Evans et al v. Avista Corporation et al

Filing 82

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER granting 41 Motion for Summary Judgment; denying 53 Motion for Leave to File; granting 58 Motion for Sanctions; denying 71 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge Ronald E Bush. (caused to be mailed to non Registered Participants at the addresses listed on the Notice of Electronic Filing (NEF) by (krb)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF IDAHO
WILLIAM J. EVANS, individually and d/b/a WJ
ENTERPRISES and MELONY EVANS,
Plaintiffs,

Case No.: 10-473-N-REB

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND
ORDER RE:

vs.
AVISTA CORPORATION d/b/a AVISTA
UTILITIES, INC.
Defendant.

THIRD-PARTY DEFENDANT MIDMOUNTAIN LAND & TIMBER,
INC.’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT
(Docket No. 41)

__________________________________________ PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR LEAVE
TO AMEND COMPLAINT TO ADD
AVISTA CORPORATION d/b/a AVISTA
PRAYER FOR PUNITIVE DAMAGES
UTILITIES,
AGAINST DEFENDANT AVISTA
CORPORATION
Third-Party Plaintiff,
(Docket No. 53)
KEN ELA, individually, and MID-MOUNTAIN
LAND & TIMBER, INC.,
Third-Party Defendant.

PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR
SANCTIONS DUE TO SPOLIATION
AGAINST DEFENDANT AVISTA
CORPORATION
(Docket No. 58)
DEFENDANT AVISTA
CORPORATION’S MOTION FOR
PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT
RE: PLAINTIFFS’ CLAIMED
DAMAGES
(Docket No. 71)

Currently pending before the Court are the following motions: (1) Third-Party Defendant
Mid-Mountain Land & Timber, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket No. 41); (2)
Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint to Add Prayer for Punitive Damages Against
Defendant Avista Corporation (Docket No. 53); (3) Plaintiffs’ Motion for Sanctions Due to
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 1

Spoliation Against Defendant Avista Corporation (Docket No. 58); and (4) Defendant Avista
Corporation’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Re: Plaintiffs’ Claimed Damages (Docket
No. 71). Having carefully reviewed the record, participated in oral argument, and otherwise
being fully advised, the Court enters the following Memorandum Decision and Order:
I. GENERAL BACKGROUND
This action involves a claim for property damage brought by Plaintiffs William J. Evans,
d/b/a WJ Enterprises, and Melony Evans (“Plaintiffs”) as a result of a January 2, 2009 fire in
their commercial building (the “Building”), located within the Warren K. Industrial Park at
11888 N. Reed Road, Hayden, Idaho.
Third-Party Defendant Mid-Mountain Land & Timber, Inc. (“Mid-Mountain”) designed,
developed, and constructed the Building itself, while Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff Avista
Corporation, d/b/a Avista Utilities, Inc. (“Avista”) supplied and installed the gas meter at the
Building. The gas meter was located underneath the slope-side of the Building. A factual
dispute exists as to whether Mid-Mountain or Avista determined the location of the Building’s
gas meter. Moreover, according to Plaintiffs, the Building’s gas meter was not protected from
snow and/or ice that may slide off the roof; Avista contends that the roof area above the
Building’s gas meter was equipped with a snow break (supplied and installed by Mid-Mountain),
designed to prevent accumulated snow and ice from sliding off the roof.
During the winters of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009, there is no dispute that northern Idaho
and eastern Washington experienced record snowfall accumulation. As a result, during these
times, a number of gas meters at the Warren K. Industrial Park were damaged due to snow
and/or ice sliding off of the buildings’ roofs.1 In fact, around January 2, 2009, accumulated snow

1

The Warren K. Industrial Park encompasses 49 similarly-designed buildings with
metal-sloped roofs.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 2

and ice slid off of the Building’s roof, damaged the Building’s gas meter, and caused a gas leak.
The gas leaking from the Building’s damaged gas meter immediately ignited, resulting in a
significant fire at the Building. According to Plaintiffs, this fire destroyed the Building and the
majority of its contents.
Through this action, Plaintiffs argue that the January 2, 2009 fire would not have
occurred but for Avista’s negligent conduct. Indeed, Plaintiffs assert the following causes of
action against Avista: (1) negligence, (2) negligence per se, (3) gross negligence, and (4) strict
liability. Avista denies that it is responsible for the fire at the Building and related damage,
while bringing a third-party claim against Mid-Mountain, asserting the following causes of
action against Mid-Mountain: (1) contribution, and (2) indemnification.2
The Court now has before it four interrelated, but independent, motions:
1.

Mid-Mountain moves for summary judgment to dismiss Avista’s (as well as

Plaintiffs’) claims against it, arguing that (1) there can be no indemnity relationship between
Mid-Mountain and Avista because Avista cannot assert that it is without fault; (2) there is no
basis for Avista to assert a contribution claim against Mid-Mountain because Avista has not and
cannot plead that the two parties are joint tortfeasors; (3) there is no breach of an implied
warranty of habitability because the doctrine applies only to residential properties; (4) Avista has

2

After Avista brought its Third-Party Complaint against Mid-Mountain, Plaintiffs
amended their own Complaint to assert a claim for “liability” against Mid-Mountain. Therein,
Plaintiffs premised their new claim against Mid-Mountain upon Avista’s claims against MidMountain. See First Am. Compl., p. 8 (Docket No. 30, Att. 1) (“[P]ursuant to Rule 8(d)(2) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure hypothetically and in the alternative, the Evans hereby assert
claims against Mid-Mountain on the same basis as those alleged by Avista.”). Additionally,
Plaintiffs claim that Mid-Mountain breached the implied warranty of habitability. See id. (“The
Evans further assert hypothetically and in the alternative, that based on allegations made by
Avista against Mid-Mountain in its Third-Party Complaint and Affirmative Defenses, MidMountain breached the implied warranty of habitability.”).
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 3

a higher duty to its customers and the public as the provider of a utility; and (5) Avista undertook
and voluntarily assumed an affirmative duty to protect the meter outside the Building.
2.

Plaintiffs move to amend their Complaint to add a prayer for punitive damages

against Avista. Plaintiffs note that, in the year before the at-issue fire, there were several
incidents at the Warren K. Industrial Park where a gas meter was damaged by falling snow or
ice. Despite such preceding events, Plaintiffs argue that Avista failed to ensure that its meter
was sufficiently protected from similar damage and that such disregard warrants a claim for
punitive damages.
3.

Plaintiffs move for sanctions against Avista for discarding evidence, previously

identified as being relevant in its Initial Disclosures and in response to Plaintiffs’ discovery
requests.
4.

