New Phase Development LLC et al v. Jeff Cook et al

Filing 34

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER. IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment 27 with respect to Plaintiffs' breach of contract claim is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Summary Judgment is GRANTED with respect to dam ages. Summary Judgment is DENIED with respect to breach. Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment 27 with respect to Plaintiffs' trade secrets misappropriation claim is GRANTED. Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment 27 is GRAN TED with respect to Plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim. Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment 27 is DENIED with respect to Plaintiffs' claim for injunctive relief. Plaintiffs' Motion to Seal 29 is DENIED. Signed by Judge Edward J. Lodge. (caused to be mailed to non Registered Participants at the addresses listed on the Notice of Electronic Filing (NEF) by (st)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF IDAHO
NEW PHASE DEVELOPMENT, LLC.,
and WAYNE JONES,
Plaintiffs,

Case No. 4:13-CV-00520-EJL
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND
ORDER

v.
JEFF COOK and NICOR, INC.,
Defendant.

Pending before the Court is Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 27).
The parties have submitted briefing on the motion and the matter is now ripe for the
Court’s review. Having fully reviewed the record herein, the Court finds the facts and
legal arguments are adequately presented in the briefs and record. Accordingly, in the
interest of avoiding further delay, and because the Court conclusively finds that the
decisional process would not be significantly aided by oral argument, the motion shall be
decided on the record before this Court without oral argument.
For the reasons stated below, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is
granted in part and denied in part.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 1

FACTUAL BACKROUND1
Plaintiff New Phase Development LLC (“New Phase”) is an Idaho plastics/tooling
company, and Plaintiff Wayne Jones (“Jones”) is its founder and sole member (collectively
referred to hereinafter as “Plaintiffs”). Defendant Nicor Inc. (“Nicor”) is a distributor of,
among other things, plastic lids for water meters, and defendant Jeff Cook (“Cook”) is the
Vice President of Nicor (collectively referred to hereinafter as “Defendants”).
Due to a general conversion of conventional water metering equipment in the utility
and water works industries, Nicor developed polymer lids that would enable water meters
to transmit data and information wirelessly, rather than being read manually.2 However,
due to inefficiencies in the process Nicor used to mass-produce its lids, Cook contacted
New Phase in early 2013 to seek help with the problems inherent in manufacturing and
deploying mass-produced polymer meter lids. Cook contacted New Phase due to Jones’
significant experience in the plastics and molding industry.
In order to facilitate discussions about possible business opportunities, including a
potential joint venture, the parties negotiated and entered into a “Mutual Non-Disclosure
Agreement” on February 28, 2013 (“February NDA”). The February NDA provides:
1. Each party hereto desires to furnish to the other party certain information that the
party furnishing such information regards as proprietary. Such information
1 Unless otherwise referenced, the following facts are taken from the Complaint.
(Dkt. 1.)
2 Nicor does not manufacture meter lids, but rather obtains plastic meter lids from
others who manufacture them. (Dkt. 11, p. 2.)
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 2

may include, but is not limited to, information of the disclosing party relating to
products and product demonstrations, product configurations, technology,
design, specifications, manufacturing processes, business strategies and plans,
customer lists, business partners and research and development programs.
2. (“Confidential Information”) Confidential information may be furnished in any
tangible or intangible form including, but not limited to, writings, drawings,
presentations, computer tapes and other electronic media, samples,
demonstrations, video and verbal communications.
3. All Confidential Information furnished pursuant to this NDA is done so solely
for the purposes of evaluation of each party’s potential interest in mutual
business development. No other right, license or authorization, express or
implied, to use is granted and each party agrees to be so limited with respect to
all Confidential Information hereby received. All right, title, and interest in the
Confidential Information shall remain that of the disclosing party.
4. Each party agrees not to disclose Confidential Information received from the
disclosing party to any third party nor use such Confidential Information for any
purpose other than to evaluate its interest in the mutual business described
above. The receiving party shall use the same degree of care in maintaining the
confidentiality of the Confidential Information as it uses with respect to its own
information that is regarded confidential and/or proprietary by such party, but in
any case shall at least use reasonable care. Each party agrees that it will restrict
the access of all Confidential Information to only those of its employees and
consultants who have need to be informed of the Confidential Information for
the purposes for which the Confidential Information is provided, which persons
will be bound to the receiving party by an agreement or confidentiality that
contains substantially the same obligations contained in this NDA.
(Dkt. 12-1.)
The parties subsequently entered into a second mutual Non-Disclosure Agreement
on August 6, 2013 (“August NDA”). The August NDA was entered into by Jones, New
Phase, Cook, Nicor, and an additional entity, Bingham & Taylor.3 The August NDA
contained substantially the same terms as the February NDA, but also provided:

