Vasquez v. City of Idaho Falls

Filing 99

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER RE: MOTION FOR SANCTIONS, OR ALTERNATIVELY, MOTION TO COMPEL AND/OR TO REOPEN DISCOVERY ON A LIMITED BASIS (DKT 93 ) - Plaintiff Vasquezs Motion for Sanctions, or Alternatively, Motion to Compel and/or to Reopen Discove ry on a Limited Basis (Dkt. 93 ) is GRANTED in PART and DENIED in PART, as outlined above. 2. Idaho Falls is ordered to provide its response to Plaintiffs Fourth Set of Discovery Requestsin both in hardcopy and in text-searchable PDF formatto the Court for in-camera review on or before Friday, June 19, 2020. Signed by Judge David C. Nye. (caused to be mailed to non Registered Participants at the addresses listed on the Notice of Electronic Filing (NEF) by (jd)

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF IDAHO
LUIS AUGUSTINE VASQUEZ,
Case No. 4:16-cv-00184-DCN
Plaintiff,
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND
ORDER RE. MOTION FOR
SANCTIONS, OR
ALTERNATIVELY, MOTION TO
COMPEL AND/OR TO REOPEN
DISCOVERY ON A LIMITED
BASIS (Dkt. 93)

v.
CITY OF IDAHO FALLS,
Defendant.
I.

INTRODUCTION

Pending before the Court is Plaintiff Luis Augustine Vasquez’s Motion for
Sanctions, or Alternatively, Motion to Compel and/or to Reopen Discovery on a Limited
Basis. Dkt. 93. Having reviewed the record and briefs, the Court finds that the facts and
legal arguments are adequately presented. Accordingly, in the interest of avoiding further
delay, and because the Court finds that the decisional process would not be significantly
aided by oral argument, the Court will decide the Motion without oral argument. Dist.
Idaho Loc. Civ. R. 7.1(d)(1)(B). For the reasons outlined below, the Court finds good cause
to GRANT in PART and DENY in PART Vasquez’s Motion.
II.

BACKGROUND1

Vasquez filed suit against Idaho Falls on April 29, 2016. Dkt. 1. Vasquez then filed

1

The underlying facts of the case, which are well known to the parties, have been set out numerous times
in previous orders. The Court presents only a limited selection here.

