Aden et al v. Gugino

Filing 20

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER. The bankrupty courts decisions in the Sather and Aden cases are REVERSED. Signed by Judge B. Lynn Winmill. Associated Cases: 1:12-cv-00191-BLW, 1:12-cv-00233-BLW(caused to be mailed to non Registered Participants at the addresses listed on the Notice of Electronic Filing (NEF) by (cjm)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF IDAHO

In re:

Case No. 1:12-cv-00191-BLW

DANNY W. ADEN and ROZELL J. ADEN,

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND
ORDER

Debtors.

DANNY WAYNE ADEN and ROZELL J
ADEN,
Appellants,
v.
JEREMY GUGINO, TRUSTEE,
Appellee.
____________________________________
Consolidated with:
In re:
JUDITH CLARICE SATHER,
Debtor.
____________________________________
JUDITH CLARICE SATHER,
Appellant,
v.
JEREMY GUGINO, TRUSTEE,
Appellee.

MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 1

INTRODUCTION
The debtors appeal from the bankruptcy court’s decision sustaining the trustee’s
objections to the debtors’ claimed exemptions in annuity contracts. For the reasons
explained below, the Court will reverse.
BACKGROUND
The debtors in these cases purchased annuity contracts before filing their
bankruptcy petitions. The common theme in the annuity contracts is that they contain
different payout options and, at the time they filed their bankruptcy petitions, the debtors
had not selected any particular payout option. The more specific details follow.
1.

The Sather Annuity
In June 1999, Judith Sather purchased a “John Hancock Venture Annuity.” 1 It

provided Sather the option – exercisable in June 2012 and each June after that until
2036 – to elect receiving a ten-year stream of monthly payments during her lifetime, with
a minimum guaranteed payment of around $325.
Sather filed her bankruptcy petition in October 2011, a few months shy of June
2012. At that time, she had not yet exercised her option to begin receiving the ten-year
stream of payments. Sather claimed the annuity was exempt under Idaho Code § 411836.

1

The Sather annuity contracts are not in the record. Instead, the parties rely on stipulated
facts relevant to these contracts. See Sather ER, Dkt. 15, at 32, ¶ 2.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 2

2.

The Aden Annuities 2
There are four annuities at issue in the Aden bankruptcy. Danny Aden acquired

two annuities in January 2009 from the Principal Financial Group. Together, these
annuities were worth around $135,000 in August 2011, when the Adens filed bankruptcy.
Mr. Aden also received two other annuities before filing bankruptcy – totaling around
$10,000 in value – as bonuses related to his employment.
The parties stipulated that when the Adens filed bankruptcy, the annuities had not
yet been set up to make periodic payments. The parties also stipulated that each of the
annuity policies had a cash-surrender option “in which the Debtors could surrender some
part of the policies for a Cash Surrender Value . . . which is defined as the accumulated
value on the surrender date less any surrender charge, which varies by the date of the
surrender and the age of the annuity.” Aden ER, Dkt. 12 at 29, ¶ 10. Lastly, the parties
stipulated that if Mr. Aden did not elect a payout date and method by a certain date, the
annuity companies would select a payout method and he would be bound by that choice.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
District courts review bankruptcy court decisions in the same manner as would the
Ninth Circuit. See In re George, 177 F.3d 885, 887 (9th Cir. 1999). Thus, the Court
reviews the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law de novo and its factual findings for

2

The parties stipulated to the facts relevant to the Aden annuities. See Stipulated Facts,
Aden ER, Dkt. 12, at 32-35. Additionally, portions of the annuity contracts (or statements related
to the annuities) are in the record. See id. at 151-70.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 3

clear error. Id. Mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed de novo. In re Chang, 163
F.3d 1138, 1140 (9th Cir. 1998).
ANALYSIS
When a debtor files a bankruptcy petition, a bankruptcy estate is created,
consisting of all property in which the debtor has a legal or equitable interest. 11 U.S.C.
§ 541. The debtor may exempt property included within this estate under applicable
federal or state law. The Bankruptcy Code gives each state an option – (1) it can allow
debtors to exempt property included in a federal laundry list of exemptions, or (2) it can
allow debtors to rely on state and federal law other than this laundry list for allowable
exemptions. See 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2); § 522 (d); see generally In re Antonie, 432 B.R.
843, 845 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2010). Idaho has chosen the second option, see Idaho Code §
11-609, and the exemption at issue here will thus turn on the proper interpretation of
Idaho statutory law – specifically Idaho Code § 41-1836.
The trustee bears the burden of proving that the annuities are not exempt under
Idaho Code § 41-1836. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4003(c). Additionally, the Court must
liberally construe exemptions in favor of the debtor. See Lang v. Nowak (In re Tober),
688 F.3d 1160, 1163 (9th Cir. 2012). Thus, if “the text of a statutory exemption is
ambiguous as to whether it applies, the debtor is entitled to the exemption.” Id.
The trustee makes two arguments on appeal: (1) that the contracts are not
annuities at all; and (2) even if they are annuities, the debtors are still not entitled to the
exemption because they have not yet elected any specific payout option available under
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 4

