Takeuchi v. McHugh
Filing
50
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS, OR IN THE ALTERNATIVE, FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT, DOC. NO. 39 . Signed by JUDGE J. MICHAEL SEABRIGHT on 10/27/2015. (afc)CERTIFICATE OF SERVICEParticipants register ed to receive electronic notifications received this document electronically at the e-mail address listed on the Notice of Electronic Filing (NEF). Participants not registered to receive electronic notifications were served by first class mail on the date of this docket entry
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF HAWAII
PATRICK TAKEUCHI,
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
vs.
)
)
JOHN M. McHUGH,
)
Secretary of the Army,
)
)
Defendant.
)
______________________________ )
CIV. NO. 14-00299 JMS-KSC
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S
MOTION TO DISMISS, OR IN THE
ALTERNATIVE, FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT, DOC. NO. 39
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS, OR IN THE
ALTERNATIVE, FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT, DOC. NO. 39
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Patrick Takeuchi (“Plaintiff”), proceeding pro se, asserts that
the United States Army (“Army”) discriminated against him on the basis of his
gender after terminating him for failing a random drug test for the second time.
Specifically, Plaintiff is suing John M. McHugh, Secretary of the Army
(“Defendant”), pursuant to Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e5, for “employment discrimination and wrongful termination.” Doc. No. 12, Am.
Compl. at 1.
Currently before the court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, or in the
Alternative, for Summary Judgment (“Motion”). Doc. No. 39. Based on the
following, the court GRANTS the Motion.
II. BACKGROUND
A.
Factual Background
Plaintiff was employed by the Army as a Medical Technician at
Tripler Army Medical Center (“Tripler”) in Honolulu, Hawaii at all times relevant
to this lawsuit. Doc. No. 40, Def.’s Concise Statement of Facts (“CSF”) ¶ 1.1 As a
Medical Technician at Tripler, Plaintiff was subject to random drug testing. Id.
And, per Army Regulations, “[i]nitiation of removal from Federal Service is
required after a second finding that the employee has used illegal drugs.” Id. ¶ 15.
Plaintiff tested positive for amphetamines and methamphetamines for
the first time on January 25, 2006. Id. ¶ 6. Following the positive drug test,
Plaintiff was allowed to continue working at Tripler but he was referred to a
rehabilitation program with Kaiser Permanente Hawaii. Id. ¶ 7.
From 2006 through 2010, Plaintiff’s employment with Tripler was
relatively uneventful. Beginning in 2011, however, Tripler counseled Plaintiff on
numerous occasions for mislabeling lab samples and being repeatedly tardy to
1
When referencing undisputed facts, the court cites to the Defendant’s CSF, Doc No. 40.
2
work. Id. ¶¶ 8-9. Accordingly, on January 12, 2012, Plaintiff’s supervisor, Rosalie
Dotson, rated Plaintiff as “unsuccessful” for 2011 and put Plaintiff on a
Performance Improvement Plan (“PIP”). Id. ¶ 10.
On April 16, 2012, Plaintiff was subjected to a random drug test. Id. ¶
12. In early May 2012, Dr. Jerome Cooper informed Plaintiff that he had tested
positive for amphetamines and methamphetamines and offered him the opportunity
to request a retest. Id. ¶ 13. Specifically, Plaintiff was instructed that he had 72
hours to indicate that he wanted to have his original specimen retested by a
different laboratory. Id. ¶ 14. Defendant maintains that Plaintiff failed to request a
retest. Id. By contrast, Plaintiff asserts that, on May 4, 2012, he requested a retest
within the 72 hour time limit and that his request was denied. See Doc. No. 12,
Am. Compl. at 2.2
On May 11, 2012, Ms. Dotson issued a charge proposing that Plaintiff
be terminated in light of his second positive drug test. Doc. No. 40, Def.’s CSF ¶
15. In her memo, Ms. Dotson indicated that the reason she was
2
In support of Plaintiff’s assertion, he offers a cell phone record indicating that he called
a 1-800 number for two minutes on May 4, 2012. See Doc. No. 12-7, Pl.’s Ex. C to Am. Compl.