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an Amended Complaint on August 29, 2016. Dkt. 8.
The Court’s Case Management Order mandated that all discovery to be completed
by July 30, 2017 (Dkt. 15, at 3), but granted an extension to the discovery deadline until
September 8, 2017, for the deposition of Sergio Soto (Dkt. 18). Vasquez served Idaho Falls
with three sets of interrogatories and requests for production prior to the discovery
deadline. He served Idaho Falls with “Plaintiff’s Third Set of Interrogatories and Request
for Production” on June 30, 2017.
Idaho Falls moved for summary judgment on September 29, 2017. Dkt. 20. In their
briefing on the motion for summary judgment, the parties disputed what claims Vasquez
had asserted in his Amended Complaint. While the parties agreed Vasquez had asserted
claims for: (1) racial discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964; (2) racial discrimination in violation of the Idaho Human Rights Act (“IHRA”); and
(3) retaliatory discharge in violation of the Idaho Public Employee Protection Act
(“IPEPA”), Vasquez argued that he had also asserted claims for: (4) retaliatory discharge
in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; and (5) spoliation of evidence, an
intentional tort under Idaho common law. The Court granted summary judgment on all
federal claims—including Vasquez’s claim of retaliatory discharge in violation of Title
VII—in favor of Idaho Falls. Dkt. 33, at 28. It dismissed the state law spoliation claim
because it lacked subject matter jurisdiction. Id.
Vasquez appealed the Court’s grant of summary judgment “on his claims of race
discrimination and retaliation under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.” Dkt. 42-1
at 1. The Ninth Circuit found the Court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
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Idaho Falls on Vasquez’s Title VII discrimination claim and his Title VII retaliation claim.
Id. at 4, 5. On July 2, 2019, the Ninth Circuit remanded those claims back to the Court for
trial.
Following the Ninth Circuit’s decision, the claims remaining for trial were limited
to Title VII discrimination, Title VII retaliation, and a state law spoliation of evidence
claim in light of the Court’s regained subject matter jurisdiction over Vasquez’s federal
claims. The Court later dismissed Vasquez’s state law spoliation of evidence claim with
prejudice. Dkt. 60.
On October 7, 2019, the Court held a scheduling conference to set the matter for
trial. Dkt. 50. Immediately after the scheduling conference was held, Vasquez emailed
Idaho Falls asking that Idaho Falls supplement its discovery responses. On October 31,
2019, Idaho Falls supplemented its initial disclosure.
On November 7, 2019, trial was set for May 18, 2020. Dkt. 51. On December 6,
2019, five months before trial was set, Idaho Falls again supplemented its initial disclosure.
On April 17, 2020, the trial judge, Judge Bill R. Wilson, emailed counsel with a
pretrial/trial schedule, guidelines for attorney conduct and voir dire, and proposed opening
jury instructions. Judge Wilson ordered the parties to file motions in limine three weeks
before trial, if possible. Further, Judge Wilson noted “[r]esponses are due a week later.”
Dkt. 92-1, ¶ 4.
On an undisclosed date in April 2020, Vasquez’s counsel heard that Brent Martin,
an Idaho Falls’ employee and potential witness in this suit, had been demoted for
misconduct, possibly for sexual harassment. Vasquez’s counsel has not disclosed his
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source and acknowledged any information he heard was hearsay and inadmissible at trial.
On April 29, 2020, Vasquez emailed Judge Wilson via his law clerk, asking how
Judge Wilson would “handle witnesses whose testimony will be used solely for
impeachment . . . .” Dkt. 91-1, at 8. Judge Wilson requested clarification as to whether
Vasquez was asking how the Judge would handle rebuttal witnesses. Vasquez responded
that he was principally asking about impeachment witnesses, “who could be called in the
party’s case in chief or on rebuttal.” Id. at 7 (emphasis added). Confused, Judge Wilson
again asked for clarification on how Vasquez planned to impeach in his case-in-chief.
Vasquez’s response was not edifying but mentioned, in a convoluted way, possible
discovery issues. Judge Wilson instructed Vasquez to “[f]ile a motion regarding your new
discovery issues and include whatever relief you are requesting,” and stated the clerks for
Judge Wilson and Judge Nye would sort it out. Dkt. 97-1, at 5.
On April 30, 2020, the jury trial set for May 18, 2020, was continued to August 10,
2020 due to COVID-19. Dkt. 88.
On May 14, 2020, without permission from the Court to modify the scheduling
order, Vasquez served “Plaintiff’s Fourth Set of Discovery Requests” on Idaho Falls.
On May 18, 2020, Vasquez filed the pending motions requesting sanctions, or, in
the alternative, a motion to compel and/or reopen discovery on a limited basis. Dkt. 18.
III.

