leave when justice so requires." Id.
The thrust of Rule 15(a) is to allow parties to have their claims
heard on the merits, and accordingly, district courts should
liberally grant leave to amend when 'the underlying facts or
circumstances relied upon by a plaintiff may be a proper subject of
relief.' Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178 1 182 1 83 S. Ct. 227, 230, 9
L.Ed.2d 222 (1962). Nevertheless, a motion for leave to amend may
appropriately be denied '(1) where there has been undue delay, bad
faith, dilatory motive, or repeated failure to cure deficiencies by
amendments previously allowed; (2) where allowing amendment
would cause undue prejudice to the opposing party; or (3) where
amendment would be futile.' Bryant v. Dupree, 252 F.3d 1161, 1163
(11th Cir. 2001).
In re Engle Cases, 767 F.3d 1082, 1108-09 (11th Cir. 2014).
Neither prejudice nor delay exists here. Although it's true that
plaintiffs moved to amend after defendants filed their motions to dismiss,
that is not a disqualifying delay because discovery has not begun, at least
one defendant remains to be served, and there isn't yet a scheduling
order set.
See Bryant v. Dupree, 252 F.3d 1161, 1164 (11th Cir. 2001)
("The lengthy nature of litigation, without any other evidence of
prejudice to the defendants or bad faith on the part of the plaintiffs, does
not justify denying the plaintiffs the opportunity to amend their
complaint. See Floyd v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., 872 F.2d 1462, 1490 (11th
Cir.1989) ("The mere passage of time, without anything more, is an
insufficient reason to deny leave to amend."), rev'd on other grounds, 499
U.S. 530, 111 S.Ct. 1489, 113 L.Ed.2d 569 (1990)."). At worst,
amendment moots the dismissal motions and renders the time spent
drafting them sunk costs.
10
CHG and AAMC insist that plaintiffs had ample time to investigate
their claims. They point to the years between plaintiffs' 2013 HUD
complaints (an administrative remedy) and October 2015 initial
Complaint; the five months between filing suit and their first amended
Complaint; and the months since then.. Doc. 65 at 5-6. Despite that,
defendants say, plaintiffs only now, in a third iteration of their
Complaint, allege facts tying CHG and AAMC to their claims. Id. That,
to defendants, is undue delay that caused prejudice.
Id. at 6 (citing
Campbell v. Emory Clinic, 166 F.3d 1157, 1162 (11th Cir. 1999)).
Not so. As noted above, the mere passage of time -- even if years -does not, absent something more, create prejudice. Bryant, 252 F.3d at
1164. Unlike Campbell, where the "motions for leave to amend were
filed more than one year after discovery had ended, after dispositive
motions had been filed, and between five-and-six years after the lawsuits
were begun," 166 F.3d at 1162, all that has occurred here is the passage
of time (from October 2015 to the present) and the filing of motions to
dismiss specific to CHG and AAMC (i.e., their success would not destroy
the plaintiffs' entire case). Defendants have spent no resources engaging
in discovery, the proposed amended complaint adds no new claims
11
against any defendant (indeed, it eliminates claims), and allowing
amendment will cause no scheduling issues (no scheduling order exists,
yet). Under those circumstances, the Court declines to find undue delay
or prejudice.
That leaves futility.
'When a district court denies the plaintiff leave to amend a
complaint due to futility, the court is making the legal conclusion
that the complaint, as amended, would necessarily fail.' St. Charles
Foods, Inc. v. Am.'s Favorite Chicken Co., 198 F.3d 815, 822-23
(11th Cir. 1999). The futility threshold is akin to that for a motion
to dismiss; thus, if the amended complaint could not survive Rule
12(b)(6) scrutiny, then the amendment is futile and leave to amend
is properly denied. See, e.g., Burger King corp. v. Weaver, 169 F.3d
1310, 1320 (11th Cir. 1999) (denial of leave to amend justified by
futility when "complaint as amended is still subject to dismissal");
Florida Power & Light Co. v. Allis Chalmers Corp., 85 F.3d 1514,
1520 (11th Cir. 1996) (amendment is futile if cause of action
asserted therein could not withstand motion to dismiss); Amick v.
BM & KM, Inc., 275 F. Supp. 2d 1378, 1381 (N.D. Ga. 2003) ("In
the Eleventh Circuit, a proposed amendment is futile when the
allegations of the proffered complaint would be unable to withstand
a motion to dismiss.").