the contracts.
1.

Are the Contracts Annuities?
The first question – whether the contracts are annuities in the first place – is the

most difficult. Idaho Code § 41-1386(3) defines annuity contracts, and the key
requirement is that there must be an “obligation to pay certain sums at stated times.” In
full, the definition is:
An annuity contract within the meaning of this section shall be any
obligation to pay certain sums at stated times, during life or lives, or for a
specified term or terms, issued for a valuable consideration, regardless of
whether or not such sums are payable to one (1) or more persons, jointly or
otherwise, but does not include payments under life insurance contracts at
stated times during life or lives, or for a specified term or terms.
Idaho Code § 41-1836(3).
The trustee argues that the Aden and Sather contracts are not annuities because the
annuity companies are not yet obligated to pay certain sums at stated times. More
specifically, the trustee says no such obligation has arisen because the debtors have not
chosen from various payout options available to them.
In In re Wiley and In re Harter – two decisions the bankruptcy court in this case
relied upon – the bankruptcy court expressed concerns about whether a purported annuity
contract with a lump-sum, cash-surrender option constitutes a true annuity. 3 See In re
Wiley, 469 B.R. 326 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2012) (citing In re Harter, 94 IBCR 2 (Bankr. D.

3

It is not entirely clear that the Sather annuities contain a cash-surrender option. The
stipulated facts do not mention such an option, but the trustee referred to such an option at the
hearing. See Sather ER, Dkt. 15, at 79:16-18. As noted, the annuity contracts themselves are not
in the record.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 5

Idaho 1994)). 4 Under this option, annuitants can forego a promised payment stream and
get their money back immediately, less a surrender charge. In In re Harter, the
bankruptcy court held that such an option meant a “so-called annuity” was not an annuity
at all. Harter, 94 IBCR at 2 (“since the Debtor retains the unrestricted right to receive
payment in whole or part of the funds on deposit, it is not an annuity for purposes of the
exemption statute.”).
For the reasons explained below, the Court disagrees.
A. Cash-Surrender Options
Admittedly, it is somewhat counter-intuitive to conclude that an exempt annuity
can contain a lump-sum, cash-surrender option. After all, with this type of option in
place, nothing prevents debtors from getting most of their cash back tomorrow. 5 See
Wiley, 469 B.R. at 334 (“Debtors made no election, and are thus free to receive a lump
sum of the near-total amount they invested tomorrow if they choose.”).
But when Idaho’s exemption statute (Idaho Code § 41-1836) is read in its entirety,
it is apparent that annuity contracts can contain cash-surrender options and still fit within
the statutory definition. As noted above, the starting point is sub-section (3), which
4

In Wiley, the trustee explicitly conceded that an annuity contract with a cash-surrender
option fit the statutory definition of an annuity contract. The Court, therefore, was not called
upon to determine whether such an annuity fit within Idaho Code § 41-1836(3)’s statutory
definition of an annuity contract.
5

Typically, an annuitant who exercises a cash-surrender option must pay surrender
charges. Such was the case here, at least with regard to the Aden annuities. The Aden parties
stipulated that “[e]ach of the annuity policies contains options in which the Debtors could
surrender some part of their policies for a Cash Surrender Value.” Aden Stip. ¶ 10. The record
is not clear that the Sather annuities had a cash-surrender option (or associated cash-surrender
charges), since those annuities are not part of the record.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 6