DISCUSSION

A. Potential Dismissal on Procedural Grounds
Before turning to the merits of the motion, the Court first addresses whether it
should be denied—as Idaho Falls argues it should—“on the basis that [Vasquez] has failed
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to comply with this Court’s Case Management Order controlling discovery motions in this
matter.” Dkt. 95, at 2. Idaho Falls argues: (1) the motion is premature because Idaho Falls
has not yet provided any response or objection to Plaintiff’s Fourth Set of Discovery
Requests; and (2) Plaintiff “ignored the discovery dispute process laid out within the
Court’s Case Management Order entirely.” Dkt. 95, at 3.
The Court agrees Vasquez filed this motion prematurely. However, the Court is also
cognizant that the trial date is rapidly approaching. If additional discovery is necessary, it
must be done soon. Further, Idaho Falls responded that if the Court thinks the information
Vasquez seeks would potentially be discoverable, Idaho Falls “should not be required to
produce the documents and information requested by Plaintiff without the Court first
preforming an in-camera review of the requested documents and information to determine
whether it is discoverable in this case.” Dkt. 95, at 11. Thus, it appears there is a dispute
and that Idaho Falls, by its own admission, would not voluntarily have produced all of the
requested documents. As there is a discovery controversy and Idaho Falls has responded
on the merits to Vasquez’s motion (and in an effort to expedite the process given the
upcoming trial), the Court will not deny the motion on procedural grounds this time.
Idaho Falls also argues that Vasquez should have followed the Court’s Case
Management Order and submitted the discovery dispute to the law clerk to mediate before
filing the instant motion. As Vasquez failed to do so, the Court has not had the opportunity
to resolve the dispute through an off-the-record telephonic conference. Vasquez also failed
to comply with Local Rule 37.1 before filing this motion, as he did not meet and confer
with Idaho Falls to make a reasonable effort to resolve the disputed issue. Dist. Idaho Loc.
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Civ. R. 37.1(d)(1)(B).
Vasquez implicitly concedes that he did not follow the applicable local rule before
filing the motion. However, he argues he did follow the Court’s order as “[a]ll further
proceedings in this case have been referred to visiting Judge [] Wilson” and Judge Wilson
had instructed him to file the motion. Dkt. 97, at 2.
Vasquez’s position is incorrect because the undersigned Judge is still involved in
this case. It is true that Judge Wilson will conduct the August 10, 2020 trial. Dkt. 89. Yet
Judge Wilson, through his clerk, told Vasquez on April 30, 2020, that the undersigned
Judge would still be involved in determining Vasquez’s relief for potential discovery
disputes. Dkt. 97-1, at 5. The Court agrees that Vasquez should have met and conferred
with Idaho Falls, and then, if the issue was not resolved, should have submitted the dispute
to the clerk to mediate prior to making this motion.
However, in this case, the Court finds Vasquez was justifiably confused over what
procedure to follow. The issue emerged from Vasquez’s email to Judge Wilson about
presenting an impeachment witness in his case-in-chief. After several back and forth
exchanges between Vasquez’s counsel and Judge Wilson’s clerk, during which time Judge
Wilson sought clarification of what, exactly, Vasquez was asking for, Judge Wilson finally
asked Vasquez to brief the Court. Judge Wilson requested a formal motion because the
email exchange was not edifying and concerned issues that did not appear to be the type
that should be litigated via email. At no point did Vasquez inform Judge Wilson or the
undersigned Judge, both who were included (via their clerks) on the email exchange, that
he was seeking discovery sanctions. Nor was it clear that Vasquez was seeking to modify
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the Court’s scheduling order. However, upon review, Vasquez did mention that he thought
some information was not disclosed that should have been disclosed via supplementation.
While Vasquez should have asked if Judge Wilson’s one-line email response overrode the
Court’s Case Management Order and Local Rule 37.1, the Court can understand why he
did not.
The Court cautions Vasquez, and his counsel, to expressly check before assuming a
prior court order or local rule is overridden via an email response in future proceedings
before the Court, either in this or other cases. But for the upcoming trial (and possible
necessity of reopening discovery before trial), the Court would deny Vasquez’s motion and
order him to go through the procedures laid out in the Court’s Case Management Order
and local rules. However, given the impending trial, the Court will decide Vasquez’s
motion on the merits.
B. Consideration on the Merits
Vasquez contends Idaho Falls should be sanctioned pursuant to Rules
37(b)(2)(A)(i), 37(c)(1)(A), and 37(c)(1)(C) because its supplemental disclosures are
inadequate, as Idaho Falls did not respond to “Plaintiff’s Third Set of Interrogatories and
Request for Production,” and failed to supplement its disclosure information about Brent
Martin’s job position change. In the alternative, Vasquez moves to compel and/or to reopen
discovery on a limited basis if the Court deems sanctions unwarranted. Vasquez does not
cite which, if any, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or discovery orders Idaho Falls
purportedly violated. In response, Idaho Falls argues its disclosures were sufficient under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 and, furthermore, information regarding Martin’s
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change in position is irrelevant to the case at hand.
Because it is not clear on its face that what Vasquez is demanding is discovery
required under either Rule 26 or a court order, the Court first reviews whether the
information Vasquez seeks is discoverable at this time, i.e., through his “motion to compel
and/or to reopen discovery on a limited basis.”
1. Motion to Compel
Vasquez seeks to compel Idaho Falls to provide a complete and prompt response to
“Plaintiff’s Third Set of Interrogatories and Request for Production” and “Plaintiff’s Fourth
Set of Discovery Requests.” Dkt. 93, at 2. In reviewing the briefing, Vasquez primarily
seeks Brent Martin’s entire Idaho Falls personnel and employment file(s) pertaining to the
time period between January 1, 2007 and the present, including his disciplinary history.
Vasquez seeks to compel discovery after the deadline for discovery has passed.
“Although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure place no time limit on the outside date for
the filing of a motion to compel discovery, motions to compel filed after the close of
discovery generally are deemed untimely.” Green Aire for Air Conditioning W.L.L. v.
Salem, No. 118CV00873LJOSKO, 2020 WL 58279, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 6, 2020) (quoting
Thomason v. City of Fowler, No. 1:13-CV-00336-AWI-BAM, 2014 WL 4436385, at *4
(E.D. Cal. Sept. 9, 2014) (citing cases)). “Other district courts within the Ninth Circuit have
regularly denied motions to compel when those motions were filed after the close of
discovery.” Peck v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., No. 1:14-CV-00500-BLW, 2016 WL 9308018, at
*2 (D. Idaho May 3, 2016) (citing Kizzee v. Walmart, Inc., No. CV 10-0802-PHX-DGC,
2011 WL 3566881 (D. Ariz. Aug. 15, 2011) (denying motion to compel filed three months
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after the close of discovery and after motions for summary judgment had been filed);
Skinner v. Ryan, No. CV-09-2152-PHX-SMM (LOA), 2010 WL 4602935 (D. Ariz. Nov.
5, 2010) (motion to compel filed over three months after the deadline for bringing
discovery disputes to the court’s attention denied as untimely); Christmas v. MERS, No.
2:09-cv-01389-RLH-GWF, 2010 WL 2695662 (D. Nev. July 2, 2010) (denying motion to
compel filed after deadline for discovery and dispositive motions as untimely)).
When faced with a motion to compel that is filed after the close of discovery, courts
consider a number of factors in deciding whether the motion should nevertheless be
considered:
(1) the length of time since the expiration of the deadline, (2) the length of
time that the moving party has known about the discovery, (3) whether the
discovery deadline has been extended, (4) the explanation for the tardiness
or delay, (5) whether dispositive motions have been scheduled or filed, (7)
the age of the case, (8) any prejudice to the party from whom late discovery
was sought, and (9) disruption of the court’s schedule.
Days Inn Worldwide, Inc. v. Sonia Invs., 237 F.R.D. 395, 398 (N.D. Tex. 2006) (collecting
cases looking to discovery deadline date to determine whether a motion to compel is timely
filed); see also Rogers v. Brauer Law Offices, PLC, CV–10–1693–PHX–LOA, 2011 WL
3665346, at *4 (D. Ariz. Aug. 22, 2011) (collecting Ninth Circuit cases where courts have
denied discovery motions filed after the discovery deadline).
Because the Court’s grant of Vasquez’s motion to compel would result in a “de facto
modification of the scheduling order,” Rogers, 2011 WL 3665346 at *4, the Court
examines the Days Inn factors to determine whether there is good cause to modify the
Order’s July 30, 2017 discovery deadline. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). The Court primarily