Avista moves for partial summary judgment, attacking Plaintiffs’ ability to

recover (1) damages allegedly incurred by Ryan Evans, (2) damages to vehicles not owned by
Plaintiffs, and (3) purported losses of rental income. Avista also seeks an up-front determination
from this Court that (1) certain expenses are not taxable costs and, therefore, are not recoverable
under applicable law, and (2) the gravamen of this action is not a “commercial transaction” and,
therefore, attorneys’ fees are not recoverable under Idaho Code § 12-120(3).
II. DISCUSSION
A.

Mid-Mountain’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket No. 41) and Avista’s
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Docket No. 71)
1.

Motion for Summary Judgment: Standard of Review

Summary judgment is used “to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims . . . .”
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24 (1986). It is “not a disfavored procedural

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 4

shortcut,” but rather is “the principal tool[ ] by which factually insufficient claims or defenses
[can] be isolated and prevented from going to trial with the attendant unwarranted consumption
of public and private resources.” Id. at 327. “[T]he mere existence of some alleged factual
dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary
judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.” Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986).
However, the evidence, including all reasonable inferences which may be drawn
therefrom, must be viewed in a light most favorable to the non-moving party (see id. at 255) and
the Court must not make credibility findings. Id. Direct testimony of the non-movant must be
believed, however implausible. Leslie v. Grupo ICA, 198 F.3d 1152, 1159 (9th Cir. 1999). On
the other hand, the Court is not required to adopt unreasonable inferences from circumstantial
evidence. McLaughlin v. Liu, 849 F.2d 1205, 1208 (9th Cir. 1988).
The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine
issue of material fact. Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1076 (9th Cir. 2001). To carry this
burden, the moving party need not introduce any affirmative evidence (such as affidavits or
deposition excerpts) but may simply point out the absence of evidence to support the nonmoving
party’s case. Fairbank v. Wunderman Cato Johnson, 212 F.3d 528, 532 (9th Cir. 2000).
This shifts the burden to the non-moving party to produce evidence sufficient to support a
jury verdict in its favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256-57. The non-moving party must go beyond
the pleadings and show “by [its] affidavits, or by the depositions, answers to interrogatories, or
admissions on file” that a genuine issue of material fact exists. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324.
However, the Court is “not required to comb through the record to find some reason to
deny a motion for summary judgment.” Carmen v. San Francisco Unified Sch. Dist., 237 F.3d

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 5

1026, 1029 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Forsberg v. Pac. Northwest Bell Tel. Co., 840 F.2d 1409,
1418 (9th Cir. 1988)). Instead, the “party opposing summary judgment must direct [the Court’s]
attention to specific triable facts.” Southern California Gas Co. v. City of Santa Ana, 336 F.3d
885, 889 (9th Cir. 2003). A statement in a brief, unsupported by the record, cannot be used to
create an issue of fact. Barnes v. Independent Auto. Dealers, 64 F.3d 1389 n. 3 (9th Cir. 1995).
2.

Mid-Mountain’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket No. 41)

Through its Motion for Summary Judgment, Mid-Mountain seeks to dismiss Avista’s
(and Plaintiffs’) claims for indemnity and contribution as well as Plaintiffs’ claim for breach of
the implied warranty of habitability.
a.

Avista’s (and Plaintiffs’) Indemnity Claim against Mid-Mountain

“The common law right of indemnity . . . refers to those situations where a person who
without fault on his part is compelled to pay damages occasioned by the negligence of another.”
May Trucking Co. v. International Harvester Co., 543 P.2d 1159, 1161 (Idaho 1975). Applying
this framework to the instant action, it would seem as though Avista, via its indemnity claim
against Mid-Mountain, is arguing that, through no fault of its own, it is compelled to pay
damages occasioned by Mid-Mountain’s negligence. The problem with such a theory, however,
is that the record is devoid of any allegation that Mid-Mountain breached any duty owing to
either Avista or Plaintiffs and, therefore, is negligent. Absent Mid-Mountain’s negligence, it
cannot be responsible for indemnifying Avista under principles of common law indemnity.
Here, Avista does not assert a negligence claim against Mid-Mountain - only indemnity
and contribution causes of action. Indeed, during oral argument, Avista’s counsel candidly
acknowledged that Avista did not have a right to allege a negligence claim against Mid-

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 6

Mountain because Avista suffered no harm.3 Likewise, despite Avista’s counsel’s expected
arguments to the contrary, Plaintiffs also do not assert a negligence claim against Mid-Mountain.
To be sure, Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint (amended only after Avista brought its thirdparty claims against Mid-Mountain) seems to premise its “liability” claim against Mid-Mountain
upon the mistaken notion that Avista’s Third-Party Complaint and affirmative defenses allege
that Mid-Mountain was negligent. See First Am. Compl., p. 8 (Docket No. 30, Att. 1). Further,
at oral argument, Plaintiffs’ counsel stated in no uncertain terms that Plaintiffs themselves do not
have an independent negligence claim against Mid-Mountain.4 In other words, and borrowing an
iconic line from the movie Cool Hand Luke, “what we’ve got here is a failure to communicate”
between Avista and Plaintiffs – each party pointing at the other as the source of any semblance
of a negligence claim against Mid-Mountain. Perhaps owing to the contorted state of the
pleadings thus far, there is simply no such claim.
Without an identified, underlying duty owed by Mid-Mountain to either Avista or
Plaintiffs, or a corresponding allegation that such duty was ever breached, there can be no viable
claim against Mid-Mountain for common law indemnity. See, e.g., Knudson v. Spicer, 601 P.2d
1089, 1090, n.1 (1979) (“In this Court, both parties continue to argue negligence . . . . Here, Sun

3

As an affirmative defense to Plaintiffs’ claims, Avista does claim that “Plaintiffs’
alleged damages, if any, may have been caused by the fault of third parties over whom
Defendant has no control or legal responsibility, including, without limitation, Ken Ela and/or
Mid-Mountain Land &Timber. See Avista’s Ans., p. 7 (Docket No. 11). Still, as “understood”
by Avista’s counsel during oral argument, affirmative defenses do not represent substantive
claims.
4

These realities operate to eviscerate Avista’s counsel’s argument during the hearing
that Mid-Mountain’s Motion for Summary Judgment turns on whether Plaintiffs have
sufficiently put Mid-Mountain on notice of a negligence claim. Except Plaintiffs’ counsel
admits that no such claim against Mid-Mountain exists.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 7

Valley and Spicer seek to pass on their liability, or some of it, to Boise Cascade. As above stated
. . . , the Knudsons have not named Boise Cascade as a defendant, and have not charged it with
any negligence in the construction or design of the condominium. Nor . . . has Spicer or Sun
Valley charged either with any negligence in that regard.”). To hold otherwise would essentially
force Mid-Mountain to defend itself against a non-existent claim, saying nothing of who (as
between Plaintiffs and Avista) would even have the burden of proving such a non-existent claim.
The Court is not prepared to require such a confused and awkward outcome. In this respect,
Mid-Mountain’s Motion for Summary Judgment is granted; Avista’s (and Plaintiffs’) common
law indemnity claims against Mid-Mountain are dismissed.5, 6
b.