Seacore Marine, LLC v. C & G Boat Works, Inc., 2016 WL 866347 at * 1
(S.D. Ala. Mar. 3, 2016).
That analysis duplicates the one the district judge will conduct
when deciding CHG and AAMC's motions to dismiss. And that risks
inconsistent decisions if the undersigned finds the amendment
12
worthwhile (not futile), but the district judge then grants the motions to
dismiss
(i.e.,
decides it's futile). Because of that inextricable
intertwinement, the Court DIRECTS the Clerk to unrefer plaintiffs'
motion to amend. Doc. 40.
C. Defendants' Motion to Stay
CHG and AAMC's final request is that the Court pause discovery
until the district judge decides their motions to dismiss. Doc. 39. Long
has the Eleventh Circuit recognized that:
[f]acial challenges to the legal sufficiency of a claim or defense, such
as a motion to dismiss based on failure to state a claim for relief,
should . . . be resolved before discovery begins. Such a dispute
always presents a purely legal question; there are no issues of fact
because the allegations contained in the pleading are presumed to
be true. See Mitchell v. Duval County Sch. Bd., 107 F.3d 837, 838 n.
1 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam). Therefore, neither the parties nor
the court have any need for discovery before the court rules on the
motion. See Kaylor v. Fields, 661 F.2d 1177, 1184 (8th Cir. 1981)
("Discovery should follow the filing of a well-pleaded complaint. It
is not a device to enable a plaintiff to make a case when his
complaint has failed to state a claim.").
chudasama v. Mazda Motor Corp., 123 F.3d 1353, 1367 (11th Cir. 1997);
see also SP Frederica, LLC v. Glynn Cty., 2015 WL 5242830 at * 2 (S.D.
Ga. Sept. 8, 2015) (discovery in mandamus action against municipality
stayed pending resolution of nonfrivolous motion to dismiss).
13
As many courts have noted, however, "Chudasama does not stand
for the proposition that all discovery in every circumstance should
be stayed pending a decision on a motion to dismiss. Instead,
Oiudasama and its progeny stand for the much narrower
proposition that courts should not delay ruling on a likely
meritorious motion to dismiss while undue discovery costs mount."
Alexander v. Alien, 2014 WL 3887476 at * 1 (M.D. Fla. Aug.7, 2014)
(citations and internal quotations omitted); accord Jones v. Bank of
America Corp., 2013 WL 5657700 at * 2 (M.D. Ga. Oct.15, 2013)
("[N]othing in Chudasama ... means discovery should be stayed as
a matter of course whenever a defendant files a motion to
dismiss."); Reilley v. Amy's Kitchen, Inc., 2013 WL 3929709 at * 1
(S.D. Fla. July 31, 2013) ("[T]here is no general rule that discovery
be stayed while a pending motion to dismiss is resolved.").
S. Motors Chevrolet, Inc. v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 2014 WL 5644089 at * 1
(S.D. Ga. Nov. 4, 2014). Consequently, when a party seeks a stay
pending resolution of a motion to dismiss, a "court must take a
'preliminary peek' at a dispositive motion to assess the likelihood that
the motion will be granted. McCabe v. Foley, 233 F.R.D. 683, 685 (M.D.
Fla. 2006) (citing Feldman v. Flood, 176 F.R.D. 651 1 652 (M.D. Fla.
1997)); Arriaga-Zacarias v. Lewis Taylor Farms, 2008 WL 4544470 at *
2 (M.D. Ga. Oct. 10, 2008). Generally, a stay should be granted only
where the motion to dismiss appears, upon preliminary review, 'to be
clearly meritorious and truly case dispositive,' Feldman, 176 F.R.D. at
652-53 (emphasis added), rendering discovery a mere futile exercise."
Id.
14
With plaintiffs' motion to amend still pending, a question arises as
to which Complaint -- the first amended or second amended -- CHG and
AAMC's motions to dismiss apply. That uncertainty matters a great deal
because defendants' arguments pack more punch when applied to the
current Complaint than they do with the proposed Second Amended
Complaint (SAC). For starters, the SAC drops 42 U.S.C. ยง 1986 claims
(which CHG and AAMC both moved to dismiss, doe 36 at 14; doe. 34-1 at
10) and clarifies which plaintiffs assert claims against which defendant
(another motion to dismiss line of attack, see doe. 34-1 at 7; doe. 36 at 8).