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considers the moving party’s diligence in deciding whether good cause exists. Johnson v.
Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 609 (9th Cir. 1992).
i. Plaintiff’s Third Set of Interrogatories and Request for Production
Vasquez originally served “Plaintiff’s Third Set of Interrogatories and Request for
Production” on Idaho Falls on June 30, 2017. Discovery was completed a month later, on
July 30, 2017. Dkt. 15; but see Dkt. 19 (extending discovery for a limited purpose until
September 8, 2017). Dispositive motions were due September 29, 2017. Dkt. 19. Vasquez
waited to file a motion to compel Idaho Falls to respond to “Plaintiff’s Third Set of
Interrogatories and Request for Production” until years after the discovery and dispositive
motions deadline had passed. Vasquez provides no reasons for his dilatory request. In
considering the Days Inn factors, the Court finds Vasquez has not established good cause
to re-open discovery in relation to his June 30, 2017 request.
ii. Plaintiff’s Fourth Set of Discovery Requests
Here, Vasquez is moving to compel more information regarding Brent Martin, a
potential witness, based on hearsay he heard in late April 2020. Vasquez was told that
Idaho Falls demoted Martin (the one-time Parks and Recreation Supervisor for Idaho Falls)
for misconduct, possibly for sexual harassment. Here, the Court finds Vasquez has been
diligent in filing his motion to compel, e.g., to re-open discovery (although he should have,
as the Court noted above, first tried to resolve the discovery dispute pursuant to the Court’s
Case Management Order and Local Rule 37.1). The Court therefore turns to the merits of
Vasquez’s motion to compel Martin’s employment records.
The party moving to compel bears the burden of informing the court: (1) which
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discovery requests are the subject of the motion to compel; (2) which of the responses are
disputed; (3) why the party believes the response is deficient; (4) why any objections are
not justified; and (5) why the information sought through discovery is relevant to the
prosecution of this action. McCoy v. Ramirez, No. 1:13-cv-1808-MJS (PC), 2016 WL
3196738, at *1 (E.D. Cal. June 9, 2016); Ellis v. Cambra, No. 1:02-cv-5646-AWI-SMS
PC, 2008 WL 860523, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2008). “Relevance for purposes of
discovery is defined very broadly.” Garneau v. City of Seattle, 147 F.3d 802, 812 (9th Cir.
1998). “Thereafter, the party opposing discovery has the burden of showing that the
discovery should be prohibited, and the burden of clarifying, explaining or supporting its
objections.” Juarez v. Butts, No. 215CV1996JAMDBP, 2019 WL 6877920, at *1–2 (E.D.
Cal. Dec. 17, 2019) (quoting Bryant v. Ochoa, No. 07cv200 JM (PCL), 2009 WL 1390794,
at *1 (S.D. Cal. May 14, 2009)).
Vasquez has provided the new discovery requests that are the subject of the motion
to compel. He requests the following in “Plaintiff’s Fourth Set of Discovery Requests”:
INTERROGATORY NO. 12: With regard to Brent Martin's demotion from
Idaho Falls Parks and Recreation Superintendent to Assistant
Superintendent, provide the following information:
a. Identify the date when the demotion occurred;
b. Identify each and every reason, ground, basis, and fact supporting
the demotion; Sandcreek Golf Course, and provide the date when the
demotion occurred;
c. Identify each and every person with knowledge of the reasons,
grounds, bases, or facts supporting the demotion; and
d. Identify each and every document supporting or pertaining to the
reasons, grounds, bases, or facts supporting the demotion.