Avista’s (and Plaintiffs’) Contribution Claim against Mid-Mountain

In Idaho, “[t]he right of contribution exists among joint tortfeasors, but a joint tortfeasor
is not entitled to a money judgment for contribution until he has by payment discharged the
common liability or has paid more than his pro rata share thereof.” I.C. § 6-803(1). A joint
tortfeasor “means one . . . of two . . . or more persons jointly or severally liable in tort for the
same injury to person or property, whether or not judgment has been recovered against all or
some of them.” I.C. § 6-803(4). A party is jointly and severally liable for the fault of another

5

In reaching this conclusion, the Court need not address Mid-Mountain’s other
argument relative to Avista’s common law indemnity claim – namely, whether an indemnity
relationship exists between Mid-Mountain and Avista, given Avista’s alleged inability to assert
that it is without fault.
6

With respect to any equitable indemnity claims (to the extent they are even distinct
from common law indemnity claims) asserted by Avista (and Plaintiff) upon Mid-Mountain,
such claims fail for the same reasons. See, e.g., Vreeken v. Lockwood Engineering, B.V., 218
P.3d 1150, 1166 (Idaho 2009) (“‘In order for the doctrine of equitable indemnity to apply, there
must be some basis for tort liability against the proposed indemnitor.’”) (quoting Am. Jur. 2d
Indemnity § 20 (2005)).
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 8

person where they were acting in concert. I.C. § 6-803(5). Acting in concert “means pursuing a
common plan or design which results in the commission of an intentional or reckless tortious
act.” Id.
Here, there are no allegations of – or examples in the record – indicating that Avista and
Mid-Mountain are joint tortfeasors. Similarly, there is no evidence suggesting that Avista and
Mid-Mountain acted in concert with one another or otherwise pursued a common plan or design
resulting in an intentional or reckless tortious act. Without these predicate parts, there can be no
claim for contribution. In this respect, Mid-Mountain’s Motion for Summary Judgment is
granted; Avista’s (and Plaintiffs’) contribution claims against Mid-Mountain are dismissed.
c.

Plaintiffs’ Breach of Implied Warranty of Habitability Claim Against MidMountain

Idaho common law recognizes an implied duty of habitability, described in the leading
case in this manner: “[m]ajor defects which render the house unfit for habitation, and which are
not readily remediable, entitle the buyer to [relief].” Tusch Enter. v. Coffin, 740 P.2d 1022, 1033
(1987) (quoting Bethlahmy v. Bechtel, 415 P.2d 698, 711 (1966)). Plaintiffs seek to invoke such
a warranty in regard to their industrial building. However, their Building is not a residence that
is understood to enjoy the protection of the warranty; the Building is actually a commercial
building. See Ela Decl. at ¶ 8 (Docket No. 41, Att. 3); see also Ex. 1 to Ela Decl. (Docket No.
41, Att. 3) (Certificate of Occupancy issued by City of Hayden Department of Building
Inspection, identifying Building’s use as “Light Industrial Office/Shop”). Plaintiffs seek to
expand the warranty’s protection beyond dwellings and into commercial buildings. The Court
concludes that Idaho law does not support such an application to these facts.
As Plaintiffs’ admit, “[t]he law in Idaho regarding the . . . warranty . . . is admittedly
scant.” See Pls.’ Resp. to Mid-Mountain’s Mot. for Summ. J., p. 4 (Docket No. 48). Still, any
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 9

application of the warranty to commercial buildings, while not specifically addressed by Idaho’s
case law, is, simply put, a stretch – one that the undersigned believes is not something the Idaho
Supreme Court would endorse if confronted with the issue.7 Plaintiffs’ expansive reading of
Tusch does not alter this perspective.
Plaintiffs correctly state that Tusch does not hold that the warranty explicitly applies only
to residential structures. See id. at p. 3. However, in implying that Tusch leaves open the door
for the warranty’s application to commercial buildings because the buildings at-issue there were
used for commercial purposes, Plaintiffs ignore the fact that the buildings contained residences,
the only arguably commercial context was the fact that the residences were rented by their
occupants, rather than owned by the occupants. See Tusch, 740 P.2d at 1024. Thus, Tusch
cannot be read to fully support Plaintiffs’ position. In fact, the opposite is true: the material facts
of Tusch are those that identify the residential nature of the use of the buildings, not whether or
not they are owned or rented by their occupants. The policy served by the warranty of
habitability is equally applicable to a rental residence as to a residence owned by the occupant,
the emphasis is upon the essentials that distinguish a residence from other types of buildings.
See, e.g., id. at 1033, n.7 (highlighting cases discussing the warranty as follows: “Habitability
[being] synonymous with suitability for living purposes; the house must be occupiable”; “At a
minimum, the necessities of a habitable residence include sufficient heat and ventilation,
adequate light, plumbing and sanitation and proper security and maintenance”; “Habitability
covers vital facilities necessary to maintain premises in a livable condition” (internal citations
omitted)).

7

At its most basic level of consideration, the use of the term “habitability” when
describing the warranty necessarily connotes an element of living, found not in commercial
buildings, but, rather, in dwellings.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 10

Because the Building is not a dwelling, this Court finds that Plaintiffs may not maintain a
claim for breach of the implied warranty of habitability, as that warranty is recognized under
Idaho law. In this respect, Mid-Mountain’s Motion for Summary Judgment is granted;
Plaintiffs’ breach of implied warranty of habitability claim against Mid-Mountain is dismissed.
3.

Avista’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Docket No. 71)

Through its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, Avista disputes Plaintiffs’ ability to
recover (1) damages allegedly incurred by Ryan Evans, (2) damages to vehicles not owned by
Plaintiffs, and (3) purported losses of rental income. Avista also argues that (1) certain expenses
are not taxable costs and, therefore, are nor recoverable under applicable law, and (2) this action
is not a “commercial transaction” and, therefore, attorneys’ fees are not recoverable under Idaho
Code § 12-120(3).
a.