3 Bingham & Taylor was brought in by Defendants as a potential source of funding
to finance a collaborate venture between Plaintiffs and Defendants.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 3

Upon violation or threatened violation of the terms of this Agreement, the aggrieved
party shall be entitled to seek injunctive and/or other equitable relief on the grounds
that such conduct, if not restrained and/or other equitable relief not granted, would
result in irreparable and serious harm to that party for which damages would be an
inadequate remedy.
(Dkt. 11-1, ¶ 13.)
Pursuant to the NDAs, Plaintiffs disclosed the specifics of their proprietary
processes, methodologies and plastics mold designs to Defendants. Plaintiffs allege their
processes, methodologies and plastics mold designs were projected to increase the number
of meter lids produced per hour by three to seven times Defendants’ prior production rate.
However, the business negotiations between the parties ultimately fell through. After
negotiations ceased, Cook allegedly told Jones that he intended to use Plaintiffs’ processes,
methodologies, and plastics mold designs for Defendants’ own purpose and without
Plaintiffs’ involvement or consent. After unsuccessfully attempting to obtain Defendants’
assurance that Plaintiffs’ confidential information would not be utilized, Plaintiffs
ultimately filed the instant suit.4
SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD
Summary judgment allows courts to avoid unnecessary trials where no material
factual disputes exist. Northwest Motorcycle Ass’n v. United States Dep’t of Agric., 18

4 Defendants thereafter filed counterclaims against Plaintiffs for eight causes of
action arising out of Jones’ alleged conduct once the business relationship between the
parties broke down. The parties do not address Defendants’ counterclaims in the instant
briefing and the Court has not considered them. Defendants’ counterclaims remain
pending for trial.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 4

F.3d 1468, 1471 (9th Cir. 1994). The court grants summary judgment if no genuine issues
of material fact remain in dispute and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The moving party bears the burden of informing the court of
the basis for its motion and demonstrating the absence of any genuine issue of material
fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).
On summary judgment, all disputed facts and reasonable inferences must be
construed in favor of the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 255 (1986). However, to raise a fact issue for trial, the nonmoving party must present
more than a mere scintilla of evidence, and must come forward with evidence sufficient to
show that a reasonable jury could return a verdict in its favor. Id. at 248. Further,
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c) “mandates the entry of summary judgment, after
adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on
which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. If the
nonmoving party cannot make a showing on elements essential to his claims, there can be
no genuine issue of material fact “since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential
element on the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Id.
at 323.

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 5

ANALYSIS
1. Breach of Contract
Plaintiffs allege Defendants breached the February and August NDAs by “using the
processes, methodologies, and plastics mold designs provided by the [P]laintiffs to the
[D]efendants in a manner inconsistent with the contracts.” (Dkt. 1, ¶ 27.) To state a
claim for breach of contract, a plaintiff must plead the following elements: (1) the existence
of a contract; (2) breach by the defendant; (3) the breach caused damages; and (4) the
amount of damages. Edged In Stone, Inc. v. Northwest Power Sys., LLC, 321 P.3d 726,
731 (Idaho 2014) (quoting Mosell Equities, LLC v. Berryhill & Co., Inc., 297 P.3d 232, 241
(Idaho 2013)). Defendants argue summary judgment is appropriate because Plaintiffs
have not offered any evidence to establish either breach or damages.
With respect to breach, Defendants suggest Jones admitted in his deposition that he
did not have any evidence of Defendants’ use of Plaintiffs’ confidential information, “other
than the actions that they’ve taken in defending this lawsuit.” (Dkt. 27-1, p. 4.) When
asked, “[w]hat do you mean by that?,” Jones responded, “I mean it seems like a terrible
waste to spend a lot of money defending something you haven’t done.” (Id.) As
Defendants note, simply defending a lawsuit does not constitute evidence of wrongdoing.
Plaintiffs respond that Cook blatantly told Jones that Nicor was using, or would use,
Plaintiffs’ confidential information for Nicor’s exclusive business purposes. Specifically,
once it became clear the parties would not enter into a business relationship, Cook advised

