Bailey v. Burks et al

Filing 16

MEMORANDUM DECISION. The bankruptcy courts decision is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part. The bankruptcy courts judgment in Burks favor is VACATED and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this decision. Signed by Judge B. Lynn Winmill. (caused to be mailed to non Registered Participants at the addresses listed on the Notice of Electronic Filing (NEF) by (cjm)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF IDAHO

In re:

Case No. 1:13-cv-00467-BLW

BARRY TODD BAILEY and
ANNE MARGARET BAILEY,

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Debtors.

BRIAN D. BURKS, EMERALD ASSET
MANAGEMENT nka BURKS
WEALTH MANAGEMENT, INC.,
Plaintiffs-Appellee,
v.
BARRY TODD BAILEY,
Defendant-Appellant.

INTRODUCTION
Debtor Barry Todd Bailey appeals from the bankruptcy court’s judgment against
him. For the reasons explained below, the Court will affirm in part, and reverse and
remand in part.

MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 1

BACKGROUND
In December 2004, Brian Burks and Todd Bailey formed Emerald Asset
Management, Inc., which is a financial-planning and investment firm. The company
operated without incident for around five years. In the summer of 2010, however, Bailey
told Burks he was insolvent and could no longer afford the necessary business licenses.
He asked Burks to buy him out. Burks agreed, and the parties settled on a purchase price
of $110,000 for Bailey’s shares in the company, plus an additional $2,500 for a noncompetition covenant.
Among other things, the non-competition covenant prohibited Bailey from (1)
soliciting clients for investment advice, life insurance, or any other financial planning
services, (2) disrupting the relationship between Emerald Asset Management and its
clients, and (3) providing information about the company’s clients to any third party for
any purpose. At trial, Burks testified that he never would have bought Bailey’s shares
without the non-competition covenant because Emerald Asset Management’s only assets
were its clients. Instead, Burks would have started a new company and competed with
Bailey for clients. Bailey, who is a lawyer, acknowledged the importance of the noncompetition covenant, telling Burks he would risk losing his license to practice law if he
violated it.
All the while, however, Bailey had no intention of honoring the covenant. Even as
he was negotiating the stock purchase agreement, Bailey was in the process of joining

MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 2

Concierge, 1 another financial-planning and investment firm, as an investment advisor
representative. Bailey also solicited numerous clients of Emerald Asset Management,
several of whom left the company and went to Concierge. See Aug. 23, 2013 Bankr. Ct.
Decision, Dkt. 12-30, at 11 (witness testified that the following EAM clients went to
Concierge: Jack Huff; Ken and Jackie Hutchison; Darius and Donna Bailey; Margaret
Schuler; and Anne Graham King).
In April 2011, Burks and Emerald Asset Management sued Bailey in Idaho state
court, asserting claims for (1) breach of contract; (2) breach of the covenant not to
compete; (3) interference with contract; (4) interference with prospective economic
advantage; (5) defamation; (6) slander; and (7) civil conspiracy. In January 2012, the
state court granted partial summary judgment in Burks’ favor, finding that Bailey had
breached the covenant not to compete and was liable for damages resulting from that
breach. Later, the state court allowed Burks to amend his complaint to seek punitive
damages. 2
After this state court made this ruling, but before damages were determined,
Bailey filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition. Burks and Emerald Asset Management
filed an adversary proceeding in bankruptcy court, seeking to hold debts owed by Bailey
nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) and (a)(6).
1

The bankruptcy court found that three separate Concierge entities operated jointly – (1)
Concierge Legacy Advisors; (2) Concierge Risk Alternatives; and (3) Concierge Private Wealth
Management. For ease of reference, the Court will jointly refer these entities “Concierge.”
2

Under Idaho Code § 6-1604(2), plaintiffs cannot file a complaint seeking punitive damages, but
must instead later move to amend the complaint to include punitive damages.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 3