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INTERROGATORY NO. 13: Identify and describe in detail each and every
disciplinary action or adverse employment action taken against Brent Martin
from January 1, 2007 to the present. "Disciplinary action" and "adverse
employment action" is deemed to include demotions, verbal or written
counseling, verbal or written reprimands, verbal or written warnings, verbal
or written directions or plans for improvement, verbal or written performance
evaluations identifying areas for improvement, verbal or written complaints
from City of Idaho Falls employees or residents, Human Resource or other
City of Idaho Falls investigations into job performance or potential
misconduct, and the like.
REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 24: Please produce all documents
and things supporting, pertaining to, or identified in your answers to
Interrogatories Nos. 12 and 13 above, including but not limited to:
a. Brent Martin's entire personnel and employment file(s) pertaining
to the time period from January 1, 2007 to the present; b. All Human
Resources documents and files pertaining to Brent Martin for the time
period from January 1, 2007 to the present, including but not limited
to any and complaints against or investigations into his job
performance, conduct or complaints pertaining thereto; and
c. Any and all documents containing or pertaining in any way to the
information requested in Interrogatories Nos. 12 and 13 above.
Dkt. 93-1, 6–7.
Vasquez contends that the information he seeks is relevant because the theory of his
case is that Idaho Falls disciplined its Caucasian employees differently than it treated
Vasquez.
Idaho Falls objects as to relevance. It argues that Martin, as a person in a supervisory
position, is not similarly situated to Vasquez. As support, it quotes the Court’s
Memorandum Decision and Order on Summary Judgment finding that: “Employees in
supervisory positions are generally deemed not to be similarly situated to lower level
employees.” Dkt. 95, at 9–10 (quoting Dkt. 33, at 14 (citations omitted)). Idaho Falls adds
that even if Vasquez were similarly situated to Martin, it would not be relevant, as
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“evidence concerning the City’s subsequent disciplinary procedures would be inadmissible
evidence of subsequent remedial measures of the City’s policies following Plaintiff’s
termination under FRE 407.” Dkt. 95, at 9. Additionally, Idaho Falls has repeatedly told
Vasquez that “no complaint, investigation, charge, or allegation of sexual harassment has
been made to the City against Mr. Martin.” Dkt. 95, at 10. Idaho Falls requests that if the
Court nevertheless finds the material might be discoverable, the Court should conduct an
in-camera review prior to ordering Idaho Falls to produce the records to the Vasquez.
On appeal, the Ninth Circuit held that the Court should have considered evidence
about whether Idaho Falls treated Baird, a supervisor, differently than it treated Vasquez,
an employee.2 So the mere fact that Martin a supervisor does not mean Idaho Falls’
treatment of him is not relevant. Further, Idaho Falls identified Martin as a potential
“witness [who] will have information regarding the facts and procedure associated with the
termination of Plaintiff’s employment,” (Dkt. 95-1, at 5), so information concerning Idaho
Falls’ treatment of Martin may be relevant and related to his testimony. That being said,
2