Damages Allegedly Incurred by Ryan Evans

As part of their damages ($19,675.82), Plaintiffs attempt to recover damages attributable
to their son, Ryan Evans. Because Ryan Evans is not a party to the action, Avista argues that
Plaintiffs may not recover the damages of a non-party:
Thus, whether framed as an issue of standing, as a measure of damages, as a question
of mitigation, or as an issue of fairness, Plaintiffs are not, in any case, entitled to seek
recovery on behalf of a third party, including their adult son. Ryan Evans was fully
capable of asserting any claims for damages that he believed were necessary and/or
appropriate with respect to the January 2, 2009 fire at the Evans’ Building. Ryan
Evans’ decision not to proceed with such a claim does not confer standing onto
Plaintiffs, nor does it otherwise grant Plaintiffs the right to seek recovery on his
behalf.
See Avista’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Partial Summ. J., p. 7 (Docket No. 71, Att. 1). In
response, Plaintiffs claim that Ryan Evans assigned any and all interest he had in the claimed

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 11

damages and, therefore, Plaintiffs may properly recover the same in this action. See Pls.’ Opp. to
Avista’ Mot. for Partial Summ. J., pp. 5 & 10-11 (Docket No. 75).
Notwithstanding some potential issues surrounding the assignment itself (see, e.g.,
Avista’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Partial Summ. J., p. 3 (Docket No. 80) (discussing timing of
assignment, consideration, and possible statute of limitations implications)), the damages
associated with Ryan Evans became more fully evident during the deposition of Plaintiff
William Evans (before any assignment). Apparently due to disagreement between counsel about
arrangements, Ryan Evans had not been deposed as of the date the Court heard argument upon
this motion.
The Court will not strike the damages associated with Ryan Evans at this time. Instead,
the Court orders the parties to meet, confer, and agree upon a date to depose Ryan Evans. If,
after take Ryan Evans’ deposition, Avista wishes to renew its objection to these damages, it may
do so via a motion in limine before trial. Until then, Avista’s Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment is denied in this respect.
b.

Damages to Vehicles Not Owned by Plaintiffs

As part of their alleged damages ($201,000.00), Plaintiffs seek to recover the value of
three trucks damaged in the January 2, 2009 fire. Plaintiffs leased each of these vehicles from
Western Peterbilt, Inc. (“Western Peterbilt”) pursuant to agreed-upon payment schedules, the
completion of which entitled Plaintiffs to exercise a $1.00 purchase option as to each vehicle.
As of January 2, 2009, Plaintiffs were still leasing these three vehicles; however, after January 2,
2009, Plaintiffs continued making payments on these three vehicles and now own these vehicles
outright. Because Plaintiffs were not the title owners of these vehicles as of January 2, 2009,
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 12

Avista argues that Plaintiffs cannot recover their value as damages. See Avista’s Mem. in Supp.
of Mot. for Partial Summ. J., pp. 7-10 (Docket No. 71, Att. 1). In response, Plaintiffs claim that
they were contractually obligated to continue to make lease payments on these vehicles to
Western Peterbilt – even after the fire – and now, as the vehicles’ owners, they may properly
seek to recover for their corresponding damage. See Pls.’ Opp. to Avista’ Mot. for Partial
Summ. J., pp. 4-5 & 7-10 (Docket No. 75).
Under Avista’s argument, no entity could recover for the damaged vehicles.8 In the
context of Avista’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, the Court disagrees. Construing all
reasonable inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor, Plaintiffs were contractually obligated to make
scheduled payments on each of the three vehicles, accruing equity thereupon with each payment
until exercising a payment option for $1.00 apiece. It is true that, had Plaintiffs stopped making
payments after January 2, 2009 (which they could have done), the vehicles would have been
returned to Western Peterbilt; yet, this argument ignores not only the relatively negligible
penalties associated with doing so, but also the relinquishment of the substantial amounts already
paid toward the lease over time – amounts contributing, ultimately, to Plaintiffs’ ownership of
the vehicles and distinguishable from a rental arrangement. To adopt Avista’s argument, this
Court would have to conclude as a matter of law that, as a result of a fire that they did not cause,
Plaintiffs should then have stopped making their lease payments to Western Peterbilt, foregone
any and all investment in the vehicles up to that date (by virtue of their lease payments), and

8

Plaintiffs’ alleged failure to insure the vehicles is immaterial for the purposes of
Avista’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and will not operate to create a windfall to
Avista when seeking to avoid damages associated with their alleged liability.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 13

returned the vehicles to Western Peterbilt. Such a conclusion is not required by law, and
therefore Avista is not entitled to partial summary judgment on this claim. Accordingly,
Avista’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is denied in this respect.9
c.

Purported Losses of Rental Income

As part of their damages ($41,501.55), Plaintiffs seek to recover lost monthly rental
income upon the Building as a result of the January 2, 2009 fire. As a basis for such recovery,
Plaintiffs allege that an oral contract existed between WJ Enterprises and Plaintiff William
Evans whereby WJ Enterprises agreed to pay $3,486.58 in monthly rental payments to use the
Building. According to Plaintiffs, WJ Enterprises justifiably stopped paying rent after the
January 2, 2009 fire. Avista argues that, because (1) these rental payments went directly from
WJ Enterprises to Pioneer Title to satisfy Plaintiffs’ mortgage obligations, and (2) the mortgage
was paid off in full by Plaintiffs’ insurer following the fire, “any damages associated with the
loss of the building were included within the Evans’ property damage claim.” See Avista’s
Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Partial Summ. J., p. 12 (Docket No. 71, Att. 1). Plaintiffs respond
that WJ Enterprises’ $3,486.58 payment – whether to satisfy a mortgage obligation or not –
represented a commensurate monthly benefit to Plaintiffs for WJ Enterprises’ use of the Building
(i.e., rent). See Pls.’ Opp. to Avista’s Mot. for Partial Summ. J., p. 12 (Docket No. 75).
Construing all reasonable inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor as this Court is required to do,
the Court generally agrees with Plaintiffs. The fact that WJ Enterprises bypassed Plaintiff
William Evans and made payments directly to Pioneer Title to satisfy the Evans’ mortgage
commitments is of no legal consequence when considering that, in doing so, Plaintiffs received a

9

Avista is free to argue at trial that, in relation to these damages, Plaintiffs did not
mitigate their damages as that theory is understood under applicable law.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 14

benefit in that proportionate amount by not having to separately make that same mortgage
payment. Such payments existed (and would have continued to exist) independent of what they
were ultimately used for – in this case, mortgage payments, even though the mortgage was
eventually satisfied. Avista’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is denied in this respect.
This holding does not preclude Avista from challenging the bona fides of the alleged oral
rental contract at trial, or to present other evidence and raise other arguments as to whether
Plaintiffs should be entitled to recover such damages from Avista.10
d.