It also addresses defendants' overarching concern -- factual allegations
insufficient to state a claim -- by adding new facts specific to CHG and
AAMC that are relevant to plaintiffs' disparate impact theory (see, e.g.,
doe. 40-1 at 39), and "clarifying which discriminatory housing practices
plaintiffs allege that CHG [and] AAMC committed." Doc. 40 at 3 (citing
doe 40-1 at 43-44).
Taken as true, the allegations in plaintiffs' SAC suggest that CHG
and AAMC may indeed have violated the FHA (whether or not all of
plaintiffs' claims would survive a motion to dismiss is a different
question) and, thus, that their motions to dismiss are no "slam-dunk."
15
Southern Motors, 2014 WL 5644089 at * 3. By contrast, the First
Amended Complaint's (FAC) claim edifice shows substantial cracks after
confronting defendants' arguments. Hence, deciding which Complaint -the FAC or SAC -- is the operative pleading (i.e., deciding the motion to
amend) may well decide the propriety of a stay and the motions to
dismiss.
The district judge will make that decision sometime in the future.
In the meantime, a motion to stay remains pending. And considerations
separate from the merit of CHG and AAMC's motions to dismiss factor
into deciding that issue. Plaintiffs point out that, regardless of whether
the operative pleading is the FAC or SAC, they "allege that the City of
Garden City, working with the owners and operators of the Westgate
Apartments, targeted the residents of the apartments for discriminatory
evictions. . . . Even if defendants CHG and AAMC prevail on their
motions to dismiss, they will still be subject to discovery requests
regarding their treatment of plaintiffs and interactions with the City."
Doc. 60 at 5. In particular, as "successor landlords . . . [they] would
retain. . . tenant files and operations documents maintained by the prior
landlords." Id. Those documents, say plaintiffs, "are relevant to [their]
16
claims against the City and" will be sought "from CHG Westgate and
AAMC, whether or not they are defendants." Id.
Defendants insist that "simply is not true." Doc. 73 at 4. "If
AAMC and CHG are dismissed from this case . . . [they] likely will be
subjected to only a very small amount of discovery. . . ."
Id. at 4-5.
Because (1) "[p]laintiffs do not need compulsory party discovery to
acquire th[o]se documents," and (2) denial of a stay will subject
defendants "to very onerous discovery, as this case likely will require
expert testimony and heavy reliance on statistics," CHG and AAMC urge
the Court to grant their motion. Id. at 5.
Both parties make compelling arguments. Staying discovery now
only to have CHG and AAMC respond to third-party discovery requests
later should the district judge grant their motions to dismiss doesn't
make sense. But neither does allowing discovery to proceed if doing so
will subject defendants to onerous and expensive evidence development
whose necessity the motions to dismiss ultimately moots. Weighing the
cost of delaying discovery against the probability that the pending
motions will eliminate the need for that discovery, the Court finds that,
in this case, the scale tips in favor of a partial stay.
17
Plaintiffs may propound discovery requests to CHG and AAMC
that involve evidence whose relevance is divorced from defendants'
status as parties. Put differently, anything that would be a proper
subject of a Fed. R. Civ. P. 45 subpoena should CHG and AAMC prevail
on their motions to dismiss may be obtained now.' Should the district
judge ultimately grant plaintiffs' motion to amend and deny CHG and
AAMC's motions to dismiss, full discovery may commence.
III. CONCLUSION
Plaintiffs' motion for extension of time to move for substitution
(doe. 68) is GRANTED. Plaintiffs have until August 1, 2016 to move to
add Truell's estate's administrator as a party. Pursuant to Rule 21, the
Court removes Debra Truell as a party. The Clerk is DIRECTED to
amend the case caption accordingly.
Defendants' motions for reconsideration (doe. 71) is DENIED,
while their motion to stay discovery (doe. 39) is GRANTED IN PART
AND DENIED IN PART. Plaintiffs may seek evidence from CHG and
AAMC that would be the proper subject of third-party subpoenas were
The Court trusts plaintiffs, CHG, and AAMC to confer on precisely what
documents and testimony fall within that definition before seeking additional judicial
guidance.
18
defendants not parties to this case. The Clerk is DIRECTED to un-refer
plaintiffs' motion to amend. Doc. 40. Finally, given the Court's
resolution of the motion to stay (which the Rule 26(f) report
understandably fails to account for), the parties must confer and submit
to the Court a proposed scheduling order within fourteen days of the date
this Order is served.
SO ORDERED, this 10th day of June, 2016.
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA
19
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?