In so ruling, the Ninth Circuit determined that:
“[T]he district court failed to properly consider Vasquez’s circumstantial evidence of
pretext. Vasquez presents evidence that throughout his employment at the City, he was
subjected to racial harassment by Baird and that the City failed to punish Baird despite
receiving reports from multiple people about his racist conduct. See McGinest v. GTE Serv.
Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1123 (9th Cir. 2004) (explaining that an employer’s “permissive
response to harassing actions undertaken by coworkers and supervisors” is circumstantial
evidence of pretext). By contrast, after the City received similarly severe complaints of
sexual harassment against Vasquez, it treated him less favorably than Baird, a white man,
by immediately disciplining Vasquez and terminating him two weeks later. See Reynaga
v. Roseburg Forest Prod., 847 F.3d 678, 691–92 (9th Cir. 2017).

Vasquez v. City of Idaho Falls, 778 F. App'x 415, 417 (9th Cir. 2019)

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there is not enough information in front of the Court concerning whether, how, or when
Martin may have been disciplined to determine whether the information is discoverable.
The Court will conduct an in-camera review of Idaho Falls’ response to “Plaintiff’s
Fourth Set of Discovery Requests,” prior to compelling Idaho Falls to produce the
information. However, as Vasquez strategically chose not to depose Martin prior to July
30, 2017, the Court finds it unlikely at this time that it will compel Idaho Falls to disclose
information relating to Brent Martin from January 1, 2007, to July 30, 2017. After
reviewing the files, it may determine otherwise.
The Court DENIES in PART and GRANTS in PART Vasquez’s motion to compel.
Idaho Falls is ordered to provide its response to “Plaintiff’s Fourth Set of Discovery
Requests” to the Court for in-camera review by June 19, 2020. If the Court finds the
material relevant and discoverable, it will re-open discovery for a limited purpose.
2. Motion for Sanctions
Vasquez moves for sanctions pursuant to Rules 37(b)(2)(A)(I), 37(c)(1)(A), and
37(c)(1)(C). In reviewing Vasquez’s motion and accompanying memorandum,3 Vasquez
does not identify a specific Federal Rule of Civil Procedure or court order Idaho Falls
violated. This makes the Court’s ability to rule on Vasquez’s motion, and Idaho Falls’
ability to respond, very difficult. However, it appears that Vasquez is moving for sanctions