In May 2013, the bankruptcy court tried issues that had not been resolved in the
state court lawsuit. Burks and Emerald Asset Management prevailed, and the bankruptcy
court awarded compensatory damages of $135,217.65. See Id. at 42. The bankruptcy
court concluded that this entire debt was nondischargeable, and it also awarded
$135,217.65 in punitive damages, for a total, nondischargeable judgment of $270,435.30.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
District courts review bankruptcy court decisions in the same manner as would the
Ninth Circuit. See In re George, 177 F.3d 885, 887 (9th Cir. 1999). The Court therefore
reviews the bankruptcy court’s factual findings for clear errors and its conclusions of law
de novo. See, e.g., Robertson v. Peters (In re Weisman), 5 F.3d 417, 419 (9th Cir. 1993).
The issue of dischargeability of a debt is a mixed question of fact and law, which the
Court reviews de novo. See Miller v. United States, 363 F.3d 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2004).
An award of punitive damages is reviewed for an abuse of discretion; the sufficiency of
the evidence to support such an award is reviewed for substantial evidence. See Fair
Housing of Marin v. Combs, 285 F.3d 899, 906-07 (9th Cir. 2002); Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v.
Deckers Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1111 (9th Cir. 2001).
ANALYSIS
Bailey contends that the bankruptcy court committed eight separate errors 3 in
rendering judgment against him. See Opening Br., Dkt. 11, at 6-7. These errors
generally fall into three categories. First, Bailey contends Burks should not have been
3

Appellant initially identified ten errors, but within the same brief, withdrew one of those
issues and conceded that another was duplicative. See Opening Br., Dkt. 11, at 30.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 4

able to sue him for breaches of the stock purchase agreement because Burks himself
breached the agreement. Second, Bailey contends the bankruptcy court erred in
determining compensatory damages under Idaho state law. Third, Bailey contends the
bankruptcy court erred in awarding punitive damages to Burks. The Court will address
each argument in turn.
1.

Burks’ Obligations Under the Stock Purchase Agreement
Bailey’s threshold argument is that Burks could not properly sue on the stock

purchase agreement because Burks himself breached the agreement by failing to pay the
entire purchase price to Bailey. This argument stems from the fact that Burks agreed to
pay Bailey in two installments. He paid $87,500 of the $112,500 purchase price in
September 2010, when the parties executed the contract. The final $25,000 was due one
year later, in September 2011. Before the final $25,000 payment was due, however,
Bailey materially breached the contract by violating the covenant not to compete. Burks
sued Bailey in March 2011. Bailey contends that Burks had to make the $25,000
payment before suing.
Bailey’s argument ignores fundamental principles of contract law. If one party
materially breaches an agreement, the other party is excused from further performance.
See generally Young Elec. Sign Co. v. Capps, 492 P.2d 57, 62 (Idaho 1971). Further, the
non-breaching party may immediately sue – without waiting until his excused
performance would otherwise have been due. See id.
Bailey invokes a single case in an effort to overcome these rules: Fajen v. Powlus,
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 5

561 P.2d 388 (Idaho 1977). Fajen is factually distinguishable, however, and it does not
upset the fundamental rules discussed above.
In Fajen, the plaintiff’s predecessor sold land to the defendants in an installment
contract. After the defendants had paid several thousand dollars toward the $22,000
purchase price, the plaintiff attempted to force a forfeiture, claiming that defendants
breached the contract by failing to pay rents in addition to their regular monthly payment.
Plaintiff had never complained about the failure to pay rents. Additionally, the plaintiff
had previously defaulted on the contract by failing to deliver a title insurance policy.
On these facts, the court held that plaintiff could not force a forfeiture: He had
waived the right to complain about the rental payments, and he had breached his
obligation to provide the title insurance policy. In reaching its holding, the court relied
on the principle that forfeitures are generally disfavored and, further, that “[o]ne may not
declare a forfeiture while he himself is in default.’” Id. at 248 (citation omitted).
These facts are not even remotely aligned with the facts here. Most significantly,
the agreement is not a land sale contract; neither party is seeking a forfeiture; and Burks’
performance was excused. Fajen is thus inapt.
2.

Compensatory Damages
Bailey next argues that the bankruptcy court wrongly determined compensatory

damages. The bankruptcy court awarded nearly $135,000 in compensatory damages. Of
this amount, roughly $100,000 was awarded as damages for Bailey’s false representation
during contract negotiations that he intended to abide by the covenant not to compete.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 6