Plaintiff claims that the 1-800 number was the number he was instructed to call if he desired a
retest, but neither party offers any evidence that this 1-800 number was, in fact, the number
Plaintiff was directed to call. Nonetheless, for the purpose of this motion, the court accepts
Plaintiff’s assertion as true.
3
proposing Plaintiff’s termination was because, in accordance with Army
Regulations, “initiation of removal from Federal Service is required after a second
finding that the employee has used illegal drugs.” Doc. No. 40, Def.’s Ex. 4
(“Notice of Proposed Removal”). Ms. Dotson further indicated that, “[a]lthough
not a basis for this proposed action, in determining the appropriate penalty,” she
took into consideration the fact that Plaintiff’s numerous performance issues
preceding Tripler’s second finding that Plaintiff had used illegal drugs.
Specifically, Ms. Dotson took into consideration the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
On 24 Jun 11, [Plaintiff was] counseled for 3
incidents of mislabeling samples causing the report
of erroneous microbiology culture and HCG
qualitative results.
On 8 Sep 11, [Plaintiff was] counseled on
incorrectly processing . . . specimens . . . On 1 Sep
11, [Plaintiff’s] inattentiveness caused the lost [sic]
of parts (calibration Key (sic)) on a critically used
pipette.
On 22 Dec 11, [Plaintiff was] counseled for
incorrect login of samples, specifically failing to
log in with corresponding dates and times.
On 11 Jan 12, [Plaintiff was] counseled for not
completing a critical pH into the CHCS computer
system as directed, not cleaning up the bench,
departing for lunch without completing an ER
qualitative HCG, throwing out the wrong samples,
mislabeling multiple tubes, and placing a sample
type in the wrong processing area of the
automation station.
4
e.
f.
[Plaintiff was] counseled on 12 Mar 12 on [his]
tardiness on 11, 12, 13, and 17 Jan 12 and 16 Mar
12 (10 minutes late).
[Plaintiff] received an unsuccessful performance
rating for the period 1 Jan 11 to 31 Dec 11.
Plaintiff had an opportunity to reply to Ms. Dotson’s memorandum, but he did not
do so. See Doc. No. 40-10, Def.’s Ex. 9 (“Notice of Decision on Proposed
Removal”).
Major Jude Abadie, the head of Tripler’s laboratory, subsequently
sustained Ms. Dotson’s recommendation and terminated Plaintiff effective June 18,
2012. Id. Among other things, Major Abadie informed Plaintiff in writing that he
could “appeal [his] removal directly to the Merit Systems Protection Board
(MSPB) . . . no later than 30 days after the effective date of this action, or 30 days
after the receipt of this decision, whichever is later.” Id.
On July 23, 2012, Plaintiff completed a Pre-Complaint Intake
Interview with the Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) Office, U.S. Army
Garrison Hawaii, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. Doc. No. 40-11, Def.’s Ex. 10
(“EEO Counselor’s Report”). In his EEO interview, Plaintiff complained that he
was discriminated against because of his sex (Male) on two occasions: (1) “[w]hen
on 18 May 2012, [he] was not given the second opportunity for drug testing,” and
5
(2) “[w]hen on 18 June 2012, [he] received his Notice of Termination through the
mail while he was on leave.” Id.
On July 28, 20123 -- forty days after Tripler terminated Plaintiff -Plaintiff appealed his termination to the MSPB. See Doc. No. 40-12, Def.’s Ex. 11
(“MSPB Decision”) at 2. Plaintiff’s MSPB Appeal Form indicates that he
“disagree[s] in which [sic] the way this positive result was reported” and that he
“would like to demand a retest to reverse this positive illegal drug test finding.”
Doc. No. 40-13, Def.’s Ex. 12 (“MSPB Appeal Form”). That is, Plaintiff asserted
that Tripler’s error was relying on “[a] false positive result.” Id. at RA-48.
Notably, Plaintiff’s MSBP Appeal was devoid of any allegations of discrimination.
On August 1, 2012, the EEO informed Plaintiff of his rights and
responsibilities under the EEO’s complaint process. Among other things, the EEO
instructed Plaintiff regarding “[t]he possible election requirement between a . . .