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 6

Jones, in a November 13, 2013 e-mail:
My suggestion of buying tools was so I could show good faith in buying something
from you so that when your injection equipment is in place those tools would be for
your production. I will be tooling those 4 lids in any case because I do believe we
will see substantial growth in those lids, I just can’t guarantee anything in this
business.
(Dkt. 28-2, Ex. E.) (emphasis added)
Plaintiffs suggest the “4 lids” Cook referenced were the multicavity pit lids
Plaintiffs had applied their trade secrets to in order to develop such lids for Defendants to
market in upcoming bids to different cities. (Dkt. 28, p. 5.) Plaintiffs argue Defendants
could not tool the four referenced lids without relying on the confidential information
received from Plaintiffs. To support this contention, Plaintiffs cite Cook’s deposition
testimony purportedly admitting that Nicor had been unable to develop multicavity tooling
for meter pit lids prior to its relationship with New Phase. (Id.; Dkt. 28-2, Ex. B, Cook
Dep., p. 4.) Plaintiffs also reference an October 11, 2013 e-mail from Cook asking New
Phase to develop four specific lids for Nicor to market in upcoming bids to the cities of
Baltimore, Jackson, Mississippi and New Bern. (Dkt. 28-1, ¶ 8; Dkt. 28-2, Ex. C.)
Plaintiffs allege they then concentrated their efforts on applying their trade secrets to the
production of the four multicavity lids identified by Nicor. Plaintiffs argue Cook’s
November 13, 2013 e-mail constitutes evidence that Defendants decided to use Plaintiffs’
confidential information by developing and selling the referenced multicavity lids.

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 7

Further, Plaintiffs claim that even if Defendants did not use Plaintiffs’ confidential
information, Cook’s November 13, 2013 threat to move forward on his own to develop the
tooling of the four identified lids constitutes an independent and express breach of the
NDAs. (Dkt. 28, p. 5.) Defendants respond that the identification of any lids, and their
exploitation prospects, was information provided by Defendants, not Plaintiffs. (Dkt. 31,
p. 4.) Defendants also maintain that although Cook’s November 13, 2013 e-mail
referenced four meter lids, that such meter lids had anything to do with either multicavity
lids or Plaintiffs’ trade secrets is pure unsupported speculation and conjecture. (Id.)
Because factual disputes are to be resolved at trial, in ruling on summary judgment
motions, the Court does not resolve conflicting evidence with respect to disputed material
facts, nor does it make credibility determinations. T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pacific Elec.
Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir.1987). Weighing evidence and drawing
legitimate inferences from facts are jury functions, and are not those of the judge when
ruling on a motion for summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. The Court cannot
resolve the parties’ conflicting interpretations of Cook’s e-mails, nor of his deposition
testimony, on summary judgment. The jury will need to hear Cook’s testimony and assess
his credibility at trial. Although somewhat insubstantial, Plaintiffs have submitted
evidence sufficient to establish a genuine issue of fact with respect to whether Defendants
breached the NDAs by either using or threatening to use Plaintiffs’ confidential
information.

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 8

Defendants also maintain Plaintiffs have failed to provide evidence of damages
caused by the alleged breach. (Dkt. 27-1, p. 4.) In response, Plaintiffs do not offer any
evidence to support their damages claim, but instead contend that the irreparable harm
provision of the NDAs alone supports the damages element of Plaintiffs’ breach of contract
claim. (Dkt. 28, p. 6.) Plaintiffs also maintain the “fact that Nicor was ultimately
unsuccessful in winning the bids for the City of Baltimore and Jackson, Mississippi does
not excuse Nicor’s use of New Phase’s Confidential Information in the bidding efforts.
Nor does it eliminate or mitigate New Phase’s damages.” (Id.) Plaintiffs suggest
Defendants’ “use of the information, regardless of the outcome has caused irreparable
damage to New Phase.” (Id.) Finally, Plaintiffs argue this Court has held defendants
may be deemed to have knowledge of the actual damages underlying a plaintiff’s breach of
contract claim when a non-disclosure agreement contains an irreparable harm provision.
(Id., citing Flsmidth Spokane, Inc. v. Emerson, 2014 WL 2711790, at *5 (D. Idaho 2014)).
The measure of damages for the breach of anti-competition clause, such as those
protecting the confidential information of the parties in the Non-disclosure Agreements at
issue, is the amount that the plaintiff lost by reason of the breach, rather than the amount of
profits made by the defendant. Trilogy Networks Sys., Inc. v. Johnson, 172 P.3d 1119,
1121 (Idaho 2007). Although the measure of damages for loss of profits is “rarely
susceptible of accurate proof,” and does not require “accurate proof with any degree of
mathematical certainty,” such damages do need to be proved with a “reasonable certainty.”

