State Farm Fire and Casualty Company v. Prescott
Filing
35
ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT re 17 - Signed by JUDGE JILL A. OTAKE on 4/24/2019. (emt, )
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF HAWAII
STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY
COMPANY, an Illinois Corporation,
Plaintiff,
vs.
CIVIL NO. 18-cv-00127 JAO-KJM
ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S
MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT
JOAN PRESCOTT, dba ALOHA
HAPPY PLACE,
Defendant.
ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
Before the Court is Plaintiff State Farm’s Motion for Summary Judgment on
its declaratory relief action, seeking a judgment that State Farm is not required to
defend its insured Defendant Joan Prescott against a complaint brought against her.
For the reasons set forth below, the Motion is GRANTED.
II. BACKGROUND
State Farm insures Joan Prescott’s bed and breakfast business with a
business liability policy (the “Policy”). The Policy requires State Farm to
indemnify Prescott for certain specified liabilities, and to defend Prescott against
lawsuits that may give rise to those covered liabilities. ECF No. 17-10. In May of
2017, Ronald Ober (“Ober”) sued Prescott in the Circuit Court of the Third Circuit
of the State of Hawai‘i (the “Underlying Suit”). ECF No. 17-7. Prescott sought
State Farm’s defense of the Underlying Suit, and it appears State Farm began
defending the suit with a reservation of rights. See ECF No. 17-1 at 10. State
Farm then brought this action seeking a declaratory judgment that the Policy does
not require State Farm to defend Prescott in the Underlying Suit.
A.
The Underlying Suit
The Underlying Suit alleges the following: (1) that Prescott began using
Ober’s trade name of “Volcano Inn” for her competing bed and breakfast despite
knowing that Ober was already using the name, see ECF No. 17-7 at ¶¶ 1–16; (2)
that in 2009, Ober received a judgment against Prescott for using the “Volcano
Inn” name, and that the judgment barred Prescott’s continued use of the name, see
ECF No. 17-7 at ¶¶ 17–18; (3) that Prescott entered into a settlement agreement
with Ober in 2012, in which Prescott stated that she no longer used the name
“Volcano Inn” in any business capacity, see ECF No. 17-7 at ¶ 22; and (4) that
despite the state court judgment and settlement agreement, since at least 2012 to
the present, Prescott has continued to use the name “Volcano Inn” in her internet
listings, advertising, and domain name, see ECF No. 17-7 at ¶¶ 23–29.
The Underlying Suit asserts seven causes of action, as described below.
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i.
Count I—Infringement, Conversion and Theft of Trade Name
Count I alleges that Prescott’s use of the name “Volcano Inn” for her bed
and breakfast, such as in her domain name, internet listings, and advertisements,
infringed on Ober’s trade name. Id. at 7.
ii.
Count II—Constructive Trust
Count II alleges that Prescott was unjustly enriched by using the name
“Volcano Inn,” and seeks to hold all unjust proceeds in constructive trust for
plaintiff Ober. Id. at 7–8.
iii. Count III—Equitable Lien
Count III alleges that Prescott was unjustly enriched by using the name
“Volcano Inn,” and seeks to establish an equitable lien on the property so that Ober
can recover the unjust proceeds. Id. at 8.
iv. Count IV—Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage
Count IV alleges that Prescott’s use of the name “Volcano Inn” interfered
with Ober’s business opportunities. Id. at 8–9.
v.
Count V—Unfair and Deceptive Competition and Business
Practices
Count V alleges that Prescott’s use of the name “Volcano Inn” violated HRS
Chapters 480 and 481A. Id. at 9.
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vi. Count VI—Fraud and Deceit
Count VI alleges that Prescott’s use of the name “Volcano Inn” constituted a
fraud because she had previously stated that she discontinued using the name
“Volcano Inn.” Id. at 9–10.
vii. Count VII—Intentional and/or Negligent Infliction of Emotional
Distress
Count VII alleges that Prescott’s use of the name “Volcano Inn” caused
Ober emotional distress. Id. at 10.
Every cause of action alleged in the Underlying Suit concerns Prescott’s use
of the name “Volcano Inn” for her bed and breakfast, such as in her domain name,
her internet listings, and her advertisements. See id. at ¶¶ 25–26. None of the
causes of action allege any other cause of damage; they merely assert different
legal theories of recovery. Id.
B.
The Policy
The Policy provides business liability coverage for “those sums that
[Prescott] becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of [1] ‘bodily
injury,’ [2] ‘property damage,’ or [3] ‘personal and advertising injury’ to which
[the] insurance applies.” ECF No. 17-10 at 24. It requires State Farm to defend
Prescott “against any ‘suit’ seeking those damages,” but the Policy disclaims any
duty to defend Prescott against any suit “to which [the] insurance does not apply.”
Id.