MSPB procedure and the EEO complaint process.” Doc. No. 40-11, Def.’s Ex. 10
3
Although the Introduction section of the MSPB’s Initial Decision indicates that Plaintiff
filed his appeal on July 29, 2012, Doc. No. 40-12, Def.’s Ex. 11 at 1, the Background and
Analysis sections of the MSPB’s Initial Decision indicate that Plaintiff filed his appeal on July
28, 2012. Id. at 2, 7 (categorizing Plaintiff’s delay as a “10-day delay”). According to the time
stamp submission date on the MSPB Appeal Form, Plaintiff submitted his appeal on July 29 at
1:54:45 a.m. See Doc. No. 40-13, Def.’s Ex. 12 (“MSPB Appeal Form”). Whether Plaintiff
appealed his termination on July 28 or July 29 makes no difference to this court’s analysis; either
way, Plaintiff missed his 30-day deadline. The court will utilize the earlier of the two dates
because, among other reasons, Defendant agrees that Plaintiff filed his appeal on July 28. See
Doc. No. 40, Def.’s CSF ¶ 20 (“On July 28, 2012[,] plaintiff appealed his removal to the
MSPB.”).
6
at 9. The EEOC counselor was not able to resolve Plaintiff’s complaint. Id. at 11.
Accordingly, on September 1, 2012, the EEO conducted the final interview with
Plaintiff and provided Plaintiff with a Notice of Right to File a Formal Complaint
of Discrimination. Id. Plaintiff was also made “aware of the requirement to file a
formal complaint within 15 calendar days of the final interview if not satisfied
with the results of [the EEO’s] inquiry.” Id.
On September 11, 2012, Plaintiff filed a formal EEO complaint. Doc.
No. 40-15, Def.’s Ex. 14 (“6/12/13 Decision”). In contrast with Plaintiff’s
previously-filed MSPB Appeal, Plaintiff asserted that he was the victim of
discrimination based on sex and age.4 Id. The EEO ultimately concluded that
Plaintiff “was not the victim of discrimination.” Id.
On September 27, 2012, the MSPB Administrative Law Judge
(“ALJ”) issued an Initial Decision finding that the MSPB had jurisdiction over
Plaintiff’s appeal but dismissing it as untimely. Doc. No. 40-12, Def.’s Ex. 11.
Although the Initial Decision disposed of Plaintiff’s complaint on procedural
grounds, the ALJ attempted to accommodate Plaintiff prior to dismissing his
appeal. Specifically, after the Army filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s appeal as
4
Plaintiff has not raised an age discrimination claim in his Amended Complaint in this
court.
7
untimely, the MSPB ALJ issued an “Order on Timeliness” that “direct[ed] the
appellant to submit evidence and argument to show cause why his appeal should
not be dismissed as untimely, by showing that the appeal was in fact timely filed or
that there was good cause for the filing delay.” Id. at 137. Plaintiff’s “response
was due on September 4, 2012, and the record on the timeliness issue closed on
September 11, 2012, with no response received from [Plaintiff].” Id. The next
day, on September 12, 2012, the ALJ “reopened the record on the timeliness issue
and advised the parties that, while . . . the appeal was filed 10 days late, it appeared
that the removal decision notice did not include all of the required information
regarding [MSPB] rights.” Id. at 138. Accordingly, the ALJ “reminded the
[Plaintiff] of his burden of proof on the timeliness issue and directed him to
respond by September 21, 2012.” Id. Plaintiff again said nothing. Id. In light of
Plaintiff’s silence, the ALJ “[found] no basis in the record to find the [Plaintiff]
acted reasonably and with due diligence under the particular circumstances of his
case.” Id. at 142.
Plaintiff filed a request for reconsideration of the Initial Decision to
the full MSPB and the MSPB issued a Final Order upholding the Initial Decision.
Doc. No. 40-14, Def.’s Ex. 13 (“Final Order”). On June 9, 2014, the U.S. Court of
8
Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the MSPB’s Final Order. See Takeuchi v.
Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 556 F. App’x 950 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
When Plaintiff filed his Amended Complaint with this court, he
asserted that he was treated differently than two female coworkers. Doc. No. 12,
Am. Compl. at 2. According to Plaintiff, “two female coworkers was [sic]
provided retests.” Id. at 3. Plaintiff elaborated: “One female coworker approached
the plaintiff (Patrick Takeuchi) at the workplace emotionally distressed asking the
plaintiff if there was a reason she did not know about for taking a retest after
providing a specimen 5 days earlier. Another female coworker also told the
plaintiff (Patrick Takeuchi) when asked in a personal conversation that she was
also retested.” Id. Plaintiff identifies these two women as “coworkers” who were
“GS-7 series” employees “of similar status in employment” at Tripler. Doc. No.
48, Plaintiff’s Surreply at 3 (“Plaintiff’s ‘Reply’ Brief”).
B.
Procedural Background
Plaintiff filed his Complaint on July 2, 2014, Doc. No. 1, and filed an
Amended Complaint on October 31, 2014. Doc. No. 12.
On August 26, 2015, Defendant filed the instant Motion. Doc. No.
39. Plaintiff filed his Opposition on September 22, 2015, Doc. Nos. 42 and 43, and
9
Defendant filed its Reply on September 29, 2015. Doc. No. 45. Plaintiff also filed
an “Optional Reply.” See Doc. Nos. 46 and 47.
Pursuant to Local Rule 7.2(d), the court finds the Motion suitable for
disposition without oral argument.
III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
A.
Motion to Dismiss
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a motion to dismiss
a claim for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted[.]”
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)); see also Weber v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs,
521 F.3d 1061, 1065 (9th Cir. 2008). This tenet -- that the court must accept as
true all of the allegations contained in the complaint -- “is inapplicable to legal
conclusions.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Accordingly, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the
elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not
suffice.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555); see also Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d
1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[A]llegations in a complaint or counterclaim may not
simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must contain sufficient
10
allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party
to defend itself effectively.”).
Rather, “[a] claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads
factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). In other words, “the factual allegations that are taken
as true must plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief, such that it is not unfair to
require the opposing party to be subjected to the expense of discovery and
continued litigation.” Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216. Factual allegations that only permit
the court to infer “the mere possibility of misconduct” do not show that the pleader
is entitled to relief as required by Rule 8. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.
B.
Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). Rule 56(a) mandates summary judgment “against a party who
fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential
to the party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); see also Broussard v. Univ. of
Cal. at Berkeley, 192 F.3d 1252, 1258 (9th Cir. 1999).
11
“A party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of
informing the court of the basis for its motion and of identifying those portions of
the pleadings and discovery responses that demonstrate the absence of a genuine
issue of material fact.” Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th
Cir. 2007) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323); see also Jespersen v. Harrah’s
Operating Co., 392 F.3d 1076, 1079 (9th Cir. 2004). “When the moving party has
carried its burden under Rule 56[(a)] its opponent must do more than simply show
that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts [and] come forward
with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita
Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986) (citation and internal
quotation signals omitted); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,
247-48 (1986) (stating that a party cannot “rest upon the mere allegations or
denials of his pleading” in opposing summary judgment).
“An issue is ‘genuine’ only if there is a sufficient evidentiary basis on
which a reasonable fact finder could find for the nonmoving party, and a dispute is
‘material’ only if it could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.”
In re Barboza, 545 F.3d 702, 707 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at
248). When considering the evidence on a motion for summary judgment, the
court must draw all reasonable inferences on behalf of the nonmoving party.
12
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. at 587; see also Posey v. Lake Pend Oreille
Sch. Dist. No. 84, 546 F.3d 1121, 1126 (9th Cir. 2008) (stating that “the evidence
of [the nonmovant] is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn
in his favor” (citations omitted)).
IV. DISCUSSION
Defendant first argues that this court should dismiss Plaintiff’s
Amended Complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because Plaintiff failed
to exhaust his administrative remedies. Next, Defendant argues that, even if this
court does have jurisdiction, summary judgment is proper because Plaintiff cannot
establish a prima facie case of sex discrimination or demonstrate that the Army’s
reason for terminating Plaintiff was not pretextual. The court addresses each
argument in turn.
A.