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 9

Id. (quoting Ryska v. Anderson, 214 P.2d 874, 876 (Idaho 1950); Vancil v. Anderson, 227
P.2d 74, 80 (Idaho 1951). Proving damages with “reasonable certainty” means that the
“existence of damages must be taken out of the realm of speculation.” Anderson &
Nafziger v. G.T. Newcomb, Inc., 595 P.2d 709, 716-17 (Idaho 1979)).
Here, Plaintiffs not only fail to take damages out of the realm of speculation, but fail
to offer even speculation as to the appropriate measure of damages. Plaintiffs do not
submit any evidence of profits lost as a result of Defendants’ alleged breach, nor do they
provide any evidence of Defendants’ alleged profits.5 Plaintiffs do not submit any
evidence of damages whatsoever. In fact, the only even passing reference to a potential
measure of damages the Court could locate in the record was submitted by Defendants in
support of their Motion for Summary Judgment. Specifically, during his deposition,
Jones was asked what damages he was claiming from Defendants. Jones replied, “What I
can prove. What we’ll find out and prove in a court of law.” (Dkt. 27-3, Ex. D, Jones
Dep., p. 40, ll. 17-19.) The deposition continued:
Q.

Have you suffered any damage right now?

A.

Considerably, yes.

Q.

Okay. What is that damage?

A.

Do you want a dollar figure?

5 A defendant’s lost profits may be considered “in determining the reasonableness
of the plaintiff’s proof as to its lost profits,” but is not “a substitute for such proof.”
Trilogy Networks, 172 P.3d at 1122.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 10

Q.

If you have it.

A.

Multiple millions of dollars.

Q.

Okay. How do you calculate that?

A.

I didn’t calculate it. I gave you a swag. If you want to give me some time,
I can calculate it.

Q.

How are you calculating it?

A.

Well, if you just quickly glance at the number of lids that are represented in
the last document that you showed me, and then if you take the number of
dollars that I represented that I would sell to Jeff per lid, if you just quantify
those, the total dollars of sales are in the millions of dollars.

(Id., p. 40, ll. 20-15; p. 41, ll. 1-10.)
Jones’ testimony admits that his own view of damages was exaggerated conjecture.
Further, in estimating damages in sales in the “millions of dollars,” Jones failed to provide
any evidence of costs incurred through such sales. The Court lacks any means to quantify
profits in the absence of such information. Moreover, Defendants did not agree to
purchase any lids from Plaintiffs. The only agreements between the parties were the
Non-Disclosure Agreements signed in anticipation of a potential business relationship.
That Defendants decided not to pursue such relationship does not entitle Plaintiffs to
damages for lost sales. In sum, Plaintiffs have failed to take the measure of damages
outside of the realm of speculation.

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 11

It is a fundamental premise of contract law that, although a plaintiff may have been
legally wronged, the plaintiff cannot recover damages unless he was economically injured.
Bergkamp v. Martin, 759 P.2d 94, 944 (Idaho Ct.App. 1988) (citation omitted). Plaintiffs’
damages claim is without evidentiary support and does not survive summary judgment.
Nevertheless, if a plaintiff “wishes to protect some noneconomic interest in a contract, then
he may pursue another remedy such as injunctive relief or specific performance.” Id.
There is a distinction between injury and damage and courts may interpose equitable
principles, in a proper case, to protect a right even without actual damage. Cazier v.
Economy Cash Stores, Inc., 228 P.2d 436, 441 (Idaho 1951); 43A C.J.S. INJUNCTIONS § 60
(2015). Plaintiffs request injunctive relief in their Complaint, and seek an order
permanently enjoining Defendants “from using or disclosing the plaintiffs’ Confidential
Information as defined by the NDAs.” (Dkt. 1, ¶ 49.) As noted, Plaintiffs have
submitted evidence to establish a genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether
Defendants used or threatened to use Plaintiffs’ confidential information. Under these
circumstances, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim survives summary
judgment to the extent Plaintiffs seek injunctive relief. However, if Plaintiffs prevail in
establishing breach of contract at trial, their remedy will be limited to potentially obtaining
injunctive relief.
2. Violation of Idaho Trade Secrets Act
Defendants seek summary judgment dismissing Plaintiffs’ claim for trade secret