essentially defines annuity contracts as any obligation to pay certain sums at stated times.
That sub-section says nothing about options. See Idaho Code § 41-1836(3). But an
earlier sub-section, § (1)(a), says creditors cannot force annuitants to exercise any “rights,
power, or options” under annuity contracts. Id. § (1)(a) (emphasis added). So the
legislature obviously believed exempt annuities could contain options of some sort.
The question, of course, is what options did the legislature have in mind? “In
recent decades, annuities have become vastly more complex.” In re May, 478 B.R. 431,
434 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2012). So current annuities may contain options that did not
typically exist in annuity contracts in 1961, when the Idaho legislature enacted § 411836. But, on the other hand, the trustee does not argue that the particular options at
issue here are new, or that the legislature did not mean for exempt annuity contracts to
include them. And other parts of the Code suggest otherwise. First, the legislature has
twice amended § 41-1836 – in 2001 and again in 2003. The amendments did not deal
with the definition of an annuity contract, 6 but still, the legislature had an opportunity to
tighten up the exemption statute at those times.
Second, within the same title of the Idaho Code, in 2010 the legislature added
§ 41-1941, which specifies what sellers must disclose to consumers who buy annuities.
See Idaho Code § 41-1941(2). Among other things, the seller must disclose “[t]he
periodic income options both on a guaranteed and nonguaranteed basis” and “[a]ny value
6

The 2001 amendment increased the monthly limit on exemption of benefits “presently
due and payable” from $350 to $1250. See 2001 Idaho Session Laws, ch. 285 §1. The 2003
amendment added sub-section (4) to § 41-1836. See 2003 Idaho Session Laws, ch. 248, § 4.
That subsection is not relevant here.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 7

reductions caused by withdrawals from or surrender of the contract.” Id. § (7)(c)(iii) and
(iv). So it would seem the legislature is well aware that annuities contain all sorts of
complex options – including a variety of payout options which may include a cashsurrender options. Nonetheless, it has not taken any action to tighten or clarify the
definition of an “annuity contract” in § 41-1836(3).
And, on a more basic level, if a party obligates itself to pay certain sums at stated
times – and it must make those payments unless the annuitant exercises a cash-surrender
option – there is an obligation in place. Granted, the obligation can be seen as a
revocable one, but it is an obligation nonetheless, particularly if the exemption statute is
construed liberally in favor of the debtor. After all, the statute does say “any obligation”
to pay certain sums at stated times is an annuity contract. Idaho Code § 41-1836(3)
(emphasis added). It does not say annuity contracts cannot have cash-surrender options.
An Iowa federal district court pointed to similar legislative silence (that is, the
failure to specifically address the existence of a cash-surrender options) and concluded
that an annuity contract with a cash-surrender option could still be exempt under a statelaw exemption statute. 7 See Lilienthal v. Prod. Credit Ass’n, 72 B.R. 277 (S.D. Iowa
1987). The Iowa district court approvingly quoted an Eighth Circuit case, which noted
that: “The Iowa statute does not say that the exemption is contingent upon the absence

7

The Iowa exemption statute at issue provided an exemption for “[a] payment under a[n]
. . . annuity . . . on account of illness, disability, death, age, or length of service, to the extent
reasonably necessary for the support of the debtor and any dependent of the debtor.” Id. (quoting
Iowa Code § 627.6(9)(e)).
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 8

from the policy of a right to accept a surrender value or of the right to change the
beneficiary.” Jens v. Davis, 280 F. 706, 708 (8th Cir. 1992) (quoted with approval in
Westinghouse Credit Corp. v. Crotts, 98 N.W.3d 843 (1959) (interpreting an insurance
exemption statute) and again in Lilienthal, 72 B.R. at 279)).
A recent Colorado bankruptcy court decision – In re May, 478 B.R. 431 (Bankr.
D. Colo. 2012) – is also instructive. May held that the mere presence of an unexercised
lump-sum payment option did not mean the subject annuity was no longer exempt under
Colorado’s exemption statute. 8 Id. at 439-40. The court determined that the legislature’s
intent in enacting the statute at issue was to encourage individuals to provide for their
families and dependents through life insurance and annuity products. As the court put it:
Undoubtedly, the Colorado Legislature in 1925 had no idea how complex
annuities would become, . . . . In particular, the legislature would not likely
have envisioned that insurance policies and annuities alike would be drafted
with many payment options available. But if the underlying policy is to
encourage the use of these proceeds as a means of continuing support, then
the mere presence of a lump sum option, that has not been exercised, in the
terms of the policy or contract should not frustrate this underlying
legislative policy.
Id. at 439.
Here, the parties do not point to any legislative history for Idaho Code § 411836. But based on the language of the statute itself, it seems clear that the

8

The Colorado statute does not separately define annuities. It provides: “Whenever,
under the terms of any annuity or policy of life insurance . . . the proceeds are retained by such
company . . ., no person, other than the insured . . . shall be permitted to . . . assign the same . . . ;
and . . . no payments of interest or of principal shall be in any way subject to such persons debts,
. . . .” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-7-106.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 9

legislature intended to allow debtors – not creditors – to decide whether and when
to exercise options contained within annuity contracts. Cf. May, 478 B.R at 439
(construing the language of the statute to determine intent, in the absence of
legislative history).
B.