See Aug. 23, 2013 Decision, Dkt. 12-30, at 22. The damage award of $100,000
represented the expenses Burks incurred in purchasing Bailey’s shares. See Aug. 23,
2013 Bankr. Ct. Dec., Dkt. 12-30, at 21 (the $100,280 damages award includes (1) the
$85,000 down payment; (2) the $12,780 in interest paid on a loan to make the down
payment; and (3) the $2,500 paid for the non-competition covenant). The remaining,
approximate $35,000 award was based on damages Burks suffered due to Bailey’s breach
of the non-competition covenant. See id. at 42.
The court determined that both of these debts were nondischargeable. The
$100,000 debt was found to be nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A), which
holds nondischargeable debts obtained by “false pretenses, a false representation, or
actual fraud . . . .” The $35,000 debt was found to be nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C.
§ 523(a)(6), which holds nondischargeable debts that are obtained by “willful and
malicious injury by the debtor to another entity . . . .” The bankruptcy court concluded
that Bailey’s breach of the non-competition covenant was willful and malicious tortious
conduct. See Aug. 23, 2013 Bankr. Ct. Decision, Dkt. 12-30, at 24-31.
In any nondischargeability action, there are two separate and distinct causes of
action: “one is on the debt, as determined by state law, and the other is on the
dischargeability of that debt, as determined by federal law.” In re Roussos, 251 B.R. 86,
93 (9th Cir. BAP 2000) (citing In re McKendry, 40 F.3d 331, 337 (10th Cir. 1994)).
Bailey’s appeal focuses primarily on the bankruptcy court’s alleged errors in the
first step – determining the debt under state law. In this regard, Bailey’s central
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 7

contention is that the two damage awards described above (the $35,000 award and the
$100,000 award) are inconsistent because the judgment simultaneously affirms and
rescinds the stock purchase agreement. That is, Bailey argues that Burks was able to
effect a one-sided rescission of the contract because he was refunded the entire purchase
price (offset by the $25,000 he had not yet paid). Yet the judgment also affirms the stock
purchase agreement by awarding Burks $35,000 in damages based on Bailey’s breaches
of the non-competition covenant.
To be sure, Bailey does not clearly make these points. His appellate briefs wander
hither and yon, and the Court will not address every single point raised. 4 Still, though,
Bailey does manage to make the basic point relating to Burks’ need to elect a remedy.
As a general rule, a party that has been fraudulently induced to enter into a
contract has a choice of remedies. He may “‘either rescind the contract and demand back
what has been received under it, or he may affirm the bargain and sue and recover
damages for the fraud.’” Breshears v. Callender, 131 P. 15 (Idaho 1913) 5 (approvingly
quoting Scott v. Walton, 52 P. 180 (Or. 1898)). Although the defrauded party can plead
alternative theories of recovery, ultimately he cannot obtain a judgment that
simultaneously affirms and rescinds the contract. See id.; cf. Harris v. Bank of
Commerce, 298 P.3d 1060, 1063 (Idaho 2013) (in a real estate contract, “[t]he vendor
4

Nevertheless, the Court has considered all of Bailey’s arguments in rendering this decision.

5

Breshears is an old case, but the basic principle regarding a defrauded party’s election of
remedies remains sound. See generally 17B C.J.S. Contracts § 828; 37 Am. Jur. 2d Fraud and Deceit
§ 349 (2d ed.); 27 Willison on Contracts § 69:56 (4th ed.) (“The defrauded party has the alternative but
inconsistent rights and remedies of affirmance of the transaction and recovery of damages for the deceit,
or of disaffirmance and restitution where restitution is available.”)
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 8

cannot obtain judgments that both affirm the sale of the real property and rescind the
sale.”).
The judgment against Bailey runs afoul of this rule. For the reasons already
discussed, although the bankruptcy court did not explicitly mention rescission in its
decision, the court’s judgment effectively allowed Burks to both rescind and affirm the
stock purchase agreement. In short, Burks cannot receive damages which places him in
the same position as if he had not entered into the contract and also recover damages for
breach of the contract. The Court will therefore vacate the judgment in Burks’ favor and
remand the case to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings.
On remand, Burks will need to elect between a recovery based on fraud and a
recovery based upon breach of the non-competition agreement. At first blush, this would
seem to be an obvious choice, given the bankruptcy court’s award of $100,280 for the
former and $35,000 for the latter. However, that choice may not be so cut and dried. On
appeal, Bailey has argued that a proper damages award for breach of a non-competition
covenant includes two components: (1) lost profits, and (2) an amount for impairment of
goodwill. See Opening Br., Dkt. 11, at 27 (“The measure of damage for the breach of an
anti-competition clause is the amount that the plaintiff lost by reason of the breach. The
loss may include an amount for impairment of goodwill, as well as loss of profits.”)
(citing Vancil v. Anderson, 227 P.2d 74 (Idaho 1951)). Thus far, the bankruptcy court
determined the amount of lost profits (and the Court finds no error in this determination),
but has not separately determined the value of Emerald Asset Management’s goodwill. It
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 9

may be that the combination of lost profits and impairment of goodwill total more than
the bankruptcy court’s award of fraud damages. This Court, however, expresses no
opinion on the value of goodwill.
Finally, the Court will clarify that it finds no error in the bankruptcy court’s
conclusion that (1) the debtor’s conduct was fraudulent under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A),
and (2) the debtor’s conduct was “willful and malicious” under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6).
Rather, the error occurred at the first step – in determining the debt under state law.
For all these reasons, the Court will vacate the compensatory-damages portion of
the bankruptcy court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
decision.
3.