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 12

misuse or misappropriation. The Idaho Trade Secrets Act (“ITSA”), I.C. § 48-801, et.
seq., provides for damages or injunctive relief if “a defendant acquired a trade secret by
‘improper means’ or [] a defendant disclosed or used the trade secret without consent and
with knowledge that the trade secret was acquired by improper means or under
circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain secrecy.” JustMed, Inc. v. Byce, 600 F.3d
1118, 1129 (9th Cir. 2010). Improper means include, “theft, bribery, misrepresentation,
breach or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy, or espionage through
electronic or other means.” I.C. § 48-801(1).
Plaintiffs allege that Defendants “willfully misappropriated the plaintiff’s trade
secrets through improper means, including breach of the defendants’ duty to maintain the
trade secrets arising under the NDAs.” (Dkt. 1, ¶ 36.) Defendants claim summary
judgment on Plaintiffs trade secret claim is appropriate because there are no genuine
disputes of material fact regarding misuse, misappropriation or damages.6 (Dkt. 27-1, p.
5.)
6 Defendants do not concede that the information disclosed by Plaintiffs pursuant
to the NDAs constituted trade secrets, but do not take up this argument on summary
judgment. (Id., n. 2.) The term “trade secret” “means information, including a formula,
pattern, compilation, program, computer program, device, method, technique, or process”
that “[d]erives independent economic value from not being generally known to, and not
being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic
value from its disclosure or use” and “[i]s the subject of efforts that are reasonable under
the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.” I.C. § 48-801(5). To prevail in a
misappropriation action under ITSA, the plaintiff must show that a trade secret actually
existed. Wesco Autobody Supply, Inc. v. Ernest, 243 P.3d 1069 (Idaho 2010). For
purposes of the present motion, the Court assumes, without deciding, that Plaintiffs’
information can be considered trade secrets.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 13

Defendants acquired Plaintiffs’ trade secrets after signing the NDAs. Obtaining
confidential information pursuant to a non-disclosure agreement represents “circumstances
giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use.” I.C. § 48-801(2)(b)(B)(ii).
Thus, if Defendants used or disclosed Plaintiffs’ trade secrets, they are liable for
misappropriation. Id.
Plaintiffs do not suggest that Defendants disclosed their trade secrets to anyone
other than Bingham & Taylor. (Dkt. 28-2, Ex. A, ¶ 5.) Bingham & Taylor was a party to
the August NDA, and any disclosure by Defendants of Plaintiffs’ trade secrets to Bingham
& Taylor was contractually authorized. (Dkt. 27-3, Ex. 3.) Therefore, the Court must
examine Defendants “use” of Plaintiffs’ trade secrets as an independent basis of liability.
With respect to “use,” the Restatement of Unfair Competition provides:
There are no technical limitations on the nature of the conduct that constitutes ‘use’
of a trade secret for purposes of the rules stated in Subsection (b). As a general
matter, any exploitation of the trade secret that is likely to result in injury to the trade
secret owner or enrichment to the defendant is a “use” under this Section. Thus,
marketing goods that embody the trade secret, employing the trade secret in
manufacturing or production, relying on the trade secret to assist or accelerate
research or development, or soliciting customers through the use of information that
is a trade secret, all constitute ‘use.’
Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 40, cmt. c (1995) (citation omitted).
The term “use” in the “context of misappropriation of a trade secret generally
contemplates some type of use that reduces the value of the trade secret to the trade secret
owner.” JustMed, Inc. v. Byce, 600 F.3d 1118, 1131 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing 1 Trade

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 14

Secrets Law § 3:20). In addition to Cook’s November 13, 2013 alleged threat to use
Plaintiffs’ trade secrets, Plaintiffs claim Defendants misused the trade secrets in concert
with Bingham & Taylor for purposes of servicing Bingham & Taylor’s contracts or bids to
provide manhole covers to third parties including the city of Baltimore.7 (Dkt. 28-2, Ex.
A, ¶ 5.)