Jurisdiction
To establish federal subject matter jurisdiction of his Title VII claim,
Plaintiff must first properly exhaust his administrative remedies. B.K.B. v. Maui
Police Dep’t, 276 F.3d 1091, 1099 (9th Cir. 2002); EEOC v. Farmer Bros. Co., 31
F.3d 891, 899 (9th Cir. 1994). The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (“CSRA”), 5
U.S.C. § 1101 et seq., establishes a framework for evaluating adverse personnel
actions against federal employees. Under the CSRA’s statutory framework, an
13
aggrieved federal employee has a right to appeal the agency’s decision to the
MSPB, which serves as an independent adjudicator of federal employment
disputes. See id. at §§ 1204, 7512, 7701. The MSPB has the jurisdiction to hear
serious employment grievances that allegedly violate both internal agency policy
as well as federal law. Where an aggrieved federal employee wishes to charge the
agency with discrimination prohibited by federal law, such as Title VII, the
employee is asserting a “mixed case.” See 29 CFR § 1614.302 (2012).
Here, Plaintiff asserts that he was wrongfully discharged from his
position with the Army because of his sex. Plaintiff had two possible forums to
grieve Tripler’s adverse employment action: (1) file a “mixed case” appeal to the
MSPB; or (2) file a “mixed” EEO complaint with the Army. See 5 C.F.R.
§ 1201.151; 29 C.F.R. § 1614.103(a). Significantly, however, “[a]n aggrieved
person may initially file a mixed case complaint with an agency . . . or an appeal on
the same matter with the MSPB pursuant to 5 CFR 1201.151, but not both.” 5
C.F.R. § 1614.302(b) (emphasis added). See also Vinieratos v. United States, 939
F.2d 762, 772 (9th Cir. 1991) (“The law requires an aggrieved federal employee to
elect one exclusive administrative remedy and to exhaust whatever remedy he
chooses.”). Thus, a plaintiff’s choice of one forum is necessarily exclusive.
14
Here, Plaintiff chose to file an appeal with the MSPB (where he did
not allege sex discrimination) and then subsequently file a second complaint with
the EEO (where he raised his sex discrimination claim for the first time). This is
not allowed. When Major Abadie terminated Plaintiff, he informed Plaintiff in
writing that Plaintiff could appeal his removal to the MSPB or “in the alternative”
to the agency. See Doc. No. 40-10, Def.’s Ex. 9 at 146 (emphasis added). Thus,
when Plaintiff appealed his termination to the MSPB, Plaintiff was on notice that
he elected the MSPB as his chosen forum.5 At that juncture, Plaintiff could have
lodged his discrimination claim before the MSPB, 5 C.F.R. § 1201.151, but he did
not. Yet if a federal employee believes that discrimination is a component of an
adverse personnel action, that issue must be raised from the outset in the
employee’s chosen forum. This is because:
all claims should be ruled on at the same time in the same
proceeding whenever possible. The various statutory
provisions of the CSRA and its legislative history
indicate a clear Congressional preference for combining
various aspects of a single agency determination under
5
Although Plaintiff contacted the EEO for “pre-complaint processing” before he filed
his MSPB appeal, Plaintiff filed his MSPB appeal well before he filed his formal EEO
complaint. Under the Federal Regulations, the “Pre-Complaint Processing” stage of the EEO
program, 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105, is distinct from the “Individual Complaint” stage. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 1614.106. See also Sommatino v. United States, 255 F.3d 704, 708 (9th Cir. 2001) (identifying
29 C.F.R. § 1614.105 and 29 C.F.R. § 1614.106 as distinct and sequential prerequisites a
plaintiff must satisfy in order to exhaust his administrative remedies). Thus, Plaintiff’s July 23,
2012 contact with the EEO was not an election of the EEO as his chosen forum.
15
one review proceeding, both in the administrative and
judicial channels.
Toyama v. Leavitt, 2009 WL 144323, at *4 (D. Haw. Jan. 21, 2009) (quotations,
citations, and alterations omitted). Thus, if Plaintiff believed that discrimination
played a role in his termination, the law requires Plaintiff to raise the issue in the
first instance (that is, with the MSPB) and not, as Plaintiff did here, at a later date
and with a different administrative body (the EEO). Put simply, Plaintiff was
required to have both his discrimination claim and his improper termination claim
decided in the forum he initially elected -- the MSPB. Because Plaintiff did not
include any discrimination claims in his initial appeal before the MSPB, Plaintiff
failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as to his allegations of sex
discrimination. As such, Plaintiff cannot now seek review of his sex
discrimination claim before this court. Accordingly, this court is without
jurisdiction to consider Plaintiff’s Complaint.