Recovery of Alleged Non-Taxable Costs

As part of their damages, Plaintiffs seek to recover certain miscellaneous expenses (trip
expenses and mediation expenses totaling $6,773.68), man-hour time spent processing Plaintiffs’
claim (hours expended on contents loss list, hours expended on claim work, and hours expended
cleaning salvaged goods – multiplied by $50.00/hour – totaling $36,000.00). Characterizing
these figures as “costs,” Avista argues that “they do not constitute taxable costs and are not
recoverable in this action.” See Avista’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Partial Summ. J., p. 13
(Docket No. 71, Att.1). In response, Plaintiffs argue that these figures are not costs, but
recoverable as damages flowing from the January 2, 2009 fire. See Pls.’ Opp. to Avista’s Mot.
for Partial Summ. J., pp. 12-13 (Docket No. 75).
Through its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, Avista asks the Court to agree with
its characterization of the above-referenced outlays as costs and, further, to rule that such costs

10

Having said this (and as brought up during oral argument), the Court is mindful of the
issues raised by the alleged obligations between WJ Enterprises and Plaintiff William Evans
where WJ Enterprises operates as an assumed business name with Plaintiff William Evans as the
sole proprietor. However, the parties did not brief this issue. Avista is free to develop the record
more fully in this regard and renew its objection via a motion in limine before trial.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 15

are not recoverable as a matter of law. The determination of a litigant’s ability to recover costs,
however, follows a decision on the merits and in accordance with the applicable rules on the
subject – namely FRCP 54(d), 28 U.S.C. § 1920, and District of Idaho Local Civil Rule 54.1.
Until then, Avista’s request in the form of a dispositive motion is premature. Further, to the
extent that Avista seeks to have the Court declare such purported damages as “costs” pursuant to
the applicable rule, and thereby unavailable to Plaintiffs as part of their damages case, the Court
will not do so. Such issues are not appropriately posed in the context of Avista’s argument,
although such alleged damages may well be subject to challenge on other grounds. Accordingly,
Avista’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is denied in this respect.11
e.

Application of Idaho Code § 12-120(3)

Idaho Code section 12-120(3) provides that the prevailing party “shall be allowed” an
award of reasonable attorneys’ fees in any civil action to recover on . . . “any commercial
transaction.” I.C. § 12-120(3). The statute defines the term “commercial transaction” to mean
“all transactions except transactions for personal or household purposes.” Id. Under Idaho Code
section 12-120(3), an award of attorneys’ fees is proper if “the commercial transaction is integral
to the claim, and constitutes the basis upon which the party is attempting to recover.” Brower v.
E.E. DuPont De Nemours and Co., 792 P.2d 345, 349 (Idaho 1990). Avista argues that Idaho
Code § 12-120(3)’s attorneys’ fees provision is inapplicable because this action does not involve
a commercial transaction. See Avista’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Partial Summ. J., p. 17

11

Although not extensively discussed in their briefing thus far, to the extent such
expenditures are not actually damages (as Plaintiffs’ contend) recoverable under the legal
theories alleged in Plaintiffs’ pleadings, Avista is free to make such arguments via a motion in
limine before trial.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 16

(Docket No. 71, Att. 1) (“Here, the gravamen of the parties’ dispute is not a commercial
transaction, but instead is addressed to the question of whether any party can be responsible for
the unpredictable, and sometimes devastating, forces of nature. Accordingly, attorney’s fees are
not appropriate under Idaho Code § 12-120(3).”). Plaintiffs disagree, countering that the
gravamen of their action is a commercial transaction. See Pls.’ Opp. to Avista’s Mot. for Partial
Summ. J., p. 15 (Docket No. 75).
As with Avista’s attempt to have this Court issue a ruling concerning the recovery of
certain self-identified costs (see supra), asking for a determination, before trial, that this action is
not dependent upon an underlying commercial transaction is likewise premature on the existing
record. In some cases, such a ruling can reasonably be made before trial. However, this case has
shifting dunes and without the benefit of a trial and its panoply of testimonial and documentary
evidence, the Court is not in a position to make such a decision at this time. Accordingly,
Avista’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is denied in this respect.
B.

Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint to Add Prayer for Punitive
Damages Against Avista (Docket No. 53)
“A prayer for punitive damages is not a stand-alone cause of action, but flows from an

underlying cause of action, such as a breach of contract or a tort, when the conduct of a party
meets the threshold level of being oppressive and outrageous.” See Boise Tower Associates LLC
v. Washington Capital Joint Master Trust, 2006 WL 1749656 at *12 (D. Idaho 2006). Conduct
justifying punitive damages requires “an intersection of two factors: a bad act and a bad state of
mind.” See Linscott v. Rainier Nat. Life Ins. Co., 606 P.2d 958, 962 (Idaho 1980). The
defendant must (1) act in a manner that was an extreme deviation from reasonable standards of
conduct with an understanding of - or disregard for - its likely consequences, and must (2) act
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 17

with an extremely harmful state of mind, described variously as with malice, oppression, fraud,
gross negligence, wantonness, deliberately, or willfully. See Myers v. Workmen’s Auto Ins. Co.,
95 P.3d 977, 983 (Idaho 2004). For plaintiffs to be entitled to amend their complaint to add a
claim for punitive damages, they must show “a reasonable likelihood of proving facts at trial
sufficient to support an award of punitive damages.” See I.C. § 6-1604(2).
To support their argument in favor of adding a claim for punitive damages, Plaintiffs
point to several incidents in the winter of 2007/2008 (the year preceding the accident at
Plaintiffs’ Building) and in early winter 2009 (immediately before the accident in question here),
when other buildings in the Warren K. Industrial Park experienced damaged gas meters caused
by snow. Such incidents are summarized here:
•

January 10, 2008: Avista’s incident report noted a “Code 5" (leaking gas),
with the meter set assembly “buried in a snow bank.” See Ex. C to
McFarland Decl. (Docket No. 53, Att. 4).

•

February 14, 2008: Avista’s incident report noted that “snow/ice fell off roof
(no m[eter] protection) . . . .” See Ex. D to McFarland Decl. (Docket No. 53,
Att. 4).

•

February 16, 2008: Avista’s incident report noted a “Code 9" (uncontrolled
blowing gas) and that “snow f[rom] w[arehouse] roof unloaded and buried
[meter set assembly].” See Ex. E to McFarland Decl. (Docket No. 53, Att.
4).

•

February 20, 2008: Avista’s incident report noted a Code 9 and that “nipple
between service valve and reg[ulator] cracked due to snow falling on
m[eter].” See Ex. F to McFarland Decl. (Docket No. 53, Att. 4).

•

February 21, 2008: Avista’s incident report noted a Code 9 and that “snow
off roof broke nipple below service reg[ulator].” See Ex. G to McFarland
Decl. (Docket No. 53, Att. 4).