Punitive Damages
The Court will also vacate the award of punitive damages, but only so that the

bankruptcy court can re-determine punitive damages relative to the compensatory
damages award, that is now yet to be determined. Otherwise, the Court is not persuaded
by Bailey’s argument the bankruptcy court incorrectly decided to award punitive
damages.
In attacking the punitive damages award, Bailey says the bankruptcy court failed
to apply the correct evidentiary standard. To properly award punitive damages, the
bankruptcy court was required to find, by clear and convincing evidence, that Bailey
engaged in oppressive, fraudulent, malicious, or outrageous conduct. See Idaho Code
§ 6-1604(1). Bailey argues that the bankruptcy court did not apply the clear-andMEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 10

convincing-evidence standard, as opposed to a preponderance-of-the-evidence standard.
He asks the Court to remand this issue to the bankruptcy court for further determination.
The Court is not persuaded.
The bankruptcy court began its discussion of punitive damages by observing the
requirement that “‘the claimant must prove, by clear and convincing evidence,
oppressive, fraudulent, malicious or outrageous conduct . . . .” Aug. 23, 2013 Decision,
Dkt. 12-30, at 46. The court then explained that Bailey’s conduct was, in many ways,
even more severe than was the defendant’s conduct in Davis v. Gage, 682 P.2d 1282
(Idaho 1984). In Davis, the court concluded that the defendant’s violation of a covenant
not to compete was “willful, wanton, malicious and the proper subject of punitive
damages.” Id. at 1286. The bankruptcy court explained:
Like Davis, this case involves a clear violation of the intent
expressed by the Covenant. In many ways, Bailey’s breach was
even more severe than in Davis. Bailey, an attorney, knowingly
negotiated the covenant without the intention to abide by it. And
Bailey repeatedly violated the Covenant with numerous EAM clients
over a span of time – with some conduct occurring after the State
Court Case commenced, after the State Court determined he
breached the Covenant, and even after this bankruptcy court
commenced. And like in Davis, Bailey’s breach was accompanied
by circumstances that establish his “willful, wanton, malicious”
behavior.
Aug. 23, 2013 Decision, Dkt. 12-30, at 47-48.
Given the bankruptcy court’s thorough treatment of the issue, and its obvious
application of the correct evidentiary standard, the Court finds no error and no need for a
remand for the purpose of applying the correct evidentiary standard.
MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 11

Similarly, the Court is not persuaded that the bankruptcy court’s punitive damages
award was too high. Although the Court will remand the punitive damages question so
that the bankruptcy court can decide punitive damages after determining the new
compensatory damages award, the Court believes that the punitive damages award issued
here would be sustainable – even if the bankruptcy court had determined that
compensatory damages were in the $35,000 range. Contrary to Bailey’s suggestion
otherwise, nothing in Idaho law requires that punitive damages be capped at a sum that
would make plaintiff whole. Similarly, there is nothing in Idaho law that requires the
defendant to have financially benefitted to any particular degree before imposing punitive
damages. See Village of Peck v. Denison, 450 P.2d 310, 314 (Idaho 1969) (“The absence
of a showing of actual damages need not bar an award of punitive damages, for such a
showing is not a talismanic necessity.”).
The Court has also considered and finds unpersuasive Bailey’s various other
arguments as to why punitive damages were inappropriately awarded. The record easily
supports the bankruptcy court’s decision on punitive damages – both in terms of the
conduct and circumstances required to support such an award, as well as the amount
awarded. Nevertheless, because the Court has reversed the compensatory damages
award, it will vacate the punitive damages award as well, to give the bankruptcy court an
opportunity to determine punitive damages relative to the new compensatory damages
award. See generally BMW of N. Am., Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 580-81 (1996) (in

MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 12

determining reasonableness of punitive damages, courts consider the ratio of punitive
damages to compensatory damages, among other factors).
CONCLUSION
The bankruptcy court’s decision is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in
part. The bankruptcy court’s judgment in Burks’ favor is VACATED and the case is
REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this decision.
DATED: September 30, 2014

_________________________
B. Lynn Winmill
Chief Judge
United States District Court

MEMORANDUM DECISION & ORDER – 13