3

Vasquez originally styled his memorandum, attached to his motion, as a supporting declaration by
Vasquez’s counsel. When Idaho Falls objected, stating that Vasquez’s counsel lacked personal knowledge,
Vasquez responded: “It should be obvious the declaration was not intended to attest to the truth of the
evidence in the Court record but to direct the Court’s attention to it. . . . . To the extent this is not obvious,
Plaintiff hereby stipulates and agrees that the Court’s consideration of the memorandum/declaration should
be limited accordingly.” Dkt. 97, at 3. The Court considers this statement to be a stipulation that it should
consider the accompanying document principally as a memorandum, not as a declaration.

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because Idaho Falls did not disclose Martin’s demotion. See Dkt. 92-1, at 7, (“The
defendant should not be permitted to wait until long after the close of discovery to disclose
Martin’s demotion under these circumstances, only to claim it is now too late to allow
Plaintiff discovery on the issue that the defendant refused to disclose. Plaintiff therefore
requests the Court’s Order pursuant to Rules 37(b)(2)(A)(I), 37(c)(1)(A), and 37(c)(1)(C),
sanctioning the defendant for such discovery abuses . . . .”).
Idaho Falls interpreted Vasquez’s motion as alleging that Idaho Falls violated Rule
26(a)(1)(A) in its supplemental disclosure relating to Martin’s identity.
Under Rule 26(a)(1)(A):
a party must, without awaiting a discovery request, provide to the other parties:
(i) the name and, if known, the address and telephone number of each
individual likely to have discoverable information—along with the
subjects of that information—that the disclosing party may use to
support its claims or defenses, unless the use would be solely for
impeachment . . .
Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(i). When a party fails to provide information or identify a
witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), Rule 37(c)(1) provides trial courts wide discretion
to remedy the violation. “The party facing sanctions bears the burden of proving that its
failure to disclose the required information was substantially justified or is harmless.” R &
R Sails, Inc. v. Ins. Co. of Pennsylvania, 673 F.3d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Torres
v. City of L.A., 548 F.3d 1197, 1213 (9th Cir. 2008)).
Idaho Falls contends its disclosure regarding Martin satisfied Rule 26(a)(1)’s
requirements “by giving his name, address and telephone number (as ‘care of’ the City’s
counsel), and the subject of the information Mr. Martin had that the City may use to support
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its defense (‘information regarding the facts and procedure associated with the termination
of Plaintiff’s employment.’).” Dkt. 95, at 7. Idaho Falls asserts that what Vasquez is
seeking—Vasquez’s job title and personnel file—is not a required disclosure under the
rule. Moreover, while Vasquez asked for Idaho Falls to “identify all witnesses [it] may call
to testify at the trial of this matter and describe all facts and opinions to which [it] expect[s]
each witness to testify,” (Dkt. 92-1, at 2 (citations omitted)), he failed to define what he
meant by “identify” with respect to such individuals, even though he explicitly defined
what “identify” meant “when used with respect to a document, item or thing[.]” Dkt. 95,
at 8.
Vasquez dismisses Idaho Falls’ arguments as pedantry and cites to the Collins
English Dictionary4 to suggest “identity” would include “information distinguishing one
such employee from the other describing ‘who and what they are’ within the organization,
such occupation and job titles.” Dkt. 97, at 5.
The Court is unconvinced by Vasquez’s argument or the general principle that
“identify” must be defined when used as to “document, item, or thing,” but that such
definition is not necessary when used as to “individual.” In other words, the Court is
unconvinced that parties would naturally have a shared understanding of what “identify”
means in relation to an individual or that the Collins English Dictionary supports
Vasquez’s proposition that identify means a party must include a witness’ job title or

4

“If you can identify someone or something, you are able to recognize them or distinguish them from
others.—and—If you identify someone or something, you name them or say who or what they are.” Dkt.
97, at 5 (quoting Collins English Dictionary (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/
identify).