In support of this contention, Plaintiffs submit evidence that Nicor had never

developed tooling for any multicavity meter pit lids prior to disclosure of Plaintiffs’ trade
secrets, that Cook testified in his deposition that Nicor had been unable to develop any
methods for tooling multicavity meter pit lids prior to the parties’ relationship due to the
complicated nature of such tooling, that Plaintiffs provided Defendants with confidential
information on how various technologies can be combined to decrease production time and
increase profitability for the manufacturing of specific lids, and that, shortly after Cook’s
threat to use Plaintiffs’ trade secrets to develop four multicavity meter pit lids, Nicor
submitted a bid to the city of Baltimore in concert with Bingham & Taylor which relied
upon Plaintiffs’ process for molding multicavity meter pit lids. (Dkt. 28-1, ¶¶ 8, 11,
16-20) (citing Dkt. 28-2, Ex. B, Cook Dep., p. 44, ll. 12-18, p. 48, ll. 15-28, Dkt. 28-1, Ex.
D; Dkt. 28-1, Ex. E; Dkt. 28-1, Ex. F.)) The Court finds Plaintiffs have submitted
sufficient evidence to establish a genuine issue of material fact with respect to “use.”

7 Plaintiffs also claim Defendants’ breaches are ongoing “in so far as Defendants
continue to use the trade secrets in concert with Bingham & Taylor to manufacture and sell
manhole covers.” (Dkt. 28-2, Ex. A, ¶ 8.)
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 15

The nature of unauthorized use, however, is relevant to determining appropriate
relief. JustMed, 600 F.3d at 1131 (quotation omitted). In Idaho, courts typically
construe actual loss “to mean lost profits, lost customers, lost market share, and similar
losses.” Id. (quoting GME, Inc. v. Carter, 917 P.2d 754, 756 (Idaho 1996)). Here, as
mentioned, Plaintiffs have failed to offer any evidence to establish actual loss as a result of
Defendants’ alleged use.8 Plaintiffs have not provided any evidence to suggest that either
Defendants’ possession or use of Plaintiffs’ trade secrets resulted in a loss of secrecy or a
loss of value. Thus, not only are damages not appropriate under Idaho law, but neither is a
finding that Defendants misappropriated Plaintiffs’ trade secrets. JustMed, 600 F.3d at
1131. Defendants are accordingly entitled to summary judgment with respect to
Plaintiffs’ trade secrets claim.
Nonetheless, under Idaho law, “[a]ctual or threatened misappropriation may be
enjoined.” I.C. § 48-802(1). Therefore, while damages for misappropriation of a trade
secret are inappropriate here because of the lack of “use” or “disclosure” as contemplated
in the context of trade secret protection, the Court may grant an injunction against
Defendants’ threatened use or disclosure of the source code if appropriate. JustMed, 600
F.3d at 1131.

Given the disputed issues of material fact regarding this issue already

detailed, whether Plaintiffs are entitled to an injunction will need to be decided at trial.
3. Unjust Enrichment
8 Defendants ceased pursuit of tooling multicavity pit meter lids in response to
Plaintiffs’ lawsuit. (Dkt. 28-1, ¶ 20.)
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 16

A right to recovery for unjust enrichment occurs where “the defendant has received
a benefit which would be inequitable to retain at least without compensating the plaintiff to
the extent that retention is unjust.” Beco Const. Co., Inc. v. Bannock Paving Co., Inc., 797
P.2d 863, 866 (Idaho 1990) (quoting Hertz v. Fiscus, 567 P.2d 1, 2 (Idaho 1977)). This
doctrine may not be appropriately applied in this case because a recovery for unjust
enrichment is not permissible where there is an enforceable contract between the parties
covering the same subject matter. Wilhelm v. Johnston, 30 P.3d 300, 307 (Idaho App.
2001) (citing DBSI/TRI v. Bender, 948 P.2d 151, 160 (Idaho App. 1997)); see also The
Vanderford Co., Inc. v. Knudson, 165 P.3d 261, 272 (Idaho 2007). Here, the existence of
enforceable non-disclosure agreements, which define the parties’ rights and
responsibilities, precludes application of the unjust enrichment doctrine.
Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment cause of action is also preempted by the ITSA.
Plaintiffs’ trade secrets and unjust enrichment claims are both based on Nicor’s alleged use
of Plaintiffs’ confidential information after the relationship between the parties soured.
Section 48-806(1) of the ITSA states: (1) Except as provided in subsection (2) of this
section, this chapter displaces conflicting tort, restitutionary, and other law of this state
providing civil liability remedies for misappropriation of a trade secret.” I.C. § 48-806(1).
Section 48-806(2)(a) and (b) provide the ITSA does not affect other contractual remedies,
whether or not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret, or other civil remedies that
are not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret. I.C. § 48-806(2)(a) & (b).