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The Policy defines “bodily injury” as “bodily injury, sickness or disease
sustained by a person, including death resulting from any of these,” and “includes
mental anguish or other mental injury caused by the ‘bodily injury.’” Id. at 35.
The Policy defines “property damage” as “[p]hysical injury to tangible property . .
. or [l]oss of use of tangible property . . . provided such loss of use is caused by
physical injury to or destruction of other tangible property.” Id. at 37. “Personal
and advertising injury” is defined in relevant part as “injury . . . arising out of . . .
infringing upon another’s copyright, trade dress or slogan in [the insured’s]
‘advertisement.’” Id. at 37. The Policy also limits coverage for “bodily injury”
and “property damage” to damage caused by an “occurrence,” which is defined as
an “accident.” Id. at 24, 37.
The Policy excludes coverage for any “personal and advertising injury” (1)
“caused by or at the direction of the insured with the knowledge that the act would
violate the rights of another and would inflict ‘personal and advertising injury’”; or
(2) “[a]rising out of the unauthorized use of another’s name or product in [the
insured’s] e-mail address, domain name or metatags, or any other similar tactics to
mislead another’s potential customers.” Id. at 29 [exclusions 17.a and 17.m].
C.
Procedural History
State Farm filed the Complaint for declaratory judgment on April 2, 2018
and filed its Motion for Summary Judgment on November 7, 2018. The Motion
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for Summary Judgment was scheduled for hearing on March 8, 2019. Prescott
filed her Memorandum in Opposition to the motion on December 10, 2018. ECF
No. 19-2. As part of her filing, Prescott requested “that the Motion be denied or
extended to a later date in order that [Prescott] have ample time to obtain an
opinion letter on the policy.” ECF No. 19 at 2. The Court construed this language
as a request to continue the hearing date. ECF No. 20. The hearing date was
continued to April 19, 2019. ECF No. 23. On April 5, 2019, Prescott filed a
“Reply Memorandum in Opposition” to State Farm’s Motion for Summary
Judgment. ECF No. 32. The Court struck the reply as an untimely opposition, or
in the alternative as a sur-reply filed without leave of court.1 ECF No. 33. The
hearing was held on April 19, 2019.
III. APPLICABLE LAW
The Court has diversity jurisdiction over this action under 28 U.S.C. § 1332;
therefore Hawai‘i substantive law applies. See Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460,
465 (1965).
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Even if the Court allowed Prescott to file what amounts to a sur-reply, the
outcome would be no different, because Prescott’s filing states that coverage of the
complaint “is unambiguously precluded by the Policy’s exclusions.” ECF No. 32
at 2.
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A.
Summary Judgment on Insurer’s Duty to Defend
An insurer’s duty to defend its insured against claims covered by an
insurance policy is broad. The duty to defend emerges once there is any possibility
that the claims will give rise to indemnification. See Tri-S Corp. v. W. World Ins.
Co., 110 Haw. 473, 488 (2006) (quoting Dairy Rd. Partners v. Island Ins. Co., 92
Haw. 398, 411 (2000)). Thus, for an insurer to prevail on a motion for summary
judgment, the insurer must prove “that it would be impossible” for any of the
claims asserted to give rise to covered liability. Dairy Rd., 92 Haw. at 412. An
insurer has a duty to defend where there is any possibility for coverage, “even if
remote.” Burlington Ins. Co. v. Oceanic Design & Const., Inc., 383 F.3d 940, 944
(2004). Further, “[a]ll doubts as to whether a duty to defend exists are resolved
against the insurer and in favor of the insured.” Dairy Rd., 92 Haw. at 412
(citation and quotation marks omitted).
An insurer is obligated to defend against the entire suit even where some,
but not all, of the claims alleged might fall within the policy coverage. Burlington,
383 F.3d at 944 (quoting Hawaiian Holiday Macadamia Nut Co. v. Indus. Indem.
Co., 76 Haw. 166, 169 (1994)); First Ins. Co. of Haw., Inc. v. State, 66 Haw. 413,
417–18 (1983) (“[T]he insurer is obligated to provide a defense against the
allegations of covered as well as [] noncovered claims.” (quoting 7C J. Appleman,
Insurance Law & Practice § 4684.01 (Berdal 1979))). Thus, where some of the
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allegations in the underlying complaint give rise to a possibility of indemnification
but other allegations do not, the insurer must still defend against the lawsuit. See,
e.g., State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Hanohano, 158 F. Supp. 3d 1023, 1032 (D.
Haw. 2016).
B.
Insurance Contracts
Insurance contracts are subject to the general rules of contract construction.