The court fully understands the harshness of this result, particularly
given Plaintiff’s pro se status. And so, in the interests of justice, the court next
determines whether Plaintiff’s claims could survive summary judgment if the court
did have jurisdiction over his sex discrimination complaint.
///
///
16
B.
McDonnell Douglas Analysis
1.
Legal Framework
Where, as here, there is no direct evidence of discriminatory intent,
Title VII discrimination claims are analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas burdenshifting framework. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792
(1973).6 First, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of discrimination. Id.
at 802-04. Toward that end, in order to establish a prima facie case, Plaintiff must
produce more than “purely conclusory allegations of alleged discrimination, with
no concrete, relevant particulars.” Peterson v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 358 F.3d 599,
603 (9th Cir. 2004) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Specifically, the
plaintiff must demonstrate that “(1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he was
qualified for his position; (3) he experienced an adverse employment action; and
(4) similarly situated individuals outside his protected class were treated more
favorably, or other circumstances surrounding the adverse employment action give
rise to an inference of discrimination.” Id. In order to be similarly situated, the
6
“[W]hen responding to a summary judgment motion . . . [the plaintiff] may proceed by
using the McDonnell Douglas framework, or alternatively, may simply produce direct or
circumstantial evidence demonstrating that a discriminatory reason more likely than not
motivated [the employer].” Metoyer v. Chassman, 504 F.3d 919, 939 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting
McGinest v. GTE Serv. Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1122 (9th Cir. 2007)). The court proceeds under
the McDonnell Douglas framework because the Defendant presents its arguments under this
framework and Plaintiff does not argue to the contrary.
17
comparator employees must “have similar jobs and display similar conduct.”
Vasquez v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 349 F.3d 634, 641 (9th Cir. 2003). Although the
employees need not be identical, they “must be similar in material respects.” Earl
v. Nielsen Media Research, Inc., 658 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th Cir. 2011).
If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, the
burden shifts to the defendant to offer a legitimate, non-discriminatory explanation
for the challenged action. EEOC v. Boeing Co., 577 F.3d 1044, 1049 (9th Cir.
2009). And, if the defendant proffers such a reason, the burden shifts back to the
plaintiff to show that the defendant’s reason is actually a pretext for discrimination.
Id.
Notably, “a plaintiff’s burden is much less at the prima facie stage
than at the pretext stage.” Hawn v. Exec. Jet Mgmt., Inc., 615 F.3d 1151, 1158 (9th
Cir. 2010). That is, circumstantial evidence of pretext must be specific and
substantial,7 Becerril v. Pima Cty. Accessor’s Office, 587 F.3d 1162, 1163 (9th Cir.
7
The Ninth Circuit has questioned whether a “specific and substantial” showing is
proper for circumstantial evidence, especially where it has noted that this standard “is tempered
by our observation that a plaintiff's burden to raise a triable issue of pretext is hardly an onerous
one.” See France v. Johnson, --- F.3d ----, 2015 WL 5946421, at *5 (9th Cir. Oct. 14, 2015)
(quoting Earl v. Nielsen Media Research, Inc., 658 F.3d 1108, 1113 (9th Cir. 2011)); see also
Cornwell v. Electra Cent. Credit Union, 439 F.3d 1018, 1030-31 (9th Cir. 2006). The Ninth
Circuit has not, however, overruled this standard and has in fact suggested in other cases that
“specific and substantial” evidence may be necessary for direct, as well as circumstantial,
evidence. See Coghlan v. Am. Seafoods Co., 413 F.3d 1090, 1095 (9th Cir. 2005). The court
therefore applies the “specific and substantial” standard to the present matter.
18
2009) (per curiam), and a plaintiff must do more than merely deny the credibility
of the defendant’s proffered reason. See Schueler v. Chronicle Broad. Co., 793
F.2d 1010, 1011 (9th Cir. 1986). “A plaintiff can show pretext directly, by
showing that discrimination more likely motivated the employer, or indirectly, by
showing that the employer’s explanation is unworthy of credence.” Vasquez, 349
F.3d at 641; see also Coghlan v. Am. Seafoods Co., 413 F.3d 1090, 1094-95 (9th
Cir. 2005). “Direct evidence typically consists of clearly sexist, racist, or similarly
discriminatory statements or actions by the employer.” Coghlan, 349 F.3d at 1095.