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 17

In 2007, this Court held, as a matter of first impression, that the aforementioned
displacement provision preempts actions such as those for unjust enrichment.
Chatterbox, LLC v. Pulsar Ecoproducts, LLC, 2007 WL 1388183, at *3 (D. Idaho 2007)
(noting the majority view is that the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (and corresponding state
trade secrets acts) preempt claims that are based on the unauthorized use of information,
regardless of whether that information meets the statutory definition of a trade secret); see
also Digital Envoy, Inc. v. Google, Inc., 370 F.Supp.2d 1025, 1035 (N.D.Cal. 2005)
(finding California’s trade secret act preempted plaintiff’s claims for unfair competition
and unjust enrichment since those claims were based on the same nucleus of facts as
plaintiff’s misappropriation of trade secrets claim); Hutchison v. KFC Corp., 809 F.Supp.
68, 71-72 (D. Nev. 1992) (finding the Uniform Trade Secrets Act displaced civil remedies
for unjust enrichment, unfair competition and breach of confidential relationship based on
alleged misappropriation of trade secret); Allegiance Healthcare Corp. v. Coleman, 232
F.Supp.2d 1329, 1335-36 (S.D.Fla. 2002) (dismissing plaintiff’s unfair competition claim
as preempted by the Uniform Trade Secrets Act where there was no material distinction
between the wrongdoing alleged in the trade secret claim and that alleged in the unfair
competition claim).
Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim fails as a matter of law due to the existence of an
enforceable express contract between the parties covering the same subject matter, and
because it is preempted by the ITSA. The Court accordingly grants Defendants summary

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 18

judgment with respect to unjust enrichment.
4. Injunction
Defendants’ summary judgment motion devotes three sentences to their attempt to
dismiss Plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief, the core of which is “there is not any
evidence supporting all elements of substantive grounds of Plaintiffs’ allegations.” (Dkt.
27-1, p. 7.) However, Plaintiffs have presented evidence to establish a genuine issue of
material fact with respect to whether Defendants threatened to use and/or used Plaintiffs’
confidential information. Although Plaintiffs have failed to prove any damages as a result
of such use they may, as outlined above, be entitled to injunctive relief. Summary
judgment with respect to Plaintiffs’ fourth claim for relief is accordingly denied.
5. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Seal (Dkt. 29)
Plaintiffs filed a motion seeking to seal exhibits submitted in support of their
response to Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Seal did
not provide any justification for sealing the documents, other than that they “contain
confidential information.” Magistrate Judge Ronald E. Bush accordingly determined
Plaintiffs failed to meet their burden of demonstrating compelling reasons to restrict public
access. (Dkt. 32) (citing Kamakana v. City & Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172,
1178-1180 (9th Cir. 2006)). Judge Bush ordered Plaintiffs to submit a supplemental brief
demonstrating “compelling reasons” to keep the documents under seal by June 23, 2015 if
they desired to maintain the records under seal. (Dkt. 32.) Plaintiffs did not file a

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 19

supplemental brief. The Court accordingly assumes Plaintiffs either do not desire to keep
the records under seal or do not have compelling reasons to restrict the “strong
presumption” in favor of public access. Id. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Seal is accordingly
denied.
ORDER
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:
1. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 27) with respect to Plaintiffs’
breach of contract claim is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.
Summary Judgment is GRANTED with respect to damages; Plaintiffs will not
be permitted to present evidence of damages for breach of contract during trial.
Summary Judgment is DENIED with respect to breach. An injunction may be
available if Plaintiffs can establish breach at trial.
2. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 27) with respect to Plaintiffs’
trade secrets misappropriation claim is GRANTED. However, Plaintiffs may
be entitled to an injunction under Idaho Code § 48-802 if they can establish
Defendants used or disclosed their trade secrets at trial.
3. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 27) is GRANTED with
respect to Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim;
4. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 27) is DENIED with respect
to Plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief;

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER - 20

5. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Seal (Dkt. 29) is DENIED.

DATED: July 27, 2015

_________________________
Edward J. Lodge
United States District Judge

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