•

February 24, 2008: A building was destroyed by fire – the “Tracey Road
Fire.” Although an investigation determined that the fire may have started

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 18

in the attic of the building, the actual cause of the fire was unknown. See Ex.
H to McFarland Decl. (Docket No. 53, Att. 4); see also infra. Still, although
emphasizing that he did not know the cause of the February 24, 2008 fire,
Avista’s representative, William Baker, testified that it was possible that
snow or ice fell off the building’s roof, damaged the gas meter, and caused
the fire. See Baker Dep. at 33:5-25, attached as Ex. C to Anderson Aff.
(Docket No. 41, Att. 6).
•

January 1, 2009: Avista incident report noted a Code 9 and that “snow slid
off roof and broke riser above the service riser.” See Ex. I to McFarland
Decl. (Docket No. 53, Att. 4).

According to Plaintiffs, the incidents referenced above, coupled with (1) Avista’s
underlying responsibility to protect its gas meters from falling snow and ice (see Faulkenberry
Dep. at 28:9-25, attached as Ex. B to Anderson Aff. (Docket No. 51, Att. 1)); (2) Avista’s related
“duty to exercise ‘the highest degree of care practicable to avoid injury to its patrons and the
public’” (see Pls.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Am. Compl, p. 11 (Docket No. 53, Att. 2) (quoting
Doxstater v. Northwest Cities Gas Co., 154 P.2d 498, 499 (1944))); and (3) Avista’s failure to
perform a comprehensive assessment of the potential dangers to its gas meters owing to heavy
snowfall following the winter of 2007/2008 and how to prevent such accidents in the future (like
the one to the Building) (see Pls.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Am. Compl., pp. 8-9 (Docket No.
53, Att. 2)), justify an amendment to their Complaint to add a claim for punitive damages against
Avista.
Avista does not dispute the historical record relating to its gas meters being damaged as a
result of snow and/or ice. See Avista’s Opp. to Pls.’ Mot. to Am. Compl., p. 6 (Docket No. 54)
(while pointing out that “[s]everal of the incidents referred to, however, did not involve snow
from a roof, but rather snow accumulation on the ground.”). Moreover, Avista does not deny its
duties, as a gas utility, to protect its customers and the public, while also maintaining its gas

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 19

meters. More-or-less accepting these facts for the purposes of Plaintiffs’ amendment efforts,
Avista nonetheless challenges any assertion that its conduct was unreasonable or, for that matter,
performed with any harmful state of mind. To this end, Avista argues that, in the spring and
summer of 2008, it identified all metal-roofed structures in the Warren K. Industrial Park “in an
effort to confirm that some method of protecting the gas meter had been implemented.” In
buildings without protection, Avista discussed snow protection with the owner and, in some
instances, installed snow protection itself. See id. at p 12. Additionally, Avista emphasizes that,
throughout the winters of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, it issued press releases advising customers
of (1) their responsibility to keep their gas meters clear of snow and ice, (2) the need to prevent
snow on the roofs of their buildings from falling on gas meters, and (3) the damage that can
happen to gas meters as a result of falling ice or snow. See id. at p. 15. In essence, Avista
distills Plaintiffs’ arguments in favor of amending their Complaint to add a claim for punitive
damages as one that unreasonably would amount to a requirement that Avista should have
foreseen extreme meteorological events and prevented any consequences from such events, and
taken actions to do so in a way that would have exceeded what was understood to be reasonable
before that point in time.
The Court has paid careful attention to Avista’s objections to Plaintiffs’ arguments in
favor of bringing a punitive damage claim. While the parties’ respective positions offer no clearcut resolution to the question now before the Court, Avista’s counter-arguments are not
altogether persuasive toward avoiding the requested amendment. Of particular importance is the
arguable absence of any meaningful corporate response to the multiple, actual incidents of
damaged gas meters at the Warren K. Industrial Park during the winter of 2007/2008, after that

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 20

winter ended. Certainly, had no one from Avista visited the complex the following
spring/summer to follow up on the fact of such a cluster of failures, a strong argument could be
made that Avista’s failure to do so was so unreasonable as to constitute a willful indifference to
the safety of others. Plaintiffs would argue that Avista’s actual response to the damaging effects
of the 2007/2008 winter was just as (in)effective. That is, when Avista’s Diane Best visited the
Warren K. Industrial Park in the summer of 2008, she was not told (and did not know) which
meters had been damaged by snow the previous winter, testifying at her deposition:
Q:

Okay. When you went into the business park in the summer of 2008, were
you aware which buildings had been – which buildings’ meters had been
damaged the previous winter?

A:

No.

Q:

Did you ever – or did Avista ever look into what protection those buildings
had during the winter of 2007 and 2008 – which protection, excuse me, those
meters had during the winter of 2007 and 2008?

A:

I’m not sure that I understand that question.

Q:

Okay. When you went in the business park, you just testified that you didn’t
know which buildings’ meters had been damaged the previous winter,
correct?

A:

That’s correct.

Q:

So did you know what protection those buildings, those buildings’ meters
had during the winter, the previous winter?

A:

No, if I didn’t know which buildings were vulnerable.

See Best Dep. at 37:7-25, attached as Ex. B to Anderson Aff. (Docket No. 41, Att. 4).
Without knowing which buildings and which gas meters experienced problems during the
winter prior, it would have been impossible for Ms. Best to know – and, thus, advise Avista – if
another building’s particular snow break offered adequate protection against damage to Avista’s

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 21

gas meters. Hence, Plaintiffs can reasonably argue for these purposes that Ms. Best’s visit to the
William K. Industrial Park in the summer of 2008 was performed in an information vacuum,
representing nothing more than a cursory drive-by inspection of whether certain identified
buildings had a snow break installed or not – that was it. No regard was given (or could have
been given since Ms. Best did not know which buildings and which gas meters were involved in
the aforementioned incident reports) as to whether the installed snow breaks actually prevented
the damage resulting from falling snow and ice, or were of a design that had failed the winter
before. The lack of such information reasonably could be argued to have limited any useful
investigation into the causes of the damage or, reliable ways to avoid similar occurrences and,
even, injury to person and property. Said another way: If certain buildings actually had snow
protection and still were damaged, what is to prevent those same (or similar) buildings from
being damaged again under similar conditions? It was simply impossible for Ms. Best, and her
employer Avista, to make a meaningful determination as to whether a gas meter adjacent to
buildings in that particular industrial park was protected from future damage when she had no
idea what type of gas meter protection failed in the first place.
With all of this in mind, Avista’s conduct in response to the known risks preceding
January 2, 2009 was arguably so inadequate as to constitute not only an extreme deviation from
reasonable standards of conduct, but also performed with a level of wantonness and/or gross
negligence so as to support Plaintiffs’ arguments for amending their Complaint accordingly.
See, e.g., Vendelin v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 95 P.3d 34 (Idaho 2004).
Having said all this, as became evident during oral argument, a question exists as to
whether (or to what extent) Avista should have done something different than simply ensuring

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 22

that snow breaks were installed atop the roofs at the William K. Industrial Park’s buildings
following the winter of 2007/2008. Even though Plaintiffs argued during the hearing that they
have an expert who will testify that Avista’s conduct in these respects represents a gross
deviation from the appropriate standard of care, such evidence is not a part of the existing record.
Notwithstanding the Court’s discussion above, without such evidence to consider, the Court
cannot contrast Avista’s conduct against those alleged standards and, therefore, cannot decide at
this time whether Avista performed a bad act with the requisite bad state of mind. The link,
although possible under such a scenario, is too attenuated on this record to meet the full measure
of proof that Plaintiffs must put forward to justify an amendment to allow a punitive damages
claim. For this reason, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint to Add Prayer for
Punitive Damages Against Avista is denied.12
C.