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occupation. However, as Vasquez observed in his reply, Idaho Falls voluntarily disclosed
Martin’s job title in its initial disclosures on January 13, 2017:
Brent Martin, City of Idaho Falls Parks and Recreation Superintendent, c/o
Blake Hall, HALL ANGELL & ASSOCIATES, LLP, 1075 S Utah Avenue,
Suite 150, Idaho Falls, ID 83402, phone number [phone]. It is
anticipated that this witness will have information regarding the facts and
procedure associated with the termination of Plaintiff's employment.
Dkt. 93-1, at 12 (emphasis added).
On October 31, 2019, Idaho Falls supplemented its initial disclosure of Brent Martin
as follows:
Brent Martin, Former City of Idaho Falls Parks and Recreation
Superintendent, c/o Blake Hall, HALL ANGELL & ASSOCIATES, LLP,
1075 S Utah Avenue, Suite 150, Idaho Falls, ID 83402, phone number (208)
522-3003. It is anticipated that this witness will have information regarding
the facts and procedure associated with the termination of Plaintiff’s
employment. Mr. Martin is still employed with the City.
Dkt. 95-1, at 5 (emphasis added). The October 31, 2019 supplement notified Vasquez that
Martin’s employment title and position had changed.
On December 6, 2019, five months before trial was set, Idaho Falls again
supplemented its disclosure regarding Martin:
Brent Martin, Assistant Superintendent for Sandcreek Golf Course, c/o Blake
Hall, HALL ANGELL & ASSOCIATES, LLP, 1075 S Utah Avenue, Suite
150, Idaho Falls, ID 83402, phone number [phone]. Mr. Martin is the
former City of Idaho Falls Parks and Recreation Superintendent. It is
anticipated that this witness will have information regarding the facts and
procedure associated with the termination of Plaintiff’s employment. Mr.
Martin is still employed with the City as Assistant Superintendent for
Sandcreek Golf Course.
Dkt. 95-1, at 5 (emphasis added). In its supplement, Idaho Falls included Martin’s new
position and a brief description of Martin’s anticipated witness testimony. Thus, Idaho
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Falls itself understood Martin’s occupation and job title were relevant to Martin’s identity
and voluntarily disclosed such information multiple times.
A disclosing party must “supplement or correct its disclosure or response . . . in a
timely manner if the party learns that in some material respect the disclosure or response
is incomplete or incorrect, and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise
been made known to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 26(e)(1). Here, Idaho Falls had previously provided Martin’s occupation and job
title. If it learned there was corrective information, it should have disclosed it to Vasquez,
as it had before.
Regardless, the Court does not find that Idaho Falls has acted in a sanctionable
fashion at this time. If it discovers, upon in-camera review, that Martin was demoted prior
to late-2019, it may re-open the issue of whether Idaho Falls’ late disclosure was
substantially justified or harmless. At this time, the Court DENIES Vasquez’s motion for
sanctions.
IV.

ORDER

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:
1. Plaintiff Vasquez’s Motion for Sanctions, or Alternatively, Motion to
Compel and/or to Reopen Discovery on a Limited Basis (Dkt. 93) is
GRANTED in PART and DENIED in PART, as outlined above.
2. Idaho Falls is ordered to provide its response to “Plaintiff’s Fourth Set of
Discovery Requests”—in both in hardcopy and in text-searchable PDF

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format—to the Court for in-camera review on or before Friday, June 19,
2020.

DATED: June 4, 2020
_________________________
David C. Nye
Chief U.S. District Court Judge

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