“Circumstantial evidence . . . requires an additional inferential step to demonstrate
discrimination.” Id.
2.
Application
Even if Plaintiff could satisfy the first three prongs of a prima facie
case, he fails to satisfy the fourth prong. Specifically, Plaintiff identifies two
female coworkers who allegedly had the opportunity to retest. Even assuming, in
the light most favorable to Plaintiff, that he was denied the opportunity to retest,
Plaintiff has not established that his female coworkers were similarly situated.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, there is no indication
in the record that either of these two female coworkers “display[ed] similar
conduct” to Plaintiff or were similar in “material respects.” That is, while Plaintiff
19
asserts that these two females were of “similar status” at Tripler, there is no
evidence that indicates what job positions and duties these two women held. And
even assuming that these two females were employed in the same capacity as
Plaintiff, there is no evidence that either of these two females received substantial
counseling and were on a PIP, nor is there any indication that these female
coworkers twice tested positive for illegal drugs. As such, the court concludes that
Plaintiff has failed to establish a prima facie case.
Even if Plaintiff had established a prima facie case, however, the court
would find that Plaintiff has not rebutted Defendant’s legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reasons for its actions. Under the McDonnell Douglas standard,
once an employee establishes a prima facie Title VII claim, the burden of
production shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory
reason for the adverse action. Boeing Co., 577 F.3d at 1049. Here, Defendant’s
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason -- that Plaintiff failed two different drug tests
and was removed pursuant to Army Regulations -- satisfies this burden.
In light of this fact, it would be Plaintiff’s burden of establishing that
the employer’s stated reason was pretext. To establish pretext, an employee “can
not simply show the employer’s decision was wrong, mistaken, or unwise.” Dep’t
of Fair Emp’t. & Hous. v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 642 F.3d 728, 746 (9th Cir. 2011)
20
(internal quotation and citation omitted). Once again, Plaintiff does not meet this
burden. Although Plaintiff asserts that the drug test produced a false positive and
that he was wrongfully denied the opportunity to retest, Plaintiff nowhere offers
specific and substantial evidence challenging the credibility of the employer’s
motives. Id. To the contrary, although Plaintiff claims that he was denied the
opportunity to retest when he called the 1-800 number provided by Dr. Cooper,
there is no evidence linking anything Plaintiff told either Dr. Cooper or the 1-800
number to the decisionmakers in Plaintiff’s termination (i.e., Ms. Dotson and
Major Abadie). That is, there is no evidence that either Ms. Dotson or Major
Abadie knew of Plaintiff’s request to retest. Rather, the evidence suggests that
Plaintiff chose not to take advantage of the opportunity to “stat[e] any and all
reasons why the proposed removal action should not be effected.” Doc. No. 40-10,
Def. Ex. 9. As such, Plaintiff elected not to make Ms. Dotson and Major Abadie
aware of his belief that his test results were improper. Where, as here, the
decisionmakers were unaware of the non-decisionmaker’s allegedly discriminatory
actions, Plaintiff must establish a nexus between the allegedly wrongful conduct
and the adverse employment action. See, e.g., Vasquez, 349 F.3d at 640 (requiring
evidence of a nexus between non-decisionmaker’s allegedly discriminatory
decisions and adverse employment action). Plaintiff has not satisfied this burden.
21
Because Plaintiff fails to rebut Defendant’s nondiscriminatory
explanation for his termination, he fails to create a triable issue of fact with respect
to his discrimination claims. Defendant’s Motion is therefore GRANTED.
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the above, the court GRANTS the Motion.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: Honolulu, Hawaii, October 27, 2015.
/s/ J. Michael Seabright
J. Michael Seabright
United States District Judge
Takeuchi v. McHugh, Civ. No. 14-00299 JMS-KSC, Order Granting Defendant’s Motion to
Dismiss, Or in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment, Doc. No. 39
22
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