Plaintiffs’ Motion for Sanctions Due to Spoliation Against Avista (Docket No. 58)
As mentioned earlier, the cause of the February 24, 2008 Tracey Road Fire is uncertain.

Avista acknowledges that it could have occurred when snow or ice fell off the roof and damaged
the gas meter (the “Tracey Road gas meter”). See supra (citing See Baker Dep. at 33:5-25,
attached as Ex. C to Anderson Aff. (Docket No. 41, Att. 6). Therefore, there is no dispute that
the Tracey Road gas meter is tangible evidence relevant to the instant action. See, e.g., Avista’s

12

If, following the presentation of evidence at trial, the record is such that a renewed
motion to amend to conform to the evidence is warranted, Plaintiffs are free to do so, pursuant to
the applicable procedural protocols. However, it is expected that, at that time, there will be a
more developed record as to the actual cause of the damaged gas meter leading up to the January
2, 2009 fire at the Building; that is, whether it was due to sliding snow/ice from the Building’s
roof as Plaintiffs submit or, as Avista contends, a snow cornice forming over the eaves of the
rooftops, independent of the existence and functionality of any snow breaks.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 23

Initial Discl., attached as Ex. D to McFarland Decl. (Docket No. 63) (identifying “dispatch and
response records” for Tracey Road Fire); Avista’s Resp. to Interrog. No. 11, attached as Ex. A to
McFarland Decl. (Docket No. 60) (identifying Tracey Road Fire as incident from January 1,
2000 where Avista gas meter was damaged by snow, ice, or other debris falling from roof or
other structure). Consistent with these facts, following the Tracey Road Fire, Avista
appropriately secured and maintained the Tracey Road gas meter, originally at its Coeur
d’Alene, Idaho offices, and later at its Spokane, Washington offices. See generally Avista’s
Resp. to Interrog. No. 1, attached as Ex. B to McFarland Decl. (Docket No. 61).
During the course of this litigation, while deposing Avista’s William Baker, Plaintiffs’
counsel inquired about the whereabouts of the Tracey Road gas meter:
Q:

Do you know where that gas meter is that was installed at 11889 North
Tracey on February 24th, 2008?

A:

I’m going to have to assume it’s probably – it’s in our evidence locker, as far
as I know. You’d have to ask our claims person.
(Plaintiffs’ Counsel): And Greg, when you get a chance, can you
look and see where that gas meter is?
(Avista’s Counsel):

I will do that.

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 24

See Baker Dep. at 34:1-8, attached as Ex. C to Anderson Aff. (Docket No. 41, Att. 6).13, 14 Still,
on or around August 17, 2011 (less than a month after Mr. Baker’s deposition), Ms. Donahoo
discarded the Tracey Road gas meter due to space constraints when Avista’s evidence storage
depository transitioned to smaller facility. See Donahoo Dep. at 19:13-20:1, attached as Ex. C to
McFarland Decl. (Docket No. 62). Though there is no evidence that the Tracey Road gas meter
was ever discarded in bad faith to gain some sort of tactical advantage relative Plaintiffs’ claims
against it here, there is no dispute that it was nonetheless discarded intentionally. Compare id. at
37:5-8 with Donahoo Dep. at 41:11-17, attached as Ex. 10 to Avista’s Counsel’s Aff. (Docket
No. 65, Att. 1). This backdrop is generally confirmed by Avista in its response to Plaintiffs’
discovery request on the subject-matter:
INTERROGATORY NO. 1: If the Avista gas meter or its component parts related
to the fire of February 24, 2008 at 11889 Tracey Road in Hayden Idaho are no longer
available, please identify when these items were disposed of, who provided
permission to dispose of these materials, who was notified of the plans to dispose of
these items prior to their disposal, and who participated in and/or oversaw said
disposal.
ANSWER:
Following the incident on February 24, 2008, the meter at issue, which was
heavily damaged in the fire, was secured and brought to Avista’s Coeur d’Alene

13

During Mr. Baker’s deposition, Linda Clifton, Avista’s Claim Specialist handling the
January 2, 2009 fire, was also in attendance. See Baker Dep. at 3, attached as Ex. C to Anderson
Aff. (Docket No. 41, Att. 6).
14

Dawn Donahoo, Avista’s Claim Specialist handling the Tracey Road Fire, testified
during her deposition that she never received any litigation hold letter, directing her to keep the
Tracey Road gas meter. See Donahoo Dep. at 17:3-23, attached as Ex. C. to McFarland Decl.
(Docket No. 62). Further, Ms. Clifton did not advise Ms. Donahoo to retain the Tracey Road gas
meter. See id. at 18:14-23; 21:9-11; 37:9-12. In fact, according to Ms. Donahoo, nobody
advised her to retain the Tracey Road gas meter after Mr. Baker’s deposition. See id. at 21:2422:2.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 25

offices,w here it was temporarily stored. It was held at that location until
February 29, 2008, at which time it was inspected by Idaho Fire Marshall Mark
Aamodt, Northern Lakes Fire Protection District employee Ralph Kramer, and,
on behalf of Farmers Insurance, Charles McCall of Unified Investigations &
Sciences. Following that inspection, the meter was transferred to Avista’s
evidence locker in Spokane, Washington by the Claims Specialist assigned to the
incident, Dawn Donahoo.
In August, 2011, Avista’s Facilities Department directed Avista’s Claims
Department to prepare for the need to move its evidence locker to a smaller
building on the property. To facilitate this request, and to accommodate the
smaller storage space, on August 17, 2011, Ms. Donahoo disposed of evidence
relating to claims that she was assigned to for which the applicable statute of
limitations had run. This included disposal of the meter related to the February
24, 2008 incident at 11889 Tracey Road.
See Avista’s Resp. to Interrog. No. 1, attached as Ex. B to McFarland Decl. (Docket No. 61)
(emphasis in original).
Plaintiffs now argue that, due to the Tracey Road gas meter’s intentional destruction
(after Avista’s own acknowledgment of its relevance and after receiving a request from Plaintiffs
for its preservation), entitles them to an affirmative designation that the Tracey Road Fire was
caused by snow falling on the gas meter. See Pls.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Sanctions, pp. 6 &
9-10 (Docket No. 58, Att. 1) (“Avista’s willful destruction of the Tracey Road Meter after the
litigation commenced, and before the Evans’ or their experts had the opportunity to examine it,
requires a sanction more than simply an adverse jury inference . . . . [but an order establishing
that] . . . . The Tracey Road Fire occurred as a result of snow falling on the Avista meter and
that Avista had first-hand knowledge of this fact.”).
Avista opposes any sanctions resulting from its inadvertent disposal of the Tracey Road
gas meter, arguing that (1) the reason for disposing it was innocuous – to create space in its
storage facility, not due to a concern for its possible evidentiary implications; (2) it previously