Dairy Rd., 92 Haw. at 411. As such, insurance policies are “interpreted according
to their plain, ordinary, and accepted sense in common speech unless it appears
from the policy that a different meaning is intended.” Id. Insurance policies “must
be construed liberally in favor of the insured and [any] ambiguities [must be]
resolved against the insurer.” Id. at 412 (quoting Sturla, Inc. v. Fireman’s Fund
Ins. Co., 67 Haw. 203, 209 (1984)) (alterations in original). The Hawai‘i Supreme
Court mandates construing insurance policies “in accord with the reasonable
expectations of a layperson.” Id.
IV. DISCUSSION
The terms of the Policy are clear: State Farm need not defend Prescott
unless the Underlying Suit alleges: (1) property damage and/or bodily injury
caused by an accident or (2) “personal and advertising injury.” The Policy
excludes coverage for “personal and advertising injury” if caused by Prescott’s
unauthorized use of another’s name. Because the Underlying Suit alleges injury
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caused solely by Prescott’s unauthorized use of the “Volcano Inn” name, State
Farm has no duty to defend.
A.
Bodily injury or property damage
Counts I through VI in the Underlying Suit do not allege any bodily injury
or property damage. They only allege business-related injury stemming from
Prescott’s use of the trade name “Volcano Inn.” While it could be argued that
business injuries amount to property damage, the Policy covers “property damage”
only where physical damage to tangible property has occurred. ECF No. 17-10 at
37. The Underlying Suit makes no allegation of physical damage to tangible
property, and thus the property damage coverage is inapplicable. Thus, there is no
possibility of coverage for Counts I through VI under the “bodily injury” or
“property damage” coverage provisions.
Count VII alleges Intentional and Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress.
Although coverage for “bodily injury” includes “mental anguish,” the coverage
only applies to mental anguish “caused by the ‘bodily injury.’” ECF No. 17-10 at
35. Because the Underlying Suit does not allege any bodily injury and attributes
the mental anguish solely to Prescott’s unauthorized use of the name “Volcano
Inn,” the Policy’s bodily injury provision does not cover the infliction of emotional
distress allegation in Count VII.
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B.
Personal and advertising injury
Counts I through VII do, however, allege “personal and advertising injury.”
The Policy’s “personal and advertising injury” coverage includes injury arising
from “infring[ment] upon another’s copyright, trade dress or slogan in [the
insured’s] ‘advertisement.’” Id. at 37. However, the Policy’s exclusions bar any
possibility of coverage here.
Exclusion 17.m excludes coverage from any personal and advertising injury
“[a]rising out of the unauthorized use of another’s name or product in [the
insured’s] e-mail address, domain name or metatags, or any other similar tactics to
mislead another’s potential customers.” Id. at 29. The Underlying Suit claims
damages caused by Prescott’s unauthorized use of the name “Volcano Inn” in her
domain name, internet listings, and advertising, which allegedly tricked consumers
into booking reservations at her bed and breakfast instead of Ober’s. ECF No. 177 at ¶¶ 25–26. Although the exclusion only explicitly mentions use of another’s
name in the insured’s email address, domain name, or metatags, the Policy also
excludes “any other similar tactics to mislead another’s potential customers.” ECF
No. 17-10 at 29. There is no dispute that Plaintiff’s alleged use of “Volcano Inn”
in internet listings and advertisements amounts to such a similar tactic. Thus, the
plain terms of the Policy clearly exclude the allegations in the Underlying Suit that
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Prescott used Ober’s trade name not only in her domain name, but also in her
internet listings and advertisements.
It does not matter that the Underlying Suit pleads different causes of action
because they arise from the same behavior. See Bayudan v. Tradewind Ins. Co.,
Ltd., 87 Haw. 379, 387 (Ct. App. 1998) (holding that “the mere recasting” of
underlying injurious conduct “under various counts” does not change whether the
underlying injurious conduct is covered by the policy). Here, the factual support
for Counts I through VII is the same: that Prescott used Ober’s trade name in her
domain name, internet listings, and advertisements. Id.
At the hearing, Prescott argued that exclusion 17.m does not apply because
the Policy requires State Farm to defend any lawsuit against her as long as she
complies with certain specified conditions, which she has met. Prescott relies on a
section of the Policy addressing coverage of the insured’s indemnitees, to the
extent they are named in the suit. See ECF No. 17-10 at 24–25 [Section II –
Supplementary Payments at 2.f]. But that section deals with coverage of Prescott’s
indemnitees, not Prescott, and is therefore irrelevant here.
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Because none of the causes of action could possibly give rise to liability
covered by the policy, State Farm has no duty to defend Prescott against the
Underlying Suit.2
V. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff State Farm’s
Motion for Summary Judgment.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: Honolulu, Hawai‘i, April 24, 2019.
CIVIL NO. 18-CV-00127-JAO-KJM, STATE FARM V. PRESCOTT, ORDER
GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
2
As a result of its ruling, the Court need not address State Farm’s argument that
Policy exclusion 17.a bars coverage.
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