Pay-Out Options

The same holds true for a debtor’s ability to choose between different payout
options. The mere fact that a debtor may choose between different payment streams does
not mean the contract cannot be an “annuity” for purposes of § 41-1836(3).
Significantly, in these cases, the trustee has not put forth any evidence that the annuity
companies’ obligation to make periodic payments would evaporate if the debtors fail to
pick a specific payout option. In Aden, the parties stipulated that although Mr. Aden had
not yet elected a specific payout option, the annuity companies would eventually be
obligated to make payments according to a default method. 9 So, again, the underlying
obligation to pay certain sums at stated times is contained in the contract.
Of course there is another valid way of looking at the issue. One could easily
conclude that such arrangements are not annuity contracts at all – they are just options to

9

The Sather stipulation is not as clear because it does not directly state what happens if
Sather does nothing. Rather, the parties stipulated that the “Annuity provides the Debtor the
option, exercisable June 29, 2012, and each year thereafter, until June 29, 2036, to elect to
receive monthly payments during her lifetime, with a minimum guaranteed payment of $323.28
per month over a term of ten years.” Sather ER, Dkt. 15, at 33, ¶ 6 (emphasis added). The
contracts themselves are not in the record, so the Court cannot look there. Nonetheless, in the
Sather hearing, the trustee explicitly conceded that the Sather contract was an annuity and he did
not provide the contracts to the bankruptcy court or this Court. On this record, the Court cannot
conclude that the trustee met his burden of demonstrating the Sather annuity does not fit the
statutory definition.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 10

acquire annuities at some point in the future, when the debtor actually picks a payout
schedule. But the Court must construe the exemption statute liberally in favor of the
debtors. Lang v. Nowak (In re Tober), 688 F.3d 1160, 1163 (9th Cir. 2012). And as
already noted, the exemption statute here expressly contemplates that annuity contracts
may provide options to the debtor. So there is room to conclude that the debtor’s ability
to pick between different options for the payout stream will not destroy an otherwise
exempt annuity contract.
If the Idaho legislature wishes to tighten the exemption for annuity contracts, it
must do so more plainly. Compare, for example, Idaho’s annuity exemption statute to
Tennessee’s, which provides that annuities are exempt “only to the extent debtor has no
right or option to receive them except as monthly or other periodic payments beginning at
or after age fifty-eight (58).” Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-2-11(1)(D). The Tennessee statute
goes on to provide that “Assets of such funds or plans are not exempt if the debtor may,
at the debtor’s option, accelerate payment so as to receive payments in a lump sum . . . .”
Id.
Idaho’s Code does not say anything like that. To the contrary, on the subject of
options, it just says exempt annuities can have them. The Court therefore concludes that
the Sather and Aden annuities are “annuity contracts” within the meaning of Idaho Code
§ 41-1836(3).

MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 11

2.

Assuming the Contracts are Annuities, Are They Exempt?
Having decided that the annuity contracts fit the statutory definition, the next

question is whether the debtors’ failure to elect a payout option somehow prevents them
from claiming the exemption. The starting point for this question is sub-section (1) of the
exemption statute, which provides:
The benefits, rights, privileges and options which under any annuity
contract . . . are due or prospectively due the annuitant, shall not be subject
to execution nor shall the annuitant be compelled to exercise any such
rights, powers, or options, nor shall creditors be allowed to interfere with or
terminate the contract, except . . . .
Idaho Code § 41-1836(1) (emphasis added). The statute then lists exceptions to the
exemption, including this one, for benefits “presently due and payable” to the annuitant:
The total exemption of benefits presently due and payable to any
annuitant periodically or at stated times under all annuity contracts
under which he is an annuitant, shall not at any time exceed one
thousand two hundred fifty dollars ($1,250) per month for the length
of time represented by such installments, and that such periodic
payments in excess of one thousand two hundred fifty dollars
($1,250) per month shall be subject to garnishee execution to the
same extent as are wages and salaries.
Idaho Code § 41-1836(1)(b) (emphasis added).
To summarize these two sub-sections, then, creditors cannot reach the “benefits,
rights and privileges” of any annuity contract, whether it is “due or prospectively due” to
the annuitant, subject to certain exceptions. One such exception provides that if the
benefits are “presently due and payable,” then the exemption is limited to $1250 per
month. And creditors can garnish payments “presently due and owing” just like wages
and salaries if (a) the annuity payments exceed $1250 per month; and (b) the court
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 12