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 26

made the Tracey Road gas meter available for inspection to, inter alia, Farmers Insurance
(which, by virtue of its subrogated interest, is a putative Plaintiff in these proceedings); (3) it
fully cooperated with Plaintiffs on the informal exchange of information relating to the Tracey
Road Fire; (4) Plaintiffs are not prejudiced by the Tracey Road gas meter’s destruction because
“from an operational standpoint,” Avista assumed the Tracey Road Fire was the product of
snow-load damage, rendering additional evidence regarding the Tracey Road gas meter both
cumulative and unnecessary; and (5) the Idaho State Fire Marshal’s and Northern Lakes Fire
Protection District’s inspection reports relating to the Tracey Road gas meter are (and have
always been) available to Plaintiffs for their review. See Avista’s Opp. to Pls’ Mot. for
Sanctions, pp. 10-13 (Docket No. 65).
Federal trial courts have the inherent authority to make appropriate evidentiary rulings
and to levy sanctions in response to the destruction or spoliation of relevant evidence. See
Glover v. BIC Corp., 6 F.3d 1318, 1329 (9th Cir. 1993). Sanctions for spoliation include
dismissal of claims, exclusion of evidence, and adverse jury instructions in which the jury is
informed that it may presume that the destroyed evidence, if produced, would have been adverse
to the party that destroyed or failed to preserve it. See Unigard Security Ins. Co. v. Lakewood,
982 F.2d 363, 368-70 (9th cir. 1992). A finding of bad faith is not required before spoliation
sanctions may be imposed – sanctions may be imposed on the basis of simple notice of potential
relevance to the litigation. See Glover, 6 F.3d at 1329. Factors to be considered when
determining the severity of the sanction to impose against a party for failure to preserve evidence
include: (1) willfulness or bad faith of the party responsible for loss of evidence; (2) degree of
prejudice sustained by opposing party; and (3) what is required to cure prejudice. See Miller v.
Four Winds Intern. Corp., 827 F. Supp. 2d 1175, 1181 (D. Idaho 2011) (citing Swofford v.

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 27

Eslinger, 671 F. Supp. 2d 1274, 1280 (M.D. Fla. 2009)). Courts generally will not impose a
significant sanction for spoliation, unless there is a showing that the spoliation was willful and
the loss of evidence prejudiced the opposing party. See Miller, 827 F. Supp. 2d at 1181 (citing
Aiello v. Kroger Co., 2010 WL 3522259 (D. Nev. 2010); Byrnie v. Town of Cromwell, Bd. of
Educ., 243 F.3d 93, 108 (2nd Cir. 2001)). “The loss or destruction of evidence qualifies as willful
spoliation of the party ‘has some notice that the documents were potentially relevant to the
litigation’ before they were lost.” Aiello, 2010 WL 3522259 at *3 (quoting Leon v. IDX Systems
Corp., 464 F.3d 951, 959 (9th Cir. 2006)).
Here, it is certain that, like the other events preceding the January 2, 2009 fire at the
Building (see supra), the cause of the Tracey Road Fire is not only relevant to this case, but
potentially integral to Plaintiffs’ theory of liability. Despite various hypotheses concerning the
genesis of the Tracey Road Fire (from accidental to arson (see Avista’s Opp. to Pls.’ Mot. for
Sanctions, pp. 3-4 (Docket No. 65)), the fact remains that it is entirely possible that it was caused
by snow or ice falling off of the building’s roof, damaging the gas meter, and setting in motion a
conflagration similar to one that destroyed the Building. However, due to the destruction of the
Tracey Road gas meter, Plaintiffs are hamstrung – through no fault of their own – in fleshing
such details out in their favor. Owing to what appears to be an innocent but serious internal
miscommunication, Avista itself still created this bind in not preserving such evidence, even
after it was mentioned at Mr. Baker’s deposition and thereafter discussed in correspondence
between Plaintiffs’ and Avista’s counsel (see 8/15/11 email, attached as Ex. 9 to Avista’s
Counsel’s Aff. (Docket No. 65, Att. 1)). Sanctions are therefore warranted against Avista to
address Plaintiffs’ prejudice.

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 28

Because there is no Tracey Road gas meter for Plaintiffs and their experts to inspect, it
matters not that other entities may have already inspected it following the Tracey Road Fire.
That is, regardless of any previous inspections (including Farmers Insurance’s), Plaintiffs are
simply not able to present to the jury their own interpretation of what took place leading up to
the Tracey Road Fire. Thus, not only is no sanction inappropriate, but a rebuttable presumption
that the Tracey Road Fire was caused by a snow/ice-damaged gas meter is also inappropriate
because it would leave Avista free to tell its own story, unchecked by the evidence it failed to
preserve. In the Court’s mind, only a non-rebuttable inference that the Tracey Road Fire was
caused by snow falling on the Tracey Road gas meter addresses this unique situation.15 To this
extent, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Sanctions Due to Spoliation Against Avista is granted.
III. ORDER
For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:
1.

Third-Party Defendant Mid-Mountain Land & Timber, Inc.’s Motion for

Summary Judgment (Docket No. 41) is GRANTED;
2.

Defendant Avista Corporation’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Re:

Plaintiffs’ Claimed Damages (Docket No. 71) is DENIED; however, Avista is permitted to
depose Ryan Evans.
3.

Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint to Add Prayer for Punitive

Damages Against Defendant Avista Corporation (Docket No. 53) is DENIED; and

15

Perhaps such a ruling is of little consequence given Avista’s contention that it “has
conceded that, regardless of the actual cause, it operated under the assumption that the Tracey
Road Fire was a result of snow falling from the roof of the building and damaging the meter.”
See Avista’s Opp. to Pls.’ Mot. for Sanctions, pp. 2 & 12 (Docket No. 65). If not, Avista’s
arguments in these respects are overstated.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 29

4.

Plaintiffs’ Motion for Sanctions Due to Spoliation Against Defendant Avista

Corporation (Docket No. 58) is GRANTED.
DATED: September 19, 2012

Honorable Ronald E. Bush
U. S. Magistrate Judge

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 30