determines the judgment debtor does not reasonably require any portion of the excess.
See Idaho Code § 41-1836(1)(b) and (c).
So the $1250 monthly limitation comes into play only if the annuitant is
“presently” receiving benefits. If benefits are only “prospectively” due, the $1250
limitation is not yet relevant, and creditors have no right to reach into the future and claw
back payments to satisfy the annuitant’s debts. After all, the statute unequivocally says
benefits “prospectively due the annuitant, shall not be subject to execution . . . .” Id. The
statute further clarifies that creditors cannot force annuitants to terminate annuity
contracts or exercise “rights, powers, or options” thereunder. Id.
The bankruptcy court viewed the exemption statute differently. It concluded that
all payments owing under annuities – not just those “presently due and owing” – must be
quantified so the court can determine if payments will exceed the $1250 monthly cap laid
out in sub-section (1)(b). This view has its roots in cases such as In re Nielsen, Case No.
97-1116, 97.4 IBCR 107 (Bankr. D. Idaho 1997) (Hagan, J.), which held that annuity
payments scheduled to become due nine years after the debtor filed bankruptcy should be
quantified and – to the extent they exceeded the monthly statutory limit – turned over to
the trustee. Debtors have thus been forced to liquidate annuities and turn over a portion
of the proceeds to the trustee. See id. (cited with approval in In re Wiley, 469 B.R. 326,
331(Bankr. D. Idaho 2012)).
Under Nielsen and its progeny, when a debtor claims an annuity is exempt under
Idaho Code § 41-1836, the first order of business is to quantify the annuity – including all
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 13

future scheduled payments. See, e.g., Wiley, 469 B.R. at 333. But in this case, as already
noted, the debtors had not chosen from various payout options allowed under their
annuity contracts. So nobody knows what the future payments will be. The bankruptcy
court thus found it could not do its job. As the court put it, “By their inaction, Debtors
have rendered the Court unable to decide whether their exemption claim on annuity
benefits conforms to the limits in the Idaho statute in any amount.” Aden ER, Dkt. 12, at
69. Accord Wiley, 469 B.R. at 333; see also Sather ER, Dkt. 15, at 64 (summary order
denying debtor’s exemption and expressly adopting In re Wiley).
But courts are not obligated (or authorized) to quantify future annuity payments.
As explained, Idaho’s exemption statute prohibits creditors from executing on future
annuity payments. Courts are authorized to quantify only those payments presently due
and owing. No annuity payments are “presently due and owing” either Ms. Sather or the
Adens. The trustee’s objections therefore fail.
There are many legitimate policy reasons for adopting a contrary interpretation of
the statute. For example, as suggested by the bankruptcy court in Wiley,
Simply put, if the exemption applies where no election has been
made, annuities would quickly become a convenient means of
shielding large sums by a debtor in financial straits, whether those
monies are needed for the support of the debtor or not, all at the
expense of creditors. If the Legislature intended that debtors have
access to this sort of bankruptcy planning tool it should say so clearly . . . .
Aden ER, Dkt. 12 at 88. The problem with this observation is that it suggests the
exemption should be construed narrowly when, in fact, the opposite is true – the court
must liberally construe exemptions in favor of the debtor. See Lang v. Nowak (In re
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 14

Tober), 688 F.3d 1160, 1163 (9th Cir. 2012). Moreover the potential for abuse is
ameliorated by at least two factors: (1) the annuity-exemption statute itself has a fraud
exception, see Idaho Code § 41-1836(1)(a); and (2) the Idaho legislature is, of course,
free to modify or eliminate the exemption if presented with evidence of its misuse.

CONCLUSION
The bankrupty court’s decisions in the Sather and Aden cases are REVERSED.

DATED: November 29, 2012

Honorable B. Lynn Winmill
Chief U. S. District Judge

MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 15